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Kara DA, Borzova VA, Roman SG, Kleymenov SY, Chebotareva NA. Polyamines putrescine and spermidine as modulators of protein aggregation rate: The effect on DTT-induced aggregation of α-lactalbumin. Biochimie 2024:S0300-9084(24)00170-6. [PMID: 39033971 DOI: 10.1016/j.biochi.2024.07.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2024] [Revised: 07/01/2024] [Accepted: 07/18/2024] [Indexed: 07/23/2024]
Abstract
Protein aggregation is undesirable for cells due to its possible toxicity, and is also undesirable in biotechnology and pharmaceuticals. Polyamines are known to be capable of both suppressing and stimulating protein aggregation. In the present work polyamines (spermidine, putrescine) have been shown to alter the pathway of α-lactalbumin aggregation induced by dithiothreitol, leading to the formation of larger protein particles during the initial stages of aggregation and promoting the later stage of sticking of aggregates. According to the aggregation kinetics data, polyamines accelerate protein aggregation in a concentration-dependent manner, with a maximum at 50 mM spermidine and 100 mM putrescine. With a further increase in polyamines concentration the effect of aggregation acceleration decreased, thus, the modulation of the aggregation rate by polyamines was shown. A comparison of the aggregation kinetics and hydrodynamic radii growth data registered by dynamic light scattering with the data obtained by asymmetric flow field-flow fractionation and analytical ultracentrifugation allowed us to describe the early stages of aggregation and formation of initial α-lactalbumin clusters. Our results provide a deeper insight into the mechanism of amorphous aggregation of α-lactalbumin and polyamines action on protein aggregation and protein-protein interaction in general.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dmitriy A Kara
- Bach Institute of Biochemistry, Federal Research Centre "Fundamentals of Biotechnology" of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Leninsky pr. 33, Moscow, 119071, Russia
| | - Vera A Borzova
- Bach Institute of Biochemistry, Federal Research Centre "Fundamentals of Biotechnology" of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Leninsky pr. 33, Moscow, 119071, Russia.
| | - Svetlana G Roman
- Bach Institute of Biochemistry, Federal Research Centre "Fundamentals of Biotechnology" of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Leninsky pr. 33, Moscow, 119071, Russia
| | - Sergey Yu Kleymenov
- Bach Institute of Biochemistry, Federal Research Centre "Fundamentals of Biotechnology" of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Leninsky pr. 33, Moscow, 119071, Russia; Koltzov Institute of Developmental Biology of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Vavilova 26, Moscow, 119991, Russia
| | - Natalia A Chebotareva
- Bach Institute of Biochemistry, Federal Research Centre "Fundamentals of Biotechnology" of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Leninsky pr. 33, Moscow, 119071, Russia
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Mamsa SSA, Meloni BP. Arginine and Arginine-Rich Peptides as Modulators of Protein Aggregation and Cytotoxicity Associated With Alzheimer's Disease. Front Mol Neurosci 2021; 14:759729. [PMID: 34776866 PMCID: PMC8581540 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2021.759729] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2021] [Accepted: 09/29/2021] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
A substantial body of evidence indicates cationic, arginine-rich peptides (CARPs) are effective therapeutic compounds for a range of neurodegenerative pathologies, with beneficial effects including the reduction of excitotoxic cell death and mitochondrial dysfunction. CARPs, therefore, represent an emergent class of promising neurotherapeutics with multimodal mechanisms of action. Arginine itself is a known chaotrope, able to prevent misfolding and aggregation of proteins. The putative role of proteopathies in chronic neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer's disease (AD) warrants investigation into whether CARPs could also prevent the aggregation and cytotoxicity of amyloidogenic proteins, particularly amyloid-beta and tau. While monomeric arginine is well-established as an inhibitor of protein aggregation in solution, no studies have comprehensively discussed the anti-aggregatory properties of arginine and CARPs on proteins associated with neurodegenerative disease. Here, we review the structural, physicochemical, and self-associative properties of arginine and the guanidinium moiety, to explore the mechanisms underlying the modulation of protein aggregation by monomeric and multimeric arginine molecules. Arginine-rich peptide-based inhibitors of amyloid-beta and tau aggregation are discussed, as well as further modulatory roles which could reduce proteopathic cytotoxicity, in the context of therapeutic development for AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Somayra S A Mamsa
- School of Molecular Sciences, Faculty of Science, The University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia.,Perron Institute for Neurological and Translational Science, QEII Medical Centre, Perth, WA, Australia
| | - Bruno P Meloni
- Perron Institute for Neurological and Translational Science, QEII Medical Centre, Perth, WA, Australia.,Centre for Neuromuscular and Neurological Disorders, The University of Western Australia, Crawley, WA, Australia.,Department of Neurology, Sir Charles Gairdner Hospital, QEII Medical Centre, Perth, WA, Australia
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Zhu Q, Chen Z, Paul PK, Lu Y, Wu W, Qi J. Oral delivery of proteins and peptides: Challenges, status quo and future perspectives. Acta Pharm Sin B 2021; 11:2416-2448. [PMID: 34522593 PMCID: PMC8424290 DOI: 10.1016/j.apsb.2021.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 117] [Impact Index Per Article: 39.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2020] [Revised: 01/29/2021] [Accepted: 02/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Proteins and peptides (PPs) have gradually become more attractive therapeutic molecules than small molecular drugs due to their high selectivity and efficacy, but fewer side effects. Owing to the poor stability and limited permeability through gastrointestinal (GI) tract and epithelia, the therapeutic PPs are usually administered by parenteral route. Given the big demand for oral administration in clinical use, a variety of researches focused on developing new technologies to overcome GI barriers of PPs, such as enteric coating, enzyme inhibitors, permeation enhancers, nanoparticles, as well as intestinal microdevices. Some new technologies have been developed under clinical trials and even on the market. This review summarizes the history, the physiological barriers and the overcoming approaches, current clinical and preclinical technologies, and future prospects of oral delivery of PPs.
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Key Words
- ASBT, apical sodium-dependent bile acid transporter
- BSA, bovine serum albumin
- CAGR, compound annual growth
- CD, Crohn's disease
- COPD, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
- CPP, cell penetrating peptide
- CaP, calcium phosphate
- Clinical
- DCs, dendritic cells
- DDVAP, desmopressin acetate
- DTPA, diethylene triamine pentaacetic acid
- EDTA, ethylene diamine tetraacetic acid
- EPD, empirical phase diagrams
- EPR, electron paramagnetic resonance
- Enzyme inhibitor
- FA, folic acid
- FDA, U.S. Food and Drug Administration
- FcRn, Fc receptor
- GALT, gut-associated lymphoid tissue
- GI, gastrointestinal
- GIPET, gastrointestinal permeation enhancement technology
- GLP-1, glucagon-like peptide 1
- GRAS, generally recognized as safe
- HBsAg, hepatitis B surface antigen
- HPMCP, hydroxypropyl methylcellulose phthalate
- IBD, inflammatory bowel disease
- ILs, ionic liquids
- LBNs, lipid-based nanoparticles
- LMWP, low molecular weight protamine
- MCT-1, monocarborxylate transporter 1
- MSNs, mesoporous silica nanoparticles
- NAC, N-acetyl-l-cysteine
- NLCs, nanostructured lipid carriers
- Oral delivery
- PAA, polyacrylic acid
- PBPK, physiologically based pharmacokinetics
- PCA, principal component analysis
- PCL, polycarprolacton
- PGA, poly-γ-glutamic acid
- PLA, poly(latic acid)
- PLGA, poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid)
- PPs, proteins and peptides
- PVA, poly vinyl alcohol
- Peptides
- Permeation enhancer
- Proteins
- RGD, Arg-Gly-Asp
- RTILs, room temperature ionic liquids
- SAR, structure–activity relationship
- SDC, sodium deoxycholate
- SGC, sodium glycocholate
- SGF, simulated gastric fluids
- SIF, simulated intestinal fluids
- SLNs, solid lipid nanoparticles
- SNAC, sodium N-[8-(2-hydroxybenzoyl)amino]caprylate
- SNEDDS, self-nanoemulsifying drug delivery systems
- STC, sodium taurocholate
- Stability
- TAT, trans-activating transcriptional peptide
- TMC, N-trimethyl chitosan
- Tf, transferrin
- TfR, transferrin receptors
- UC, ulcerative colitis
- UEA1, ulex europaeus agglutinin 1
- VB12, vitamin B12
- WGA, wheat germ agglutinin
- pHPMA, N-(2-hydroxypropyl)methacrylamide
- pI, isoelectric point
- sCT, salmon calcitonin
- sc, subcutaneous
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Affiliation(s)
- Quangang Zhu
- Shanghai Skin Disease Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200443, China
| | - Zhongjian Chen
- Shanghai Skin Disease Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200443, China
| | - Pijush Kumar Paul
- Shanghai Skin Disease Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200443, China
- Department of Pharmacy, Gono Bishwabidyalay (University), Mirzanagar Savar, Dhaka 1344, Bangladesh
| | - Yi Lu
- Shanghai Skin Disease Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200443, China
- Key Laboratory of Smart Drug Delivery of MOE, School of Pharmacy, Fudan University, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Wei Wu
- Shanghai Skin Disease Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200443, China
- Key Laboratory of Smart Drug Delivery of MOE, School of Pharmacy, Fudan University, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Jianping Qi
- Shanghai Skin Disease Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200443, China
- Key Laboratory of Smart Drug Delivery of MOE, School of Pharmacy, Fudan University, Shanghai 201203, China
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Rasteniene A, Gruskiene R, Sereikaite J. Interaction of ectoine and hydroxyectoine with protein: fluorescence study. CHEMICAL PAPERS 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s11696-021-01527-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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N-Acetylated-L-arginine (NALA) is an enhanced protein aggregation suppressor under interfacial stresses and elevated temperature for protein liquid formulations. Int J Biol Macromol 2020; 166:654-664. [PMID: 33137385 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2020.10.223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2020] [Revised: 10/19/2020] [Accepted: 10/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Even though arginine hydrochloride has been recognized as a protein aggregation suppressor in the biopharmaceutical industry, its use has been questioned due to decreasing transition unfolding temperatures (Tm). Four compounds were designed to enhance the role of arginine by changing the length of the carbon chain with removal or N-acetylation of α-amino group. Biophysical properties were observed by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), dynamic light scattering (DLS), size-exclusion chromatography (SEC), and flow imaging (FI). N-Acetyl-L-arginine (NALA) performed the best at minimizing decrease in Tm with arginine at different pH. NALA also demonstrated relatively higher colloidal stability than arginine hydrochloride, especially in the acidic pH, thereby reducing agitation stress of IgG. Moreover, NALA exhibited a cooperative effect with commercially used glycine buffer for IVIG to maintain the monomer contents with almost no change and suppressed larger particle formation after agitation with heat. The study concludes that the decreasing Tm of proteins by arginine hydrochloride is due to amide group in the α-carbon chain. Moreover, chemical modification on the group compared to removing it will be a breakthrough of arginine's limitations and optimize storage stability of protein therapeutics.
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Sun C, Liu M, Sun P, Yang M, Yates EA, Guo Z, Fernig DG. Sulfated polysaccharides interact with fibroblast growth factors and protect from denaturation. FEBS Open Bio 2019; 9:1477-1487. [PMID: 31271519 PMCID: PMC6668377 DOI: 10.1002/2211-5463.12696] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2019] [Revised: 06/26/2019] [Accepted: 07/03/2019] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Fibroblast growth factors (FGFs) regulate embryonic development and homeostasis, including tissue and organ repair and specific aspects of metabolism. The basic FGF and acidic FGF, now known as FGF2 and FGF1, are widely used protein drugs for tissue repair. However, they are susceptible to denaturation at ambient temperatures and during long-time storage, which will reduce their biological activity. The interaction of FGFs with the sulfated domains of heparan sulfate and heparin is essential for their cellular signaling and stability. Therefore, we analyzed the interactions of FGF1 and FGF2 with four sulfated polysaccharides: heparin, dextran sulfate (DXS), λ-carrageenan, and chondroitin sulfate. The results of thermal stability and cell proliferation assays demonstrate that heparin, DXS, and λ-carrageenan bound to both FGFs and protected them from denaturation. Our results suggest heparin, DXS, and λ-carrageenan are potential formulation materials that bind and stabilize FGFs, and which may also potentiate their activity and control their delivery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Changye Sun
- Henan Key Laboratory of Medical Tissue RegenerationXinxiang Medical UniversityChina
| | - Mengxin Liu
- Henan Key Laboratory of Medical Tissue RegenerationXinxiang Medical UniversityChina
| | - Panwen Sun
- Henan Key Laboratory of Medical Tissue RegenerationXinxiang Medical UniversityChina
| | - Mingming Yang
- Department of CardiologySchool of MedicineAffiliated Zhongda HospitalSoutheast UniversityNanjingChina
| | - Edwin A. Yates
- Department of BiochemistryInstitute of Integrative BiologyUniversity of LiverpoolUK
| | - Zhikun Guo
- Henan Key Laboratory of Medical Tissue RegenerationXinxiang Medical UniversityChina
| | - David G. Fernig
- Department of BiochemistryInstitute of Integrative BiologyUniversity of LiverpoolUK
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Falconer RJ. Advances in liquid formulations of parenteral therapeutic proteins. Biotechnol Adv 2019; 37:107412. [PMID: 31254660 DOI: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2019.06.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2019] [Revised: 05/25/2019] [Accepted: 06/24/2019] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Liquid formulation of therapeutic proteins is a maturing technology. Demand for products that are easy to use in the clinic or that are amenable to self-administration make a ready to use liquid formulation desirable. Most modern liquid formulations have a simple composition; comprising a buffer, a tonicity modifier, a surfactant, sometimes a stabiliser, the therapeutic protein and water. Recent formulations of monoclonal antibodies often use histidine or acetate as the buffer, sucrose or trehalose as the tonicity modifier and polysorbate 20 or 80 as the surfactant with a pH of 5.7 +/- 0.4. The mechanisms for the behaviour of excipients is still debated by academics so formulation design is still a black art. Fortunately, a statistical approach like design of experiment is suitable for formulation development and has been successful when combined with accelerated stability experimentation. The development of prefilled syringes and pens has added low viscosity and shear resistance to the quality attributes for a successful formulation. To achieve patient compliance for self-administration, formulations that cause minimal pain and tissue damage is also desirable.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert J Falconer
- Department of Chemical Engineering & Advanced Materials, University of Adelaide, South Australia 5005, Australia.
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8
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Souery WN, Arun Kumar S, Prasca-Chamorro D, Moore DM, Good J, Bishop CJ. Controlling and quantifying the stability of amino acid-based cargo within polymeric delivery systems. J Control Release 2019; 300:102-113. [PMID: 30826372 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2019.02.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2018] [Revised: 02/26/2019] [Accepted: 02/27/2019] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
In recent years, the rapid growth and availability of protein and peptide therapeutics has not only expanded the boundaries of modern science but has also revolutionized the practice of medicine today. The potential of such therapies, however, is greatly limited by the innate instabilities of proteins and peptides, which is further magnified during therapeutic formulation processing, transport, storage, and administration. In this paper, we will consider the unique stability challenges associated with protein/peptide polymeric delivery systems from an engineering approach oriented towards the quantification and modification of amino acid-based cargo stability. While a number of methods have been developed for the purposes of quantifying factors affecting protein and peptide stability, current measurement techniques remain largely limited in scope in regard to polymeric drug delivery systems. This paper will primarily describe the influence of water content, pH, and temperature on protein and peptide stability within polymer-based delivery systems. Moreover, we will review current instrumentation used to quantify factors affecting protein/peptide stability with respect to water content, pH, and temperature. Lastly, we will outline several recommendations to help guide future research efforts to develop methods more specific to quantifying protein/peptide stability within polymer-based delivery systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Whitney Nicole Souery
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Texas A&M University, Emerging Technologies Building, 101 Bizzell St., College Station, TX 77843, USA.
| | - Shreedevi Arun Kumar
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Texas A&M University, Emerging Technologies Building, 101 Bizzell St., College Station, TX 77843, USA.
| | - Daniel Prasca-Chamorro
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Texas A&M University, Emerging Technologies Building, 101 Bizzell St., College Station, TX 77843, USA.
| | - David Mitchell Moore
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Texas A&M University, Emerging Technologies Building, 101 Bizzell St., College Station, TX 77843, USA.
| | - Jacob Good
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Texas A&M University, Emerging Technologies Building, 101 Bizzell St., College Station, TX 77843, USA.
| | - Corey J Bishop
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Texas A&M University, Emerging Technologies Building, 101 Bizzell St., College Station, TX 77843, USA.
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Sviben D, Bertoša B, Hloušek-Kasun A, Forcic D, Halassy B, Brgles M. Investigation of the thermal shift assay and its power to predict protein and virus stabilizing conditions. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2018; 161:73-82. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2018.08.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2018] [Revised: 07/30/2018] [Accepted: 08/07/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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Cirkovas A, Sereikaite J. Influence ofl-homoarginine as an analogue ofl-arginine on the heat-induced aggregation of proteins. Biotechnol Prog 2015; 31:808-14. [DOI: 10.1002/btpr.2081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2014] [Revised: 03/06/2015] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Andrejus Cirkovas
- Dept. of Chemistry and Bioengineering; Vilnius Gediminas Technical University; Vilnius Lithuania
| | - Jolanta Sereikaite
- Dept. of Chemistry and Bioengineering; Vilnius Gediminas Technical University; Vilnius Lithuania
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11
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Nuhu MM, Curtis R. Arginine dipeptides affect insulin aggregation in a pH- and ionic strength-dependent manner. Biotechnol J 2015; 10:404-16. [PMID: 25611817 DOI: 10.1002/biot.201400190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2014] [Revised: 12/17/2014] [Accepted: 01/20/2015] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Solutions containing arginine or mixtures of arginine and other amino acids are commonly used for protein liquid formulations to overcome problems such as high viscosities, aggregation, and phase separation. The aim of this work is to examine whether the stabilizing properties of arginine can be improved by incorporating the amino acid into a dipeptide. A series of arginine-containing dipeptides have been tested for their ability to suppress insulin aggregation over a range of pH and ionic strength. The aggregation is monitored at room temperature using a combination of turbidimetry and light scattering for solutions at pH 5.5 or 3.7, whereas thermal-induced aggregation is measured at pH 7.5. In addition, intrinsic fluorescence has been used to quantify additive binding to insulin. The dipeptide diArg is the most effective additive in solutions at pH 5.5 and 3.7, whereas the dipeptide Arg-Phe almost completely eliminates thermally-induced aggregation of insulin at pH 7.5 up to temperature of 90°C. Insulin has been chosen as a model system because the molecular forces controlling its aggregation are well known. From this understanding, we are able to provide a molecular basis for how the various dipeptides affect insulin aggregation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariam M Nuhu
- School of Chemical Engineering and Analytical Sciences, The University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
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Smirnova E, Safenkova I, Stein-Margolina B, Shubin V, Gurvits B. L-arginine induces protein aggregation and transformation of supramolecular structures of the aggregates. Amino Acids 2013; 45:845-55. [PMID: 23744402 DOI: 10.1007/s00726-013-1528-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2013] [Accepted: 05/29/2013] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Protein misfolding, self-assembly, and aggregation are an essential problem in cell biology, biotechnology, and biomedicine. The protein aggregates are very different morphologically varying from soluble amorphous aggregates to highly ordered amyloid-like fibrils. The objective of this study was to elucidate the role of the amino acid L-arginine (Arg), a widely used suppressor of protein aggregation, in the regulation of transformations of soluble aggregation-prone proteins into supramolecular structures of higher order. However, a striking potential of Arg to govern the initial events in the process of protein aggregation has been revealed under environment conditions where the protein aggregation in its absence was not observed. Using dynamic light scattering we have demonstrated that Arg (10-100 mM) dramatically accelerated the dithiothreitol-induced aggregation of acidic model proteins. The inhibitory effect on the protein aggregation was revealed at higher concentrations of Arg. Using atomic force microscopy it was shown that aggregation of α-lactalbumin from bovine milk induced upon addition of Arg reached a state of formation of supramolecular structures of non-fibrillar species profoundly differing from those of the individual protein in type, size, and shape. The interaction of another positively charged amino acid L-lysine with α-lactalbumin also resulted in profound acceleration of the aggregation process and transformation of supramolecular structures of the aggregates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ekaterina Smirnova
- A. N. Bach Institute of Biochemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, 119071, Moscow, Russia
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Lee HJ, Park JY, Yoo KS, Yoon J, Kim YH, Min J. Activity and characterization of mixed organic compounds extracted from Rhodobacter sphaeroides as alternative materials to serum for mammalian cell growth. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2012; 97:9561-7. [DOI: 10.1007/s00253-012-4653-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2012] [Revised: 12/05/2012] [Accepted: 12/11/2012] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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Mark JK, Dionne S, Cyr TD, Boucher S, Girard M, Hefford MA. Utility of standard pharmacopeial and nonpharmacopeial methods in distinguishing folded, unfolded, and process variant forms of interferon α-2. J Pharm Sci 2012; 101:3672-86. [DOI: 10.1002/jps.23276] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2012] [Revised: 06/20/2012] [Accepted: 07/06/2012] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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