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Olkkonen VM, Gylling H. Oxy- and Phytosterols as Biomarkers: Current Status and Future Perspectives. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2024; 1440:353-375. [PMID: 38036889 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-031-43883-7_18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/02/2023]
Abstract
Oxysterols and phytosterols are sterol compounds present at markedly low levels in tissues and serum of healthy individuals. A wealth of evidence suggests that they could be employed as biomarkers for human diseases or for cholesterol absorption.An increasing number of reports suggest circulating or tissue oxysterols as putative biomarkers for cardiovascular and neurodegenerative diseases or cancers. Thus far most of the studies have been carried out on small study populations. To achieve routine biomarker use, large prospective cohort studies are absolutely required. This, again, would necessitate thorough standardization of the oxysterol analytical methodology across the different laboratories, which now employ different technologies resulting in inconsistencies in the measured oxysterol levels. Routine use of oxysterol biomarkers would also necessitate the development of a new targeted analytical methodology suitable for high-throughput platforms.The most important use of phytosterols as biomarkers involves their use as markers for cholesterol absorption. For this to be achieved, (1) their quantitative analyses should be available in routine lipid laboratories, (2) it should be generally acknowledgment that the profile of cholesterol metabolism can reveal the risk of the development of atherosclerotic cardiovascular diseases (ASCVD), and (3) screening of the profile of cholesterol metabolism should be included in the ASCVD risk surveys. This should be done e.g. in families with a history of early onset or frequent ASCVD and in young adults aged 18-20 years, to exclude the presence of high cholesterol absorption. Individuals in high cholesterol absorption families need preventive measures from young adulthood to inhibit the possible development and progression of atherosclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vesa M Olkkonen
- Minerva Foundation Institute for Medical Research, Biomedicum 2U, Helsinki, Finland.
- Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.
| | - Helena Gylling
- Heart and Lung Center, Cardiology, Helsinki University Hospital and University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
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A Transient Inflammatory Response Induced by Lipopolysaccharide Infusion Lowers Markers of Endogenous Cholesterol and Bile Acid Synthesis in Healthy Normocholesterolemic Young Men. Biomedicines 2023; 11:biomedicines11010126. [PMID: 36672634 PMCID: PMC9855383 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines11010126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2022] [Revised: 12/27/2022] [Accepted: 01/01/2023] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Inflammation is associated with changes in plasma lipids, lipoproteins, and cholesterol efflux capacity (CEC). It is unknown if the changes in lipids and lipoproteins during inflammation are related to changes in cholesterol absorption, synthesis, and bile acid synthesis. We, therefore, examined the effects of acute lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced transient systemic inflammation on lipids, lipoproteins, CEC, and markers of cholesterol metabolism. We also evaluated whether markers for cholesterol metabolism at baseline predict the intensity of the inflammatory response. Eight healthy young subjects received LPS infusion, and blood was sampled for the following 24 h. In addition to lipids, lipoproteins, and CEC, we also measured markers for cholesterol absorption and synthesis, bile acid synthesis, and inflammation. Compared with baseline, plasma total cholesterol, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, and CEC decreased, while triglycerides increased in the 24 h following LPS infusion. TC-standardized levels of cholesterol synthesis markers (lathosterol, lanosterol, and desmosterol) and a bile acid synthesis marker (7α-OH-cholesterol) also decreased, with no changes in cholesterol absorption markers (campesterol, sitosterol, and cholestanol). Baseline TC-standardized levels of desmosterol and 7α-OH-cholesterol were positively correlated with concentrations of various inflammatory markers. Changes in TC-standardized desmosterol and 7α-OH-cholesterol were negatively correlated with concentrations of inflammatory markers. LPS infusion reduced endogenous cholesterol synthesis and bile acid synthesis in healthy young men.
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Baila-Rueda L, Cenarro A, Lamiquiz-Moneo I, Marco-Benedi V, Gracia-Rubio I, Casamayor-Franco MC, Arbones-Mainar JM, Civeira F, Laclaustra M. Association of Cholesterol and Oxysterols in Adipose Tissue With Obesity and Metabolic Syndrome Traits. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2022; 107:e3929-e3936. [PMID: 35453148 DOI: 10.1210/clinem/dgac188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Adipose tissue stores a substantial amount of body cholesterol in humans. Obesity is associated with decreased concentrations of serum cholesterol. During weight gain, adipose tissue dysfunction might be one of the causes of metabolic syndrome. The aim of this study is to evaluate cholesterol storage and oxidized metabolites in adipose tissue and their relationship with metabolic clinical characteristics. METHODS Concentrations of cholesterol and oxysterols (27-hydroxycholesterol and 24S-hydroxycholesterol) in subcutaneous and visceral adipose tissue were determined by high-performance liquid chromatography with tandem mass spectrometry in 19 adult women with body mass index between 23 and 40 kg/m2 from the FAT expandability (FATe) study. Tissue concentration values were correlated with biochemical and clinical characteristics using nonparametric statistics. RESULTS Insulin correlated directly with 24S-hydroxycholesterol in both adipose tissues and with 27-hydroxycholesterol in visceral tissue. Leptin correlated directly with 24S-hydroxycholesterol in subcutaneous adipose tissue. Tissue cholesterol correlated directly with 27-hydroxycholesterol in both adipose tissues and with 24S-hydroxycholesterol in visceral tissue, where cholesterol correlation with 24S-hydroxycholesterol was higher than with 27-hydroxycholesterol. In addition, some tendencies were observed: serum high-density lipoprotein cholesterol tended to be inversely correlated with visceral adipose tissue cholesterol; high-sensitivity C-reactive protein tended to be correlated directly with subcutaneous adipose 24S-hydroxycholesterol and inversely with visceral 27-hydroxycholesterol. CONCLUSIONS Adipose tissue oxysterols are associated with blood insulin and insulin resistance. Tissue cholesterol correlated more with 27-hydroxycholesterol in subcutaneous adipose tissue and with 24S-hydroxycholesterol in visceral adipose tissue. Levels of adipose 24S-hydroxycholesterol seem to be correlated with some metabolic syndrome symptoms and inflammation while adipose 27-hydroxycholesterol could represent some protection against them.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucia Baila-Rueda
- Unidad Clínica y de Investigación en Lípidos y Arteriosclerosis, Unidad de Investigación Traslacional, Hospital Universitario Miguel Servet, Zaragoza, Spain
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Aragón (IIS Aragón), Zaragoza, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red Cardiovascular (CIBERCV), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Ana Cenarro
- Unidad Clínica y de Investigación en Lípidos y Arteriosclerosis, Unidad de Investigación Traslacional, Hospital Universitario Miguel Servet, Zaragoza, Spain
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Aragón (IIS Aragón), Zaragoza, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red Cardiovascular (CIBERCV), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
- Instituto Aragonés de Ciencias de la Salud (IACS), Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Itziar Lamiquiz-Moneo
- Unidad Clínica y de Investigación en Lípidos y Arteriosclerosis, Unidad de Investigación Traslacional, Hospital Universitario Miguel Servet, Zaragoza, Spain
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Aragón (IIS Aragón), Zaragoza, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red Cardiovascular (CIBERCV), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
- Universidad de Zaragoza, Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Victoria Marco-Benedi
- Unidad Clínica y de Investigación en Lípidos y Arteriosclerosis, Unidad de Investigación Traslacional, Hospital Universitario Miguel Servet, Zaragoza, Spain
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Aragón (IIS Aragón), Zaragoza, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red Cardiovascular (CIBERCV), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Irene Gracia-Rubio
- Unidad Clínica y de Investigación en Lípidos y Arteriosclerosis, Unidad de Investigación Traslacional, Hospital Universitario Miguel Servet, Zaragoza, Spain
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Aragón (IIS Aragón), Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Maria Carmen Casamayor-Franco
- Servicio de Cirugía General y Aparato Digestivo, Unidad de Cirugía Endocrina, Hospital Universitario Miguel Servet, Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Jose M Arbones-Mainar
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Aragón (IIS Aragón), Zaragoza, Spain
- Instituto Aragonés de Ciencias de la Salud (IACS), Zaragoza, Spain
- Adipocyte and Fat Biology Laboratory (AdipoFat), Unidad de Investigación Traslacional, Hospital Universitario Miguel Servet, Zaragoza, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red Fisiopatología Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBERObn), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Fernando Civeira
- Unidad Clínica y de Investigación en Lípidos y Arteriosclerosis, Unidad de Investigación Traslacional, Hospital Universitario Miguel Servet, Zaragoza, Spain
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Aragón (IIS Aragón), Zaragoza, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red Cardiovascular (CIBERCV), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
- Universidad de Zaragoza, Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Martin Laclaustra
- Unidad Clínica y de Investigación en Lípidos y Arteriosclerosis, Unidad de Investigación Traslacional, Hospital Universitario Miguel Servet, Zaragoza, Spain
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Aragón (IIS Aragón), Zaragoza, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red Cardiovascular (CIBERCV), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
- Universidad de Zaragoza, Zaragoza, Spain
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New Function of Cholesterol Oxidation Products Involved in Osteoporosis Pathogenesis. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23042020. [PMID: 35216140 PMCID: PMC8876989 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23042020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2022] [Revised: 02/05/2022] [Accepted: 02/09/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Osteoporosis (OP) is a systemic bone disease characterized by decreased bone strength, microarchitectural changes in bone tissues, and increased risk of fracture. Its occurrence is closely related to various factors such as aging, genetic factors, living habits, and nutritional deficiencies as well as the disturbance of bone homeostasis. The dysregulation of bone metabolism is regarded as one of the key influencing factors causing OP. Cholesterol oxidation products (COPs) are important compounds in the maintenance of bone metabolic homeostasis by participating in several important biological processes such as the differentiation of mesenchymal stem cells, bone formation in osteoblasts, and bone resorption in osteoclasts. The effects of specific COPs on mesenchymal stem cells are mainly manifested by promoting osteoblast genesis and inhibiting adipocyte genesis. This review aims to elucidate the biological roles of COPs in OP development, starting from the molecular mechanisms of OP, pointing out opportunities and challenges in current research, and providing new ideas and perspectives for further studies of OP pathogenesis.
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Yutuc E, Dickson AL, Pacciarini M, Griffiths L, Baker PRS, Connell L, Öhman A, Forsgren L, Trupp M, Vilarinho S, Khalil Y, Clayton PT, Sari S, Dalgic B, Höflinger P, Schöls L, Griffiths WJ, Wang Y. Deep mining of oxysterols and cholestenoic acids in human plasma and cerebrospinal fluid: Quantification using isotope dilution mass spectrometry. Anal Chim Acta 2021; 1154:338259. [PMID: 33736801 PMCID: PMC7988461 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2021.338259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2020] [Accepted: 01/25/2021] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Both plasma and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) are rich in cholesterol and its metabolites. Here we describe in detail a methodology for the identification and quantification of multiple sterols including oxysterols and sterol-acids found in these fluids. The method is translatable to any laboratory with access to liquid chromatography – tandem mass spectrometry. The method exploits isotope-dilution mass spectrometry for absolute quantification of target metabolites. The method is applicable for semi-quantification of other sterols for which isotope labelled surrogates are not available and approximate quantification of partially identified sterols. Values are reported for non-esterified sterols in the absence of saponification and total sterols following saponification. In this way absolute quantification data is reported for 17 sterols in the NIST SRM 1950 plasma along with semi-quantitative data for 8 additional sterols and approximate quantification for one further sterol. In a pooled (CSF) sample used for internal quality control, absolute quantification was performed on 10 sterols, semi-quantification on 9 sterols and approximate quantification on a further three partially identified sterols. The value of the method is illustrated by confirming the sterol phenotype of a patient suffering from ACOX2 deficiency, a rare disorder of bile acid biosynthesis, and in a plasma sample from a patient suffering from cerebrotendinous xanthomatosis, where cholesterol 27-hydroxylase is deficient. Absolute quantification of oxysterols and cholestenoic acids. Methodology applicable to plasma and cerebrospinal fluid. Data generated for non-esterified and total sterols. Diastereoisomers at C-24 and C-25 separated and quantified.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eylan Yutuc
- Swansea University Medical School, ILS1 Building, Singleton Park, Swansea, SA2 8PP, Wales, UK
| | - Alison L Dickson
- Swansea University Medical School, ILS1 Building, Singleton Park, Swansea, SA2 8PP, Wales, UK
| | - Manuela Pacciarini
- Swansea University Medical School, ILS1 Building, Singleton Park, Swansea, SA2 8PP, Wales, UK
| | - Lauren Griffiths
- Swansea University Medical School, ILS1 Building, Singleton Park, Swansea, SA2 8PP, Wales, UK
| | | | | | - Anders Öhman
- Department of Integrative Medical Biology, Umeå University, SE-901 87, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Lars Forsgren
- Department of Clinical Science, Neurosciences, Umeå University, SE-901 85, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Miles Trupp
- Department of Clinical Science, Neurosciences, Umeå University, SE-901 85, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Sílvia Vilarinho
- Departments of Internal Medicine, Section of Digestive Diseases, and of Pathology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Youssef Khalil
- Inborn Errors of Metabolism, Genetics and Genomic Medicine, UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, 30 Guilford Street, London, WC1N 1EH, UK
| | - Peter T Clayton
- Inborn Errors of Metabolism, Genetics and Genomic Medicine, UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, 30 Guilford Street, London, WC1N 1EH, UK
| | - Sinan Sari
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Gastroenterology, Gazi University Faculty of Medicine, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Buket Dalgic
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Gastroenterology, Gazi University Faculty of Medicine, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Philip Höflinger
- Department of Neurology and Hertie Institute for Clinical Brain Research, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Ludger Schöls
- Department of Neurology and Hertie Institute for Clinical Brain Research, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany; German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Tübingen, Germany
| | - William J Griffiths
- Swansea University Medical School, ILS1 Building, Singleton Park, Swansea, SA2 8PP, Wales, UK.
| | - Yuqin Wang
- Swansea University Medical School, ILS1 Building, Singleton Park, Swansea, SA2 8PP, Wales, UK
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Risso D, Leoni V, Fania C, Arveda M, Falchero L, Barattero M, Civra A, Lembo D, Poli G, Menta R. Effect of industrial processing and storage procedures on oxysterols in milk and milk products. Food Funct 2021; 12:771-780. [PMID: 33393572 DOI: 10.1039/d0fo02462g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Oxysterols are products of enzymatic and/or chemical cholesterol oxidation. While some of the former possess broad antiviral activities, the latter mostly originate from the deterioration of the nutritional value of foodstuff after exposure to heat, light, radiation and oxygen, raising questions about their potential health risks. We evaluated the presence of selected oxysterols in bovine colostrum and monitored the evolution of their cholesterol ratio throughout an entire industrial-scale milk production chain and after industrially employed storage procedures of milk powders. We report here for the first time the presence of high levels of the enzymatic oxysterol 27-hydroxycholesterol (27OHC) in concentrations of antiviral interest in bovine colostrum (87.04 ng mL-1) that decreased during the first postpartum days (56.35 ng mL-1). Of note, this oxysterol is also observed in milk and milk products and is not negatively affected by industrial processing or storage. We further highlight an exponential increase of the non-enzymatic oxysterols 7β-hydroxycholesterol (7βOHC) and 7-ketocholesterol (7KC) in both whole (WMPs) and skimmed milk powders (SMPs) during prolonged storage, confirming their role as reliable biomarkers of cholesterol oxidation over time: after 12 months, 7βOHC reached in both SMPs and WMPs amounts that have been found to be potentially toxic in vitro (265.46 ng g-1 and 569.83 ng g-1, respectively). Interestingly, industrial processes appeared to affect the generation of 7βOHC and 7KC differently, depending on the presence of fat in the product: while their ratios increased significantly after skimming and processing of skimmed milk and milk products, this was not observed after processing whole milk and milk cream.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Risso
- Soremartec Italia Srl, Ferrero Group, Alba, CN, Italy.
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Schött HF, Konings MCJM, Schrauwen-Hinderling VB, Mensink RP, Plat J. A Validated Method for Quantification of Fatty Acids Incorporated in Human Plasma Phospholipids by Gas Chromatography-Triple Quadrupole Mass Spectrometry. ACS OMEGA 2021; 6:1129-1137. [PMID: 33490772 PMCID: PMC7818123 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.0c03874] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2020] [Accepted: 11/25/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Fatty acids (FA) are important mediators of health maintenance and disease risk. Optimal quantification assays of FA in high and low abundance as well the identification of 13C-labeled tracers to monitor FA metabolism are of major interest. The article on hand reports about the development and validation of a gas chromatography (GC)-triple quadrupole mass selective detection (GC-TQMS) method for absolute quantification of FA in human plasma phospholipids (hpPL). The quantification of the calibration solution by GC-flame ionization detection (GC-FID), with the introduction of a correction factor, allows the direct comparison of individual FA concentrations in hpPL by GC-TQMS. Specificity, sensitivity, and reproducibility are achieved by optimized chromatographic separation and employment of GC-TQMS. The inter-method comparison between GC-FID and GC-TQMS concentrations revealed good comparability for 27 FA. A full validation has been performed with linearity over 4 magnitudes, a limit of detection of 0.18-38.3 fmol on column, a recovery of 83.6-109.6%, and intraday and interday precision data meeting the criteria of EMA and FDA guidelines. The method includes the absolute quantification of 58 positional and geometrical (cis/trans) isomeric FA in hpPL in the concentration range of 1-3000 nmol/mL, covering also low abundant positional cis/trans isomers. Results obtained from both methods are highly comparable, and selectivity and sensitivity are improved by using GC-TQMS. Additionally, we show here that calculation of 13C-labeled C16:0 tracer/tracee ratios in hpPL in human isotope enrichment studies is possible.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hans-F. Schött
- Singapore
Lipidomics Incubator (SLING), Department of Biochemistry, Yong Loo
Lin School of Medicine, National University
of Singapore, 117597 Singapore
- Department
of Nutrition and Movement Sciences, Maastricht
University, P.O. Box 616, 6200 MD Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Maurice C. J. M. Konings
- Department
of Nutrition and Movement Sciences, Maastricht
University, P.O. Box 616, 6200 MD Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Vera B. Schrauwen-Hinderling
- Department
of Nutrition and Movement Sciences, Maastricht
University, P.O. Box 616, 6200 MD Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Ronald P. Mensink
- Department
of Nutrition and Movement Sciences, Maastricht
University, P.O. Box 616, 6200 MD Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Jogchum Plat
- Department
of Nutrition and Movement Sciences, Maastricht
University, P.O. Box 616, 6200 MD Maastricht, The Netherlands
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Wang Y, Yutuc E, Griffiths WJ. Standardizing and increasing the utility of lipidomics: a look to the next decade. Expert Rev Proteomics 2020; 17:699-717. [PMID: 33191815 DOI: 10.1080/14789450.2020.1847086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Introduction: We present our views on the current application of mass spectrometry (MS) based lipidomics and how lipidomics can develop in the next decade to be most practical use to society. That is not to say that lipidomics has not already been of value. In-fact, in its earlier guise as metabolite profiling most of the pathways of steroid biosynthesis were uncovered and via focused lipidomics many inborn errors of metabolism are routinely clinically identified. However, can lipidomics be extended to improve biochemical understanding of, and to diagnose, the most prevalent diseases of the 21st century? Areas covered: We will highlight the concept of 'level of identification' and the equally crucial topic of 'quantification'. Only by using a standardized language for these terms can lipidomics be translated to fields beyond academia. We will remind the lipid scientist of the value of chemical derivatization, a concept exploited since the dawn of lipid biochemistry. Expert opinion: Only by agreement of the concepts of identification and quantification and their incorporation in lipidomics reporting can lipidomics maximize its value.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuqin Wang
- Swansea University Medical School , Swansea, Wales, UK
| | - Eylan Yutuc
- Swansea University Medical School , Swansea, Wales, UK
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9
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Kloudova-Spalenkova A, Holy P, Soucek P. Oxysterols in cancer management: From therapy to biomarkers. Br J Pharmacol 2020; 178:3235-3247. [PMID: 32986851 DOI: 10.1111/bph.15273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2020] [Revised: 09/03/2020] [Accepted: 09/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Oxysterols are oxidized derivatives of cholesterol, both endogenous and exogenous. They have been implicated in numerous pathologies, including cancer. In addition to their roles in carcinogenesis, proliferation, migration, apoptosis, and multiple signalling pathways, they have been shown to modulate cancer therapy. They are known to affect therapy of hormonally positive breast cancer through modulating oestrogen receptor activity. Oxysterols have also been shown in various in vitro models to influence efficacy of chemotherapeutics, such as doxorubicin, vincristine, cisplatin, 5-fluorouracil, and others. Their effects on the immune system should also be considered in immunotherapy. Selective anti-cancer cytotoxic properties of some oxysterols make them candidates for new therapeutic molecules. Finally, differences in oxysterol levels in blood of cancer patients in different stages or versus healthy controls, and in tumour versus non-tumour tissues, show potential of oxysterols as biomarkers for cancer management and patient stratification for optimization of therapy. LINKED ARTICLES: This article is part of a themed issue on Oxysterols, Lifelong Health and Therapeutics. To view the other articles in this section visit http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/bph.v178.16/issuetoc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alzbeta Kloudova-Spalenkova
- Department of Toxicogenomics, National Institute of Public Health, Prague, Czech Republic.,Third Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic.,Biomedical Center, Faculty of Medicine in Pilsen, Charles University, Pilsen, Czech Republic
| | - Petr Holy
- Department of Toxicogenomics, National Institute of Public Health, Prague, Czech Republic.,Third Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic.,Biomedical Center, Faculty of Medicine in Pilsen, Charles University, Pilsen, Czech Republic
| | - Pavel Soucek
- Department of Toxicogenomics, National Institute of Public Health, Prague, Czech Republic.,Biomedical Center, Faculty of Medicine in Pilsen, Charles University, Pilsen, Czech Republic
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10
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Koba S. Noncholesterol Sterols and Sitosterolemia in Clinical Practice. J Atheroscler Thromb 2020; 27:406-408. [PMID: 32201402 PMCID: PMC7242226 DOI: 10.5551/jat.ed126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Shinji Koba
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Showa University School of Medicine
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11
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Kloudova-Spalenkova A, Ueng YF, Wei S, Kopeckova K, Peter Guengerich F, Soucek P. Plasma oxysterol levels in luminal subtype breast cancer patients are associated with clinical data. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 2020; 197:105566. [PMID: 31874216 PMCID: PMC7015808 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsbmb.2019.105566] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2019] [Revised: 12/11/2019] [Accepted: 12/16/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Oxygenated metabolites of cholesterol (oxysterols) have been previously demonstrated to contribute to progression of various cancers and to modulate resistance to breast cancer endocrine therapy in vitro. We measured prognostic roles of circulating levels of seven major oxysterols in the progression of luminal subtype breast carcinoma. Liquid chromatography coupled with tandem mass spectrometry was used for determination of levels of non-esterified 25-hydroxycholesterol, 27-hydroxycholesterol, 7α-hydroxycholesterol, 7-ketocholesterol, cholesterol-5α,6α-epoxide, cholesterol-5β,6β-epoxide, and cholestane-3β,5α,6β-triol in plasma samples collected from patients (n = 58) before surgical removal of tumors. Oxysterol levels were then associated with clinical data of patients. All oxysterols except cholesterol-5α,6α-epoxide were detected in patient plasma samples. Circulating levels of 7α-hydroxycholesterol and 27-hydroxycholesterol were significantly lower in patients with small tumors (pT1) and cholesterol-5β,6β-epoxide and cholestane-3β,5α,6β-triol were lower in patients with stage IA disease compared to larger tumors or more advanced stages. Patients with higher than median cholestane-3β,5α,6β-triol levels had significantly worse disease-free survival than patients with lower levels (p = 0.037 for all patients and p = 0.015 for subgroup treated only with tamoxifen). In conclusion, this study shows, for the first time, that circulating levels of oxysterols, especially cholestane-3β,5α,6β-triol, may have prognostic roles in patients with luminal subtype breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alzbeta Kloudova-Spalenkova
- Department of Toxicogenomics, National Institute of Public Health, Srobarova 48, Prague 10, 10042, Czech Republic; Biomedical Centre, Faculty of Medicine Pilsen, Charles University, alej Svobody 1655/76, Pilsen, 32300, Czech Republic; Third Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Ruska 2411/87, Prague 10, 10000, Czech Republic
| | - Yune-Fang Ueng
- National Research Institute of Chinese Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan, ROC; Department and Institute of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan, ROC; Institute of Medical Sciences, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Shouzou Wei
- Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, 2200 Pierce Avenue, Nashville, TN, 37235, United States
| | - Katerina Kopeckova
- Department of Oncology, Second Faculty of Medicine, Charles University and Motol University Hospital, V Uvalu 84/1, 15000, Prague 5, Czech Republic
| | - F Peter Guengerich
- Department of Biochemistry, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, 2200 Pierce Avenue, Nashville, TN, 37232-0146, United States
| | - Pavel Soucek
- Biomedical Centre, Faculty of Medicine Pilsen, Charles University, alej Svobody 1655/76, Pilsen, 32300, Czech Republic.
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Lütjohann D, Stellaard F, Björkhem I. Levels of 7alpha-hydroxycholesterol and/or 7alpha-hydroxy-4-cholest-3-one are the optimal biochemical markers for the evaluation of treatment of cerebrotendinous xanthomatosis. J Neurol 2019; 267:572-573. [PMID: 31781930 DOI: 10.1007/s00415-019-09650-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2019] [Accepted: 11/20/2019] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Dieter Lütjohann
- Institute of Clinical Chemistry and Clinical Pharmacology, University Hospital Bonn, Venusberg-Campus 1, 53127, Bonn, Germany.
| | - Frans Stellaard
- Institute of Clinical Chemistry and Clinical Pharmacology, University Hospital Bonn, Venusberg-Campus 1, 53127, Bonn, Germany
| | - Ingemar Björkhem
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Division of Clinical Chemistry, Karolinska University Hospital, Huddinge, 141 86, Stockholm, Sweden
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Civra A, Leoni V, Caccia C, Sottemano S, Tonetto P, Coscia A, Peila C, Moro GE, Gaglioti P, Bertino E, Poli G, Lembo D. Antiviral oxysterols are present in human milk at diverse stages of lactation. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 2019; 193:105424. [PMID: 31302219 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsbmb.2019.105424] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2019] [Revised: 07/01/2019] [Accepted: 07/07/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Oxysterols are cholesterol oxidation derivatives. Those containing an additional hydroxyl group on the side chain of the cholesterol molecule result from a physiological enzymatic synthesis and include the majority of oxysterols present in the circulation. Among these, 25-hydroxycholesterol (25OHC) and 27-hydroxycholesterol (27OHC) are characterized by a broad antiviral activity and are now considered involved in the innate immune response against viruses. Despite the emerging role of these sterols in the innate antiviral defences, no data are available on their presence in human breast milk (BM) to date. In this study, we investigated the content of oxysterols of enzymatic synthesis in BM of twelve donor mothers at different stages of lactation (i.e. in colostrum, transitional milk, and mature milk) by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry analysis. The side-chain oxysterols 25OHC, 27OHC, and 24S-hydroxycholesterol (24SOHC) were actually present in BM in all stages of lactation, but the concentration of 27OHC showed a remarkable peak in colostrum. Antiviral assays revealed that all the colostrum samples contained 27OHC concentrations that were active in vitro against two relevant pediatric viral pathogens: the human rotavirus and the human rhinovirus. Overall, this study discloses new antiviral components of BM and suggests a passive transfer of these protective factors to the infant via breastfeeding, especially in the first few days of lactation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Civra
- Department of Clinical and Biological Sciences, University of Torino, 10043, Orbassano, Torino, Italy
| | - Valerio Leoni
- School of Medicine, University of Milano Bicocca, Laboratory of Clinical Chemistry, Desiolab, Hospital of Desio, ASST-Monza, Italy
| | - Claudio Caccia
- Laboratory of Medical Genetics and Neurogenetics, Foundation IRCCS Institute of Neurology Carlo Besta, Milano, MI, Italy
| | - Stefano Sottemano
- Neonatal Intensive Care Unit, Department of Public Health and Pediatrics, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
| | - Paola Tonetto
- Neonatal Intensive Care Unit, Department of Public Health and Pediatrics, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
| | - Alessandra Coscia
- Neonatal Intensive Care Unit, Department of Public Health and Pediatrics, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
| | - Chiara Peila
- Neonatal Intensive Care Unit, Department of Public Health and Pediatrics, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
| | - Guido E Moro
- Italian Association of Human Milk Banks, Milan, Italy
| | - Pietro Gaglioti
- SC2U, Città della Salute e della Scienza-O.I.R.M., Sant'Anna Hospital, 10100, Turin, Italy
| | - Enrico Bertino
- Neonatal Intensive Care Unit, Department of Public Health and Pediatrics, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Poli
- Department of Clinical and Biological Sciences, University of Torino, 10043, Orbassano, Torino, Italy.
| | - David Lembo
- Department of Clinical and Biological Sciences, University of Torino, 10043, Orbassano, Torino, Italy.
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