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Manderson T, Loizides U, Dominici M, Robertson JS, Balocco R. New WHO INN for cell-based and gene-based substances: timing, usage, and simplicity. Lancet 2024; 404:1302-1303. [PMID: 39368836 DOI: 10.1016/s0140-6736(24)01858-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2024] [Accepted: 08/30/2024] [Indexed: 10/07/2024]
Affiliation(s)
- Tony Manderson
- Department of Health, Therapeutic Goods Administration, Woden, Canberra, ACT, Australia
| | - Ursula Loizides
- INN Programme and Classification of Medical Products, INN/HPS/MHP, WHO, Geneva 1211, Switzerland
| | - Massimo Dominici
- Laboratory of Cellular Therapy, Division of Oncology, Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University Hospital of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy
| | | | - Raffaella Balocco
- INN Programme and Classification of Medical Products, INN/HPS/MHP, WHO, Geneva 1211, Switzerland.
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Zhu J, Hongler VNS, Merlo L, Schmidt V, Mueller SM. Mnemonic aids for therapeutic monoclonal antibodies and small molecules. Clin Dermatol 2023; 41:436-439. [PMID: 37536572 DOI: 10.1016/j.clindermatol.2023.07.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/05/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Jie Zhu
- Department of Dermatology, University Hospital Basel, Basel, Switzerland.
| | | | - Lorena Merlo
- Department of Dermatology, University Hospital Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Veronika Schmidt
- Department of Dermatology, University Hospital Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Simon M Mueller
- Department of Dermatology, University Hospital Basel, Basel, Switzerland
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Robertson JS, Loizides U, Adisa A, López de la Rica Manjavacas A, Rodilla V, Strnadova C, Weisser K, Balocco R. International Nonproprietary Names (INN) for novel vaccine substances: A matter of safety. Vaccine 2022; 40:21-27. [PMID: 34844820 PMCID: PMC8625196 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2021.11.054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2021] [Revised: 11/17/2021] [Accepted: 11/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
What is an International Nonproprietary Name (INN)? What type of vaccine can be assigned an INN? What is the value of having an INN for vaccines?
International Nonproprietary Names (INN) are assigned by the World Health Organization (WHO) to pharmaceutical substances to ensure global recognition by a unique name. INN facilitate safe prescribing through naming consistency, efficient communication and exchange of information, transnational access and pharmacovigilance of medicinal products. Traditional vaccines such as inactivated or live-attenuated vaccines have not been assigned INN and provision of a general name falls within the scope of the WHO Expert Committee on Biological Standardization (ECBS). However, novel vaccines that contain well-defined active ingredients such as nucleic acids or recombinant proteins fulfil the criteria to be assigned INN. In the current environment where multiple SARS-CoV-2 vaccines are being developed to combat the COVID-19 pandemic and with virus variants emerging, assigning INN to well-defined vaccine substances will strengthen pharmacovigilance and ultimately enhance the safety of vaccine recipients. This article examines the background to INN for vaccines and explains the applicability and value of assigning INN to novel well-defined vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ursula Loizides
- INN Programme and Classification of Medical Products, INN/HPS/MHP, World Health Organization, 1211 Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Akinola Adisa
- Therapeutic Goods Administration, Department of Health, Woden ACT 2606, Australia
| | | | - Vicente Rodilla
- Universidad CEU Cardenal Herrera, Alfara del Patriarca, 46113 Valencia, Spain
| | - Colette Strnadova
- Health Canada, Health Products and Food Branch, Ottawa, Ontario K1A 0K9, Canada
| | - Karin Weisser
- Division Safety of Medicinal Products and Medical Devices, Paul-Ehrlich-Institut (Federal Institute for Vaccines and Biomedicines), Paul-Ehrlich-Strasse 7, 63225 Langen, Germany
| | - Raffaella Balocco
- INN Programme and Classification of Medical Products, INN/HPS/MHP, World Health Organization, 1211 Geneva, Switzerland.
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Guimaraes Koch SS, Thorpe R, Kawasaki N, Lefranc MP, Malan S, Martin AC, Mignot G, Plückthun A, Rizzi M, Shubat S, Weisser K, Balocco R. International nonproprietary names for monoclonal antibodies: an evolving nomenclature system. MAbs 2022; 14:2075078. [PMID: 35584276 PMCID: PMC9122354 DOI: 10.1080/19420862.2022.2075078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Appropriate nomenclature for all pharmaceutical substances is important for clinical development, licensing, prescribing, pharmacovigilance, and identification of counterfeits. Nonproprietary names that are unique and globally recognized for all pharmaceutical substances are assigned by the International Nonproprietary Names (INN) Programme of the World Health Organization (WHO). In 1991, the INN Programme implemented the first nomenclature scheme for monoclonal antibodies. To accompany biotechnological development, this nomenclature scheme has evolved over the years; however, since the scheme was introduced, all pharmacological substances that contained an immunoglobulin variable domain were coined with the stem -mab. To date, there are 879 INN with the stem -mab. Owing to this high number of names ending in -mab, devising new and distinguishable INN has become a challenge. The WHO INN Expert Group therefore decided to revise the system to ease this situation. The revised system was approved and adopted by the WHO at the 73rd INN Consultation held in October 2021, and the radical decision was made to discontinue the use of the well-known stem -mab in naming new antibody-based drugs and going forward, to replace it with four new stems: -tug, -bart, -mig, and -ment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sofia S. Guimaraes Koch
- INN Unit, WHO, Geneva, Switzerland,CONTACT Sofia S. Guimaraes Koch INN Unit, WHO, GenevaCH-1211, Switzerland
| | | | | | - Marie-Paule Lefranc
- Institut Universitaire de France, Université de Montpellier, Laboratoire d’ImmunoGénétique Moléculaire LIGM, Institut de Génétique Humaine IGH, Montpellier, France
| | - Sarel Malan
- School of Pharmacy, University of the Western Cape, Bellville, South Africa
| | - Andrew C.R. Martin
- Institute of Structural & Molecular Biology, Division of Biosciences, University College London, London, UK
| | | | - Andreas Plückthun
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Menico Rizzi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Piemonte Orientale, Novara, Italy
| | - Stephanie Shubat
- United States Adopted Names (USAN) Program, Chicago, Illinois, USA
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Balocco R, De Sousa Guimaraes Koch S, Thorpe R, Weisser K, Malan S. New INN nomenclature for monoclonal antibodies. Lancet 2022; 399:24. [PMID: 34973717 DOI: 10.1016/s0140-6736(21)02732-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2021] [Accepted: 11/22/2021] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Sarel Malan
- School of Pharmacy, University of the Western Cape, Cape Town, South Africa
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Abstract
Polyclonal immunoglobulin (Ig) preparations have been used for several decades for treatment of primary and secondary immunodeficiencies and for treatment of some infections and intoxications. This has demonstrated the importance of Igs, also called antibodies (Abs) for prevention and elimination of infections. Moreover, elucidation of the structure and functions of Abs has suggested that they might be useful for targeted treatment of several diseases, including cancers and autoimmune diseases. The development of technologies for production of specific monoclonal Abs (MAbs) in large amounts has led to the production of highly effective therapeutic antibodies (TAbs), a collective term for MAbs (MAbs) with demonstrated clinical efficacy in one or more diseases. The number of approved TAbs is currently around hundred, and an even larger number is under development, including several engineered and modified Ab formats. The use of TAbs has provided new treatment options for many severe diseases, but prediction of clinical effect is difficult, and many patients eventually lose effect, possibly due to development of Abs to the TAbs or to other reasons. The therapeutic efficacy of TAbs can be ascribed to one or more effects, including binding and neutralization of targets, direct cytotoxicity, Ab-dependent complement-dependent cytotoxicity, Ab-dependent cellular cytotoxicity or others. The therapeutic options for TAbs have been expanded by development of several new formats of TAbs, including bispecific Abs, single domain Abs, TAb-drug conjugates, and the use of TAbs for targeted activation of immune cells. Most promisingly, current research and development can be expected to increase the number of clinical conditions, which may benefit from TAbs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gunnar Houen
- Department of Neurology, Rigshospitalet, Glostrup, Denmark.
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Loizides U, Dominici M, Manderson T, Rizzi M, Robertson JS, de Sousa Guimarães Koch S, Timón M, Balocco R. The harmonization of World Health Organization International Nonproprietary Names definitions for cell and cell-based gene therapy substances: when a name is not enough. Cytotherapy 2021; 23:357-366. [PMID: 33820700 PMCID: PMC8111414 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcyt.2021.02.114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2021] [Revised: 02/26/2021] [Accepted: 02/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
The World Health Organization (WHO) assigns International Nonproprietary Names (INN) to pharmaceutical substances, including advanced therapy medicinal products, to ensure that each substance is globally recognized by a unique name. The majority of INN are published in the WHO Drug Information in accordance with the nomenclature rules of the International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry. However, advanced therapy medicinal products, and in particular cell therapy and cell-based gene therapy substances, cannot be defined by such chemical nomenclature. Instead, they are published together with a textual definition paragraph to unambiguously describe their characteristics. These definitions are an integral part of the INN nomenclature system, and their presence contributes to pharmacovigilance and patient safety, as they help to distinguish regulated substances from cell-based interventions that have no INN and are marketed without regulatory oversight. Particular attention is therefore allocated to these descriptive paragraphs, as they form the basis for defining the uniqueness of a particular cell substance. This review describes the INN nomenclature system for cell-based substances and focuses on the progress made by the WHO INN Programme to develop and harmonize these definition paragraphs, which is reflected in a newly revised INN application form for cell therapy substances.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ursula Loizides
- International Nonproprietary Names Programme and Classification of Medical Products Unit, Health Products Policy and Standards Department, World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland.
| | - Massimo Dominici
- Laboratory of Cellular Therapy, Division of Oncology, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy
| | - Tony Manderson
- Department of Health, Therapeutic Goods Administration, Woden, Australian Capital Territory, Canberra, Australia
| | - Menico Rizzi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Piemonte Orientale, Novara, Italy
| | | | - Sofia de Sousa Guimarães Koch
- International Nonproprietary Names Programme and Classification of Medical Products Unit, Health Products Policy and Standards Department, World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Marcos Timón
- Agencia Española de Medicamentos y Productos Sanitarios, Madrid, Spain
| | - Raffaella Balocco
- International Nonproprietary Names Programme and Classification of Medical Products Unit, Health Products Policy and Standards Department, World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland
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Serafini M, Cargnin S, Massarotti A, Tron GC, Pirali T, Genazzani AA. What's in a Name? Drug Nomenclature and Medicinal Chemistry Trends using INN Publications. J Med Chem 2021; 64:4410-4429. [PMID: 33847110 PMCID: PMC8154580 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.1c00181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The World Health Organization assigns international nonproprietary names (INN), also known as common names, to compounds upon request from drug developers. Structures of INNs are publicly available and represent a source, albeit underused, to understand trends in drug research and development. Here, we explain how a common drug name is composed and analyze chemical entities from 2000 to 2021. In the analysis, we describe some changes that intertwine chemical structure, newer therapeutic targets (e.g., kinases), including a significant increase in the use of fluorine and of heterocycles, and some other evolutionary modifications, such as the progressive increase in molecular weight. Alongside these, small signs of change can be spotted, such as the rise in spirocyclic scaffolds and small rings and the emergence of unconventional structural moieties that might forecast the future to come.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Gian Cesare Tron
- Department of Pharmaceutical
Sciences, Università del Piemonte
Orientale, Largo Donegani 2, 28100 Novara, Italy
| | - Tracey Pirali
- Department of Pharmaceutical
Sciences, Università del Piemonte
Orientale, Largo Donegani 2, 28100 Novara, Italy
| | - Armando A. Genazzani
- Department of Pharmaceutical
Sciences, Università del Piemonte
Orientale, Largo Donegani 2, 28100 Novara, Italy
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