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Clark DP, Pazdernik NJ, McGehee MR. Polymerase Chain Reaction. Mol Biol 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-813288-3.00006-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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2
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Abstract
Advances and applications of synthetic genetic polymers (xeno-nucleic acids) are reviewed in this article. The types of synthetic genetic polymers are summarized. The basic properties of them are elaborated and their technical applications are presented. Challenges and prospects of synthetic genetic polymers are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qian Ma
- Department of Chemistry
- National University of Singapore
- Singapore 117543
| | - Danence Lee
- Department of Chemistry
- National University of Singapore
- Singapore 117543
| | - Yong Quan Tan
- Department of Biochemistry
- National University of Singapore
- Singapore 117597
| | - Garrett Wong
- Department of Biochemistry
- National University of Singapore
- Singapore 117597
| | - Zhiqiang Gao
- Department of Chemistry
- National University of Singapore
- Singapore 117543
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3
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Abstract
This review discusses the template-directed preparation of sequence-defined polymers.
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4
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Yamagami T, Ishino S, Kawarabayasi Y, Ishino Y. Mutant Taq DNA polymerases with improved elongation ability as a useful reagent for genetic engineering. Front Microbiol 2014; 5:461. [PMID: 25232352 PMCID: PMC4153296 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2014.00461] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2014] [Accepted: 08/14/2014] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
DNA polymerases are widely used for DNA manipulation in vitro, including DNA cloning, sequencing, DNA labeling, mutagenesis, and other experiments. Thermostable DNA polymerases are especially useful and became quite valuable after the development of PCR technology. A DNA polymerase from Thermus aquaticus (Taq polymerase) is the most famous DNA polymerase as a PCR enzyme, and has been widely used all over the world. In this study, the gene fragments of the family A DNA polymerases were amplified by PCR from the DNAs from microorganisms within environmental soil samples, using a primer set for the two conserved regions. The corresponding region of the pol gene for Taq polymerase was substituted with the amplified gene fragments, and various chimeric DNA polymerases were prepared. Based on the properties of these chimeric enzymes and their sequences, two residues, E742 and A743, in Taq polymerase were found to be critical for its elongation ability. Taq polymerases with mutations at 742 and 743 actually showed higher DNA affinity and faster primer extension ability. These factors also affected the PCR performance of the DNA polymerase, and improved PCR results were observed with the mutant Taq polymerase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takeshi Yamagami
- Protein Chemistry and Engineering, Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Graduate School of Bioresource and Bioenvironmental Sciences, Kyushu University Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Sonoko Ishino
- Protein Chemistry and Engineering, Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Graduate School of Bioresource and Bioenvironmental Sciences, Kyushu University Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Yutaka Kawarabayasi
- Protein Chemistry and Engineering, Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Graduate School of Bioresource and Bioenvironmental Sciences, Kyushu University Fukuoka, Japan ; Health Research Institute, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology Amagasaki, Japan
| | - Yoshizumi Ishino
- Protein Chemistry and Engineering, Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Graduate School of Bioresource and Bioenvironmental Sciences, Kyushu University Fukuoka, Japan
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5
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Ishino S, Ishino Y. DNA polymerases as useful reagents for biotechnology - the history of developmental research in the field. Front Microbiol 2014; 5:465. [PMID: 25221550 PMCID: PMC4148896 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2014.00465] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2014] [Accepted: 08/15/2014] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
DNA polymerase is a ubiquitous enzyme that synthesizes complementary DNA strands according to the template DNA in living cells. Multiple enzymes have been identified from each organism, and the shared functions of these enzymes have been investigated. In addition to their fundamental role in maintaining genome integrity during replication and repair, DNA polymerases are widely used for DNA manipulation in vitro, including DNA cloning, sequencing, labeling, mutagenesis, and other purposes. The fundamental ability of DNA polymerases to synthesize a deoxyribonucleotide chain is conserved. However, the more specific properties, including processivity, fidelity (synthesis accuracy), and substrate nucleotide selectivity, differ among the enzymes. The distinctive properties of each DNA polymerase may lead to the potential development of unique reagents, and therefore searching for novel DNA polymerase has been one of the major focuses in this research field. In addition, protein engineering techniques to create mutant or artificial DNA polymerases have been successfully developing powerful DNA polymerases, suitable for specific purposes among the many kinds of DNA manipulations. Thermostable DNA polymerases are especially important for PCR-related techniques in molecular biology. In this review, we summarize the history of the research on developing thermostable DNA polymerases as reagents for genetic manipulation and discuss the future of this research field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sonoko Ishino
- Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Graduate School of Bioresource and Bioenvironmental Sciences, Kyushu University Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Yoshizumi Ishino
- Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Graduate School of Bioresource and Bioenvironmental Sciences, Kyushu University Fukuoka, Japan
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6
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Tee KL, Wong TS. Polishing the craft of genetic diversity creation in directed evolution. Biotechnol Adv 2013; 31:1707-21. [PMID: 24012599 DOI: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2013.08.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2013] [Revised: 08/31/2013] [Accepted: 08/31/2013] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Genetic diversity creation is a core technology in directed evolution where a high quality mutant library is crucial to its success. Owing to its importance, the technology in genetic diversity creation has seen rapid development over the years and its application has diversified into other fields of scientific research. The advances in molecular cloning and mutagenesis since 2008 were reviewed. Specifically, new cloning techniques were classified based on their principles of complementary overhangs, homologous sequences, overlapping PCR and megaprimers and the advantages, drawbacks and performances of these methods were highlighted. New mutagenesis methods developed for random mutagenesis, focused mutagenesis and DNA recombination were surveyed. The technical requirements of these methods and the mutational spectra were compared and discussed with references to commonly used techniques. The trends of mutant library preparation were summarised. Challenges in genetic diversity creation were discussed with emphases on creating "smart" libraries, controlling the mutagenesis spectrum and specific challenges in each group of mutagenesis methods. An outline of the wider applications of genetic diversity creation includes genome engineering, viral evolution, metagenomics and a study of protein functions. The review ends with an outlook for genetic diversity creation and the prospective developments that can have future impact in this field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kang Lan Tee
- Manchester Institute of Biotechnology, University of Manchester, 131 Princess Street, Manchester M1 7DN, England, United Kingdom
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Wang W, Wu EY, Hellinga HW, Beese LS. Structural factors that determine selectivity of a high fidelity DNA polymerase for deoxy-, dideoxy-, and ribonucleotides. J Biol Chem 2012; 287:28215-26. [PMID: 22648417 PMCID: PMC3436578 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m112.366609] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2012] [Revised: 05/15/2012] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
In addition to discriminating against base pair mismatches, DNA polymerases exhibit a high degree of selectivity for deoxyribonucleotides over ribo- or dideoxynucleotides. It has been proposed that a single active site residue (steric gate) blocks productive binding of nucleotides containing 2'-hydroxyls. Although this steric gate plays a role in sugar moiety discrimination, its interactions do not account fully for the observed behavior of mutants. Here we present 10 high resolution crystal structures and enzyme kinetic analyses of Bacillus DNA polymerase I large fragment variants complexed with deoxy-, ribo-, and dideoxynucleotides and a DNA substrate. Taken together, these data present a more nuanced and general mechanism for nucleotide discrimination in which ensembles of intermediate conformations in the active site trap non-cognate substrates. It is known that the active site O-helix transitions from an open state in the absence of nucleotide substrates to a ternary complex closed state in which the reactive groups are aligned for catalysis. Substrate misalignment in the closed state plays a fundamental part in preventing non-cognate nucleotide misincorpation. The structures presented here show that additional O-helix conformations intermediate between the open and closed state extremes create an ensemble of binding sites that trap and misalign non-cognate nucleotides. Water-mediated interactions, absent in the fully closed state, play an important role in formation of these binding sites and can be remodeled to accommodate different non-cognate substrates. This mechanism may extend also to base pair discrimination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weina Wang
- From the Department of Biochemistry, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina 27710
| | - Eugene Y. Wu
- From the Department of Biochemistry, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina 27710
| | - Homme W. Hellinga
- From the Department of Biochemistry, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina 27710
| | - Lorena S. Beese
- From the Department of Biochemistry, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina 27710
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8
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Redesigning the leaving group in nucleic acid polymerization. FEBS Lett 2012; 586:2049-56. [DOI: 10.1016/j.febslet.2012.02.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2011] [Revised: 02/22/2012] [Accepted: 02/22/2012] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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9
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Affiliation(s)
- Ramon Kranaster
- Fachbereich Chemie, Universität Konstanz, 78457 Konstanz, Germany
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10
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Staiger N, Marx A. A DNA polymerase with increased reactivity for ribonucleotides and C5-modified deoxyribonucleotides. Chembiochem 2011; 11:1963-6. [PMID: 20734370 DOI: 10.1002/cbic.201000384] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Nadine Staiger
- Department of Chemistry, University of Konstanz, Universitätsstrasse 10, 78457 Konstanz, Germany
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11
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Herdewijn P, Marlière P. Toward safe genetically modified organisms through the chemical diversification of nucleic acids. Chem Biodivers 2009; 6:791-808. [PMID: 19554563 DOI: 10.1002/cbdv.200900083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 126] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
It is argued that genetic proliferation should be rationally extended so as to enable the propagation in vivo of additional types of nucleic acids (XNA for 'xeno-nucleic acids'), whose chemical backbone motifs would differ from deoxyribose and ribose, and whose polymerization would not interfere with DNA and RNA biosynthesis. Because XNA building blocks do not occur in nature, they would have to be synthesized and supplied to cells which would be equipped with an appropriate enzymatic machinery for polymerizing them. The invasion of plants and animals with XNA replicons can be envisioned in the long run, but it is in microorganisms, and more specifically in bacteria, that the feasibility of such chemical systems and the establishment of genetic enclaves separated from DNA and RNA is more likely to take place. The introduction of expanded coding through additional or alternative pairing will be facilitated by the propagation of replicons based on alternative backbone motifs and leaving groups, as enabled by XNA polymerases purposefully evolved to this end.
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Affiliation(s)
- Piet Herdewijn
- Laboratory for Medicinal Chemistry, Rega Institute for Medical Research, Minderbroedersstraat 10, B-3000 Leuven
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Brudno Y, Liu DR. Recent progress toward the templated synthesis and directed evolution of sequence-defined synthetic polymers. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009; 16:265-76. [PMID: 19318208 DOI: 10.1016/j.chembiol.2009.02.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2008] [Revised: 01/20/2009] [Accepted: 02/16/2009] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Biological polymers such as nucleic acids and proteins are ubiquitous in living systems, but their ability to address problems beyond those found in nature is constrained by factors such as chemical or biological instability, limited building-block functionality, bioavailability, and immunogenicity. In principle, sequence-defined synthetic polymers based on nonbiological monomers and backbones might overcome these constraints; however, identifying the sequence of a synthetic polymer that possesses a specific desired functional property remains a major challenge. Molecular evolution can rapidly generate functional polymers but requires a means of translating amplifiable templates such as nucleic acids into the polymer being evolved. This review covers recent advances in the enzymatic and nonenzymatic templated polymerization of nonnatural polymers and their potential applications in the directed evolution of sequence-defined synthetic polymers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yevgeny Brudno
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology and the Howard Hughes Medical Institute, 12 Oxford Street, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
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13
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Renders M, Lievrouw R, Krecmerová M, Holý A, Herdewijn P. Enzymatic polymerization of phosphonate nucleosides. Chembiochem 2009; 9:2883-8. [PMID: 19006151 DOI: 10.1002/cbic.200800494] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
5'-O-phosphonomethyl-2'-deoxyadenosine (PMdA) proved to be a good substrate of the Therminator polymerase. In this article, we investigated whether the A, C, T and U analogues of this phosphonate nucleoside (PMdN) series can function as substrates of natural DNA polymerases. PMdT and PMdU could only be polymerized enzymatically to a limited extent. Nevertheless, PMdA and PMdC could be incorporated into a DNA duplex with complete chain elongation by all the DNA polymerases tested. A mixed sequence of four nucleotides containing modified C, T and A residues could be obtained with the Vent(exo(-)) and Therminator polymerases. The kinetic values for the incorporation of PMdA by Vent(exo(-)) polymerase were determined; a reduced K(M) value was found for the incorporation of PMdA compared to the natural substrate. Future polymerase directed evolution studies will allow us to select an enzyme with a heightened capacity to process these modified DNA building blocks into modified strands.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marleen Renders
- Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry, Rega Institute for Medical Research, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Minderbroedersstraat 10, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
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Matsukawa H, Yamagami T, Kawarabayasi Y, Miyashita Y, Takahashi M, Ishino Y. A useful strategy to construct DNA polymerases with different properties by using genetic resources from environmental DNA. Genes Genet Syst 2009; 84:3-13. [DOI: 10.1266/ggs.84.3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Hiroaki Matsukawa
- Department of Genetic Resources Technology, Graduate School of Bioresource and Bioenvironmental Sciences, Kyushu University
| | - Takeshi Yamagami
- Department of Genetic Resources Technology, Graduate School of Bioresource and Bioenvironmental Sciences, Kyushu University
| | - Yutaka Kawarabayasi
- Research Institute for Cell Engineering, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology
| | | | | | - Yoshizumi Ishino
- Department of Genetic Resources Technology, Graduate School of Bioresource and Bioenvironmental Sciences, Kyushu University
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15
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Vichier-Guerre S, Ferris S, Auberger N, Mahiddine K, Jestin JL. A population of thermostable reverse transcriptases evolved from Thermus aquaticus DNA polymerase I by phage display. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2007; 45:6133-7. [PMID: 16838276 DOI: 10.1002/anie.200601217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sophie Vichier-Guerre
- Unité de Chimie Organique URA 2128 CNRS, Département de Biologie Structurale et Chimie, Institut Pasteur, 28 rue du Dr. Roux, 75724 Paris 15, France
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16
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Abstract
Enzymes have become an attractive alternative to conventional catalysts in numerous industrial processes. However, their properties do not always meet the criteria of the application of interest. Directed evolution is a powerful tool for adopting the characteristics of an enzyme. However, selection of the evolved variants is a critical step, and therefore new strategies to enable selection of the desired enzymatic activity have been developed. This review focuses on these novel strategies for selecting enzymes from large libraries, in particular those that are used in the synthesis of pharmaceutical intermediates and pharmaceuticals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ykelien L Boersma
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biology, Groningen University Institute for Drug Exploration, the Netherlands
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17
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Hild E, Brumbley SM, O'Shea MG, Nevalainen H, Bergquist PL. A Paenibacillus sp. dextranase mutant pool with improved thermostability and activity. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2007; 75:1071-8. [PMID: 17426967 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-007-0936-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2007] [Revised: 03/06/2007] [Accepted: 03/07/2007] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Random mutagenesis was used to create a library of chimeric dextranase (dex1) genes. A plate-screening protocol was developed with improved thermostability as a selection criterion. The mutant library was screened for active dextranase variants by observing clearing zones on dextran-blue agar plates at 50 degrees C after exposure to 68 degrees C for 2 h, a temperature regime at which wild-type activity was abolished. A number of potentially improved variants were identified by this strategy, five of which were further characterised. DNA sequencing revealed ten nucleotide substitutions, ranging from one to four per variant. Thermal inactivation studies showed reduced (2.9-fold) thermostability for one variant and similar thermostability for a second variant, but confirmed improved thermostability for three mutants with 2.3- (28.9 min) to 6.9-fold (86.6 min) increases in half-lives at 62 degrees C compared to that of the wild-type enzyme (12.6 min). Using a 10-min assay, apparent temperature optima of the variants were similar to that of the wild type (T (opt) 60 degrees C). However, one of these variants had increased enzyme activity. Therefore, the first-generation dextranase mutant pool obtained in this study has sufficient molecular diversity for further improvements in both thermostability and activity through recombination (gene shuffling).
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Affiliation(s)
- Erika Hild
- Department of Chemistry & Biomolecular Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, New South Wales, 2109, Australia
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18
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Boersma YL, Dröge MJ, Quax WJ. Selection strategies for improved biocatalysts. FEBS J 2007. [DOI: 10.1111/j.0014-2956.2007.05782.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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19
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Vichier-Guerre S, Ferris S, Auberger N, Mahiddine K, Jestin JL. A Population of Thermostable Reverse Transcriptases Evolved fromThermus aquaticus DNA Polymerase I by Phage Display. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2006. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.200601217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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20
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Das SR, Fong R, Piccirilli JA. Nucleotide analogues to investigate RNA structure and function. Curr Opin Chem Biol 2005; 9:585-93. [PMID: 16242990 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpa.2005.10.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2005] [Accepted: 10/10/2005] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
RNA plays an essential cellular role in nearly every aspect of the transmission and expression of genetic information, including regulatory roles that have significance for cellular development. Access to RNA bearing synthetic modifications has allowed biological chemists to probe deep into the inner workings of cellular processes. Here, we describe recent advances in harnessing the power of nucleotide analogues to obtain mechanistic and biological insights into RNA structure, function and dynamics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Subha R Das
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, The University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637, USA
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Ichida JK, Horhota A, Zou K, McLaughlin LW, Szostak JW. High fidelity TNA synthesis by Therminator polymerase. Nucleic Acids Res 2005; 33:5219-25. [PMID: 16157867 PMCID: PMC1214552 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gki840] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Therminator DNA polymerase is an efficient DNA-dependent TNA polymerase capable of polymerizing TNA oligomers of at least 80 nt in length. In order for Therminator to be useful for the in vitro selection of functional TNA sequences, its TNA synthesis fidelity must be high enough to preserve successful sequences. We used sequencing to examine the fidelity of Therminator-catalyzed TNA synthesis at different temperatures, incubation times, tNTP ratios and primer/template combinations. TNA synthesis by Therminator exhibits high fidelity under optimal conditions; the observed fidelity is sufficient to allow in vitro selection with TNA libraries of at least 200 nt in length.
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Affiliation(s)
- Justin K. Ichida
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Massachusetts General HospitalBoston, MA 02114, USA
- Department of Molecular Biology, Massachusetts General HospitalBoston, MA 02114, USA
- Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical SchoolBoston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Allen Horhota
- Department of Chemistry, Boston CollegeChestnut Hill, MA 02467, USA
| | - Keyong Zou
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Massachusetts General HospitalBoston, MA 02114, USA
- Department of Molecular Biology, Massachusetts General HospitalBoston, MA 02114, USA
- Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical SchoolBoston, MA 02115, USA
| | | | - Jack W. Szostak
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Massachusetts General HospitalBoston, MA 02114, USA
- Department of Molecular Biology, Massachusetts General HospitalBoston, MA 02114, USA
- Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical SchoolBoston, MA 02115, USA
- To whom correspondence should be addressed. Tel: +1 617 726 5981; Fax: +1 617 726 6893;
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22
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Directed enzyme evolution: Bridging the gap between natural enzymes and commercial applications. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2005. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bioeng.2005.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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