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Sosna M, Ferapontova EE. Electron Transfer in Binary Hemin-Modified Alkanethiol Self-Assembled Monolayers on Gold: Hemin's Lateral and Interfacial Interactions. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2022; 38:11180-11190. [PMID: 36062334 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.2c01064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Orientated coupling of redox enzymes to electrodes by their reconstitution onto redox cofactors, such as hemin conjugated to self-assembled monolayers (SAMs) formed on the electrodes, poses the requirements for a SAM design enabling reconstitution. We show that the kinetics of electron transfer (ET) in binary SAMs of alkanethiols on gold composed of in situ hemin-conjugated 11-amino-1-undecanethiol (AUT) and diluting OH-terminated alkanethiols with 11, 6, and 2 methylene groups (MC11OH, MC6OH, and MC2OH) depends on both the SAM composition and surface density of hemin, Γheme. In AUT/MC11OH SAMs composed of equal linker/diluent lengths, the heterogeneous ET rate constant ks decreased with the Γheme and varied between 70 and 500 s-1. For shorter diluents, the ks of 245-330 s-1 (C6) and 300-340 s-1 (C2) showed a little (if any) Γheme dependence. In AUT/MC11OH SAMs, the increasing Γheme resulted in the steric crowding of hemin species and their neighboring lateral interactions in the plane of hemin localization, affecting the potential distribution at the SAM/electrode interface and inducing local electrostatic effects interfering with hemin oxidation. In AUT/MC6OH and AUT/MC2OH SAMs, hemin discharged at the plane of the closest approach to the gold surface, equal to the diluent length and permeable to electrolyte ions, which lessened those effects. All studied binary SAMs provided steric hindrance for protein reconstitution on the hemin cofactor conjugated to the extended AUT linker. Further use of SAM-modified electrodes with the covalently attached hemin as interfaces for heme proteins' reconstitution should consider SAMs with loosely dispersed redox centers terminating more rigid molecular wires. Such wires place hemin at fixed distances from the electrode surface and thus ensure the interfacial properties required for the effective on-surface reconstitution of proteins and enzymes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maciej Sosna
- Interdisciplinary Nanoscience Center (iNANO), Aarhus University, Gustav Wieds Vej 14, DK-8000 Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - Elena E Ferapontova
- Interdisciplinary Nanoscience Center (iNANO), Aarhus University, Gustav Wieds Vej 14, DK-8000 Aarhus C, Denmark
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2
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Schachinger F, Chang H, Scheiblbrandner S, Ludwig R. Amperometric Biosensors Based on Direct Electron Transfer Enzymes. Molecules 2021; 26:molecules26154525. [PMID: 34361678 PMCID: PMC8348568 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26154525] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2021] [Revised: 07/19/2021] [Accepted: 07/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The accurate determination of analyte concentrations with selective, fast, and robust methods is the key for process control, product analysis, environmental compliance, and medical applications. Enzyme-based biosensors meet these requirements to a high degree and can be operated with simple, cost efficient, and easy to use devices. This review focuses on enzymes capable of direct electron transfer (DET) to electrodes and also the electrode materials which can enable or enhance the DET type bioelectrocatalysis. It presents amperometric biosensors for the quantification of important medical, technical, and environmental analytes and it carves out the requirements for enzymes and electrode materials in DET-based third generation biosensors. This review critically surveys enzymes and biosensors for which DET has been reported. Single- or multi-cofactor enzymes featuring copper centers, hemes, FAD, FMN, or PQQ as prosthetic groups as well as fusion enzymes are presented. Nanomaterials, nanostructured electrodes, chemical surface modifications, and protein immobilization strategies are reviewed for their ability to support direct electrochemistry of enzymes. The combination of both biosensor elements-enzymes and electrodes-is evaluated by comparison of substrate specificity, current density, sensitivity, and the range of detection.
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3
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Voitechovič E, Vektarienė A, Vektaris G, Jančienė R, Razumienė J, Gurevičienė V. 1,4‐Benzoquinone Derivatives for Enhanced Bioelectrocatalysis by Fructose Dehydrogenase from
Gluconobacter Japonicus
: Towards Promising D‐Fructose Biosensor Development. ELECTROANAL 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/elan.201900612] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Edita Voitechovič
- Vilnius University Life Sciences Center, Institute of Biochemistry Saulėtekio av.7 LT-10257 Vilnius Lithuania
- Center for Physical Sciences and Technology Department of Nanoengineering Savanorių 231 LT-02300 Vilnius Lithuania
| | - Aušra Vektarienė
- Vilnius University Institute of Theoretical Physics and Astronomy Saulėtekio av. 3 LT-10222 Vilnius Lithuania
| | - Gytis Vektaris
- Vilnius University Institute of Theoretical Physics and Astronomy Saulėtekio av. 3 LT-10222 Vilnius Lithuania
| | - Regina Jančienė
- Vilnius University Life Sciences Center, Institute of Biochemistry Saulėtekio av.7 LT-10257 Vilnius Lithuania
| | - Julija Razumienė
- Vilnius University Life Sciences Center, Institute of Biochemistry Saulėtekio av.7 LT-10257 Vilnius Lithuania
| | - Vidutė Gurevičienė
- Vilnius University Life Sciences Center, Institute of Biochemistry Saulėtekio av.7 LT-10257 Vilnius Lithuania
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4
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Nanocatalysts Containing Direct Electron Transfer-Capable Oxidoreductases: Recent Advances and Applications. Catalysts 2019. [DOI: 10.3390/catal10010009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Direct electron transfer (DET)-capable oxidoreductases are enzymes that have the ability to transfer/receive electrons directly to/from solid surfaces or nanomaterials, bypassing the need for an additional electron mediator. More than 100 enzymes are known to be capable of working in DET conditions; however, to this day, DET-capable enzymes have been mainly used in designing biofuel cells and biosensors. The rapid advance in (semi) conductive nanomaterial development provided new possibilities to create enzyme-nanoparticle catalysts utilizing properties of DET-capable enzymes and demonstrating catalytic processes never observed before. Briefly, such nanocatalysts combine several cathodic and anodic catalysis performing oxidoreductases into a single nanoparticle surface. Hereby, to the best of our knowledge, we present the first review concerning such nanocatalytic systems involving DET-capable oxidoreductases. We outlook the contemporary applications of DET-capable enzymes, present a principle of operation of nanocatalysts based on DET-capable oxidoreductases, provide a review of state-of-the-art (nano) catalytic systems that have been demonstrated using DET-capable oxidoreductases, and highlight common strategies and challenges that are usually associated with those type catalytic systems. Finally, we end this paper with the concluding discussion, where we present future perspectives and possible research directions.
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Jensen UB, Mohammad‐Beigi H, Shipovskov S, Sutherland DS, Ferapontova EE. Activation of Cellobiose Dehydrogenase Bioelectrocatalysis by Carbon Nanoparticles. ChemElectroChem 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/celc.201901066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Uffe Bjørnholt Jensen
- Interdisciplinary Nanoscience Center (iNANO)Aarhus University Gustav Wieds Vej 14 8000 Aarhus C Denmark
| | - Hossein Mohammad‐Beigi
- Interdisciplinary Nanoscience Center (iNANO)Aarhus University Gustav Wieds Vej 14 8000 Aarhus C Denmark
| | - Stepan Shipovskov
- Interdisciplinary Nanoscience Center (iNANO)Aarhus University Gustav Wieds Vej 14 8000 Aarhus C Denmark
| | - Duncan S. Sutherland
- Interdisciplinary Nanoscience Center (iNANO)Aarhus University Gustav Wieds Vej 14 8000 Aarhus C Denmark
| | - Elena E. Ferapontova
- Interdisciplinary Nanoscience Center (iNANO)Aarhus University Gustav Wieds Vej 14 8000 Aarhus C Denmark
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Ma S, Laurent CVFP, Meneghello M, Tuoriniemi J, Oostenbrink C, Gorton L, Bartlett PN, Ludwig R. Direct Electron-Transfer Anisotropy of a Site-Specifically Immobilized Cellobiose Dehydrogenase. ACS Catal 2019. [DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.9b02014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Marta Meneghello
- School of Chemistry, Faculty of Engineering and Physical Sciences, University of Southampton, Southampton SO17 1BJ, U.K
| | - Jani Tuoriniemi
- Department of Analytical Chemistry/Biochemistry and Structural Biology, Lund University, P.O. Box 124, Lund SE-221 00, Sweden
| | | | - Lo Gorton
- Department of Analytical Chemistry/Biochemistry and Structural Biology, Lund University, P.O. Box 124, Lund SE-221 00, Sweden
| | - Philip N. Bartlett
- School of Chemistry, Faculty of Engineering and Physical Sciences, University of Southampton, Southampton SO17 1BJ, U.K
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Bollella P, Gorton L, Antiochia R. Direct Electron Transfer of Dehydrogenases for Development of 3rd Generation Biosensors and Enzymatic Fuel Cells. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2018; 18:E1319. [PMID: 29695133 PMCID: PMC5982196 DOI: 10.3390/s18051319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2018] [Revised: 04/16/2018] [Accepted: 04/19/2018] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Dehydrogenase based bioelectrocatalysis has been increasingly exploited in recent years in order to develop new bioelectrochemical devices, such as biosensors and biofuel cells, with improved performances. In some cases, dehydrogeases are able to directly exchange electrons with an appropriately designed electrode surface, without the need for an added redox mediator, allowing bioelectrocatalysis based on a direct electron transfer process. In this review we briefly describe the electron transfer mechanism of dehydrogenase enzymes and some of the characteristics required for bioelectrocatalysis reactions via a direct electron transfer mechanism. Special attention is given to cellobiose dehydrogenase and fructose dehydrogenase, which showed efficient direct electron transfer reactions. An overview of the most recent biosensors and biofuel cells based on the two dehydrogenases will be presented. The various strategies to prepare modified electrodes in order to improve the electron transfer properties of the device will be carefully investigated and all analytical parameters will be presented, discussed and compared.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paolo Bollella
- Department of Chemistry and Drug Technologies, Sapienza University of Rome P.le Aldo Moro 5, 00185 Rome, Italy.
| | - Lo Gorton
- Department of Biochemistry and Structural Biology, Lund University, P.O. Box 124, 221 00 Lund, Sweden.
| | - Riccarda Antiochia
- Department of Chemistry and Drug Technologies, Sapienza University of Rome P.le Aldo Moro 5, 00185 Rome, Italy.
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8
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Bollella P, Hibino Y, Kano K, Gorton L, Antiochia R. The influence of pH and divalent/monovalent cations on the internal electron transfer (IET), enzymatic activity, and structure of fructose dehydrogenase. Anal Bioanal Chem 2018; 410:3253-3264. [PMID: 29564502 PMCID: PMC5937911 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-018-0991-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2017] [Revised: 01/17/2018] [Accepted: 02/27/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
We report on the influence of pH and monovalent/divalent cations on the catalytic current response, internal electron transfer (IET), and structure of fructose dehydrogenase (FDH) by using amperometry, spectrophotometry, and circular dichroism (CD). Amperometric measurements were performed on graphite electrodes, onto which FDH was adsorbed and the effect on the response current to fructose was investigated when varying the pH and the concentrations of divalent/monovalent cations in the contacting buffer. In the presence of 10 mM CaCl2, a current increase of up to ≈ 240% was observed, probably due to an intra-complexation reaction between Ca2+ and the aspartate/glutamate residues found at the interface between the dehydrogenase domain and the cytochrome domain of FDH. Contrary to CaCl2, addition of MgCl2 did not show any particular influence, whereas addition of monovalent cations (Na+ or K+) led to a slight linear increase in the maximum response current. To complement the amperometric investigations, spectrophotometric assays were carried out under homogeneous conditions in the presence of a 1-electron non-proton-acceptor, cytochrome c, or a 2-electron-proton acceptor, 2,6-dichloroindophenol (DCIP), respectively. In the case of cytochrome c, it was possible to observe a remarkable increase in the absorbance up to 200% when 10 mM CaCl2 was added. However, by further increasing the concentration of CaCl2 up to 50 mM and 100 mM, a decrease in the absorbance with a slight inhibition effect was observed for the highest CaCl2 concentration. Addition of MgCl2 or of the monovalent cations shows, surprisingly, no effect on the electron transfer to the electron acceptor. Contrary to the case of cytochrome c, with DCIP none of the cations tested seem to affect the rate of catalysis. In order to correlate the results obtained by amperometric and spectrophotometric measurements, CD experiments have been performed showing a great structural change of FDH when increasing the concentration CaCl2 up to 50 mM, at which the enzyme molecules start to agglomerate, hindering the substrate access to the active site probably due to a chelation reaction occurring at the enzyme surface with the glutamate/aspartate residues. Fructose dehydrogenase (FDH) consists of three subunits, but only two are involved in the electron transfer process: (I) 2e−/2H+ fructose oxidation, (II) internal electron transfer (IET), (III) direct electron transfer (DET) through 2 heme c; FDH activity either in solution or when immobilized onto an electrode surface is enhanced about 2.5-fold by adding 10 mM CaCl2 to the buffer solution, whereas MgCl2 had an “inhibition” effect. Moreover, the additions of KCl or NaCl led to a slight current increase ![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Paolo Bollella
- Department of Chemistry and Drug Technologies, Sapienza University of Rome, Piazzale Aldo Moro 5, 00185, Rome, Italy.,Department of Analytical Chemistry/Biochemistry, Lund University, P.O. Box 124, 221 00, Lund, Sweden
| | - Yuya Hibino
- Division of Applied Life Sciences, Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University, Sakyo, Kyoto, 606-8502, Japan
| | - Kenji Kano
- Division of Applied Life Sciences, Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University, Sakyo, Kyoto, 606-8502, Japan
| | - Lo Gorton
- Department of Analytical Chemistry/Biochemistry, Lund University, P.O. Box 124, 221 00, Lund, Sweden.
| | - Riccarda Antiochia
- Department of Chemistry and Drug Technologies, Sapienza University of Rome, Piazzale Aldo Moro 5, 00185, Rome, Italy.
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9
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Ortiz R, Rahman M, Zangrilli B, Sygmund C, Micheelsen PO, Silow M, Toscano MD, Ludwig R, Gorton L. Engineering of Cellobiose Dehydrogenases for Improved Glucose Sensitivity and Reduced Maltose Affinity. ChemElectroChem 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/celc.201600781] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Roberto Ortiz
- Department of Analytical Chemistry/Biochemistry and Structural Biology; Lund University; P. O. Box 124 SE-22100 Lund Sweden
- Department of Chemistry; Kemitorvet, DTU 2800 Kgs. Lyngby Denmark
| | - Mahbubur Rahman
- Department of Analytical Chemistry/Biochemistry and Structural Biology; Lund University; P. O. Box 124 SE-22100 Lund Sweden
| | - Beatrice Zangrilli
- Department of Analytical Chemistry/Biochemistry and Structural Biology; Lund University; P. O. Box 124 SE-22100 Lund Sweden
| | - Christoph Sygmund
- Department of Food Science and Technology; BOKU-University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences; Muthgasse 18 A-1190 Vienna Austria
| | | | - Maria Silow
- Novozymes A/S; Krogshøgvej 36, DTU 2880 Bagsvœrd Denmark
| | | | - Roland Ludwig
- Department of Food Science and Technology; BOKU-University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences; Muthgasse 18 A-1190 Vienna Austria
| | - Lo Gorton
- Department of Analytical Chemistry/Biochemistry and Structural Biology; Lund University; P. O. Box 124 SE-22100 Lund Sweden
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10
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Zeng T, Frasca S, Rumschöttel J, Koetz J, Leimkühler S, Wollenberger U. Role of Conductive Nanoparticles in the Direct Unmediated Bioelectrocatalysis of Immobilized Sulfite Oxidase. ELECTROANAL 2016. [DOI: 10.1002/elan.201600246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ting Zeng
- Institut für Biochemie und Biologie; Universität Potsdam; Karl-Liebknecht-Str. 24-25, Haus 25 14476 Golm Germany
| | - Stefano Frasca
- Institut für Biochemie und Biologie; Universität Potsdam; Karl-Liebknecht-Str. 24-25, Haus 25 14476 Golm Germany
| | - Jens Rumschöttel
- Institut für Chemie; Universität Potsdam; Karl-Liebknecht-Str. 24-25, Haus 25 14476 Golm Germany
| | - Joachim Koetz
- Institut für Chemie; Universität Potsdam; Karl-Liebknecht-Str. 24-25, Haus 25 14476 Golm Germany
| | - Silke Leimkühler
- Institut für Biochemie und Biologie; Universität Potsdam; Karl-Liebknecht-Str. 24-25, Haus 25 14476 Golm Germany
| | - Ulla Wollenberger
- Institut für Biochemie und Biologie; Universität Potsdam; Karl-Liebknecht-Str. 24-25, Haus 25 14476 Golm Germany
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11
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Kizling M, Biedul P, Zabost D, Stolarczyk K, Bilewicz R. Application of Hydroxyethyl Methacrylate and Ethylene Glycol Methacrylate Phosphate Copolymer as Hydrogel Electrolyte in Enzymatic Fuel Cell. ELECTROANAL 2016. [DOI: 10.1002/elan.201600251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Michał Kizling
- College of Inter-Faculty Individual Studies in Mathematic and Natural Sciences (MISMaP); Stefana Banacha 2C 02-097 Warsaw Poland
| | - Piotr Biedul
- Polymer Ionics Research Group; Warsaw University of Technology, Chemical Faculty; Noakowskiego 3 00-664 Warsaw Poland
| | - Dariusz Zabost
- Polymer Ionics Research Group; Warsaw University of Technology, Chemical Faculty; Noakowskiego 3 00-664 Warsaw Poland
| | | | - Renata Bilewicz
- Faculty of Chemistry; University of Warsaw; Pasteura 1 02-093 Warsaw Poland
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12
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Wettstein C, Kano K, Schäfer D, Wollenberger U, Lisdat F. Interaction of Flavin-Dependent Fructose Dehydrogenase with Cytochrome c as Basis for the Construction of Biomacromolecular Architectures on Electrodes. Anal Chem 2016; 88:6382-9. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.6b00815] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Christoph Wettstein
- Biosystems
Technology, Institute of Applied Life Sciences, Technical University of Applied Sciences Wildau, Hochschulring 1, 15745 Wildau, Germany
| | - Kenji Kano
- Division
of Applied Life Sciences, Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University, Sakyo, Kyoto 606−8502, Japan
| | - Daniel Schäfer
- Biosystems
Technology, Institute of Applied Life Sciences, Technical University of Applied Sciences Wildau, Hochschulring 1, 15745 Wildau, Germany
| | - Ulla Wollenberger
- Institute
of Biochemistry and Biology, University Potsdam, Karl-Liebknecht-Strasse
24-25, 14476 Potsdam/Golm, Germany
| | - Fred Lisdat
- Biosystems
Technology, Institute of Applied Life Sciences, Technical University of Applied Sciences Wildau, Hochschulring 1, 15745 Wildau, Germany
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13
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14
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High current density PQQ-dependent alcohol and aldehyde dehydrogenase bioanodes. Biosens Bioelectron 2015; 72:247-54. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2015.05.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2015] [Revised: 05/04/2015] [Accepted: 05/05/2015] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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15
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ZENG X, LIU J, KONG S, ZHANG Z. Layer-by-Layer Assembly of Hemoglobin and DNA Functionalized Carbon Nanotubes on Glassy Carbon Electrode: Direct Electrochemistry and Electrocatalysis. ELECTROCHEMISTRY 2015. [DOI: 10.5796/electrochemistry.83.979] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Xiandong ZENG
- Shenzhen Nanshan Center for Disease Control and Prevention
| | - Jie LIU
- Shenzhen Nanshan Center for Disease Control and Prevention
| | - Shu KONG
- Shenzhen Nanshan Center for Disease Control and Prevention
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16
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Fapyane D, Kartashov A, von Wachenfeldt C, Ferapontova EE. Gated electron transfer reactions of truncated hemoglobin from Bacillus subtilis differently orientated on SAM-modified electrodes. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2015; 17:15365-74. [DOI: 10.1039/c5cp00960j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Electron transfer in truncated hemoglobin depends on the SAMs it is attached to demonstrating a new type of electronic responsivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deby Fapyane
- Interdisciplinary Nanoscience Center (iNANO)
- Science and Technology
- Aarhus University
- DK-8000 Aarhus C
- Denmark
| | - Andrey Kartashov
- Interdisciplinary Nanoscience Center (iNANO)
- Science and Technology
- Aarhus University
- DK-8000 Aarhus C
- Denmark
| | | | - Elena E. Ferapontova
- Interdisciplinary Nanoscience Center (iNANO)
- Science and Technology
- Aarhus University
- DK-8000 Aarhus C
- Denmark
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17
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Direct Electrochemistry and Electrocatalysis of Hemoglobin on Bimetallic Au–Pt Inorganic–Organic Nanofiber Hybrid Nanocomposite and Mesoporous Molecular Sieve MCM-41. J Inorg Organomet Polym Mater 2013. [DOI: 10.1007/s10904-013-0012-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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18
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Hong J, Zhao YX, Xiao BL, Moosavi-Movahedi AA, Ghourchian H, Sheibani N. Direct electrochemistry of hemoglobin immobilized on a functionalized multi-walled carbon nanotubes and gold nanoparticles nanocomplex-modified glassy carbon electrode. SENSORS 2013; 13:8595-611. [PMID: 23881129 PMCID: PMC3758613 DOI: 10.3390/s130708595] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2013] [Revised: 06/17/2013] [Accepted: 06/30/2013] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
Abstract
Direct electron transfer of hemoglobin (Hb) was realized by immobilizing Hb on a carboxyl functionalized multi-walled carbon nanotubes (FMWCNTs) and gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) nanocomplex-modified glassy carbon electrode. The ultraviolet-visible absorption spectrometry (UV-Vis), transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) methods were utilized for additional characterization of the AuNPs and FMWCNTs. The cyclic voltammogram of the modified electrode has a pair of well-defined quasi-reversible redox peaks with a formal potential of −0.270 ± 0.002 V (vs. Ag/AgCl) at a scan rate of 0.05 V/s. The heterogeneous electron transfer constant (ks) was evaluated to be 4.0 ± 0.2 s−1. The average surface concentration of electro-active Hb on the surface of the modified glassy carbon electrode was calculated to be 6.8 ± 0.3 × 10−10 mol cm−2. The cathodic peak current of the modified electrode increased linearly with increasing concentration of hydrogen peroxide (from 0.05 nM to 1 nM) with a detection limit of 0.05 ± 0.01 nM. The apparent Michaelis-Menten constant (Kmapp) was calculated to be 0.85 ± 0.1 nM. Thus, the modified electrode could be applied as a third generation biosensor with high sensitivity, long-term stability and low detection limit.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Hong
- School of Life Sciences, Henan University, JinMing Road, Kaifeng 475000, China; E-Mails: (Y.-X.Z.); (B.-L.X.)
- Authors to whom correspondence should be addressed; E-Mails: (J.H.); (A.A.M.-M.); Tel.: +86-137-8116-1597 (J.H.); Fax: +86-378-388-6258 (J.H.); Tel.: +98-21-640-3957 (A.A.M.-M.); Fax: +98-21-640-4680 (A.A.M.-M.)
| | - Ying-Xue Zhao
- School of Life Sciences, Henan University, JinMing Road, Kaifeng 475000, China; E-Mails: (Y.-X.Z.); (B.-L.X.)
| | - Bao-Lin Xiao
- School of Life Sciences, Henan University, JinMing Road, Kaifeng 475000, China; E-Mails: (Y.-X.Z.); (B.-L.X.)
| | - Ali Akbar Moosavi-Movahedi
- Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of Tehran, Enquelab Avenue, P.O. Box 13145-1384, Tehran, Iran; E-Mail:
- Authors to whom correspondence should be addressed; E-Mails: (J.H.); (A.A.M.-M.); Tel.: +86-137-8116-1597 (J.H.); Fax: +86-378-388-6258 (J.H.); Tel.: +98-21-640-3957 (A.A.M.-M.); Fax: +98-21-640-4680 (A.A.M.-M.)
| | - Hedayatollah Ghourchian
- Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of Tehran, Enquelab Avenue, P.O. Box 13145-1384, Tehran, Iran; E-Mail:
| | - Nader Sheibani
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Wisconsin, 600 Highland Avenue, K6/456 CSC, Madison, WI 53792-4673, USA; E-Mail:
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19
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Silveira CM, Almeida MG. Small electron-transfer proteins as mediators in enzymatic electrochemical biosensors. Anal Bioanal Chem 2013; 405:3619-35. [PMID: 23430181 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-013-6786-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2012] [Revised: 01/11/2013] [Accepted: 01/24/2013] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Electrochemical mediators transfer redox equivalents between the active sites of enzymes and electrodes and, in this way, initiate bioelectrocatalytic redox processes. This has been very useful in the development of the so-called second-generation biosensors, in which they transduce a catalyzed reaction into an electrical signal. Among other pre-requisites, redox mediators must be readily oxidized and/or reduced at the electrode surface and readily interact with the biorecognition component. Small chemical compounds (e.g. ferrocene derivatives, ruthenium, or osmium complexes and viologens) are frequently used for this purpose but, lately, small redox proteins (e.g. horse heart cytochrome c) have also been used as redox partners in biosensing applications. In general, docking between two complementary proteins introduces a second level of selectivity to the biosensor and enlarges the list of compounds analyzed. Moreover, electrochemical interferences are frequently minimized owing to the small overpotentials achieved. This paper provides an overview of enzyme biosensors that are mediated by electron-transfer proteins. The paper begins with a brief discussion of mediated electrochemistry in biosensing systems and proceeds with a detailed description of relevant work on the cooperative use of redox enzymes and biological electron donors and/or acceptors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Célia M Silveira
- Requimte-Departamento de Química, Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia (UNL), 2829-516 Monte Caparica, Portugal
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Sedov SA, Belogurova NG, Shipovskov S, Levashov AV, Levashov PA. Lysis of Escherichia coli cells by lysozyme: discrimination between adsorption and enzyme action. Colloids Surf B Biointerfaces 2011; 88:131-3. [PMID: 21763113 DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfb.2011.06.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2011] [Revised: 06/13/2011] [Accepted: 06/19/2011] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
The key factors of enzymatic lysis of cells are the interaction between the enzyme and the cell - catalytic and non-catalytic adsorption of enzyme on cell surface. Here, the studies of lysis of intact Escherichia coli cells by chicken egg white lysozyme were performed. It was found that the ionic strength has a dual effect onto the system. On the one hand, the desorption constant of the enzyme increases with the increase of the solution ionic strength, which results in a better enzyme performance. On the other hand, due to the higher osmosis, the cell lysis rate decreases with the increasing of ionic strength of the system. It was found that pH 8.6 and 30 mM NaCl are optimal conditions for lysis of E. coli cells by lysozyme.
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Affiliation(s)
- S A Sedov
- Department of Chemical Enzymology, Faculty of Chemistry, Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia
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Kotani A, Hashimoto M, Kotani T, Kusu F. Prepeak of trolox caused by theophylline and its application to the determination of theophylline in rat plasma. J Electroanal Chem (Lausanne) 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jelechem.2011.01.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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22
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Vasilchenko LG, Karapetyan KN, Yershevich OP, Ludwig R, Zamocky M, Peterbauer CK, Haltrich D, Rabinovich ML. Cellobiose dehydrogenase of Chaetomium sp. INBI 2-26(-): Structural basis of enhanced activity toward glucose at neutral pH. Biotechnol J 2011; 6:538-53. [DOI: 10.1002/biot.201000373] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2010] [Accepted: 01/28/2011] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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Arechederra RL, Artyushkova K, Atanassov P, Minteer SD. Growth of phthalocyanine doped and undoped nanotubes using mild synthesis conditions for development of novel oxygen reduction catalysts. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2010; 2:3295-3302. [PMID: 21043456 DOI: 10.1021/am100724v] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Precious metal alloys have been the predominant electrocatalyst used for oxygen reduction in fuel cells since the 1960s. Although performance of these catalysts is high, they do have drawbacks. The two main problems with precious metal alloys are catalyst passivation and cost. This is why new novel catalysts are being developed and employed for oxygen reduction. This paper details the low temperature solvothermal synthesis and characterization of carbon nanotubes that have been doped with both iron and cobalt centered phthalocyanine. The synthesis is a novel low-temperature, supercritical solvent synthesis that reduces halocarbons to form a metal chloride byproduct and carbon nanotubes. Perchlorinated phthalocyanine was added to the nanotube synthesis to incorporate the phthalocyanine structure into the graphene sheets of the nanotubes to produce doped nanotubes that have the catalytic oxygen reduction capabilities of the metallo-phthalocyanine and the advantageous material qualities of carbon nanotubes. The cobalt phthalocyanine doped carbon nanotubes showed a half wave oxygen reduction potential of -0.050 ± 0.005 V vs Hg\HgO, in comparison to platinum's half wave oxygen reduction potential of -0.197 ± 0.002 V vs Hg\HgO.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert L Arechederra
- Department of Chemistry, Saint Louis University, 3501 Laclede Avenue, St. Louis, Missouri 63103, USA
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Kalimuthu P, Tkac J, Kappler U, Davis JJ, Bernhardt PV. Highly Sensitive and Stable Electrochemical Sulfite Biosensor Incorporating a Bacterial Sulfite Dehydrogenase. Anal Chem 2010; 82:7374-9. [DOI: 10.1021/ac101493y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Palraj Kalimuthu
- Centre for Metals in Biology, School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, University of Queensland, Brisbane, 4072, Australia, and Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford, U.K
| | - Jan Tkac
- Centre for Metals in Biology, School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, University of Queensland, Brisbane, 4072, Australia, and Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford, U.K
| | - Ulrike Kappler
- Centre for Metals in Biology, School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, University of Queensland, Brisbane, 4072, Australia, and Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford, U.K
| | - Jason J. Davis
- Centre for Metals in Biology, School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, University of Queensland, Brisbane, 4072, Australia, and Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford, U.K
| | - Paul V. Bernhardt
- Centre for Metals in Biology, School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, University of Queensland, Brisbane, 4072, Australia, and Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford, U.K
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Li Y, Zeng X, Liu X, Liu X, Wei W, Luo S. Direct electrochemistry and electrocatalytic properties of hemoglobin immobilized on a carbon ionic liquid electrode modified with mesoporous molecular sieve MCM-41. Colloids Surf B Biointerfaces 2010; 79:241-5. [DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfb.2010.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2009] [Revised: 04/05/2010] [Accepted: 04/07/2010] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Ludwig R, Harreither W, Tasca F, Gorton L. Cellobiose Dehydrogenase: A Versatile Catalyst for Electrochemical Applications. Chemphyschem 2010; 11:2674-97. [DOI: 10.1002/cphc.201000216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 165] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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Kartashov AV, Serafini G, Dong M, Shipovskov S, Gazaryan I, Besenbacher F, Ferapontova EE. Long-range electron transfer in recombinant peroxidases anisotropically orientated on gold electrodes. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2010; 12:10098-107. [DOI: 10.1039/c0cp00605j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Tian Y, Ran Q, Xu J, Xian Y, Peng R, Jin L. High-Quality Covalently Grafting Hemoglobin on Gold Electrodes: Characterization, Redox Thermodynamics and Bio-electrocatalysis. Chemphyschem 2009; 10:3105-11. [DOI: 10.1002/cphc.200900588] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Tkac J, Svitel J, Vostiar I, Navratil M, Gemeiner P. Membrane-bound dehydrogenases from Gluconobacter sp.: Interfacial electrochemistry and direct bioelectrocatalysis. Bioelectrochemistry 2009; 76:53-62. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bioelechem.2009.02.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2008] [Revised: 02/09/2009] [Accepted: 02/27/2009] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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Murata K, Suzuki M, Nakamura N, Ohno H. Direct evidence of electron flow via the heme c group for the direct electron transfer reaction of fructose dehydrogenase using a silver nanoparticle-modified electrode. Electrochem commun 2009. [DOI: 10.1016/j.elecom.2009.06.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
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Shipovskov S, Ferapontova EE. Biocatalysis of theophylline oxidation by microbial theophylline oxidase in the presence of non-physiological electron acceptors. BIOCATAL BIOTRANSFOR 2009. [DOI: 10.1080/10242420802456639] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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Ferapontova E, Gothelf K. Optimization of the Electrochemical RNA-Aptamer Based Biosensor for Theophylline by Using a Methylene Blue Redox Label. ELECTROANAL 2009. [DOI: 10.1002/elan.200804558] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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Ferapontova EE, Gothelf KV. Effect of serum on an RNA aptamer-based electrochemical sensor for theophylline. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2009; 25:4279-4283. [PMID: 19301828 DOI: 10.1021/la804309j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Electrochemical performance of the ferrocene (Fc) redox-labeled RNA aptamer based sensor for theophylline (Th) is essentially inhibited in serum, but is restored in serum-free buffer solutions. This phenomenon is inconsistent with the data on methylene-blue-labeled aptamer beacon systems, which operational potential window is more negative compared to the Fc redox label. Electrochemical studies with a ferricyanide redox probe, having redox potential close to the Fc redox couple, and interfacial capacitance measurements unambiguously demonstrate that it is adsorption of serum proteins at positively charged electrode surface that slows down the kinetics of the electrode reactions in serum and interferes with the biosensor performance. In filtered serum solutions, in the absence of serum proteins, the Fc-labeled aptamer-based biosensor performed similarly to the pure buffer solutions, ad the signal for Th could be linearly calibrated versus Th concentration. These results on interfacial effects of serum are of particular importance for future research and development of the beacon-type biosensors for in vivo applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena E Ferapontova
- Danish National Research Foundation, Centre for DNA Nanotechnology (CDNA), Department of Chemistry and iNANO, The Faculty of Science, Aarhus University, Langelandsgade 140, DK-8000 Aarhus C, Denmark.
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Murata K, Suzuki M, Kajiya K, Nakamura N, Ohno H. High performance bioanode based on direct electron transfer of fructose dehydrogenase at gold nanoparticle-modified electrodes. Electrochem commun 2009. [DOI: 10.1016/j.elecom.2009.01.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
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d-Fructose detection based on the direct heterogeneous electron transfer reaction of fructose dehydrogenase adsorbed onto multi-walled carbon nanotubes synthesized on platinum electrode. Biosens Bioelectron 2009; 24:1184-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2008.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2008] [Revised: 06/19/2008] [Accepted: 07/04/2008] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Zhang X, Qi B, Zhang S. Direct Electrochemistry of Hemoglobin in Cerium Dioxide/Carbon Nanotubes/Chitosan for Amperometric Detection of Hydrogen Peroxide. ANAL LETT 2008. [DOI: 10.1080/00032710802463055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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Tominaga M, Shirakihara C, Taniguchi I. Direct heterogeneous electron transfer reactions and molecular orientation of fructose dehydrogenase adsorbed onto pyrolytic graphite electrodes. J Electroanal Chem (Lausanne) 2007. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jelechem.2007.06.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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Zeng X, Wei W, Li X, Zeng J, Wu L. Direct electrochemistry and electrocatalysis of hemoglobin entrapped in semi-interpenetrating polymer network hydrogel based on polyacrylamide and chitosan. Bioelectrochemistry 2007; 71:135-41. [PMID: 17398166 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioelechem.2007.02.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2006] [Revised: 02/13/2007] [Accepted: 02/22/2007] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Semi-interpenetrating polymer network (semi-IPN) hydrogel based on polyacrylamide (PAM) and chitosan was prepared to immobilize redox protein hemoglobin (Hb). The Hb-PAM-chitosan hydrogel film obtained has been investigated by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and UV-VIS spectroscopy. UV-VIS spectroscopy showed that Hb kept its secondary structure similar to its native state in the Hb-PAM-chitosan hydrogel film. Cyclic voltammogram of Hb-PAM-chitosan film-modified glass carbon (GC) electrode showed a pair of well-defined and quasi-reversible redox peaks for Hb Fe(III)/Fe(II), indicating that direct electron transfer between Hb and GC electrode occurred. The electron-transfer rate constant was about 5.51 s(-1) in pH 7.0 buffers, and the formal potential (E degrees ') was -0.324 V (vs. SCE). The dependence of E degrees ' on solution pH indicated that one-proton transfer was coupled to each electron transfer in the direct electron-transfer reaction. Additionally, Hb in the semi-IPN hydrogel film retained its bioactivity and showed excellent electrocatalytic activity toward H(2)O(2). The electrocatalytic current values were linear with increasing concentration of H(2)O(2) in a wide range of 5-420 microM. The unique semi-IPN hydrogel would have wide potential applications in direct electrochemistry, biosensors and biocatalysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiandong Zeng
- State Key Laboratory of Chemo/Biosensoring and Chemometrics, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan University, Hunan, Changsha 410082, P. R. China
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Shan D, Han E, Xue H, Cosnier S. Self-Assembled Films of Hemoglobin/Laponite/Chitosan: Application for the Direct Electrochemistry and Catalysis to Hydrogen Peroxide. Biomacromolecules 2007; 8:3041-6. [PMID: 17824641 DOI: 10.1021/bm070329d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
A highly stable biological film was formed on the functional glassy carbon electrode (GCE) via step-by-step self-assembly of chitosan (CHT), laponite, and hemoglobin (Hb). Cyclic voltammetry (CV) of the Hb/laponite/CHT/GCE showed a pair of stable and quasi-reversible peaks for the Hb-Fe(III)/Fe(II) redox couple at about -0.035 V versus a saturated calomel electrode in pH 6.0 phosphate buffer at a scan rate of 0.1 V s(-1). The electrochemical reaction of Hb entrapped on the laponite/CHT self-assembled film exhibited a surface-controlled electrode process. The formal potential of the Hb-heme-Fe(III)/Fe(II) couple varied linearly with the increase of pH over the range of 3.0-8.0 with a slope of -63 mV pH(-1), which implied that an electron transfer was accompanied by single-proton transfer in the electrochemical reaction. The position of the Soret absorption band of this self-assembled Hb/laponite/CHT film suggested that the entrapped Hb kept its secondary structure similar to its native state. The self-assembled film showed excellent long-term stability, the CV peak potentials kept in the same positions, and the cathodic peak currents retained 90% of their values after 60 days. The film was used as a biological catalyst to catalyze the reduction of hydrogen peroxide. The electrocatalytic response showed a linear dependence on the H2O2 concentration ranging widely from 6.2 x 10(-6) to 2.55 x 10(-3) M with a detection limit of 6.2 x 10(-6) M at 3 sigma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dan Shan
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Materials and Environmental Engineering of Jiangsu Province, Yangzhou, China.
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Domínguez E, Suárez G, Narváez A. Electrostatic Assemblies for Bioelectrocatalytic and Bioelectronic Applications. ELECTROANAL 2006. [DOI: 10.1002/elan.200603625] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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