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Malakauskaitė P, Želvys A, Zinkevičienė A, Mickevičiūtė E, Radzevičiūtė-Valčiukė E, Malyško-Ptašinskė V, Lekešytė B, Novickij J, Kašėta V, Novickij V. Mitochondrial depolarization and ATP loss during high frequency nanosecond and microsecond electroporation. Bioelectrochemistry 2024; 159:108742. [PMID: 38776865 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioelechem.2024.108742] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2024] [Revised: 05/13/2024] [Accepted: 05/16/2024] [Indexed: 05/25/2024]
Abstract
It is predicted that ultra-short electric field pulses (nanosecond) can selectively permeabilize intracellular structures (e.g., mitochondria) without significant effects on the outer cell plasma membrane. Such a phenomenon would have high applicability in cancer treatment and could be employed to modulate cell death type or immunogenic response. Therefore, in this study, we compare the effects of 100 µs x 8 pulses (ESOPE - European Standard Operating Procedures on Electrochemotherapy) and bursts of 100 ns pulses for modulation of the mitochondria membrane potential. We characterize the efficacies of various protocols to trigger permeabilization, depolarize mitochondria (evaluated 1 h after treatment), the extent of ATP depletion and generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS). Finally, we employ the most prominent protocols in the context of Ca2+ electrochemotherapy in vitro. We provide experimental proof that 7.5-12.5 kV/cm x 100 ns pulses can be used to modulate mitochondrial potential, however, the permeabilization of the outer membrane is still a prerequisite for depolarization. Similar to 100 µs x 8 pulses, the higher the permeabilization rate, the higher the mitochondrial depolarization. Nevertheless, 100 ns pulses result in lesser ROS generation when compared to ESOPE, even when the energy input is several-fold higher than for the microsecond procedure. At the same time, it shows that even the short 100 ns pulses can be successfully used for Ca2+ electrochemotherapy, ensuring excellent cytotoxic efficacy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paulina Malakauskaitė
- State Research Institute Centre for Innovative Medicine, Department of Immunology and Bioelectrochemistry, Vilnius, Lithuania; Vilnius Gediminas Technical University, Faculty of Electronics, Vilnius, Lithuania
| | - Augustinas Želvys
- State Research Institute Centre for Innovative Medicine, Department of Immunology and Bioelectrochemistry, Vilnius, Lithuania; Vilnius Gediminas Technical University, Faculty of Electronics, Vilnius, Lithuania
| | - Auksė Zinkevičienė
- State Research Institute Centre for Innovative Medicine, Department of Immunology and Bioelectrochemistry, Vilnius, Lithuania
| | - Eglė Mickevičiūtė
- State Research Institute Centre for Innovative Medicine, Department of Immunology and Bioelectrochemistry, Vilnius, Lithuania; Vilnius Gediminas Technical University, Faculty of Electronics, Vilnius, Lithuania
| | - Eivina Radzevičiūtė-Valčiukė
- State Research Institute Centre for Innovative Medicine, Department of Immunology and Bioelectrochemistry, Vilnius, Lithuania; Vilnius Gediminas Technical University, Faculty of Electronics, Vilnius, Lithuania
| | | | - Barbora Lekešytė
- State Research Institute Centre for Innovative Medicine, Department of Immunology and Bioelectrochemistry, Vilnius, Lithuania; Vilnius Gediminas Technical University, Faculty of Electronics, Vilnius, Lithuania
| | - Jurij Novickij
- Vilnius Gediminas Technical University, Faculty of Electronics, Vilnius, Lithuania
| | - Vytautas Kašėta
- State Research Institute Centre for Innovative Medicine, Department of Stem Cell Biology, Vilnius, Lithuania
| | - Vitalij Novickij
- State Research Institute Centre for Innovative Medicine, Department of Immunology and Bioelectrochemistry, Vilnius, Lithuania; Vilnius Gediminas Technical University, Faculty of Electronics, Vilnius, Lithuania.
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2
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Zhang Y, Luo Z, Zhang Y, Guo F. Simulation study on electroporation of cancer cells in multicellular system. Bioelectrochemistry 2024; 160:108789. [PMID: 39128409 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioelechem.2024.108789] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2024] [Revised: 07/14/2024] [Accepted: 08/01/2024] [Indexed: 08/13/2024]
Abstract
Electroporation (EP) of the normal cell and cancer cell both in single-cell and multicellular models was investigated by the meshed transport network method (MTNM) in this paper. The simulation results suggest that the cancer cell undergoes faster and more significant local EP than that of the corresponding normal cell induced by nanosecond pulsed electric fields (nsPEFs) both in single-cell and multicellular models. Furthermore, the results of the multicellular model indicate that there is a unidirectional neighboring effect in the multicellular model, meaning that cells at the center are affected and their pore formation is significantly reduced, but this effect is very weak for cells at the edges of the system. This means that the electric field selectively kills cells in different distribution locations. This work can provide guidance for the selection of parameters for the cancer cell EP process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Zhang
- Department of gynecology, Chongqing Traditional Chinese Medicine Hospital, Chongqing 400021, China.
| | - Zhijun Luo
- Institute of Ecological Safety, Chongqing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Chongqing 400065, China
| | - Yapeng Zhang
- Institute of Ecological Safety, Chongqing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Chongqing 400065, China
| | - Fei Guo
- Institute of Ecological Safety, Chongqing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Chongqing 400065, China.
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3
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Bougandoura O, Achour Y, Zaoui A, Starzyński J. Characterizing parameters and incorporating action potentials via the Hodgkin-Huxley model in a novel electric model for living cells. Electromagn Biol Med 2024; 43:187-203. [PMID: 38990565 DOI: 10.1080/15368378.2024.2372107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2023] [Accepted: 06/19/2024] [Indexed: 07/12/2024]
Abstract
To enhance our understanding of electroporation and optimize the pulses used within the frequency range of 1 kHz to 100 MHz, with the aim of minimizing side effects such as muscle contraction, we introduce a novel electrical model, structured as a 2D representation employing exclusively lumped elements. This model adeptly encapsulates the intricate dynamics of living cells' impedance variation. A distinguishing attribute of the proposed model lies in its capacity to decipher the distribution of transmembrane potential across various orientations within living cells. This aspect bears critical importance, particularly in contexts such as electroporation and cellular stimulation, where precise knowledge of potential gradients is pivotal. Furthermore, the augmentation of the proposed electrical model with the Hodgkin-Huxley (HH) model introduces an additional dimension. This integration augments the model's capabilities, specifically enabling the exploration of muscle cell stimulation and the generation of action potentials. This broader scope enhances the model's utility, facilitating comprehensive investigations into intricate cellular behaviors under the influence of external electric fields.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Yahia Achour
- UER-ELT, Ecole Militaire Polytechnique, Algiers, Algeria
| | - Abdelhalim Zaoui
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Industrial Computing, Ecole Nationale Supérieur de Technologie, Algiers, Algeria
| | - Jacek Starzyński
- Faculty of Electrical Engineering, Warsaw University of Technology, Warszawa, Poland
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4
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Scuderi M, Dermol-Cerne J, Scancar J, Markovic S, Rems L, Miklavcic D. The equivalence of different types of electric pulses for electrochemotherapy with cisplatin - an in vitro study. Radiol Oncol 2024; 58:51-66. [PMID: 38378034 PMCID: PMC10878774 DOI: 10.2478/raon-2024-0005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2023] [Accepted: 12/05/2023] [Indexed: 02/22/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Electrochemotherapy (ECT) is a treatment involving the administration of chemotherapeutics drugs followed by the application of 8 square monopolar pulses of 100 μs duration at a repetition frequency of 1 Hz or 5000 Hz. However, there is increasing interest in using alternative types of pulses for ECT. The use of high-frequency short bipolar pulses has been shown to mitigate pain and muscle contractions. Conversely, the use of millisecond pulses is interesting when combining ECT with gene electrotransfer for the uptake of DNA-encoding proteins that stimulate the immune response with the aim of converting ECT from a local to systemic treatment. Therefore, the aim of this study was to investigate how alternative types of pulses affect the efficiency of the ECT. MATERIALS AND METHODS We performed in vitro experiments, exposing Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells to conventional ECT pulses, high-frequency bipolar pulses, and millisecond pulses in the presence of different concentrations of cisplatin. We determined cisplatin uptake by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry and cisplatin cytotoxicity by the clonogenic assay. RESULTS We observed that the three tested types of pulses potentiate the uptake and cytotoxicity of cisplatin in an equivalent manner, provided that the electric field is properly adjusted for each pulse type. Furthermore, we quantified that the number of cisplatin molecules, resulting in the eradication of most cells, was 2-7 × 107 per cell. CONCLUSIONS High-frequency bipolar pulses and millisecond pulses can potentially be used in ECT to reduce pain and muscle contraction and increase the effect of the immune response in combination with gene electrotransfer, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Scuderi
- Faculty of Electrical Engineering, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Janja Dermol-Cerne
- Faculty of Electrical Engineering, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Janez Scancar
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Jožef Stefan Institute, Ljubljana, Slovenia
- Jožef Stefan International Postgraduate School, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Stefan Markovic
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Jožef Stefan Institute, Ljubljana, Slovenia
- Jožef Stefan International Postgraduate School, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Lea Rems
- Faculty of Electrical Engineering, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Damijan Miklavcic
- Faculty of Electrical Engineering, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
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5
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Radzevičiūtė-Valčiukė E, Malyško-Ptašinskė V, Mickevičiūtė E, Kulbacka J, Rembiałkowska N, Zinkevičienė A, Novickij J, Novickij V. Calcium electroporation causes ATP depletion in cells and is effective both in microsecond and nanosecond pulse range as a modality of electrochemotherapy. Bioelectrochemistry 2024; 155:108574. [PMID: 37738862 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioelechem.2023.108574] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2023] [Revised: 09/14/2023] [Accepted: 09/15/2023] [Indexed: 09/24/2023]
Abstract
Calcium electroporation is a modality of electrochemotherapy (ECT), which is based on intracellular electric field-mediated delivery of cytotoxic doses of calcium into the cells resulting in rapid cell death. In this work, we have developed a CHO-K1 luminescent cell line, which allowed the estimation of cell membrane permeabilization, ATP depletion and cytotoxicity evaluation without the use of additional markers and methodologies. We have shown the high efficiency of nanosecond pulses compressed into a MHz burst for application in calcium ECT treatments. The 5 kV/cm and 10 kV/cm nanosecond (100 and 600 ns) pulses were delivered in bursts of 10, 50 and 100 pulses (a total of 12 parametric protocols) and then compared to standard microsecond range sequences (100 µs × 8) of 0.4-1.4 kV/cm. The effects of calcium-free, 2 mM and 5 mM calcium electroporation treatments were characterized. It was shown that reversible electroporation is accompanied by ATP depletion associated with membrane damage, while during calcium ECT the ATP depletion is several-fold higher, which results in cell death. Finally, efficacy-wise equivalent pulse parameters from nanosecond and microsecond ranges were established, which can be used for calcium nano-ECT as a better alternative to ESOPE (European Standard Operating Procedures on Electrochemotherapy) protocols.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eivina Radzevičiūtė-Valčiukė
- State Research Institute Centre for Innovative Medicine, Department of Immunology, Vilnius, Lithuania; Faculty of Electronics, Vilnius Gediminas Technical University, Vilnius, Lithuania
| | | | - Eglė Mickevičiūtė
- State Research Institute Centre for Innovative Medicine, Department of Immunology, Vilnius, Lithuania
| | - Julita Kulbacka
- State Research Institute Centre for Innovative Medicine, Department of Immunology, Vilnius, Lithuania; Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Wroclaw Medical University, Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Nina Rembiałkowska
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Wroclaw Medical University, Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Auksė Zinkevičienė
- State Research Institute Centre for Innovative Medicine, Department of Immunology, Vilnius, Lithuania
| | - Jurij Novickij
- Faculty of Electronics, Vilnius Gediminas Technical University, Vilnius, Lithuania
| | - Vitalij Novickij
- State Research Institute Centre for Innovative Medicine, Department of Immunology, Vilnius, Lithuania; Faculty of Electronics, Vilnius Gediminas Technical University, Vilnius, Lithuania.
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Peng W, Polajžer T, Yao C, Miklavčič D. Dynamics of Cell Death Due to Electroporation Using Different Pulse Parameters as Revealed by Different Viability Assays. Ann Biomed Eng 2024; 52:22-35. [PMID: 37704904 PMCID: PMC10761553 DOI: 10.1007/s10439-023-03309-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2023] [Accepted: 07/02/2023] [Indexed: 09/15/2023]
Abstract
The mechanisms of cell death due to electroporation are still not well understood. Recent studies suggest that cell death due to electroporation is not an immediate all-or-nothing response but rather a dynamic process that occurs over a prolonged period of time. To investigate whether the dynamics of cell death depends on the pulse parameters or cell lines, we exposed different cell lines to different pulses [monopolar millisecond, microsecond, nanosecond, and high-frequency bipolar (HFIRE)] and then assessed viability at different times using different viability assays. The dynamics of cell death was observed by changes in metabolic activity and membrane integrity. In addition, regardless of pulse or cell line, the dynamics of cell death was observed only at high electroporation intensities, i.e., high pulse amplitudes and/or pulse number. Considering the dynamics of cell death, the clonogenic assay should remain the preferred viability assay for assessing viability after electroporation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wencheng Peng
- The State Key Laboratory of Power Transmission Equipment and System Security and New Technology, School of Electrical Engineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing, 400044, China
| | - Tamara Polajžer
- Faculty of Electrical Engineering, University of Ljubljana, Tržaška 25, 1000, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Chenguo Yao
- The State Key Laboratory of Power Transmission Equipment and System Security and New Technology, School of Electrical Engineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing, 400044, China
| | - Damijan Miklavčič
- Faculty of Electrical Engineering, University of Ljubljana, Tržaška 25, 1000, Ljubljana, Slovenia.
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7
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Ramon J, Engelen Y, De Keersmaecker H, Goemaere I, Punj D, Mejía Morales J, Bonte C, Berx G, Hoste E, Stremersch S, Lentacker I, De Smedt SC, Raemdonck K, Braeckmans K. Laser-induced vapor nanobubbles for B16-F10 melanoma cell killing and intracellular delivery of chemotherapeutics. J Control Release 2024; 365:1019-1036. [PMID: 38065413 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2023.12.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2022] [Revised: 11/23/2023] [Accepted: 12/02/2023] [Indexed: 12/25/2023]
Abstract
The most lethal form of skin cancer is cutaneous melanoma, a tumor that develops in the melanocytes, which are found in the epidermis. The treatment strategy of melanoma is dependent on the stage of the disease and often requires combined local and systemic treatment. Over the years, systemic treatment of melanoma has been revolutionized and shifted toward immunotherapeutic approaches. Phototherapies like photothermal therapy (PTT) have gained considerable attention in the field, mainly because of their straightforward applicability in melanoma skin cancer, combined with the fact that these strategies are able to induce immunogenic cell death (ICD), linked with a specific antitumor immune response. However, PTT comes with the risk of uncontrolled heating of the surrounding healthy tissue due to heat dissipation. Here, we used pulsed laser irradiation of endogenous melanin-containing melanosomes to induce cell killing of B16-F10 murine melanoma cells in a non-thermal manner. Pulsed laser irradiation of the B16-F10 cells resulted in the formation of water vapor nanobubbles (VNBs) around endogenous melanin-containing melanosomes, causing mechanical cell damage. We demonstrated that laser-induced VNBs are able to kill B16-F10 cells with high spatial resolution. When looking more deeply into the cell death mechanism, we found that a large part of the B16-F10 cells succumbed rapidly after pulsed laser irradiation, reaching maximum cell death already after 4 h. Practically all necrotic cells demonstrated exposure of phosphatidylserine on the plasma membrane and caspase-3/7 activity, indicative of regulated cell death. Furthermore, calreticulin, adenosine triphosphate (ATP) and high-mobility group box 1 (HMGB1), three key damage-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs) in ICD, were found to be exposed from B16-F10 cells upon pulsed laser irradiation to an extent that exceeded or was comparable to the bona fide ICD-inducer, doxorubicin. Finally, we could demonstrate that VNB formation from melanosomes induced plasma membrane permeabilization. This allowed for enhanced intracellular delivery of bleomycin, an ICD-inducing chemotherapeutic, which further boosted cell death with the potential to improve the systemic antitumor immune response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jana Ramon
- Laboratory of General Biochemistry and Physical Pharmacy, Ghent University, 9000 Ghent, Belgium; Biophotonics Research Group, Ghent University, 9000 Ghent, Belgium; Cancer Research Institute Ghent (CRIG), 9000 Ghent, Belgium.
| | - Yanou Engelen
- Laboratory of General Biochemistry and Physical Pharmacy, Ghent University, 9000 Ghent, Belgium; Cancer Research Institute Ghent (CRIG), 9000 Ghent, Belgium; Ghent Research Group on Nanomedicines, Ghent University, 9000 Ghent, Belgium.
| | - Herlinde De Keersmaecker
- Laboratory of General Biochemistry and Physical Pharmacy, Ghent University, 9000 Ghent, Belgium; Cancer Research Institute Ghent (CRIG), 9000 Ghent, Belgium; Ghent Light Microscopy Core Facility, Ghent University, 9000 Ghent, Belgium.
| | - Ilia Goemaere
- Laboratory of General Biochemistry and Physical Pharmacy, Ghent University, 9000 Ghent, Belgium; Biophotonics Research Group, Ghent University, 9000 Ghent, Belgium.
| | - Deep Punj
- Laboratory of General Biochemistry and Physical Pharmacy, Ghent University, 9000 Ghent, Belgium; Biophotonics Research Group, Ghent University, 9000 Ghent, Belgium.
| | - Julián Mejía Morales
- Laboratory of General Biochemistry and Physical Pharmacy, Ghent University, 9000 Ghent, Belgium.
| | - Cédric Bonte
- Laboratory of General Biochemistry and Physical Pharmacy, Ghent University, 9000 Ghent, Belgium.
| | - Geert Berx
- Cancer Research Institute Ghent (CRIG), 9000 Ghent, Belgium; VIB Center for Inflammation Research, 9052 Ghent, Belgium; Molecular and Cellular Oncology Laboratory, Department of Biomedical Molecular Biology, Ghent University, 9000 Ghent, Belgium.
| | - Esther Hoste
- Cancer Research Institute Ghent (CRIG), 9000 Ghent, Belgium; VIB Center for Inflammation Research, 9052 Ghent, Belgium; Department of Biomedical Molecular Biology, Ghent University, 9000 Ghent, Belgium.
| | - Stephan Stremersch
- Laboratory of General Biochemistry and Physical Pharmacy, Ghent University, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Ine Lentacker
- Laboratory of General Biochemistry and Physical Pharmacy, Ghent University, 9000 Ghent, Belgium; Cancer Research Institute Ghent (CRIG), 9000 Ghent, Belgium; Ghent Research Group on Nanomedicines, Ghent University, 9000 Ghent, Belgium.
| | - Stefaan C De Smedt
- Laboratory of General Biochemistry and Physical Pharmacy, Ghent University, 9000 Ghent, Belgium; Cancer Research Institute Ghent (CRIG), 9000 Ghent, Belgium; Ghent Research Group on Nanomedicines, Ghent University, 9000 Ghent, Belgium.
| | - Koen Raemdonck
- Laboratory of General Biochemistry and Physical Pharmacy, Ghent University, 9000 Ghent, Belgium; Cancer Research Institute Ghent (CRIG), 9000 Ghent, Belgium; Ghent Research Group on Nanomedicines, Ghent University, 9000 Ghent, Belgium.
| | - Kevin Braeckmans
- Laboratory of General Biochemistry and Physical Pharmacy, Ghent University, 9000 Ghent, Belgium; Biophotonics Research Group, Ghent University, 9000 Ghent, Belgium; Cancer Research Institute Ghent (CRIG), 9000 Ghent, Belgium.
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8
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Rembiałkowska N, Szlasa W, Radzevičiūtė-Valčiukė E, Kulbacka J, Novickij V. Negative effects of cancellation during nanosecond range High-Frequency calcium based electrochemotherapy in vitro. Int J Pharm 2023; 648:123611. [PMID: 37977287 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2023.123611] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2023] [Revised: 11/13/2023] [Accepted: 11/14/2023] [Indexed: 11/19/2023]
Abstract
Drug delivery using nanosecond pulsed electric fields is a new branch of electroporation-based treatments, which potentially can substitute European standard operating procedures for electrochemotherapy. In this work, for the first time, we characterize the effects of ultra-fast repetition frequency (1-2.5 MHz) nanosecond pulses (5-9 kV/cm, 200 and 400 ns) in the context of nano-electrochemotherapy with calcium. Additionally, we investigate the feasibility of bipolar symmetric (↑200 ns + ↓200 ns) and asymmetric (↑200 ns + ↓400 ns) nanosecond protocols for calcium delivery. The effects of bipolar cancellation and the influence of interphase delay (200 ns) are overviewed. Human lung cancer cell lines A549 and H69AR were used as a model. It was shown that unipolar pulses delivered at high frequency are effective for electrochemotherapy with a significant improvement in efficiency when the delay between separate pulses is reduced. Bipolar symmetric pulses trigger the cancellation phenomenon limiting applications for drug delivery and can be compensated by the asymmetry of the pulse (↑200 ns + ↓400 ns or ↑400 ns + ↓200 ns). The results of this study can be successfully used to derive a new generation of nsPEF protocols for successful electrochemotherapy treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nina Rembiałkowska
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Wroclaw Medical University, Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Wojciech Szlasa
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Wroclaw Medical University, Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Eivina Radzevičiūtė-Valčiukė
- Faculty of Electronics, Vilnius Gediminas Technical University, Vilnius, Lithuania; State Research Institute Centre for Innovative Medicine, Department of Immunology and Bioelectrochemistry, Vilnius, Lithuania
| | - Julita Kulbacka
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Wroclaw Medical University, Wroclaw, Poland; State Research Institute Centre for Innovative Medicine, Department of Immunology and Bioelectrochemistry, Vilnius, Lithuania.
| | - Vitalij Novickij
- Faculty of Electronics, Vilnius Gediminas Technical University, Vilnius, Lithuania; State Research Institute Centre for Innovative Medicine, Department of Immunology and Bioelectrochemistry, Vilnius, Lithuania.
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9
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Cvetkoska A, Maček-Lebar A, Polajžer T, Reberšek M, Upchurch W, Iaizzo PA, Sigg DC, Miklavčič D. The Effects of Interphase and Interpulse Delays and Pulse Widths on Induced Muscle Contractions, Pain and Therapeutic Efficacy in Electroporation-Based Therapies. J Cardiovasc Dev Dis 2023; 10:490. [PMID: 38132658 PMCID: PMC10744272 DOI: 10.3390/jcdd10120490] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2023] [Revised: 11/29/2023] [Accepted: 12/01/2023] [Indexed: 12/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Electroporation is used in medicine for drug and gene delivery, and as a nonthermal ablation method in tumor treatment and cardiac ablation. Electroporation involves delivering high-voltage electric pulses to target tissue; however, this can cause effects beyond the intended target tissue like nerve stimulation, muscle contractions and pain, requiring use of sedatives or anesthetics. It was previously shown that adjusting pulse parameters may mitigate some of these effects, but not how these adjustments would affect electroporation's efficacy. We investigated the effect of varying pulse parameters such as interphase and interpulse delay while keeping the duration and number of pulses constant on nerve stimulation, muscle contraction and assessing pain and electroporation efficacy, conducting experiments on human volunteers, tissue samples and cell lines in vitro. Our results show that using specific pulse parameters, particularly short high-frequency biphasic pulses with short interphase and long interpulse delays, reduces muscle contractions and pain sensations in healthy individuals. Higher stimulation thresholds were also observed in experiments on isolated swine phrenic nerves and human esophagus tissues. However, changes in the interphase and interpulse delays did not affect the cell permeability and survival, suggesting that modifying the pulse parameters could minimize adverse effects while preserving therapeutic goals in electroporation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aleksandra Cvetkoska
- Faculty of Electrical Engineering, University of Ljubljana, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia; (A.C.); (A.M.-L.); (T.P.); (M.R.)
| | - Alenka Maček-Lebar
- Faculty of Electrical Engineering, University of Ljubljana, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia; (A.C.); (A.M.-L.); (T.P.); (M.R.)
| | - Tamara Polajžer
- Faculty of Electrical Engineering, University of Ljubljana, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia; (A.C.); (A.M.-L.); (T.P.); (M.R.)
| | - Matej Reberšek
- Faculty of Electrical Engineering, University of Ljubljana, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia; (A.C.); (A.M.-L.); (T.P.); (M.R.)
| | - Weston Upchurch
- Visible Heart® Laboratories, Department of Surgery and the Institute for Engineering in Medicine, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA; (W.U.); (P.A.I.)
| | - Paul A. Iaizzo
- Visible Heart® Laboratories, Department of Surgery and the Institute for Engineering in Medicine, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA; (W.U.); (P.A.I.)
| | - Daniel C. Sigg
- Cardiac Ablation Solutions, Medtronic, Inc., Minneapolis, MN 55432, USA;
| | - Damijan Miklavčič
- Faculty of Electrical Engineering, University of Ljubljana, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia; (A.C.); (A.M.-L.); (T.P.); (M.R.)
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10
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Rembiałkowska N, Novickij V, Radzevičiūtė-Valčiukė E, Mickevičiūtė E, Gajewska-Naryniecka A, Kulbacka J. Susceptibility of various human cancer cell lines to nanosecond and microsecond range electrochemotherapy: Feasibility of multi-drug cocktails. Int J Pharm 2023; 646:123485. [PMID: 37802257 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2023.123485] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2023] [Revised: 09/29/2023] [Accepted: 10/03/2023] [Indexed: 10/08/2023]
Abstract
Electrochemotherapy (ECT) involves combining anticancer drugs with electroporation, which is induced by pulsed electric fields (PEFs), while the effects vary in effectiveness based on the specific parameters of the electrical pulses and susceptibility of the cells to a specific drug. In this work, we utilized conventional microsecond electroporation protocols (0.8 - 1.5 kV/cm × 100 μs × 8, 1 Hz) and the new modality of nanosecond pulses (4 and 8 kV/cm × 500 ns × 100, 1 kHz and 1 MHz), which are compressed into a high frequency burst. Sensitive and resistant lung, breast and ovarian human cancer cell lines were used in the study. In order to overcome drug-resistance, we have investigated the feasibility to use anticancer drug cocktails i.e., bleomycin and cisplatin combinations with metformin, vinorelbine and Dp44mT. The different susceptibility of various human cancer cells lines to electric pulses was determined, the efficacy of ECT was characterized and the type of cell death depending on the combinations of drugs was investigated. The results indicate that synergistic effects of PEFs with drug cocktails may be used to overcome drug-resistance in cancer, while the application of nsPEF provides more flexibility in parametric protocols and modulation of cancer cell death.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nina Rembiałkowska
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Medical University, Borowska 211 A, 50-556, Wroclaw, Poland.
| | - Vitalij Novickij
- Faculty of Electronics, Vilnius Gediminas Technical University, 10105 Vilnius, Lithuania; State Research Institute Centre for Innovative Medicine, Department of Immunology, 08406 Vilnius, Lithuania.
| | - Eivina Radzevičiūtė-Valčiukė
- Faculty of Electronics, Vilnius Gediminas Technical University, 10105 Vilnius, Lithuania; State Research Institute Centre for Innovative Medicine, Department of Immunology, 08406 Vilnius, Lithuania.
| | - Eglė Mickevičiūtė
- State Research Institute Centre for Innovative Medicine, Department of Immunology, 08406 Vilnius, Lithuania.
| | | | - Julita Kulbacka
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Medical University, Borowska 211 A, 50-556, Wroclaw, Poland; State Research Institute Centre for Innovative Medicine, Department of Immunology, 08406 Vilnius, Lithuania.
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11
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Radzevičiūtė-Valčiukė E, Želvys A, Mickevičiūtė E, Gečaitė J, Zinkevičienė A, Malyško-Ptašinskė V, Kašėta V, Novickij J, Ivaškienė T, Novickij V. Calcium Electrochemotherapy for Tumor Eradication and the Potential of High-Frequency Nanosecond Protocols. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2023; 16:1083. [PMID: 37630998 PMCID: PMC10460074 DOI: 10.3390/ph16081083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2023] [Revised: 07/25/2023] [Accepted: 07/28/2023] [Indexed: 08/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Calcium electroporation (CaEP) is an innovative approach to treating cancer, involving the internalization of supraphysiological amounts of calcium through electroporation, which leads to cell death. CaEP enables the replacement of chemotherapeutics (e.g., bleomycin). Here, we present a standard microsecond (μsCaEP) and novel high-frequency nanosecond protocols for calcium electroporation (nsCaEP) for the elimination of carcinoma tumors in C57BL/6J mice. We show the efficacy of CaEP in eliminating tumors and increasing their survival rates in vivo. The antitumor immune response after the treatment was observed by investigating immune cell populations in tumors, spleens, lymph nodes, and blood, as well as assessing antitumor antibodies. CaEP treatment resulted in an increased percentage of CD4+ and CD8+ central memory T cells and decreased splenic myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSC). Moreover, increased levels of antitumor IgG antibodies after CaEP treatment were detected. The experimental results demonstrated that the administration of CaEP led to tumor growth delay, increased survival rates, and stimulated immune response, indicating a potential synergistic relationship between CaEP and immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eivina Radzevičiūtė-Valčiukė
- Department of Immunology, State Research Institute Centre for Innovative Medicine, 08406 Vilnius, Lithuania; (A.Ž.); (J.G.); (A.Z.); (T.I.)
- Faculty of Electronics, Vilnius Gediminas Technical University, 08412 Vilnius, Lithuania; (V.M.-P.); (J.N.)
| | - Augustinas Želvys
- Department of Immunology, State Research Institute Centre for Innovative Medicine, 08406 Vilnius, Lithuania; (A.Ž.); (J.G.); (A.Z.); (T.I.)
| | - Eglė Mickevičiūtė
- Department of Biomodels, State Research Institute Centre for Innovative Medicine, 11342 Vilnius, Lithuania; (E.M.); (V.K.)
| | - Jovita Gečaitė
- Department of Immunology, State Research Institute Centre for Innovative Medicine, 08406 Vilnius, Lithuania; (A.Ž.); (J.G.); (A.Z.); (T.I.)
| | - Auksė Zinkevičienė
- Department of Immunology, State Research Institute Centre for Innovative Medicine, 08406 Vilnius, Lithuania; (A.Ž.); (J.G.); (A.Z.); (T.I.)
| | - Veronika Malyško-Ptašinskė
- Faculty of Electronics, Vilnius Gediminas Technical University, 08412 Vilnius, Lithuania; (V.M.-P.); (J.N.)
| | - Vytautas Kašėta
- Department of Biomodels, State Research Institute Centre for Innovative Medicine, 11342 Vilnius, Lithuania; (E.M.); (V.K.)
| | - Jurij Novickij
- Faculty of Electronics, Vilnius Gediminas Technical University, 08412 Vilnius, Lithuania; (V.M.-P.); (J.N.)
| | - Tatjana Ivaškienė
- Department of Immunology, State Research Institute Centre for Innovative Medicine, 08406 Vilnius, Lithuania; (A.Ž.); (J.G.); (A.Z.); (T.I.)
| | - Vitalij Novickij
- Department of Immunology, State Research Institute Centre for Innovative Medicine, 08406 Vilnius, Lithuania; (A.Ž.); (J.G.); (A.Z.); (T.I.)
- Faculty of Electronics, Vilnius Gediminas Technical University, 08412 Vilnius, Lithuania; (V.M.-P.); (J.N.)
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12
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Polajžer T, Miklavčič D. Immunogenic Cell Death in Electroporation-Based Therapies Depends on Pulse Waveform Characteristics. Vaccines (Basel) 2023; 11:1036. [PMID: 37376425 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines11061036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2023] [Revised: 05/26/2023] [Accepted: 05/27/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Traditionally, electroporation-based therapies such as electrochemotherapy (ECT), gene electrotransfer (GET) and irreversible electroporation (IRE) are performed with different but typical pulse durations-100 microseconds and 1-50 milliseconds. However, recent in vitro studies have shown that ECT, GET and IRE can be achieved with virtually any pulse duration (millisecond, microsecond, nanosecond) and pulse type (monopolar, bipolar-HFIRE), although with different efficiency. In electroporation-based therapies, immune response activation can affect treatment outcome, and the possibility of controlling and predicting immune response could improve the treatment. In this study, we investigated if different pulse durations and pulse types cause different or similar activations of the immune system by assessing DAMP release (ATP, HMGB1, calreticulin). Results show that DAMP release can be different when different pulse durations and pulse types are used. Nanosecond pulses seems to be the most immunogenic, as they can induce the release of all three main DAMP molecules-ATP, HMGB1 and calreticulin. The least immunogenic seem to be millisecond pulses, as only ATP release was detected and even that assumingly occurs due to increased permeability of the cell membrane. Overall, it seems that DAMP release and immune response in electroporation-based therapies can be controlled though pulse duration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tamara Polajžer
- Faculty of Electrical Engineering, University of Ljubljana, Tržaška 25, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Damijan Miklavčič
- Faculty of Electrical Engineering, University of Ljubljana, Tržaška 25, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
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Ibrahimi N, Vallet L, Andre FM, Rivaletto M, Novac BM, Mir LM, Pécastaing L. An Overview of Subnanosecond Pulsed Electric Field Biological Effects: Toward Contactless Technologies for Cancer Treatment. Bioelectricity 2023. [DOI: 10.1089/bioe.2022.0031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/07/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Njomza Ibrahimi
- Laboratoire des Sciences de l'Ingénieur Appliquées à la Mécanique et au Génie Électrique–Fédération IPRA, EA4581, Université de Pau et des Pays de l'Adour/E2S UPPA, Pau, France
| | - Leslie Vallet
- Université Paris-Saclay, CNRS, Gustave Roussy, UMR 9018, Metabolic and Systemic Aspects of Oncogenesis (METSY), Villejuif, France
| | - Franck M. Andre
- Université Paris-Saclay, CNRS, Gustave Roussy, UMR 9018, Metabolic and Systemic Aspects of Oncogenesis (METSY), Villejuif, France
| | - Marc Rivaletto
- Laboratoire des Sciences de l'Ingénieur Appliquées à la Mécanique et au Génie Électrique–Fédération IPRA, EA4581, Université de Pau et des Pays de l'Adour/E2S UPPA, Pau, France
| | - Bucur M. Novac
- Laboratoire des Sciences de l'Ingénieur Appliquées à la Mécanique et au Génie Électrique–Fédération IPRA, EA4581, Université de Pau et des Pays de l'Adour/E2S UPPA, Pau, France
- Wolfson School of Mechanical, Electrical and Manufacturing Engineering, Loughborough University, Loughborough, United Kingdom
| | - Lluis M. Mir
- Université Paris-Saclay, CNRS, Gustave Roussy, UMR 9018, Metabolic and Systemic Aspects of Oncogenesis (METSY), Villejuif, France
| | - Laurent Pécastaing
- Laboratoire des Sciences de l'Ingénieur Appliquées à la Mécanique et au Génie Électrique–Fédération IPRA, EA4581, Université de Pau et des Pays de l'Adour/E2S UPPA, Pau, France
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14
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Zhou H, Wang Z, Dong Y, Alhaskawi A, Tu T, Hasan Abdullah Ezzi S, Goutham Kota V, Hasan Abdulla Hasan Abdulla M, Li P, Wu B, Chen Y, Lu H. New advances in treatment of skin malignant tumors with nanosecond pulsed electric field: A literature review. Bioelectrochemistry 2023; 150:108366. [PMID: 36641842 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioelechem.2023.108366] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2022] [Revised: 12/05/2022] [Accepted: 01/03/2023] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Nanosecond pulsed electric field, with its unique bioelectric effect, has shown broad application potential in the field of tumor therapy, especially in malignant tumors and skin tumors. MAIN BODY In this paper, we discuss the therapeutic effects and mechanisms of nanosecond pulsed electric field on three common skin cancers, namely, malignant melanoma, squamous cell carcinoma and basal cell carcinoma, as well as its application to other benign skin diseases and future development and improvement directions. CONCLUSION In general, nanosecond pulsed electric field mainly exerts its ablative effect on tumors through subcellular membrane electroporation effect. It is cell type-specific, has less thermal damage, and can have synergistic effect with chemotherapy drugs, making it a very promising new method for tumor treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haiying Zhou
- Department of Orthopedics, The First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, #79 Qingchun Road, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province 310003, PR China
| | - Zewei Wang
- Zhejiang University School of Medicine, #866 Yuhangtang Road, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province 310058, PR China
| | - Yanzhao Dong
- Department of Orthopedics, The First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, #79 Qingchun Road, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province 310003, PR China
| | - Ahmad Alhaskawi
- Department of Orthopedics, The First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, #79 Qingchun Road, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province 310003, PR China
| | - Tian Tu
- Department of Plastic and Aesthetic Center, The First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, #79 Qingchun Road, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province 310003, PR China
| | | | - Vishnu Goutham Kota
- Zhejiang University School of Medicine, #866 Yuhangtang Road, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province 310058, PR China
| | | | - Pengfei Li
- Department of Plastic and Aesthetic Center, The First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, #79 Qingchun Road, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province 310003, PR China
| | - Bin Wu
- Key Laboratory of Pulsed Power Translational Medicine of Zhejiang Province, Ruidi Biotech Ltd. #2959 Yuhangtang Road, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province 310000, PR China
| | - Yonggang Chen
- Key Laboratory of Pulsed Power Translational Medicine of Zhejiang Province, Ruidi Biotech Ltd. #2959 Yuhangtang Road, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province 310000, PR China
| | - Hui Lu
- Department of Orthopedics, The First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, #79 Qingchun Road, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province 310003, PR China; Alibaba-Zhejiang University Joint Research Center of Future Digital Healthcare, Zhejiang University, #866 Yuhangtang Road, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province 310058, PR China.
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15
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Kim V, Semenov I, Kiester AS, Keppler MA, Ibey BL, Bixler JN, Pakhomov AG. Action spectra and mechanisms of (in) efficiency of bipolar electric pulses at electroporation. Bioelectrochemistry 2023; 149:108319. [PMID: 36375440 PMCID: PMC9729435 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioelechem.2022.108319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2022] [Revised: 10/19/2022] [Accepted: 11/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
The reversal of the electric field direction inhibits various biological effects of nanosecond electric pulses (nsEP). This feature, known as "bipolar cancellation," enables interference targeting of nsEP bioeffects remotely from stimulating electrodes, for prospective applications such as precise cancer ablation and non-invasive deep brain stimulation. This study was undertaken to achieve the maximum cancellation of electroporation, by quantifying the impact of the pulse shape, duration, number, and repetition rate across a broad range of electric field strengths. Monolayers of endothelial cells (BPAE) were electroporated in a non-uniform electric field. Cell membrane permeabilization was quantified by YO-PRO-1 (YP) dye uptake and correlated to local electric field strength. For most conditions tested, adding an opposite polarity phase reduced YP uptake by 50-80 %. The strongest cancellation, which reduced YP uptake by 95-97 %, was accomplished by adding a 50 % second phase to 600-ns pulses delivered at a high repetition rate of 833 kHz. Strobe photography of nanosecond kinetics of membrane potential in single CHO cells revealed the temporal summation of polarization by individual unipolar nsEP applied at sub-MHz rate, leading to enhanced electroporation. In contrast, there was no summation for bipolar pulses, and increasing their repetition rate suppressed electroporation. These new findings are discussed in the context of bipolar cancellation mechanisms and remote focusing applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vitalii Kim
- Frank Reidy Research Center for Bioelectrics, Old Dominion University, Norfolk, VA, USA
| | - Iurii Semenov
- Frank Reidy Research Center for Bioelectrics, Old Dominion University, Norfolk, VA, USA
| | - Allen S Kiester
- Bioeffects Division, Airman System Directorate, 711th Human Performance Wing, Air Force Research Laboratory, JBSA Fort Sam Houston, TX, USA
| | | | - Bennett L Ibey
- Bioeffects Division, Airman System Directorate, 711th Human Performance Wing, Air Force Research Laboratory, JBSA Fort Sam Houston, TX, USA
| | - Joel N Bixler
- Bioeffects Division, Airman System Directorate, 711th Human Performance Wing, Air Force Research Laboratory, JBSA Fort Sam Houston, TX, USA
| | - Andrei G Pakhomov
- Frank Reidy Research Center for Bioelectrics, Old Dominion University, Norfolk, VA, USA.
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Malyško-Ptašinskė V, Staigvila G, Novickij V. Invasive and non-invasive electrodes for successful drug and gene delivery in electroporation-based treatments. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2023; 10:1094968. [PMID: 36727038 PMCID: PMC9885012 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2022.1094968] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2022] [Accepted: 12/28/2022] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Electroporation is an effective physical method for irreversible or reversible permeabilization of plasma membranes of biological cells and is typically used for tissue ablation or targeted drug/DNA delivery into living cells. In the context of cancer treatment, full recovery from an electroporation-based procedure is frequently dependent on the spatial distribution/homogeneity of the electric field in the tissue; therefore, the structure of electrodes/applicators plays an important role. This review focuses on the analysis of electrodes and in silico models used for electroporation in cancer treatment and gene therapy. We have reviewed various invasive and non-invasive electrodes; analyzed the spatial electric field distribution using finite element method analysis; evaluated parametric compatibility, and the pros and cons of application; and summarized options for improvement. Additionally, this review highlights the importance of tissue bioimpedance for accurate treatment planning using numerical modeling and the effects of pulse frequency on tissue conductivity and relative permittivity values.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Gediminas Staigvila
- Faculty of Electronics, Vilnius Gediminas Technical University, Vilnius, Lithuania
| | - Vitalij Novickij
- Faculty of Electronics, Vilnius Gediminas Technical University, Vilnius, Lithuania
- Department of Immunology, State Research Institute Centre of Innovative Medicine, Vilnius, Lithuania
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17
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High-Frequency Nanosecond Bleomycin Electrochemotherapy and its Effects on Changes in the Immune System and Survival. Cancers (Basel) 2022; 14:cancers14246254. [PMID: 36551739 PMCID: PMC9776811 DOI: 10.3390/cancers14246254] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2022] [Revised: 12/06/2022] [Accepted: 12/09/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
In this work, a time-dependent and time-independent study on bleomycin-based high-frequency nsECT (3.5 kV/cm × 200 pulses) for the elimination of LLC1 tumours in C57BL/6J mice is performed. We show the efficiency of nsECT (200 ns and 700 ns delivered at 1 kHz and 1 MHz) for the elimination of tumours in mice and increase of their survival. The dynamics of the immunomodulatory effects were observed after electrochemotherapy by investigating immune cell populations and antitumour antibodies at different timepoints after the treatment. ECT treatment resulted in an increased percentage of CD4+ T, splenic memory B and tumour-associated dendritic cell subsets. Moreover, increased levels of antitumour IgG antibodies after ECT treatment were detected. Based on the time-dependent study results, nsECT treatment upregulated PD 1 expression on splenic CD4+ Tr1 cells, increased the expansion of splenic CD8+ T, CD4+CD8+ T, plasma cells and the proportion of tumour-associated pro inflammatory macrophages. The Lin- population of immune cells that was increased in the spleens and tumour after nsECT was identified. It was shown that nsECT prolonged survival of the treated mice and induced significant changes in the immune system, which shows a promising alliance of nanosecond electrochemotherapy and immunotherapy.
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18
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Potočnik T, Maček Lebar A, Kos Š, Reberšek M, Pirc E, Serša G, Miklavčič D. Effect of Experimental Electrical and Biological Parameters on Gene Transfer by Electroporation: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Pharmaceutics 2022; 14:pharmaceutics14122700. [PMID: 36559197 PMCID: PMC9786189 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics14122700] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2022] [Revised: 11/28/2022] [Accepted: 11/30/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The exact mechanisms of nucleic acid (NA) delivery with gene electrotransfer (GET) are still unknown, which represents a limitation for its broader use. Further, not knowing the effects that different experimental electrical and biological parameters have on GET additionally hinders GET optimization, resulting in the majority of research being performed using a trial-and-error approach. To explore the current state of knowledge, we conducted a systematic literature review of GET papers in in vitro conditions and performed meta-analyses of the reported GET efficiency. For now, there is no universal GET strategy that would be appropriate for all experimental aims. Apart from the availability of the required electroporation device and electrodes, the choice of an optimal GET approach depends on parameters such as the electroporation medium; type and origin of cells; and the size, concentration, promoter, and type of the NA to be transfected. Equally important are appropriate controls and the measurement or evaluation of the output pulses to allow a fair and unbiased evaluation of the experimental results. Since many experimental electrical and biological parameters can affect GET, it is important that all used parameters are adequately reported to enable the comparison of results, as well as potentially faster and more efficient experiment planning and optimization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tjaša Potočnik
- Faculty of Electrical Engineering, University of Ljubljana, Tržaška 25, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Alenka Maček Lebar
- Faculty of Electrical Engineering, University of Ljubljana, Tržaška 25, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Špela Kos
- Department of Experimental Oncology, Institute of Oncology Ljubljana, Zaloška cesta 2, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Matej Reberšek
- Faculty of Electrical Engineering, University of Ljubljana, Tržaška 25, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Eva Pirc
- Faculty of Electrical Engineering, University of Ljubljana, Tržaška 25, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Gregor Serša
- Department of Experimental Oncology, Institute of Oncology Ljubljana, Zaloška cesta 2, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Damijan Miklavčič
- Faculty of Electrical Engineering, University of Ljubljana, Tržaška 25, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
- Correspondence:
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19
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Di Gregorio E, Israel S, Staelens M, Tankel G, Shankar K, Tuszyński JA. The distinguishing electrical properties of cancer cells. Phys Life Rev 2022; 43:139-188. [PMID: 36265200 DOI: 10.1016/j.plrev.2022.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2022] [Accepted: 09/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
In recent decades, medical research has been primarily focused on the inherited aspect of cancers, despite the reality that only 5-10% of tumours discovered are derived from genetic causes. Cancer is a broad term, and therefore it is inaccurate to address it as a purely genetic disease. Understanding cancer cells' behaviour is the first step in countering them. Behind the scenes, there is a complicated network of environmental factors, DNA errors, metabolic shifts, and electrostatic alterations that build over time and lead to the illness's development. This latter aspect has been analyzed in previous studies, but how the different electrical changes integrate and affect each other is rarely examined. Every cell in the human body possesses electrical properties that are essential for proper behaviour both within and outside of the cell itself. It is not yet clear whether these changes correlate with cell mutation in cancer cells, or only with their subsequent development. Either way, these aspects merit further investigation, especially with regards to their causes and consequences. Trying to block changes at various levels of occurrence or assisting in their prevention could be the key to stopping cells from becoming cancerous. Therefore, a comprehensive understanding of the current knowledge regarding the electrical landscape of cells is much needed. We review four essential electrical characteristics of cells, providing a deep understanding of the electrostatic changes in cancer cells compared to their normal counterparts. In particular, we provide an overview of intracellular and extracellular pH modifications, differences in ionic concentrations in the cytoplasm, transmembrane potential variations, and changes within mitochondria. New therapies targeting or exploiting the electrical properties of cells are developed and tested every year, such as pH-dependent carriers and tumour-treating fields. A brief section regarding the state-of-the-art of these therapies can be found at the end of this review. Finally, we highlight how these alterations integrate and potentially yield indications of cells' malignancy or metastatic index.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisabetta Di Gregorio
- Dipartimento di Ingegneria Meccanica e Aerospaziale (DIMEAS), Politecnico di Torino, Corso Duca degli Abruzzi, 24, Torino, 10129, TO, Italy; Autem Therapeutics, 35 South Main Street, Hanover, 03755, NH, USA
| | - Simone Israel
- Dipartimento di Ingegneria Meccanica e Aerospaziale (DIMEAS), Politecnico di Torino, Corso Duca degli Abruzzi, 24, Torino, 10129, TO, Italy; Autem Therapeutics, 35 South Main Street, Hanover, 03755, NH, USA
| | - Michael Staelens
- Department of Physics, University of Alberta, 11335 Saskatchewan Drive NW, Edmonton, T6G 2E1, AB, Canada
| | - Gabriella Tankel
- Department of Mathematics & Statistics, McMaster University, 1280 Main Street West, Hamilton, L8S 4K1, ON, Canada
| | - Karthik Shankar
- Department of Electrical & Computer Engineering, University of Alberta, 9211 116 Street NW, Edmonton, T6G 1H9, AB, Canada
| | - Jack A Tuszyński
- Dipartimento di Ingegneria Meccanica e Aerospaziale (DIMEAS), Politecnico di Torino, Corso Duca degli Abruzzi, 24, Torino, 10129, TO, Italy; Department of Physics, University of Alberta, 11335 Saskatchewan Drive NW, Edmonton, T6G 2E1, AB, Canada; Department of Oncology, University of Alberta, 11560 University Avenue, Edmonton, T6G 1Z2, AB, Canada.
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20
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Radzevičiūtė E, Malyško-Ptašinskė V, Kulbacka J, Rembiałkowska N, Novickij J, Girkontaitė I, Novickij V. Nanosecond electrochemotherapy using bleomycin or doxorubicin: Influence of pulse amplitude, duration and burst frequency. Bioelectrochemistry 2022; 148:108251. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bioelechem.2022.108251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2022] [Revised: 07/08/2022] [Accepted: 08/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
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21
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Silkunas M, Gudvangen E, Novickij V, Pakhomov AG. Sub-MHz bursts of nanosecond pulses excite neurons at paradoxically low electric field thresholds without membrane damage. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA. BIOMEMBRANES 2022; 1864:184034. [PMID: 35981654 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamem.2022.184034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2022] [Revised: 07/29/2022] [Accepted: 08/08/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Neuromodulation applications of nanosecond electric pulses (nsEP) are hindered by their low potency to elicit action potentials in neurons. Excitation by a single nsEP requires a strong electric field which injures neurons by electroporation. We bypassed the high electric field requirement by replacing single nsEP stimuli with high-frequency brief nsEP bursts. In hippocampal neurons, excitation thresholds progressively decreased at nsEP frequencies above 20-200 kHz, with up to 20-30-fold reduction at sub-MHz and MHz rates. For a fixed burst duration, thresholds were determined by the duty cycle, irrespective of the specific nsEP duration, rate, or number of pulses per burst. For 100-μs bursts of 100-, 400-, or 800-ns pulses, the threshold decreased as a power function when the duty cycle exceeded 3-5 %. nsEP bursts were compared with single "long" pulses whose duration and amplitude matched the duration and the time-average amplitude of the burst. Such pulses deliver the same electric charge as bursts, within the same time interval. High-frequency nsEP bursts excited neurons at the time-average electric field 2-3 times below the threshold for a single long pulse. For example, the excitation threshold of 139 ± 14 V/cm for a single 100-μs pulse decreased to 57 ± 8 V/cm for a 100-μs burst of 100-ns, 0.25-MHz pulses (p < 0.001). Applying nsEP in bursts reduced or prevented the loss of excitability in multiple stimulation attempts. Stimulation by high-frequency nsEP bursts is a powerful novel approach to excite neurons at paradoxically low electric charge while also avoiding the electroporative membrane damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mantas Silkunas
- Frank Reidy Research Center for Bioelectrics, Old Dominion University, Norfolk, VA 23508, USA; Institute for Digestive System Research, Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, 44307 Kaunas, Lithuania
| | - Emily Gudvangen
- Frank Reidy Research Center for Bioelectrics, Old Dominion University, Norfolk, VA 23508, USA
| | | | - Andrei G Pakhomov
- Frank Reidy Research Center for Bioelectrics, Old Dominion University, Norfolk, VA 23508, USA.
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22
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Kulbacka J, Rembiałkowska N, Szewczyk A, Rossowska J, Drąg-Zalesińska M, Kulbacki M, Choromańska A. Nanosecond PEF Induces Oxidative Stress and Apoptosis via Proteasomal Activity Inhibition in Gastric Adenocarcinoma Cells with Drug Resistance. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:12943. [PMID: 36361727 PMCID: PMC9657809 DOI: 10.3390/ijms232112943] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2022] [Revised: 09/06/2022] [Accepted: 10/18/2022] [Indexed: 08/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Nanosecond (ns) pulsed electric field (PEF) is a technology in which the application of ultra-short electrical pulses can be used to disrupt the barrier function of cell plasma and internal membranes. Disruptions of the membrane integrity cause a substantial imbalance in cell homeostasis in which oxidative stress is a principal component. In the present study, nsPEF-induced oxidative stress was investigated in two gastric adenocarcinoma cell lines (EPG85-257P and EPG85-257RDB) which differ by their sensitivity to daunorubicin. Cells were exposed to 200 pulses of 10 ns duration, with the amplitude and pulse repetition frequency at 1 kHz, with electric field intensity varying from 12.5 to 50 kV/cm. The electroporation buffer contained either 1 mM or 2 mM calcium chloride. CellMask DeepRed visualized cell plasma permeabilization, Fluo-4 was used to visualize internal calcium ions content, and F-actin was labeled with AlexaFluor®488 for the cytoskeleton. The cellular viability was determined by MTT assay. An alkaline and neutral comet assay was employed to detect apoptotic and necrotic cell death. The luminescent method estimated the modifications in GSSG/GSH redox potential and the imbalance of proteasomal activity (chymotrypsin-, trypsin- and caspase-like). The reactive oxygen species (ROS) level was measured by flow cytometry using dihydroethidium (DHE) dye. Morphological visualization indicated cell shrinkage, affected cell membranes (characteristic bubbles and changed cell shape), and the reorganization of actin fibers with sites of its dense concentration; the effect was more intense with the increasing electric field strength. The most significant decrease in cell viability and GSSG/GSH redox potential was noted at the highest amplitude of 50 kV/cm, and calcium ions amplified this effect. nsPEF, particularly with calcium ions, inhibited proteasomal activities, resulting in increased protein degradation. nsPEF increased the percentage of apoptotic cells and ROS levels. The EPG85-257 RDB cell line, which is resistant to standard chemotherapy, was more sensitive to applied nsPEF protocols. The applied nsPEF method disrupted the metabolism of cancer cells and induced apoptotic cell death. The nsPEF ability to cause apoptosis, oxidative stress, and protein degradation make the nsPEF methodology a suitable alternative to current anticancer pharmacological methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julita Kulbacka
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Wroclaw Medical University, Borowska 211 A, 50-556 Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Nina Rembiałkowska
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Wroclaw Medical University, Borowska 211 A, 50-556 Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Anna Szewczyk
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Wroclaw Medical University, Borowska 211 A, 50-556 Wroclaw, Poland
- Department of Animal Developmental Biology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Wroclaw, 50-335 Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Joanna Rossowska
- Hirszfeld Institute of Immunology and Experimental Therapy, Polish Academy of Sciences, 50-422 Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Małgorzata Drąg-Zalesińska
- Division of Histology and Embryology, Division of Human Morpholog and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, Wroclaw Medical University, 50-368 Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Marek Kulbacki
- Polish-Japanese Academy of Information Technology, 02-008 Warsaw, Poland
- DIVE IN AI, 53-307 Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Anna Choromańska
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Wroclaw Medical University, Borowska 211 A, 50-556 Wroclaw, Poland
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23
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Novickij V, Rembiałkowska N, Szlasa W, Kulbacka J. Does the shape of the electric pulse matter in electroporation? Front Oncol 2022; 12:958128. [PMID: 36185267 PMCID: PMC9518825 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2022.958128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2022] [Accepted: 08/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Electric pulses are widely used in biology, medicine, industry, and food processing. Numerous studies indicate that electroporation (EP) is a pulse-dependent process, and the electric pulse shape and duration strongly determine permeabilization efficacy. EP protocols are precisely planned in terms of the size and charge of the molecules, which will be delivered to the cell. In reversible and irreversible EP applications, rectangular or sine, polar or bipolar pulses are commonly used. The usage of pulses of the asymmetric shape is still limited to high voltage and low voltage (HV/LV) sequences in the context of gene delivery, while EP-based applications of ultra-short asymmetric pulses are just starting to emerge. This review emphasizes the importance and role of the pulse shape for membrane permeabilization by EP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vitalij Novickij
- Faculty of Electronics, Vilnius Gediminas Technical University (Vilnius TECH), Vilnius, Lithuania
- *Correspondence: Vitalij Novickij, ; Julita Kulbacka,
| | - Nina Rembiałkowska
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Wroclaw Medical University, Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Wojciech Szlasa
- Faculty of Medicine, Wroclaw Medical University, Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Julita Kulbacka
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Wroclaw Medical University, Wroclaw, Poland
- *Correspondence: Vitalij Novickij, ; Julita Kulbacka,
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Nanosecond electric pulses are equally effective in electrochemotherapy with cisplatin as microsecond pulses. Radiol Oncol 2022; 56:326-335. [PMID: 35962956 PMCID: PMC9400447 DOI: 10.2478/raon-2022-0028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2022] [Accepted: 06/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Nanosecond electric pulses showed promising results in electrochemotherapy, but the underlying mechanisms of action are still unexplored. The aim of this work was to correlate cellular cisplatin amount with cell survival of cells electroporated with nanosecond or standardly used 8 × 100 μs pulses and to investigate the effects of electric pulses on cisplatin structure. MATERIALS AND METHODS Chinese hamster ovary CHO and mouse melanoma B16F1 cells were exposed to 1 × 200 ns pulse at 12.6 kV/cm or 25 × 400 ns pulses at 3.9 kV/cm, 10 Hz repetition rate or 8 × 100 μs pulses at 1.1 (CHO) or 0.9 (B16F1) kV/cm, 1 Hz repetition rate at three cisplatin concentrations. Cell survival was determined by the clonogenic assay, cellular platinum was measured by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry. Effects on the structure of cisplatin were investigated by nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy and high-resolution mass spectrometry. RESULTS Nanosecond pulses equivalent to 8 × 100 μs pulses were established in vitro based on membrane permeabilization and cell survival. Equivalent nanosecond pulses were equally efficient in decreasing the cell survival and accumulating cisplatin intracellularly as 8 × 100 μs pulses after electrochemotherapy. The number of intracellular cisplatin molecules strongly correlates with cell survival for B16F1 cells, but less for CHO cells, implying the possible involvement of other mechanisms in electrochemotherapy. The high-voltage electric pulses did not alter the structure of cisplatin. CONCLUSIONS Equivalent nanosecond pulses are equally effective in electrochemotherapy as standardly used 8 × 100 μs pulses.
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Transfection by Electroporation of Cancer and Primary Cells Using Nanosecond and Microsecond Electric Fields. Pharmaceutics 2022; 14:pharmaceutics14061239. [PMID: 35745814 PMCID: PMC9230780 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics14061239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2022] [Revised: 06/08/2022] [Accepted: 06/09/2022] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Gene transfer into primary immune cells as well as into cell lines is essential for scientific and therapeutical applications. One of the methods used for gene transfer is electroporation (EP). EP is a method where a pulsed electric field (PEF) causes a highly transient permeability of the targeted cell membrane. In this work, we present the electrotransfection of CHO-K1, 4T1 cell lines, and primary murine DCs with detectable protein-encoding plasmids in the sub-microsecond range. Microsecond (µs)- and nanosecond (ns)-range pulsed electric field transfection protocols were used. The efficiency of electrotransfection was evaluated using green fluorescent protein (GFP)-encoding plasmids (4.7 kbp; p-EGFP-N1) and plasmids expressing a firefly luciferase and red fluorescent protein (tdTomato) (8.5 kbp; pcDNA3.1(+)/Luc2 = tdT)). It was shown that the used nsPEFs protocol (7 kV/cm × 300 ns × 100, 1 MHz) ensured a better transfection efficiency than µsPEFs (1.2 kV/cm × 100 µs × 8, 1 Hz). Plasmid size and concentration had a strong impact on the cell transfection efficiency too. We also showed that there were no significant differences in transfection efficiency between immature and mature DCs. Finally, the nsPEF protocols were successfully applied for the stable transfection of the CHO-K1 cell line with the linearized pcDNA3.1(+)/Luc2 = tdT plasmid. The results of the study are applicable in gene therapy and DNA vaccination studies for the derivation of optimal electrotransfection conditions.
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Lee D, Naikar JS, Chan SSY, Meivita MP, Li L, Tan YS, Bajalovic N, Loke DK. Ultralong recovery time in nanosecond electroporation systems enabled by orientational-disordering processes. NANOSCALE 2022; 14:7934-7942. [PMID: 35603889 DOI: 10.1039/d1nr07362a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The growing importance of applications based on molecular medicine and genetic engineering is driving the need to develop high-performance electroporation technologies. The electroporation phenomenon involves disruption of the cell for increasing membrane permeability. Although there is a multitude of research focused on exploring new electroporation techniques, the engineering of programming schemes suitable for these electroporation methods remains a challenge. Nanosecond stimulations could be promising candidates for these techniques owing to their ability to generate a wide range of biological responses. Here we control the membrane permeabilization of cancer cells using different numbers of electric-field pulses through orientational disordering effects. We then report our exploration of a few-volt nanosecond alternating-current (AC) stimulation method with an increased number of pulses for developing electroporation systems. A recovery time of ∼720 min was achieved, which is above the average of ∼76 min for existing electroporation methods using medium cell populations, as well as a previously unreported increased conductance with an increase in the number of pulses using weak bias amplitudes. All-atom molecular dynamics (MD) simulations reveal the orientation-disordering-facilitated increase in the degree of permeabilization. These findings highlight the potential of few-volt nanosecond AC-stimulation with an increased number of pulse strategies for the development of next-generation low-power electroporation systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Denise Lee
- Department of Science, Mathematics and Technology, Singapore University of Technology and Design, Singapore 487372.
| | - J Shamita Naikar
- Office of Innovation, Changi General Hospital, Singapore, 529889
| | - Sophia S Y Chan
- Department of Science, Mathematics and Technology, Singapore University of Technology and Design, Singapore 487372.
| | - Maria Prisca Meivita
- Department of Science, Mathematics and Technology, Singapore University of Technology and Design, Singapore 487372.
| | - Lunna Li
- Department of Science, Mathematics and Technology, Singapore University of Technology and Design, Singapore 487372.
| | - Yaw Sing Tan
- Bioinformatics Institute, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Singapore 138671
| | - Natasa Bajalovic
- Department of Science, Mathematics and Technology, Singapore University of Technology and Design, Singapore 487372.
| | - Desmond K Loke
- Department of Science, Mathematics and Technology, Singapore University of Technology and Design, Singapore 487372.
- Office of Innovation, Changi General Hospital, Singapore, 529889
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Zhao X, Izhar, Wang X, Tavakkoli H, Liu H, Tang B, Lee YK. A smartphone-based electroporation system with highly robust and low-voltage silicon nanopillar chips. Biosens Bioelectron 2022; 197:113776. [PMID: 34785492 DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2021.113776] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2021] [Revised: 11/03/2021] [Accepted: 11/06/2021] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
In this work, a novel smartphone-based electroporation (EP) system integrated with 3D scalable and robust gold-coated silicon-nanopillar Electroporation (Au-Si NP-EP) chip using projection photolithography is developed, for the first time, for both EP and electric cell lysing (ECL) at low voltages. Au-SiNP-EP chip consists of silicon nanopillars fabricated by using ASML stepper, Deep Reactive Ion Etching (DRIE) process and coated with a gold microelectrode. The silicon nanopillars were optimized based on theoretical analysis and numerical simulations to enhance the electrical field intensity and mechanical strength. The fabricated Au-SiNP-EP chips are tested with both permeable (Acridine Orange (AO) and impermeable (Propidium Iodide (PI)) molecules for HeLa cells at different volts (1-8 V) and pulse duration (1-9 μs). The fabricated chip achieved an optimized EP efficiency of 84.3% and cell viability of 81.4% at a much smaller voltage (4.5V) than reported planar electroporation (PEP) devices (8-100V). Compared with nanostructures-based devices (2-20 V), our devices show both higher mechanical strength and fabrication yield. Besides, a smartphone app integrated with a low-cost open-source portable Arduino-based system is developed to provide optimized electrical protocols for both EP and ECL. The electric cell lysing with ECL efficiency of 97.0% at 7 V and pulse duration of 9 ms has been successfully demonstrated. The experimental results show that the proposed smartphone-based EP system with Au-SiNP EP chips is promising for various applications, including intracellular delivery of various biomolecules, drugs, and release of DNA/RNA molecules from biological cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xu Zhao
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, SAR, Hong Kong
| | - Izhar
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, SAR, Hong Kong
| | - Xiaoyi Wang
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, SAR, Hong Kong
| | - Hadi Tavakkoli
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, SAR, Hong Kong
| | - Haixiang Liu
- Department of Chemistry, The Hong Kong University of Science & Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, SAR, Hong Kong
| | - Benzhong Tang
- Department of Chemistry, The Hong Kong University of Science & Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, SAR, Hong Kong
| | - Yi-Kuen Lee
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, SAR, Hong Kong; Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, SAR, Hong Kong.
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28
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High Frequency Bipolar Electroporator with Double-Crowbar Circuit for Load-Independent Forming of Nanosecond Pulses. APPLIED SCIENCES-BASEL 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/app12031370] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
In this work, a novel electroporation system (electroporator) is presented, which is capable of forming high frequency pulses in a broad range of parameters (65 ns–100 µs). The electroporator supports voltages up to 3 kV and currents up to 40 A and is based on H-bridge circuit topology. A synchronized double crowbar driving sequence is introduced to generate short nanosecond range pulses independently of the electroporator load. The resultant circuit generates pulses with repetition frequencies up to 5 MHz and supports unipolar, bipolar, and asymmetrical pulse sequences with arbitrary waveforms. The shortest pulse duration step is hardware limited to 33 ns. The electroporator was experimentally tested on the H69AR human lung cancer cell line using 20 kV/cm bipolar and unipolar 100 ns–1 μs pulses. Based on a YO-PRO-1 permeabilization assay, it was determined that the electroporator is suitable for applied research on electroporation. The system offers high flexibility in experimental design to trigger various electroporation-based phenomena.
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29
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Novickij V, Baleviciute A, Malysko V, Zelvys A, Radzeviciute E, Kos B, Zinkeviciene A, Miklavcic D, Novickij J, Girkontaite I. Effects of Time Delay Between Unipolar Pulses in High Frequency Nano-Electrochemotherapy. IEEE Trans Biomed Eng 2021; 69:1726-1732. [PMID: 34797759 DOI: 10.1109/tbme.2021.3129176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
This work focuses on bleomycin electrochemotherapy using new modality of high repetition frequency unipolar nanosecond pulses. As a tumor model, Lewis lung carcinoma (LLC1) cell line in C57BL mice (n = 42) was used. Electrochemotherapy was performed with intertumoral injection of bleomycin (50 L of 1500 IU solution) followed by nanosecond and microsecond range electrical pulse delivery via parallel plate electrodes. The 3.5 kV/cm pulses of 200 and 700 ns were delivered in a burst of 200 at frequencies of 1 kHz and 1 MHz. For comparison of treatment efficiency, a standard 1.3 kV/cm x 100 s x 8 protocol was used. It was shown that it is possible to manipulate the efficacy of unipolar sub-microsecond electrochemotherapy solely by the time delay between the pulses. Also, the results suggest that the sub-microsecond range pulses can be as effective as the protocols in European Standard Operating Procedures on Electrochemotherapy (ESOPE) using 100 s pulses.
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