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Pomés A, Arruda LK. Cockroach allergy: Understanding complex immune responses to develop novel therapies. Mol Immunol 2023; 156:157-169. [PMID: 36930991 PMCID: PMC10134214 DOI: 10.1016/j.molimm.2023.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2022] [Revised: 01/24/2023] [Accepted: 03/01/2023] [Indexed: 03/17/2023]
Abstract
Cockroach allergy is associated with the development of asthma. The identification of cockroach allergens, which began in the 1990 s, is an ongoing process that has led to the current listing of 20 official allergen groups in the WHO/IUIS Allergen Nomenclature database. The function and structure of some of these allergens has been determined and define their natural delivery into the environment and their allergenicity. Analysis of antigenic determinants by X-ray crystallography and rational design of site-directed mutagenesis led to the identification of IgE binding sites for the design of molecules with reduced IgE reactivity and T cell modulatory capacity. New developments in recent years include component analyses of B and T cell reactivity and a recent cockroach immunotherapy trial, CRITICAL, that will contribute to understand the immune response to cockroach and to define future directions for cockroach allergy diagnosis and immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Pomés
- Director of Basic Research, InBio, 700 Harris Street, Charlottesville, VA 22903, USA.
| | - L Karla Arruda
- Professor of Medicine, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, Av. Bandeirantes 3900, Ribeirão Preto, SP 14049-900, Brazil
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Phytochemical Profiling, Isolation, and Pharmacological Applications of Bioactive Compounds from Insects of the Family Blattidae Together with Related Drug Development. MOLECULES (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 27:molecules27248882. [PMID: 36558015 PMCID: PMC9782659 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27248882] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2022] [Revised: 12/07/2022] [Accepted: 12/12/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
In traditional Chinese medicine (TCM), insects from the family Blattidae have a long history of application, and their related active compounds have excellent pharmacological properties, making them a prominent concern with significant potential for medicinal and healthcare purposes. However, the medicinal potential of the family Blattidae has not been fully exploited, and many problems must be resolved urgently. Therefore, a comprehensive review of its chemical composition, pharmacological activities, current research status, and existing problems is necessary. In order to make the review clearer and more systematic, all the contents were independently elaborated and summarized in a certain sequence. Each part started with introducing the current situation or a framework and then was illustrated with concrete examples. Several pertinent conclusions and outlooks were provided after discussing relevant key issues that emerged in each section. This review focuses on analyzing the current studies and utilization of medicinal insects in the family Blattidae, which is expected to provide meaningful and valuable relevant information for researchers, thereby promoting further exploration and development of lead compounds or bioactive fractions for new drugs from the insects.
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Bansal P, Singh N, Joshi J, Arora N, Gaur SN. Choline chloride attenuates the allergic airway disease by inhibiting the lysophosphatidylcholine induced response in mouse model. CURRENT RESEARCH IN PHARMACOLOGY AND DRUG DISCOVERY 2022; 3:100109. [PMID: 35707627 PMCID: PMC9188963 DOI: 10.1016/j.crphar.2022.100109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2022] [Revised: 04/28/2022] [Accepted: 05/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Aims Allergic airway disease manifestation is induced by lysophosphatidylcholine (LPC) through CD1d-restricted Natural killer T (NKT) cells. Choline chloride (ChCl) and LPC both have the “choline” moiety in their structure and this may interplay the effect in allergic airway disease pathway. Main methods To test the hypothesis, mice were sensitized with cockroach extract (CE); challenged with CE or exposed to LPC and were given ChCl 1hr later. Key findings A significant increase in Airway hyperresponsiveness (AHR), total and differential cell count, Th2 cytokines, 8-isoprostanes level in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) and inflammation score based on lung histology were observed on challenge with CE or exposure to LPC (p < 0.05) indicating LPC induced airway disease manifestation in mice. These parameters were reduced significantly after administering mice with ChCl (p < 0.05). The inflammatory parameters were significantly increased in LPC exposed mice, not sensitized with CE, which were significantly decreased when mice were administered with ChCl demonstrating its role in the inhibition of LPC induced allergic airway disease manifestation. Docking of CD1d with LPC and ChCl indicated the competitive inhibition of LPC induced effect by ChCl. This was validated in vivo in the form of decreased CD1d-restricted NKT cells in BALF and lung of the immunized mice on ChCl administration. There was no effect of ChCl administration on CD1d expression in BALF and lung cells. Significance This study shows that ChCl attenuates the allergic response by inhibiting the LPC induced- NKT cell mediated AHR, inflammation and oxidative stress by competitive inhibition to LPC in binding to CD1d. ChCl down regulates LPC (critical for allergic manifestation) induced response. Results were validated in cockroach extract immunized mice model. In silico studies indicate competitive inhibition to LPC by ChCl in binding to CD1d. In silico results were also validated in vivo in terms of CD1d-restricted NKT cells. Study explains the mechanism of ChCl action against allergic disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Preeti Bansal
- Allergy and Immunology Section, CSIR-Institute of Genomics and Integrative Biology, Delhi, India
| | - Naresh Singh
- Allergy and Immunology Section, CSIR-Institute of Genomics and Integrative Biology, Delhi, India
| | - Jayadev Joshi
- Microbial Biotechnology & Genomics, CSIR-Institute of Genomics and Integrative Biology, Delhi, India
| | - Naveen Arora
- Allergy and Immunology Section, CSIR-Institute of Genomics and Integrative Biology, Delhi, India
| | - Shailendera N. Gaur
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine, V.P.Chest Institue, Delhi University, Delhi, India
- Corresponding author. Department of Pulmonary Medicine, Vallabhbhai Patel Chest Institute, University of Delhi, Delhi, 110007, India.
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Xu ZQ, Zhu LX, Lu C, Jiao YX, Zhu DX, Guo M, Yang YS, Cao MD, Zhang LS, Tian M, Sun JL, Wei JF. Identification of Per a 13 as a novel allergen in American cockroach. Mol Immunol 2022; 143:41-49. [PMID: 35033813 DOI: 10.1016/j.molimm.2022.01.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2021] [Revised: 12/29/2021] [Accepted: 01/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cockroaches are an important source of indoor allergens. Environmental exposure to cockroach allergens is closely associated with the development of immunoglobulin E (IgE)-mediated allergic diseases. However, the allergenic components in the American cockroaches are not fully studied yet. In order to develop novel diagnostic and therapeutic strategies for cockroach allergy, it is necessary to comprehensively investigate this undescribed allergen in the American cockroach. METHODS The full-length cDNA of the potential allergen was isolated from the cDNA library of the American cockroach by PCR cloning. Both the recombinant and natural protein molecules were purified and characterized. The allergenicity was further analyzed by enzyme linked immunosorbent assay, immunoblot, and basophil activation test using sera from cockroach allergic patients. RESULTS A novel allergen belonging to glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH) was firstly identified in the American cockroach and named as Per a 13. The cDNA of this allergen is 1255 base pairs in length and contains an open reading frame of 999 base pairs, encoding 332 amino acids. The purified Per a 13 was fully characterized and assessed to react with IgEs from 49.3 % of cockroach allergic patients, and patients with allergic rhinitis were more sensitized to it. Moreover, the allergenicity was further confirmed by immunoblot and basophil activation test. CONCLUSIONS We firstly identified GAPDH (Per a 13) in the American cockroach, which is a novel type of inhalant allergen derived from animal species. These findings could be useful in developing novel diagnostic and therapeutic strategies for cockroach allergy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhi-Qiang Xu
- Research Division of Clinical Pharmacology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Li-Xiang Zhu
- Research Division of Clinical Pharmacology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Chen Lu
- Precision Medicine Center, the First Affiliated Hospital of Gannan Medical University, Ganzhou, China
| | - Yong-Xin Jiao
- Research Division of Clinical Pharmacology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Dan-Xuan Zhu
- Clinical Allergy Center, the First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Miao Guo
- Research Division of Clinical Pharmacology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yong-Shi Yang
- Department of Allergy, State Key Laboratory of Complex Severe and Rare Diseases, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Science and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Meng-Da Cao
- Research Division of Clinical Pharmacology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Li-Shan Zhang
- Department of Allergy, State Key Laboratory of Complex Severe and Rare Diseases, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Science and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Man Tian
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Children's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China.
| | - Jin-Lyu Sun
- Department of Allergy, State Key Laboratory of Complex Severe and Rare Diseases, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Science and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China.
| | - Ji-Fu Wei
- Research Division of Clinical Pharmacology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China; Department of Pharmacy, Jiangsu Cancer Hospital, The Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Jiangsu Institute of Cancer Research, Nanjing, China; Clinical Allergy Center, the First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China; Department of Clinical Pharmacy, School of Pharmacy, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China.
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Spergel AKR, Sever ML, Johnson J, Gill MA, Schulten V, Frazier A, Kercsmar CM, Lovinsky-Desir S, Searing DA, Sette A, Shao B, Teach SJ, Gern JE, Busse WW, Togias A, Wood RA, Liu AH. Development of nasal allergen challenge with cockroach in children with asthma. Pediatr Allergy Immunol 2021; 32:971-979. [PMID: 33606312 PMCID: PMC8503840 DOI: 10.1111/pai.13480] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2020] [Revised: 02/08/2021] [Accepted: 02/10/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Nasal allergen challenge (NAC) could be a means to assess indication and/or an outcome of allergen-specific therapies, particularly for perennial allergens. NACs are not commonly conducted in children with asthma, and cockroach NACs are not well established. This study's objective was to identify a range of German cockroach extract doses that induce nasal symptoms and to assess the safety of cockroach NAC in children with asthma. METHODS Ten adults (18-37 years) followed by 25 children (8-14 years) with well-controlled, persistent asthma and cockroach sensitization underwent NAC with diluent followed by up to 8 escalating doses of cockroach extract (0.00381-11.9 µg/mL Bla g 1). NAC outcome was determined by Total Nasal Symptom Score (TNSS) and/or sneeze score. Cockroach allergen-induced T-cell activation and IL-5 production were measured in peripheral blood mononuclear cells. RESULTS 67% (6/9) of adults and 68% (17/25) of children had a positive NAC at a median response dose of 0.120 µg/mL [IQR 0.0380-0.379 µg/mL] of Bla g 1. Additionally, three children responded to diluent alone and did not receive any cockroach extract. Overall, 32% (11/34) were positive with sneezes alone, 15% (5/34) with TNSS alone, and 21% (7/34) with both criteria. At baseline, NAC responders had higher cockroach-specific IgE (P = .03), lower cockroach-specific IgG/IgE ratios (children, P = .002), and increased cockroach-specific IL-5-producing T lymphocytes (P = .045). The NAC was well tolerated. CONCLUSION We report the methodology of NAC development for children with persistent asthma and cockroach sensitization. This NAC could be considered a tool to confirm clinically relevant sensitization and to assess responses in therapeutic studies.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Michelle A Gill
- Departments of Pediatrics, Internal Medicine, and Immunology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX
| | | | | | - Carolyn M Kercsmar
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary Medicine, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH
| | - Stephanie Lovinsky-Desir
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pulmonary Medicine, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY
| | - Dan A. Searing
- Children’s Hospital Colorado, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO
| | - Alessandro Sette
- La Jolla Institute for Immunology, La Jolla, CA
- Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA
| | - Baomei Shao
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX
| | | | - James E. Gern
- University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI
| | - William W. Busse
- University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI
| | | | - Robert A. Wood
- Department of Pediatrics, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD
| | - Andrew H. Liu
- Children’s Hospital Colorado, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO
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Li X, He Z, Ding WF, Zhang X, Ma CJ, Feng Y. Assessment of dermal safety of oil extracted from Periplaneta americana: acute dermal toxicity, irritation, and sensitization. Cutan Ocul Toxicol 2020; 39:193-199. [DOI: 10.1080/15569527.2020.1769126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Xian Li
- The Key Laboratory of Cultivating and Utilization of Resource Insects of State Forestry Administration, Research Institute of Resource Insects, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Kunming, China
| | - Zhao He
- The Key Laboratory of Cultivating and Utilization of Resource Insects of State Forestry Administration, Research Institute of Resource Insects, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Kunming, China
| | - Wei Feng Ding
- The Key Laboratory of Cultivating and Utilization of Resource Insects of State Forestry Administration, Research Institute of Resource Insects, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Kunming, China
| | - Xin Zhang
- The Key Laboratory of Cultivating and Utilization of Resource Insects of State Forestry Administration, Research Institute of Resource Insects, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Kunming, China
| | - Chen Jing Ma
- The Key Laboratory of Cultivating and Utilization of Resource Insects of State Forestry Administration, Research Institute of Resource Insects, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Kunming, China
| | - Ying Feng
- The Key Laboratory of Cultivating and Utilization of Resource Insects of State Forestry Administration, Research Institute of Resource Insects, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Kunming, China
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Zeng C, Liao Q, Hu Y, Shen Y, Geng F, Chen L. The Role of Periplaneta americana (Blattodea: Blattidae) in Modern Versus Traditional Chinese Medicine. JOURNAL OF MEDICAL ENTOMOLOGY 2020; 56:1522-1526. [PMID: 31265723 DOI: 10.1093/jme/tjz081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2018] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
The purpose of this review is to elaborate the role of Periplaneta (P.) americana L. in modern and traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) and compare the use of the species in these two forms of medical treatments. From searches on Google Scholar, PubMed, and Web of Science databases, studies were identified involving TCMs with P. americana, which have a history of use over several thousand years, and demonstrate how extracts from this insect play a role in the treatment of diseases through antibacterial, antiviral, antitumor activity, and enhancement of immune function. Extracts from P. americana have not been fully developed for clinical use because the active components have not been completely purified or their molecular mechanisms thoroughly understood. The development of extraction technology in modern Chinese medicine has revealed that many extracts from P. americana are able to play an important role in the control of diseases such as cancer. Drugs such as 'Kangfuxin Solution' and 'Xinmailong Injection' are now widely used for gastrointestinal ulcers and chronic heart failure, having achieved beneficial curative effects in clinical studies. Based on this, the information from studies of P. americana in TCM and modern medicine should be combined and their respective advantages applied. This review provides an overview of the role of P. americana in modern and TCM and thus contributes to identification of further applications and area requiring drug development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chenjuan Zeng
- Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, P.R. China
| | - Qi Liao
- Gooddoctor Pharmaceutical Group, Chengdu, Sichuan, P.R. China
| | - Ye Hu
- Gooddoctor Pharmaceutical Group, Chengdu, Sichuan, P.R. China
| | - Yongmei Shen
- Gooddoctor Pharmaceutical Group, Chengdu, Sichuan, P.R. China
| | - Funeng Geng
- Gooddoctor Pharmaceutical Group, Chengdu, Sichuan, P.R. China
| | - Lijuan Chen
- Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, P.R. China
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Immunological characterization of the American cockroach allergen Per a 9 expressed in baculovirus-infected insect cells. Cent Eur J Immunol 2019; 44:322-326. [PMID: 31871421 PMCID: PMC6925565 DOI: 10.5114/ceji.2019.89611] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2016] [Accepted: 12/28/2016] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
American cockroach (CR) allergy has been recognized as important IgE-mediated type I hypersensitivity. Per a 9 is an arginine kinase, reacting with IgE in sera of all CR allergic Thai patients. Per a 9 gene was cloned and expressed in eukaryotic systems (baculovirus-infected insect cells). The expressed Per a 9 was purified by Nickel column. The antigenicities were analyzed by ELISA, immunoblot analysis and basophile activation test. The results show that 13 out of 16 (81.3%) sera from American CR patients reacted to Per a 9, confirming that Per a 9 is a major allergen of CR. The IgE reactivity of Per a 9 in the sera from American CR patients was increased 8.3-fold in comparison with the sera from healthy controls. Per a 9 at 1.0 μg/ml induced an approximately up to 5.6-fold increase in CD63 and CCR3 double positive cells when incubating with passively sensitized basophils from by sera from American CR patients.
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9
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Lee MF, Chiang CH, Li YL, Wang NM, Song PP, Lin SJ, Chen YH. Oral edible plant vaccine containing hypoallergen of American cockroach major allergen Per a 2 prevents roach-allergic asthma in a murine model. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0201281. [PMID: 30059516 PMCID: PMC6066233 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0201281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2018] [Accepted: 07/05/2018] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Background American cockroaches (Periplaneta americana) are an important indoor allergen source and a major risk factor for exacerbations and poor control of asthma. We previously reported that allergen components from American cockroaches exhibit varying levels of pathogenicity. Sensitization to major American cockroach allergen, Per a 2, correlated with more severe clinical phenotypes among patients with allergic airway diseases. Materials and methods In this study, we examined whether oral plant vaccine-encoding full-length Per a 2 clone-996 or its hypoallergenic clone-372 could exert a prophylactic role in Per a 2-sensitized mice. The cDNAs coding Per a 2–996 and Per a 2–372 were inserted into TuMV vector and expressed in Chinese cabbage. Adult female BALB/c mice were fed with the cabbage extracts for 21 days and subsequently underwent two-step sensitization with recombinant Per a 2. Results Per a 2-specific IgE measured by in-house ELISA in the sera of Per a 2-372-treated groups were significantly lower than in the control groups after allergen challenge but not the Per a 2-996-treated group. Moreover, Per a 2–372 vaccine markedly decreased airway hyper-responsiveness and infiltration of inflammatory cells into the lungs, as well as reduced mRNA expression of IL-4 and IL-13 in comparison with the control mice. Conclusion Our data suggest that oral administration of edible plant vaccine encoding Per a 2 hypo-allergen may be used as a prophylactic strategy against the development of cockroach allergy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mey-Fann Lee
- Department of Medical Research, Taichung Veterans General Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Chu-Hui Chiang
- Department of Plant Medicine, National Pingtung University of Science and Technology, Pingtung, Taiwan
| | - Ying-Lan Li
- Institute of Biotechnology, National Changhua University of Education, Changhua, Taiwan
| | - Nancy M. Wang
- Institute of Biotechnology, National Changhua University of Education, Changhua, Taiwan
| | - Pei-Pong Song
- Department of Medical Research, Taichung Veterans General Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Shyh-Jye Lin
- School of Medical Laboratory and Biotechnology, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Yi-Hsing Chen
- Division of Allergy, Immunology and Rheumatology, Taichung Veterans General Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan
- Faculty of Medicine, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan
- * E-mail:
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Bhattacharya K, Sircar G, Dasgupta A, Gupta Bhattacharya S. Spectrum of Allergens and Allergen Biology in India. Int Arch Allergy Immunol 2018; 177:219-237. [PMID: 30056449 DOI: 10.1159/000490805] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2018] [Accepted: 06/11/2018] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The growing prevalence of allergy and asthma in India has become a major health concern with symptoms ranging from mild rhinitis to severe asthma and even life-threatening anaphylaxis. The "allergen repertoire" of this subcontinent is highly diverse due to the varied climate, flora, and food habits. The proper identification, purification, and molecular characterization of allergy-eliciting molecules are essential in order to facilitate an accurate diagnosis and to design immunotherapeutic vaccines. Although several reports on prevalent allergens are available, most of these studies were based on preliminary detection and identification of the allergens. Only a few of these allergen molecules have been characterized by recombinant technology and structural biology. The present review first describes the composition, distribution pattern, and natural sources of the predominant allergens in India along with the prevalence of sensitization to these allergens across the country. We go on to present a comprehensive report on the biochemical, immunological, and molecular information on the allergens reported so far from India. The review also covers the studies on allergy- related biosafety assessment of transgenic plants. Finally, we discuss the allergen-specific immunotherapy trials performed in India.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Gaurab Sircar
- Division of Plant Biology, Bose Institute, Kolkata, India
| | - Angira Dasgupta
- Department of Chest Medicine, B.R. Singh Hospital and Centre for Medical Education and Research, Kolkata, India
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Periplaneta americana Extracts Promote Skin Wound Healing via Nuclear Factor Kappa B Canonical Pathway and Extracellular Signal-Regulated Kinase Signaling. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2017; 2017:5821706. [PMID: 28620419 PMCID: PMC5460390 DOI: 10.1155/2017/5821706] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2016] [Revised: 02/14/2017] [Accepted: 03/07/2017] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Periplaneta americana extracts (PAEs) exhibit wound healing properties. However, the underlying molecular mechanisms are not well understood. Here, we treated human skin fibroblasts (HSF) with PAE and the proliferation was determined by 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay. The wound healing and transwell migration assays were used to detect cell migration. Nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB) and extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) pathways were analyzed by Western blot (WB). Immunofluorescence staining was used to detect the key molecular localization in the cells. The results showed that PAE enhanced the proliferation and migration of HSF cells. The expression and activation of key proteins such as RelA and p-ERK were increased in NF-κB and ERK pathways followed by nuclear translocation. In vivo, both WB and immunohistochemical (IHC) staining showed that PAE enhanced p-IκBα and p-ERK activation and the nuclear translocation of RelA. Our study suggests that the protective function of PAE is mediated via enhanced NF-κB and ERK signaling.
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Liu ZJ, Shi ZL, Tu C, Zhang HZ, Gao D, Li CY, He Q, Li RS, Guo YM, Niu M, Zhang CE, Ren YS, Zhen HS, Wang JB, Xiao XH. An activity-calibrated chemical standardization approach for quality evaluation of Salvia miltiorrhiza Bge. RSC Adv 2017. [DOI: 10.1039/c6ra26281c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Low content does not always represent low biopotency and vice versa.
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13
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Yang H, Chen H, Jin M, Xie H, He S, Wei JF. Molecular cloning, expression, IgE binding activities and in silico epitope prediction of Per a 9 allergens of the American cockroach. Int J Mol Med 2016; 38:1795-1805. [PMID: 27840974 PMCID: PMC5117749 DOI: 10.3892/ijmm.2016.2793] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2015] [Accepted: 10/19/2016] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Per a 9 is a major allergen of the American cockroach (CR), which has been recognized as an important cause of imunoglobulin E-mediated type I hypersensitivity worldwide. However, it is not neasy to obtain a substantial quantity of this allergen for use in functional studies. In the present study, the Per a 9 gene was cloned and expressed in Escherichia coli (E. coli) systems. It was found that 13/16 (81.3%) of the sera from patients with allergies caused by the American CR reacted to Per a 9, as assessed by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, confirming that Per a 9 is a major allergen of CR. The induction of the expression of CD63 and CCR3 in passively sensitized basophils (from sera of patients with allergies caused by the American CR) by approximately 4.2-fold indicated that recombinant Per a 9 was functionally active. Three immunoinformatics tools, including the DNAStar Protean system, Bioinformatics Predicted Antigenic Peptides (BPAP) system and the BepiPred 1.0 server were used to predict the potential B cell epitopes, while Net-MHCIIpan-2.0 and NetMHCII-2.2 were used to predict the T cell epitopes of Per a 9. As a result, we predicted 11 peptides (23-28, 39-46, 58-64, 91-118, 131-136, 145-154, 159-165, 176-183, 290-299, 309-320 and 338-344) as potential B cell linear epitopes. In T cell prediction, the Per a 9 allergen was predicted to have 5 potential T cell epitope sequences, 119-127, 194-202, 210-218, 239-250 and 279-290. The findings of our study may prove to be useful in the development of peptide-based vaccines to combat CR-induced allergies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haiwei Yang
- Allergy and Clinical Immunology Research Centre, The First Affiliated Hospital of Liaoning Medical University, Jinzhou, Liaoning 121001, P.R. China
| | - Hao Chen
- Research Division of Clinical Pharmacology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210029, P.R. China
| | - Min Jin
- Research Division of Clinical Pharmacology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210029, P.R. China
| | - Hua Xie
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, General Hospital of Shenyang Military Region, PLA Cancer Center, Shenyang, Liaoning 110840, P.R. China
| | - Shaoheng He
- Allergy and Clinical Immunology Research Centre, The First Affiliated Hospital of Liaoning Medical University, Jinzhou, Liaoning 121001, P.R. China
| | - Ji-Fu Wei
- Research Division of Clinical Pharmacology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210029, P.R. China
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14
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Tong X, Guo M, Jin M, Chen H, Li Y, Wei JF. In silico epitope prediction, expression and functional analysis of Per a 10 allergen from the American cockroach. Int J Mol Med 2016; 38:1806-1814. [PMID: 27840898 PMCID: PMC5117736 DOI: 10.3892/ijmm.2016.2790] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2015] [Accepted: 10/21/2016] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Cockroach (CR) allergies caused by the American cockroach hyave been recognized to be repsonsible for IgE-mediated type I hypersensitivity worldwide. Per a 10 is one of the recognized main allergens of the American CR. In a previous study, we examined another American CR allergen, Per a 9 in patients with CR allergies and examined epitope sequences in this allergen. In the present study, we aimed to examine epitope sequences in the Per a 10 allergen. for this purpose, the Per a 10 gene was cloned and expressed in Escherichia coli (E. coli) systems. Our results revealed that 9 out of 16 (56.3%) sera from patients with American CR allergies reacted to Per a10, as assessed by ELISA, confirming that Per a 10 is a major allergen of the American CR. Our results also revealed that the expression of CD63 and CCR3 on passively sensitized basophils (obtained sera of patients with American CR allergies) was increased by approximately 2.3-fold, indicating that recombinant Per a 10 is functionally active. In addition, 3 immunoinformatics tools, namely the DNAStar Protean system, the Bioinformatics Predicted Antigenic Peptides (BPAP) system and the BepiPred 1.0 server were used to predict the peptides and the results revealed 8 peptides (2-12, 55-67, 98-120, 125-133, 149-160, 170-182, 201-208 and 223-227) as potential B cell epitopes of the Per a 10 allergen. Moreover, Per a 10 was predicted to have 3 T cell epitope sequences, namely 83-92, 139-147 and 162-170. The findings of our study on the CR allergen may prove to be useful in the development of peptide-based vaccine for the prevention and/or treatment of CR allergies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xunliang Tong
- Department of Geriatrics, Beijing Hospital, National Center of Gerontology, Beijing 100730, P.R. China
| | - Miao Guo
- Research Division of Clinical Pharmacology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210029, P.R. China
| | - Min Jin
- Research Division of Clinical Pharmacology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210029, P.R. China
| | - Hao Chen
- Research Division of Clinical Pharmacology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210029, P.R. China
| | - Yanming Li
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Beijing Hospital, National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Disease, Beijing 100730, P.R. China
| | - Ji-Fu Wei
- Research Division of Clinical Pharmacology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210029, P.R. China
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15
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Bansal P, Gaur SN, Arora N. Lysophosphatidylcholine plays critical role in allergic airway disease manifestation. Sci Rep 2016; 6:27430. [PMID: 27282246 PMCID: PMC4901285 DOI: 10.1038/srep27430] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2016] [Accepted: 05/18/2016] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Phospholipase A2 (sPLA2), pivotal for allergic and inflammatory response, hydrolyses phosphatidylcholine (PC) to lysophosphatidylcholine (LPC). In present study, the role of LPC in allergic airway disease manifestation was studied using mouse model. Balb/c mice were immunized using cockroach extract (CE) and LPC release was blocked by sPLA2 inhibitor. Airway hyperresponse (AHR), lung-histology, total and differential leukocyte count (TLC&DLC), Th2 type cytokines, sPLA2 activity and LPC levels in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) were measured. Exogenous LPC was given to the mice with or without CE sensitization, to demonstrate its role in allergic airway disease manifestation. Anti-CD1d antibody was given to study the involvement of natural killer T (NKT) cells in LPC induced response. AHR, lung-inflammation, TLC, DLC, Th2 type cytokines, sPLA2 activity and LPC levels were increased on CE challenge. sPLA2 activity and LPC release was blocked by sPLA2-inhibitor, which decreased AHR, and inflammatory parameters. Exogenous LPC with or without CE sensitization increased above parameters. CE challenge or LPC exposure increased LY49C(+)TCRβ(+) NKT cells in BALF and spleen, which was reduced by anti-CD1d antibody, accompanied with reduction in AHR and allergic airway inflammation parameters. Conclusively, LPC induces allergic airway disease manifestation and it does so probably via CD1d-restricted LY49C(+)TCRβ(+) NKT cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Preeti Bansal
- Allergy and Immunology Section, CSIR-Institute of Genomics and Integrative Biology, Delhi
- Department of Biotechnology, University of Pune, Ganeshkhind, Pune 411 007, India
| | | | - Naveen Arora
- Allergy and Immunology Section, CSIR-Institute of Genomics and Integrative Biology, Delhi
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16
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Fang Y, Long C, Bai X, Liu W, Rong M, Lai R, An S. Two new types of allergens from the cockroach, Periplaneta americana. Allergy 2015; 70:1674-8. [PMID: 26361742 DOI: 10.1111/all.12766] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/08/2015] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Periplaneta americana cockroach is an important source of inhalant indoor allergen resource, and there are more than twenty IgE-binding components identified in P. americana, but only nine allergens were characterized. Our knowledge about cockroach allergens remains poor. In this work, two novel allergen proteins Per a 11 (alpha-amylase) and Per a 12 (chitinase) with molecular weight around 55 and 45 kDa, respectively, were purified and characterized from the midgut of cockroaches. Their primary sequences were determined by Edman degradation, mass spectrometry, and cDNA cloning. Sera from 39 and 30 of 47 (83.0% and 63.8%) patients reacted to Per a 11 and Per a 12 on immunoblots, respectively. The allergenicity of Per a 11 and Per a 12 was further confirmed by competitive ELISA, basophil activation test (BAT), and skin prick test (SPT). They appear to be of importance for the allergic reactions induced by cockroach and have a potential for component-based diagnosis of allergy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y. Fang
- Key Laboratory of Animal Models and Human Disease Mechanisms of Chinese Academy of Sciences & Yunnan Province; Kunming Institute of Zoology; Kunming Yunnan China
| | - C. Long
- Key Laboratory of Animal Models and Human Disease Mechanisms of Chinese Academy of Sciences & Yunnan Province; Kunming Institute of Zoology; Kunming Yunnan China
| | - X. Bai
- Key Laboratory of Animal Models and Human Disease Mechanisms of Chinese Academy of Sciences & Yunnan Province; Kunming Institute of Zoology; Kunming Yunnan China
| | - W. Liu
- Key Laboratory of Animal Models and Human Disease Mechanisms of Chinese Academy of Sciences & Yunnan Province; Kunming Institute of Zoology; Kunming Yunnan China
| | - M. Rong
- Key Laboratory of Animal Models and Human Disease Mechanisms of Chinese Academy of Sciences & Yunnan Province; Kunming Institute of Zoology; Kunming Yunnan China
| | - R. Lai
- Key Laboratory of Animal Models and Human Disease Mechanisms of Chinese Academy of Sciences & Yunnan Province; Kunming Institute of Zoology; Kunming Yunnan China
- Life Sciences College of Nanjing Agricultural University; Nanjing Jiangsu China
- Joint Laboratory of Natural peptide; Chinese Academy of Sciences; University of Science and Technology of China and Kunming Institute of Zoology; Yunnan China
| | - S. An
- Key Laboratory of Animal Models and Human Disease Mechanisms of Chinese Academy of Sciences & Yunnan Province; Kunming Institute of Zoology; Kunming Yunnan China
- Faculty of Life Science and Technology; Kunming University of Science and Technology; Yunnan China
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Goel C, Gaur SN, Bhati G, Arora N. DC type 2 polarization depends on both the allergic status of the individual and protease activity of Per a 10. Immunobiology 2015; 220:1113-21. [PMID: 26033313 DOI: 10.1016/j.imbio.2015.05.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2014] [Revised: 04/09/2015] [Accepted: 05/01/2015] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Cockroach proteases are important risk factors for asthma development in predisposed individuals. In the present study, effect of allergic status of patients on DCs polarization in response to protease allergen Per a 10 was investigated. Cockroach-allergic, other-allergic patients and healthy individuals were selected following the guidelines of ATS/ARIA. Monocyte-derived dendritic cells (DCs) were generated from the selected individuals and stimulated with Per a 10. Flow cytometric analysis showed a significantly high expression of CD80 and CD86 on DCs from cockroach-allergic patients after Per a 10 stimulation as compared to healthy individuals or other-allergic patients (P<0.05). Per a 10 induced comparable level of CD83 expression on DCs from all the 3 groups, showing it was irrespective of the allergic status. CD40 expression was significantly low (P<0.05) on the DCs from cockroach-allergic patients as compared to healthy individuals or other-allergic patients. Further, proteolytically active Per a 10 induced lower CD40 expression on DCs than the heat-inactivated Per a 10 (P<0.05) indicating role of protease activity in the generation of an immune response. The sCD40 level in active Per a 10 stimulated DC cultures was significantly higher than in heat-inactivated Per a 10 (P<0.05). There was two-fold decrease (P<0.05) in IL-12 production by active Per a 10-stimulated DCs than heat-inactivated Per a 10-stimulated DCs. Per a 10-stimulated DCs from cockroach-allergic patients secreted high levels of IL-5, IL-6, TNF-α than that from healthy individuals or other-allergic patients (P<0.05). Furthermore, Per a 10-stimulated DCs from cockroach-allergic patients induced increased secretions of IL-4, IL-5, IL-6, TNF-α and low IL-12 by T cells as compared to those from other groups (P<0.05). Thus, in presence of Per a 10 allergen, polarization of DCs shifts toward type 2 in cockroach-allergic patients but not in the healthy individuals or other-allergic patients. In conclusion, both allergic status of the individual and protease activity of Per a 10 are important parameters that participate in DCs polarization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chhavi Goel
- Allergy and Immunology Section, CSIR-Institute of Genomics and Integrative Biology, Delhi, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), CSIR, New Delhi, India
| | - S N Gaur
- Vallabhbhai Patel Chest Institute, Delhi, India
| | | | - Naveen Arora
- Allergy and Immunology Section, CSIR-Institute of Genomics and Integrative Biology, Delhi, India.
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18
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Xiong Y, Yan D, Wang JB, Xiao XH. Biopotency Assays: an Integrated Application to Quality Control of Chinese Materia Medica. CHINESE HERBAL MEDICINES 2014; 6:256-264. [PMID: 32288760 PMCID: PMC7128317 DOI: 10.1016/s1674-6384(14)60040-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2014] [Revised: 06/18/2014] [Accepted: 06/30/2014] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
The current quality control (QC) pattern for Chinese materia medica (CMM) lacks suitable methods and indicators to evaluate their safety and efficacy effectively, which impedes the smooth development of CMM. In this review, main problems of the current QC pattern for CMM, principally focused on the content determination of constituents, were summarized and the inspiration from the QC of biological products was introduced. With the aim at introducing a suitable tool to the QC of CMM, biopotency assay and its feasibility in the QC pattern for CMM were analyzed and confirmed by relevant researches with years of practice. From the applications of biopotency assays in the QC of CMM in the last 10 years, we propose that biopotency assays should be an integral part of the QC pattern for CMM, for these assays can make the QC indicators related to the clinical safety and efficacy, supplementing the existed QC system of CMM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yin Xiong
- China Military Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, 302 Military Hospital of China, Beijing 100039, China.,School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100102, China
| | - Dan Yan
- China Military Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, 302 Military Hospital of China, Beijing 100039, China
| | - Jia-Bo Wang
- China Military Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, 302 Military Hospital of China, Beijing 100039, China
| | - Xiao-He Xiao
- China Military Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, 302 Military Hospital of China, Beijing 100039, China.,School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100102, China
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19
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Bansal P, Saw S, Govindaraj D, Arora N. Intranasal administration of a combination of choline chloride, vitamin C, and selenium attenuates the allergic effect in a mouse model of airway disease. Free Radic Biol Med 2014; 73:358-65. [PMID: 24905385 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2014.05.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2013] [Revised: 05/01/2014] [Accepted: 05/07/2014] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Respiratory allergic disease is an inflammatory condition accompanied by oxidative stress. Supplementation of an anti-inflammatory agent with antioxidants may have a therapeutic effect. In this study, the effects of choline chloride in combination with antioxidants were evaluated via the intranasal route in a mouse model of allergic airway disease. Balb/c mice were sensitized on days 0, 7, and 14 and challenged on days 25-30 with cockroach extract (CE) and with a booster challenge on day 38. They were treated with choline chloride (ChCl; 1mg/kg), vitamin C (Vit C; 308.33 mg/kg), and selenium (Se; 1mg/kg) alone or in combination via the intranasal route on days 31, 33, 35, 37, and 39. The mice were sacrificed on day 40 to collect blood, bronchoalveolar lavage fluid, lungs, and spleen. Mice immunized with CE showed a significant increase in airway hyperresponsiveness (AHR), lung inflammation, Th2 cytokines, and the oxidative stress markers intracellular reactive oxygen species and 8-isoprostanes compared to the phosphate-buffered saline control group. A significant decrease was observed in these parameters with all the treatments (p<0.01). The highest decrease was noticed in the ChCl+Vit C+Se-treated group, with AHR decreased to the normal level. This group also showed the highest decrease in airway inflammation (p<0.001), IL-4 and IL-5 (p<0.001), IgE and IgG1 (p<0.001), NF-κB (p<0.001), and 8-isoprostane levels (p<0.001). Glutathione peroxidase activity, which was decreased significantly in CE-immunized mice, was restored to normal levels in this group (p<0.001). IL-10 level was decreased in CE-immunized mice and was restored to normal by combination treatment. The combination treatment induced FOXP3(+) cells in splenocyte culture, responsible for the upregulation of IL-10. In conclusion, the combination of choline chloride, vitamin C, and selenium via the intranasal route reduces AHR, inflammation, and oxidative stress, probably by causing IL-10 production by FOXP3(+) cells, and possesses therapeutic potential against allergic airway disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Preeti Bansal
- Allergy and Immunology Section, Council of Scientific and Industrial Research-Institute of Genomics and Integrative Biology, Delhi 110007, India; Department of Biotechnology, University of Pune, Ganeshkhind, Pune 411 007, India
| | - Sanjay Saw
- Allergy and Immunology Section, Council of Scientific and Industrial Research-Institute of Genomics and Integrative Biology, Delhi 110007, India; Department of Biotechnology, University of Pune, Ganeshkhind, Pune 411 007, India
| | - Dhanapal Govindaraj
- Allergy and Immunology Section, Council of Scientific and Industrial Research-Institute of Genomics and Integrative Biology, Delhi 110007, India
| | - Naveen Arora
- Allergy and Immunology Section, Council of Scientific and Industrial Research-Institute of Genomics and Integrative Biology, Delhi 110007, India.
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20
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Preparation and identification of Per a 5 as a novel American cockroach allergen. Mediators Inflamm 2014; 2014:591468. [PMID: 24707117 PMCID: PMC3953463 DOI: 10.1155/2014/591468] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2013] [Revised: 01/15/2014] [Accepted: 01/15/2014] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Glutathione S-transferase (GST) from various arthropods can elicit allergic reactions. In the present study, Per a 5, a GST, was cloned from American cockroach (CR) and expressed in both baculovirus-infected insect cell (iPer a 5) and E. coli expression (bPer a 5) systems. The secondary structures were predicted to be 45.93 and 8.69% of α-helix β-sheets in iPer a 5 and 42.54 and 8.49% of α-helix and β-sheets in bPer a 5, respectively. It is found that 4 out of 16 (25%) sera from American CR allergy patients reacted to both bPer a 9 and iPer a 9 as assessed by ELISA and Western blotting analysis, confirming that Per a 5 is not a major allergen of American CR. Induction of upregulated expression of CD63 and CCR3 on passively sensitized human basophils (sera from American CR allergy patients) by approximately up to 4.5- and 3.2-fold indicates that iPer a 5 and bPer a 5 are functionally active. Recombinant Per a 5 (rPer a 5) should be a useful tool for studying and understanding the role of Per a 5 in CR allergy.
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21
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Characterization of recombinant per a 10 from Periplaneta americana. CLINICAL AND VACCINE IMMUNOLOGY : CVI 2012; 20:262-8. [PMID: 23254302 DOI: 10.1128/cvi.00461-12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Cockroach allergen is a major risk factor for IgE-mediated allergic response and asthma in sensitized individuals. Serine proteases have been identified from various sources and characterized as major allergens. The present study was aimed to express and characterize recombinant allergen Per a 10 (rPer a 10) from Periplaneta americana. rPer a 10 was expressed in Escherichia coli and purified in soluble form, yielding 0.75 mg/liter of culture. Homology of the Per a 10 protein sequence exhibited 27 to 38% similarity to the mite serine protease and 41 to 52% similarity to other insect trypsins. The purified rPer a 10 protein resolved at 28 kDa on SDS-PAGE and was recognized by cockroach-hypersensitive patients' sera by immunoblotting and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). In competitive ELISA, rPer a 10 required 96 ng of purified protein for 50% inhibition of IgE binding, whereas 34 ng of native protein (nPer a 10) was required for the same inhibition. rPer a 10 and nPer a 10 induced basophil histamine release in the range of 47 to 64% and 60 to 85%, respectively, when sensitized with cockroach-hypersensitive patients' sera. In conclusion, Per a 10 was subcloned, and the protein was purified to homogeneity. rPer a 10 showed reduced IgE binding and histamine release and showed no proteolytic activity. These data suggest that rPer a 10 has potential for immunotherapy.
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22
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Goel C, Govindaraj D, Singh BP, Farooque A, Kalra N, Arora N. Serine protease Per a 10 from Periplaneta americana bias dendritic cells towards type 2 by upregulating CD86 and low IL-12 secretions. Clin Exp Allergy 2012; 42:412-22. [PMID: 22356142 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2222.2011.03937.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Serine protease activity of Per a 10 from Periplaneta americana induces airway inflammation and systemic Th2 response towards self and bystander allergen. OBJECTIVE In the present study the effect of proteolytic activity of Per a 10 allergen on dendritic cells (DCs) polarization and consequent T cell response was investigated. METHODS Non-atopic subjects with no family history of asthma/allergy were recruited for the study. CD14(+) peripheral blood monocytes were purified, differentiated to immature DCs and stimulated with proteolytically active/inactivated native or recombinant Per a 10. DCs phenotype was analysed with flow cytometry and antigen presenting function assessed by co-culturing with autologous CD4(+) T cells. Cytokine levels were determined using ELISA. RESULTS Immature DCs differentiated into mature CD14(-)CD83(+)HLA-DR(+) cells after incubating with proteolytically active/inactivated or recombinant Per a 10. Proteolytically active Per a 10 induced significant CD86 up-regulation on DCs compared to inactivated or recombinant Per a 10 lacking enzymatic activity. Proteolytic activity of Per a 10 showed dose-dependent effect on expression of CD80, CD86, CD83, CD1a and HLA-DR. However, no significant differences were observed phenotypically in active or inactive forms except for CD86. Active Per a 10 stimulated DCs secreted significantly low IL-12 (P < 0.01) and high IL-6, compared to inactive forms of Per a 10. Naive CD4(+) T cells primed with active Per a 10 pulsed DCs also secreted significantly less IL-12 (P < 0.01) and high IL-4, IL-5 plus IL-6 (P < 0.01); in contrast to DCs pulsed with inactivated or recombinant Per a 10. CONCLUSION AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE Proteolytic activity of Per a 10 modulates DCs towards type 2 by CD86 up-regulation, high IL-6 and reduced IL-12 secretions. Proteolytically inactive Per a 10 can be further explored for immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Goel
- Allergy and Immunology Section, Institute of Genomics and Integrative Biology (CSIR), Delhi, India
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Srivastava D, Gaur SN, Arora N, Singh BP. Clinico-immunological changes post-immunotherapy with Periplaneta americana. Eur J Clin Invest 2011; 41:879-88. [PMID: 21323911 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2362.2011.02480.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cockroach proteins induce allergies including asthma in predisposed individuals. Well-designed controlled studies are required to show the effect of cockroach immunotherapy (IT). This study is aimed to assess changes in clinical and immunological parameters post-IT with Periplaneta americana extract. MATERIALS AND METHODS A double-blind, placebo-controlled trial of cockroach IT was performed for 1year in 50 patients of asthma, rhinitis or both. The efficacy of IT was assessed by change in skin reactivity and clinical parameters such as symptom/drug score, airway reactivity and immunological parameters namely IgE, IgG1 and IgG4, IL-4 and IFN-γ by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and western blotting using patients' sera at baseline and after 1year of treatment. RESULTS Immunotherapy with cockroach extract demonstrated significant improvement in clinical parameters of active group patients compared with baseline values and placebo group. Specific IgE levels showed a modest reduction, while IgG4 levels increased significantly in active IT group after 1year. IgE immunoblotting demonstrated reduction in intensity and number of specific bands, whereas IgG4 binding showed more number and distinct bands following IT. Active group patients showed correlation between increase in IgG4/IgG1 ratio and reduction in symptom score post-IT. CONCLUSIONS Immunotherapy with cockroach extract improved clinical and immunological status of asthma and rhinitis patients. Clinical improvement in patients after IT is associated with immunological changes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deepsikha Srivastava
- Allergy and Immunology Section, Institute of Genomics and Integrative Biology, CSIR, Delhi, India
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Srivastava D, Mehta AK, Arora N, Gaur SN, Singh BP. Proteolytically inactive per a 10 allergen of Periplaneta americana modulates Th2 response and enhances IL-10 in mouse model. J Clin Immunol 2010; 30:426-34. [PMID: 20072850 DOI: 10.1007/s10875-009-9362-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2009] [Accepted: 12/08/2009] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Purified allergens with reduced IgE reactivity are required to improve the safety and efficacy of allergen-specific immunotherapy (IT). OBJECTIVE The present study investigates the efficacy of purified cockroach allergen immunotherapy with proteolytically active and inactive Per a 10 in allergic mouse model. METHODS Balb/c mice were sensitized intraperitoneally with cockroach extract (CE) and purified allergen Per a 10 in separate groups. Mice were treated subcutaneously with phosphate-buffered saline (PBS), CE, active and inactive Per a 10 and challenged intranasally. Antigen specific IgE, IgG1 and IgG2a in serum and cytokines IL-4, IL-13, IFN-gamma, IL-10, TGF-beta in bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) fluid and spleen culture supernatant (CS) were estimated by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Lung histology was analyzed by hematoxylin and eosin staining. RESULTS IT with Per a 10 demonstrated significant reduction in IgE levels in serum, IL-4 levels in BAL fluid, CS, and eosinophilic infiltration in lungs than PBS-treated mice. This was associated with significantly increased IL-10 secretion in BAL fluid and CS. IT with Per a 10 effectively suppressed T-helper type 2 (Th2) response in mice sensitized with Per a 10 than CE group. Further, IT with inactive Per a 10 showed maximum reduction in systemic and airway inflammation and induced maximum IL-10 release in BAL fluid and CS than other antigens. CONCLUSIONS IT with Per a 10 effectively suppressed Th2 response and lung inflammation in Per a 10- or CE-sensitized mice. The beneficial effects of IT with inactive Per a 10 are more pronounced than active Per a 10.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deepsikha Srivastava
- Allergy and Immunology Section, Institute of Genomics and Integrative Biology (CSIR), Delhi University Campus, Room 509, Mall Road, Delhi, 110007, India
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Srivastava D, Singh BP, Arora N, Gaur SN. Clinico-immunologic study on immunotherapy with mixed and single insect allergens. J Clin Immunol 2009; 29:665-73. [PMID: 19533313 DOI: 10.1007/s10875-009-9307-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2009] [Accepted: 05/21/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Immunotherapy (IT) is practiced mainly with mixed and single allergen vaccines. But studies are rare with mixed allergen preparations. OBJECTIVE The objective of this study is to study mix and single insect allergen IT in patients of allergic rhinitis and asthma. METHODS We performed a double-blind placebo-controlled trial of mix and single allergen IT for 1 year in 99 patients of asthma or rhinitis or both. There were two groups, (1) active allergen IT (n = 61) with three subgroups single insect extract (cockroach, housefly, or mosquito) and mix allergen IT (two or three insect extracts) and (2) placebo (n = 38). Clinical (skin reactivity, airway reactivity, and symptom score) and immunological (IgE/IgG4 and IgG1/IgG4 ratio) parameters were assessed at baseline and after 1 year of IT. RESULTS Eighty-five patients completed 1 year of IT. The active allergen IT group patients showed a significant improvement compared to baseline values (p < 0.05) and placebo group patients (p < 0.05) with regard to symptom scores, FEV1 values, and immunological parameters (IgG4). No significant difference was found between mixed and single IT group patients for changes in clinical and immunological parameters. Positive correlation was observed between increase in IgG4 and clinical improvement. The changes in above parameters in placebo group were nonsignificant after 1 year of treatment. CONCLUSION IT with two to three mix extract from the same allergen group is effective for insect hypersensitivity.
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Sudha VT, Arora N, Singh BP. Serine protease activity of Per a 10 augments allergen-induced airway inflammation in a mouse model. Eur J Clin Invest 2009; 39:507-16. [PMID: 19397689 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2362.2009.02112.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND We recently reported an immunodominant serine protease allergen (Per a 10) from Periplaneta americana. This study investigates the role of its proteolytic activity in driving the immune responses towards self and other allergens. MATERIALS AND METHODS Groups of Balb/c mice were sensitized intraperitoneally and subcutaneously with proteolytically active Per a 10 or inactivated Per a 10 (using aminoethyl benzenesulfonyl fluoride hydrochloride) or whole body P. americana extract and subsequently challenged intranasally with the respective antigens. Mice were also sensitized and challenged with ovalbumin (OVA) alone or co-administered with active or inactive Per a 10. The immune-inflammatory responses were measured by airway hyperresponsiveness (AHR) and cellular infiltration of lungs i.e. eosinophil counts, eosinophil peroxidase (EPO) activity, myeloperoxidase activity (MPO), lung histopathology, serum levels of specific-antibodies and levels of Th1/Th2 interleukins in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) and in spleen cells culture supernatant. RESULTS Mice challenged with active Per a 10/P. americana extract showed a significant airway inflammation demonstrated by enhanced AHR and increased cellular infiltration of lungs as evidenced by high eosinophil counts, EPO activity, IL-4 and IL-5 in BALF. Active Per a 10 also induced a significant proliferation of spleen cells, increased secretion of IL-4 and IL-5 in the spleen cells culture supernatant and systemic production of specific-IgE and IgG1. However, exposure with inactive Per a 10 elicited a low cellular infiltration and systemic antibody production. Exposure to OVA with active Per a 10 demonstrated a significantly high cellular infiltration and production of OVA-specific IgE and IgG1, than exposure to OVA alone or with inactive Per a 10. CONCLUSIONS Proteolytic activity of Per a 10 plays an important role in driving the allergic immune response by providing an adjuvant effect, towards self and other potential allergens present in the same microenvironment.
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Affiliation(s)
- V T Sudha
- Institute of Genomics and Integrative Biology, Delhi, India
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Srivastava D, Arora N, Singh BP. Current immunological approaches for management of allergic rhinitis and bronchial asthma. Inflamm Res 2009; 58:523-36. [PMID: 19333724 DOI: 10.1007/s00011-009-0033-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2008] [Revised: 02/18/2009] [Accepted: 03/12/2009] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
A large population world over is affected with allergic diseases and asthma. Pharmacotherapy for allergic diseases and asthma is effective in controlling symptoms but on discontinuation of medication, symptoms reoccur. In contrast, immunotherapy modifies and corrects the underlying pathological immune responses in an antigen-specific manner. Immunotherapy shows an increase in IgG (blocking antibody) that competes with IgE for allergen, inhibiting the release of inflammatory mediators. Recent studies suggest that immunotherapy acts by modifying CD4+ T-cell responses either by immune deviation, T-cell anergy and/or both. Current immunological approaches for management of allergies and asthma involve immunization with native allergen, modified allergen, peptides/cDNA of allergen, anti-IgE, adjuvants coupled allergen, including immunostimulatory DNA sequences, cytokines, and bacterial products. These approaches modulate the immune response and are intended to give long-term benefit.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deepsikha Srivastava
- Allergy and Immunology Section, Institute of Genomics and Integrative Biology (CSIR), Delhi University Campus, Mall Road, Delhi, 110007, India
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Sudha VT, Arora N, Gaur SN, Pasha S, Singh BP. Identification of a serine protease as a major allergen (Per a 10) of Periplaneta americana. Allergy 2008; 63:768-76. [PMID: 18445191 DOI: 10.1111/j.1398-9995.2007.01602.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cockroach allergens are associated with the development of asthma, but none of these has been characterized for proteolytic activity. This study was undertaken to isolate and characterize a protease from Periplaneta americana and determine its allergenicity. METHODS A serine protease was isolated from P. americana extract using benzamidine sepharose column and characterized by immunobiochemical methods. Allergenicity of the protease was assessed by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, immunoblot, intradermal testing, histamine release and peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) proliferation. RESULTS Affinity purified protein of approximately 28 kDa (Per a 10) showed a single band of activity in gelatin zymogram and agarose plate assay. N-terminal sequence (IVGGRPAQI) revealed similarity with mite serine protease allergens and insect trypsins. It demonstrated proteolytic activity with azocollagen > gelatin > defatted-milk > casein including serine protease specific substrate, N-benzoyl-arginine-ethyl-ester-hydrochloride. It was inhibited by serine protease inhibitors, namely aprotinin > pefabloc > AEBSF > PMSF > benzamidine > antipain > leupeptin and trypsin-specific inhibitor (tosyl-lysyl-chloromethyl-ketone) suggesting it to be a trypsin-like serine protease. Per a 10 was recognized as a major allergen, showing IgE reactivity with >80% of cockroach sensitized patients by skin tests and immunoblot. It could induce significant histamine release (P < 0.05) in blood and secretion of interleukin-4 (IL-4) (P < 0.05) and IL-5 (P < 0.05) in culture supernatant of PBMCs from cockroach hypersensitive patients, suggesting a strong allergenic potency. CONCLUSION A serine protease isolated from P. americana was demonstrated to be a major allergen (Per a 10). It has a potential for component-based diagnosis of allergy and will be useful in elucidating the mechanism of allergy.
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Affiliation(s)
- V T Sudha
- Institute of Genomics and Integrative Biology, Delhi University Campus, Delhi, India
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Srivastava D, Singh BP, Sudha VT, Arora N, Gaur SN. Immunotherapy with mosquito (Culex quinquefasciatus) extract: a double-blind, placebo-controlled study. Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol 2007; 99:273-80. [PMID: 17910332 DOI: 10.1016/s1081-1206(10)60664-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Mosquito allergy is well established, but mosquito immunotherapy requires validation using clinical and immunologic variables. OBJECTIVE To evaluate the tolerability and efficacy of specific immunotherapy with Culex quinquefasciatus (mosquito) extract. METHODS We performed a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial of immunotherapy for 1 year in 40 patients with asthma, rhinitis, or both. Patients were evaluated by means of intradermal testing, symptom and drug scores, and histamine provocation testing before and after 1 year of immunotherapy. Mosquito specific IgE and IgG subclass antibody responses were evaluated at the basal level and after 1 year. RESULTS Patients receiving allergen immunotherapy for 1 year showed a significant improvement compared with baseline and patients receiving placebo regarding skin reactions, symptom scores (rhinitis and asthma), and forced expiratory volume in 1 second. Provocation concentration of histamine that caused a decrease in forced expiratory volume in 1 second of 20% by inhalation was elevated in the group receiving immunotherapy. In the active group serologic analysis showed a slight reduction in IgE levels (P = .02) but a significant elevation in IgG4 levels (P = .001), with a significant decrease in the IgE/IgG4 ratio (P = .001). All these changes in the placebo group were nonsignificant. CONCLUSIONS Allergen immunotherapy with mosquito extract was well tolerated, with improvement in symptoms and airway reactivity. Good clinical outcome was associated with increased IgG4 antibody levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deepsikha Srivastava
- Allergy and Immunology Sections, Institute of Genomics and Integrative Biology, Delhi, India
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Sudha VT, Srivastava D, Arora N, Gaur SN, Singh BP. Stability of protease-rich periplaneta Americana allergen extract during storage: formulating preservatives to enhance shelf life. J Clin Immunol 2007; 27:294-301. [PMID: 17318398 DOI: 10.1007/s10875-007-9078-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2006] [Accepted: 01/26/2007] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Allergenic proteins in extracts degrade rapidly and lose potency on storage. Hence, formulation of optimum conditions is required to enhance shelf life of extracts for proper allergy diagnosis and immunotherapy. In the present study, allergenic potency of P. americana proteins was evaluated after storage with epsilon-aminocaproic acid (EACA), sucrose, glycerol, pepstatin A, and aprotinin, individually for 1, 3, 6, and 12 months at 4, 25, and 37 degrees C. P. americana extract stored with EACA and sucrose individually retained potency comparable to proteins in standard extract (freeze-dried extract, stored at-70 degrees C) upto 6 months at 4 degrees C. The extracts without preservatives or with glycerol, pepstatin A, aprotinin, or stored at 37/25 degrees C were severely degraded and lost potency by 3 months. A formulation containing a combination of EACA and sucrose enhanced the shelf life of P. americana proteins upto 12 months at 4 degrees C. Hence, EACA and sucrose together show better potential for stabilization of protease-rich extracts.
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