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Lee KH, Wang CY, Tsai YR, Huang SY, Huang WT, Kasimayan U, K P O M, Chiang YC. Epigallocatechin gallate-immobilized antimicrobial resin with rechargeable fluorinated synergistic composite for enhanced caries control. Dent Mater 2024; 40:407-419. [PMID: 38123384 DOI: 10.1016/j.dental.2023.12.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2023] [Revised: 12/10/2023] [Accepted: 12/11/2023] [Indexed: 12/23/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Given the global prevalence of dental caries, impacting 2.5 billion individuals, the development of sophisticated prevention filling materials is crucial. Streptococcus mutans, the principal caries-causing strain, produces acids that demineralize teeth and initiate dental caries. To address this issue, we aimed to develop a synergistic resin-based composite for enhancing caries control. METHODS The synergistic resin composite incorporates fluorinated kaolinite and silanized Al2O3 nanoparticle fillers into an epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG) immobilized urethane-modified epoxy acrylate (U-EA) resin matrix, referred to the as-prepared resin composite. The EGCG-modified TPGDA/U-EA network was synthesized by preparing methacrylate-functionalized isocyanate (HI), reacting it with EGCG to form HI-EGCG, and then incorporating HI-EGCG into the TPGDA/U-EA matrix. The lamellar space within the kaolinite layer was expanded through the intercalation of acrylamide into kaolinite, enhancing its capability to adsorb and release fluoride ions (F-). The layered structure of acrylamide/ kaolinite in the U-EA resin composite acts as a F- reservoir. RESULTS The physico-mechanical properties of the as-prepared resin composites are comparable to those of commercial products, exhibiting lower polymerization shrinkage, substantial F- release and recharge and favorable diametral tensile strength. The immobilized EGCG in the composite exhibits potent antimicrobial properties, effectively reducing the biofilm biomass. Furthermore, the synergistic effect of EGCG and fluorinated kaolinite efficiently counteracts acid-induced hydroxyapatite dissolution, thereby suppressing demineralization and promoting enamel remineralization. SIGNIFICANCE Our innovative EGCG and fluoride synergistic composite provides enhanced antimicrobial properties, durable anti-demineralization, and tooth remineralization effects, positioning it as a promising solution for effective caries control and long-term dental maintenance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kuan-Han Lee
- Department of Dentistry, Shin Kong Wu Ho-Su Memorial Hospital, Taipei 111, Taiwan; Graduate Institute of Clinical Dentistry, School of Dentistry, National Taiwan University, 1, Chang-de Street, Taipei 10016, Taiwan
| | - Chen-Ying Wang
- Graduate Institute of Clinical Dentistry, School of Dentistry, National Taiwan University, 1, Chang-de Street, Taipei 10016, Taiwan; Division of Periodontology, Department of Dentistry, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taiwan
| | - Yun-Rong Tsai
- Graduate Institute of Clinical Dentistry, School of Dentistry, National Taiwan University, 1, Chang-de Street, Taipei 10016, Taiwan; Division of Restorative and Esthetic Dentistry, Department of Dentistry, National Taiwan University Hospital, 1, Chang-de Street, Taipei 10016, Taiwan
| | - Szu-Ying Huang
- Graduate Institute of Clinical Dentistry, School of Dentistry, National Taiwan University, 1, Chang-de Street, Taipei 10016, Taiwan; Division of Restorative and Esthetic Dentistry, Department of Dentistry, National Taiwan University Hospital, 1, Chang-de Street, Taipei 10016, Taiwan
| | - Wei-Te Huang
- School of Dentistry, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei 114, Taiwan
| | - Uma Kasimayan
- Graduate Institute of Clinical Dentistry, School of Dentistry, National Taiwan University, 1, Chang-de Street, Taipei 10016, Taiwan
| | - Mahesh K P O
- Graduate Institute of Clinical Dentistry, School of Dentistry, National Taiwan University, 1, Chang-de Street, Taipei 10016, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Chih Chiang
- Graduate Institute of Clinical Dentistry, School of Dentistry, National Taiwan University, 1, Chang-de Street, Taipei 10016, Taiwan; Division of Restorative and Esthetic Dentistry, Department of Dentistry, National Taiwan University Hospital, 1, Chang-de Street, Taipei 10016, Taiwan; School of Dentistry, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 80708, Taiwan; Molecular Imaging Center, National Taiwan University, Taipei 10617, Taiwan.
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Zhang S, Liu F, He J. Enhanced anti-bacterial adhesion effect of FDMA/SR833s based dental resin composites by using 1H,1H-heptafluorobutyl methacrylate as partial diluent. Biomater Investig Dent 2023; 10:2281090. [PMID: 38979097 PMCID: PMC11229670 DOI: 10.1080/26415275.2023.2281090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2023] [Accepted: 11/04/2023] [Indexed: 07/10/2024] Open
Abstract
With the purpose of further reducing surface free energy to achieve better anti-bacterial adhesion effect of fluorinated dimethacrylate (FDMA)/tricyclo (5.2.1.0) decanedimethanol diacrylate (SR833s) based dental resin composites (DS), 1H,1H-heptafluorobutyl methacrylate (FBMA) was used to partially replace SR933s as reactive diluent. According to the degree of substitution, the obtained resin composites were marked as DSF-1 (20 wt.% of SR833s was replaced by FBMA), DSF-2 (40 wt.% of SR833s was replaced by FBMA), and DSF-3 (60 wt.% of SR833s was replaced by FBMA). Bisphenol A glycidyl dimethacrylate (Bis-GMA)/triethylene glycol dimethacrylate (TEGDMA) based resin composite (BT) was used as control. The influence of FBMA concentration on double bond conversion (DC), contact angle, surface free energy, anti-bacterial adhesion effect against Streptococcus mutans (S. mutans), volumetric shrinkage (VS) and shrinkage stress (SS), flexural strength (FS) and modulus (FM), water sorption (WS) and solubility (SL) were investigated. The results showed that FBMA addition could reduce surface free energy from 44.6 mN/m for DS to 32.9 mN/m for DSF-3, and lead to better anti-bacterial adhesion effect (the amounts of adherent bacteria decreased from 2.03 × 105 CFU/mm2 for DS to 6.44 × 104 CFU/mm2 for DSF-3). The FBMA had no negative effects on DC, VS, SS, WS, and SL. Too high a concentration of FBMA reduced FS and FM before water immersion, but the values were still higher than those of BT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shengcan Zhang
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology, China
| | - Fang Liu
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology, China
| | - Jingwei He
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology, China
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Dayı B, Öcal F. Evaluation of the effects of whitening toothpaste containing nanohydroxyapatite on surface roughness and color change in restorative materials. PeerJ 2023; 11:e15692. [PMID: 37465159 PMCID: PMC10351516 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.15692] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2023] [Accepted: 06/14/2023] [Indexed: 07/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The effects of whitening toothpastes containing nanohydroxyapatite on the surfaces of restorative materials are not well known. This study evaluated the changes in surface roughness and color of coffee-stained restorative materials after brushing with nanohydroxyapatite and other whitening toothpastes. Methods Disc-shaped specimens were formed using microhybrid, nanohybrid, and supra-nano-filled composite (n = 30) and stained with a coffee solution. A brushing simulation was applied with toothpastes containing nanohydroxyapatite (Dentiste Plus White), perlite (Signal White System) and hydrogen peroxide (Colgate Optic White) for 7, 15, and 30 days. Color and surface roughness measurements were taken before and after brushing. Color change (∆E00) was calculated using the CIEDE2000 system. Results Supra-nano-filled composite-Dentiste Plus White, supra-nano-filled composite-Colgate Optic White, and nanohybrid composite-Signal White System were the groups with the greatest color change observed on the 7th, 15th, and 30th days, respectively. The smallest color change was seen in the microhybrid composite-Signal White System, microhybrid composite-Dentiste Plus White, and nanohybrid composite-Dentiste Plus White groups on the 7th, 15th, and 30th days, respectively. No significant surface roughness changes were observed in the nanohybrid composite-Dentiste Plus White, supra-nano-filled composite-Colgate Optic White, supra-nano-filled composite-Dentiste Plus White, or supra-nano-filled composite-Signal White System groups. Conclusions Whitening toothpaste containing nanohydroxyapatite provided a high degree of color change in the short term and did not create significant surface roughness in nanohybrid or supra-nano-filled composites.
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Sinha A, Gupta S, Taruna T, Priya L, Jha AK, Golwara A, Gore NR. Quantifying the Release of Titanium From the Titanium Dioxide-Impregnated Composites Used in Orthodontic Bonding. Cureus 2023; 15:e42309. [PMID: 37614253 PMCID: PMC10442466 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.42309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2023] [Accepted: 07/22/2023] [Indexed: 08/25/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Previous literature data has extensively assessed the biocompatibility of various orthodontic adhesives and their components, where the results of most of the studies showed cytotoxic effects of different degrees owing to the unbound molecules released structurally from the cured components. AIM The present in-vitro study was aimed to assess the release of titanium dioxide nanoparticles in the artificial saliva from the orthodontic composites impregnated with titanium dioxide nanoparticles of 5% w/w (weight/weight) and 1% w/w used for metal brackets bonding. METHODS The study assessed 160 teeth extracted freshly during orthodontic treatment and divided into two groups of 80 samples, each that bonded to orthodontic brackets having 5% w/w and 1% w/w composites with titanium dioxide nanoparticles kept in the artificial saliva. Quantification was done for 5% w/w and 1% w/w composites having titanium nanoparticles with inductively coupled plasma mass spectroscopy at 24 hours, two, four, and six months. RESULTS It was seen that in teeth with 1% titanium dioxide, the greatest titanium release was seen at two months, with non-significant release after two months. In teeth with 5% w/w titanium dioxide nanoparticles showed significant titanium release all the time. A significantly greater titanium dioxide release on increasing concentration from 1% to 5% was seen for the 5% w/w group at all the assessment times. CONCLUSION The present study concludes that a higher release of titanium is seen in 5% w/w composite containing titanium dioxide nanoparticles, and the concentrations of 1% and 5% can be safely used and are considered to be within permissible limits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abhishek Sinha
- Department of Dentistry, Patna Medical College and Hospital, Patna, IND
| | - Sweta Gupta
- Departmental of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics, Patna Dental College and Hospital, Patna, IND
| | - Taruna Taruna
- Department of Public Health Dentistry, Patna Medical College and Hospital, Patna, IND
| | - Leena Priya
- Department of Oral Medicine and Radiology, Patna Medical College and Hospital, Patna, IND
| | - Awanindra K Jha
- Department of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopaedics, Dental College, Rajendra Institute of Medical Sciences (RIMS), Ranchi, IND
| | - Amesh Golwara
- Department of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopaedics, Dental College, Rajendra Institute of Medical Sciences (RIMS), Ranchi, IND
| | - Navmi R Gore
- Department of Dentistry, Dr. Vasantrao Pawar Medical College and Research Center, Nashik, IND
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Preparation of a fluorinated dental resin system and its anti-adhesive properties against S. mutans. Dent Mater 2023; 39:402-409. [PMID: 36894413 DOI: 10.1016/j.dental.2023.03.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2022] [Revised: 02/22/2023] [Accepted: 03/03/2023] [Indexed: 03/09/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The purpose of this study was to characterize physicochemical properties and investigate anti-bacterial adhesion effect of dental resins containing fluorinated monomers. METHOD Fluorinated dimethacrylate FDMA was mixed with commonly used reactive diluent triethylene- glycol dimethacrylate (TEGDMA) and fluorinated diluent 1 H,1 H-heptafluorobutyl methacrylate (FBMA) separately at a mass ratio of 60 wt./40 wt. to prepare fluorinated resin systems. Double bond conversion (DC), flexural strength (FS) and modulus (FM), water sorption (WS) and solubility (SL), contact angle and surface free energy, surface element concentration, and anti-adhesion effect against Streptococcus mutans (S. mutans) were investigated according to standard or referenced methods. 2,2-bis[4-(2-hydroxy-3-methacryloy-loxypropyl)-phenyl]propane (Bis-GMA)/TEGDMA (60/40, wt./wt.) was used as control. RESULTS Both fluorinated resin systems had higher DC than Bis-GMA based resin (p < 0.05); compared with Bis-GMA based resin (FS, FDMA/TEGDMA resin system had higher FS (p < 0.05) and comparable FM (p > 0.05), while FDMA/FBMA resins system had lower FS and FM (p < 0.05). Both fluorinated resin systems had lower WS and SL than Bis-GMA based resin (p < 0.05), and FDMA/TEGDMA resin system had the lowest WS (p < 0.05) in all experimental resin systems. Only FDMA/FBMA resin system showed lower surface free energy than Bis-GMA based resin (p < 0.05). When the surface was smooth, FDMA/FBMA resin system had lower amount of adherent S. mutans than Bis-GMA based resin (p < 0.05), while after the surface became roughness, FDMA/FBMA resin system had comparable amount of adherent S. mutans as Bis-GMA based resin (p > 0.05). SIGNIFICANCE Resin system prepared exclusively with fluorinated methacrylate monomers reduced the S. mutans adhesion due to their increased hydrophobicity and decreased surface energy., while flexural properties of it should be improved.
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He J, Lassila L, Garoushi S, Vallittu P. Tailoring the monomers to overcome the shortcomings of current dental resin composites - review. Biomater Investig Dent 2023; 10:2191621. [PMID: 37090482 PMCID: PMC10120559 DOI: 10.1080/26415275.2023.2191621] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Dental resin composites (DRCs) have become the first choice among different restorative materials for direct anterior and posterior restorations in the clinic. Though the properties of DRCs have been improved greatly in recent years, they still have several shortcomings, such as volumetric shrinkage and shrinkage stress, biofilm development, lack of radio-opacity for some specific DRCs, and estrogenicity, which need to be overcome. The resin matrix, composed of different monomers, constitutes the continuous phase and determine the performance of DRCs. Thus, the chemical structure of the monomers plays an important role in modifying the properties of DRCs. Numerous researchers have taken to design and develop novel monomers with specific functions for the purpose of fulfilling the needs in dentistry. In this review, the development of monomers in DRCs were highlighted, especially focusing on strategies aimed at reducing volumetric shrinkage and shrinkage stress, endowing bacteriocidal and antibacterial adhesion activities as well as protein-repelling activity, increasing radio-opacity, and replacing Bis-GMA. The influences of these novel monomers on the properties of DRCs were also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingwei He
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, China
- Department of Biomaterials Science and Turku Clinical Biomaterials Center-TCBC, Institute of Dentistry, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
- CONTACT Jingwei He College of Materials Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, China
| | - Lippo Lassila
- Department of Biomaterials Science and Turku Clinical Biomaterials Center-TCBC, Institute of Dentistry, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Sufyan Garoushi
- Department of Biomaterials Science and Turku Clinical Biomaterials Center-TCBC, Institute of Dentistry, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Pekka Vallittu
- Department of Biomaterials Science and Turku Clinical Biomaterials Center-TCBC, Institute of Dentistry, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
- Wellbeing Services County of South-West Finland, Turku, Finland
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Photoinitiation abilities of indeno- and indoloquinoxaline derivatives and mechanical properties of dental fillings based on multifunctional acrylic monomers and glass ionomer. POLYMER 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2022.125625] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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Liu Q, Mei W, Zhou H, Wang J. Preparation and
UV
‐curing properties of oxazolidine‐2‐one based acrylates. POLYM ADVAN TECHNOL 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/pat.5697] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Qiaoyang Liu
- School of Chemical Engineering and Technology Hebei University of Technology Tianjin China
| | - Wantong Mei
- School of Chemical Engineering and Technology Hebei University of Technology Tianjin China
| | - Hongyong Zhou
- School of Chemical Engineering and Technology Hebei University of Technology Tianjin China
| | - Jiaxi Wang
- School of Chemical Engineering and Technology Hebei University of Technology Tianjin China
- Hebei Provincial Key Lab of Green Chemical Technology and High Efficient Energy Saving Hebei University of Technology Tianjin China
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Tavva SR, Gorantla S, Muddada V, Mahendra TVD, Lenka RR, Sah S, Prasad R, Duvvada P. Quantification of Titanium Release From Titanium Dioxide Impregnated Composites in Orthodontic Bonding—An In Vitro Study. JOURNAL OF INDIAN ORTHODONTIC SOCIETY 2022. [DOI: 10.1177/03015742211056244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective To evaluate the quantity of titanium dioxide nanoparticles released into the artificial salivary medium from orthodontic composite impregnated with 1% weight/weight (w/w) and 5% w/w titanium dioxide nanoparticles (TiO2 NPs) used for bonding metal brackets, thereby eventually comprehending the permissible levels. Materials and Method Eighty freshly extracted teeth for orthodontic treatment were divided into 2 groups of 40 teeth each and were bonded with brackets containing 1% w/w and 5% w/w composite containing titanium dioxide nanoparticles and placed in an artificial salivary medium. Quantification of 1% w/w and 5% w/w composite containing titanium nanoparticles was done using inductively coupled plasma mass spectroscopy for 4 timely periods 24 h, 2 months, 4 months, and 6 months. Results In the teeth that received 1% TiO2, the amount of titanium released was greatest in 2 months with no significant release at later intervals. In the second group that received 5%, there was a significant release of titanium at all intervals, with highest release at second month. On comparing the 2 concentrations at 4 different time intervals, the quantities were significantly greater in the 5% group at all time frames, thus implying a significant increase in titanium released with an increase in concentration from 1% to 5%. Conclusion Titanium release was higher in 5% w/w composite containing nanoparticles than 1% w/w composite containing nanoparticles, and 1% and 5% concentrations can be used safely and are within the permissible limits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Santosh Rahul Tavva
- Sree Sai Dental College and Research Institute, Srikakulam, Andhra Pradesh, India
| | - Suresh Gorantla
- Sree Sai Dental College and Research Institute, Srikakulam, Andhra Pradesh, India
| | - Vizia Muddada
- Sree Sai Dental College and Research Institute, Srikakulam, Andhra Pradesh, India
| | | | - Ramoji Rao Lenka
- Sree Sai Dental College and Research Institute, Srikakulam, Andhra Pradesh, India
| | - Sushila Sah
- Sree Sai Dental College and Research Institute, Srikakulam, Andhra Pradesh, India
| | - Ratnavati Prasad
- Sree Sai Dental College and Research Institute, Srikakulam, Andhra Pradesh, India
| | - Priyanka Duvvada
- Sree Sai Dental College and Research Institute, Srikakulam, Andhra Pradesh, India
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Kury M, Ehrmann K, Harakály GA, Gorsche C, Liska R. Low volatile monofunctional reactive diluents for radiation curable formulations. JOURNAL OF POLYMER SCIENCE 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/pol.20210171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Markus Kury
- Institute of Applied Synthetic Chemistry Technische Universität Wien Vienna Austria
| | - Katharina Ehrmann
- Institute of Applied Synthetic Chemistry Technische Universität Wien Vienna Austria
| | | | - Christian Gorsche
- Institute of Applied Synthetic Chemistry Technische Universität Wien Vienna Austria
| | - Robert Liska
- Institute of Applied Synthetic Chemistry Technische Universität Wien Vienna Austria
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Yoshinaga K, Yoshihara K, Yoshida Y. Development of new diacrylate monomers as substitutes for Bis-GMA and UDMA. Dent Mater 2021; 37:e391-e398. [PMID: 33757654 DOI: 10.1016/j.dental.2021.02.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2020] [Revised: 02/20/2021] [Accepted: 02/24/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Bisphenol A-glycidyl methacrylate (Bis-GMA) and urethane dimethacrylate (UDMA) are widely used as the primary components of (meth)acrylic monomers. However, the use of Bis-GMA, which is a bisphenol A derivative, in dentistry is being questioned after bisphenol A was found to exhibit estrogenic activity. Although UDMA is being considered as a substitute for bis-GMA, the mechanical properties of cured resin composites containing UDMA are less than desirable. Therefore, in this study, we developed new alternative (meth)acrylic monomers to enhance the mechanical strength of cured composite resins. METHODS Five urethane acrylic monomers were synthesized in this study as (meth)acrylic monomer substituents to replace Bis-GMA and UDMA. The elastic modulus, strength, and breaking energy values of cured resins consisting of mixtures of the urethane acrylates and diluting monomers were determined using the three-point flexural test. The data obtained were analyzed using one-way ANOVA and the post-hoc Tukey HSD tests (p < 0.05). Viscosities of the urethane acrylic monomers were measured with a cone-plate viscometer. Refractive indices of the urethane acrylic monomers were determined with an Abbe refractometer. RESULTS The results of the three-point flexural tests revealed that the cured urethane acrylic monomer-based resin exhibited higher elastic modulus (up to 40%) and strength (up to 21%) compared to the cured UDMA-based resin. Viscosity and refractive index of the urethane acrylic monomers were between those of UDMA and Bis-GMA. SIGNIFICANCE The developed urethane diacrylates prepared from diisocyanates which have an aromatic or aliphatic ring, 1,3-bis(1-isocyanato-1-methylethyl)benzene (TMXDI), 1,3-bis(isocyanatomethyl)benzene (XDI), or norbornane diisocyanate (NBDI) are worth considering as alternative options of Bis-GMA and UDMA for restorative resin composites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazuhiko Yoshinaga
- Hokkaido University, Faculty of Dental Medicine, Department of Biomaterials and Bioengineering, Kita 13, Nishi 7, Sapporo, Hokkaido, Japan; Sun Medical Co., Ltd., 571-2 Furutaka-cho, Moriyama, Shiga 524-0044, Japan.
| | - Kumiko Yoshihara
- National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Health Research Institute, 2217-14 Hayashi-cho, Takamatsu 761-0395, Japan; Okayama University, Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Department of Pathology & Experimental Medicine, 2-5-1 Shikata-cho, Kita-ku, Okayama 700-8558, Japan
| | - Yasuhiro Yoshida
- Hokkaido University, Faculty of Dental Medicine, Department of Biomaterials and Bioengineering, Kita 13, Nishi 7, Sapporo, Hokkaido, Japan
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Alqahtani M. Mechanical properties enhancement of self-cured PMMA reinforced with zirconia and boron nitride nanopowders for high-performance dental materials. J Mech Behav Biomed Mater 2020; 110:103937. [PMID: 32957230 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmbbm.2020.103937] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2020] [Revised: 06/12/2020] [Accepted: 06/13/2020] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
We report on the mechanical properties regarding self-cured acrylic polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA) reinforced with hexagonal boron nitride (h-BN) and stabilized zirconia (8Y ZrO2) nanopowders. The nanocomposites were prepared by using both manual and ultrasonic mixing techniques. The fabricated specimens were subjected to micro indentation, bending strength, and modulus of elasticity measurements. A fully complete polymerization process under liquid monomer was provided by ultrasonic mixing as evidenced by Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) measurement. Independently of the nanopowder used, the hardness, bending strength, and modulus of elasticity of the formed nanocomposites highly increase in values with the increase of the filler concentrations. Higher bending strengths and modulus of elasticity of the nanocomposite were recorded when using h-BN nanopowder fillers whereas hardness increases when using 8Y ZrO2 nanopowder. Results showed that with respect to the unloaded specimens made by manual mixing, ultrasonic mixing of PMMA with a 5 wt% h-BN increased the flexural strength (FS) and the modulus of elasticity or Young's modulus (YM) values to about 550% and 240%, respectively. However, a similar concentration of 8Y ZrO2 increased the Vickers Hardness numbers (VH) to about 400%. This may suggest that PMMA loaded with a combination of h-BN and 8Y ZrO2 nanopowders may lead to nanocomposites with outstanding mechanical performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mana Alqahtani
- Department of Surgery, University of Tabuk, Tabuk, 71491, Saudi Arabia.
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13
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Effect of Hexagonal Boron nitride Nanopowder Reinforcement and Mixing Methods on Physical and Mechanical Properties of Self-Cured PMMA for Dental Applications. MATERIALS 2020; 13:ma13102323. [PMID: 32438573 PMCID: PMC7287869 DOI: 10.3390/ma13102323] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2020] [Revised: 05/10/2020] [Accepted: 05/15/2020] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
We report for the first time on the effect of biocompatible hexagonal boron nitride (h-BN) nanopowder reinforcement with different concentrations on the structural and mechanical properties of fabricated self-cured polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA) based dental materials (GC UNIFAST III). A comparison among the structural and mechanical properties between hand and ultrasonic mixing is also presented. Fabricated specimens were studied by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier transform infrared spectrometry (FTIR), micro indentation, and flexural strength techniques. The ultrasonic mixing method provides better sample textures of the composite as compared to hand mixing. It is found that XRD and IR intensity of the peaks increases with the increase of h-BN concentration due to nanocomposite formation. The additions of h-BN nanoparticles to the acrylic resin enhanced the hardness and the flexibility values of the composites. Independently of the mixing method used, adding h-BN nanopowder relatively increases the Vickers Hardness numbers (VH) and Flexural Strength (FS) of the unmodified materials. However, using ultrasonic mixing method combined with h-BN nanopowder increases VH numbers to 300% and FS values to 550% with respect to the unmodified sample made by hand mixing. The results obtained are very encouraging and will support future research in vivo, to confirm whether PMMA loaded with h-BN nanoparticles is an improvement compared to current dental restorative materials.
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14
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The Organic Matrix of Restorative Composites and Adhesives. Biomater Sci 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-816137-1.00013-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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Mutlu S, Watanabe K, Takahara S, Arsu N. Thioxanthone-anthracene-9-carboxylic acid as radical photoinitiator in the presence of atmospheric air. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/pola.29072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Saliha Mutlu
- Department of Chemistry; Yildiz Technical University; Davutpasa Campus Istanbul 34210 Turkey
| | - Kohei Watanabe
- Department of Applied Chemistry and Biotechnology; Chiba University, 1-33 Yayoi-cho; Inage-ku Chiba 263-8522 Japan
| | - Shigeru Takahara
- Department of Materials Science; Chiba University, 1-33 Yayoi-cho; Inage-ku Chiba 263-8522 Japan
| | - Nergis Arsu
- Department of Chemistry; Yildiz Technical University; Davutpasa Campus Istanbul 34210 Turkey
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Effects of deformation rate variation on biaxial flexural properties of dental resin composites. J Taibah Univ Med Sci 2018; 13:319-326. [PMID: 31435342 PMCID: PMC6694893 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtumed.2018.04.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2018] [Revised: 04/19/2018] [Accepted: 04/23/2018] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Objectives This study aimed to determine the biaxial flexural strength (BFS) of resin composite materials at distinct deformation rates. Methods Two micro-hybrid [Filtek Z100™ Restorative (Z100), Filtek™ Z250 (Z250)] and two nano-filled [Filtek™ Supreme XT Body (FSB), Filtek™ Supreme Translucent (FST)] composite resins were selected. Disc-shaped (12 × 1 mm) specimens were fabricated using nylon split moulds. Bar-shaped specimens (25 × 2 × 2 mm) were fabricated from each material to determine the flexural modulus. The specimens were tested for BFS and flexural modulus under dry and wet conditions after 1, 13, and 52 weeks. Results The highest BFS was recorded for Z250 (162 ± 19 MPa), followed by FST (154 ± 16 MPa), Z100 (150 ± 18 MPa), and FSB (136 ± 18 MPa). The materials exhibited a clear trend of increase in BFS with deformation rate. Following immersion for 1 week, the BFS was 126 ± 18 MPa for Z100, and 124 ± 17 MPa for Z250, which were higher than those of FSB (99 ± 16 MPa) and FST (115 ± 19 MPa) under comparable conditions. There was a remarkable reduction in the flexural moduli of the specimens immersed for 1 week compared to those of the dry specimens: Z100 (from 18.3 ± 1.2 GPa for dry specimen to 15.7 ± 0.8 GPa after immersion for 1 week), Z250 (from 16.7 ± 0.8 GPa to 13.3 ± 1.4 GPa), FSB (from 13.7 ± 0.6 GPa to 11.0 ± 2.1 GPa) and FST (from 12.7 ± 2.3 GPa to 10.4 ± 1.0 GPa). Conclusion This study concludes that the BFS and flexural moduli of resin-based dental restoratives decline when they are immersed in an aqueous medium until saturation with water. However, after equilibrium is established, the immersion medium does not affect the restorative materials further. Variations in deformation rate did not have a significant effect on the BFS of resin-based dental restoratives.
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17
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In-situ photoinduced formation of self–assembled Ag NPs using POSS-TX as nano-photoinitiator in PEGMEA/PEGDA polymer matrix and creating self-wrinkled pattern. J Photochem Photobiol A Chem 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jphotochem.2018.03.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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18
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Zhu W, Liu F, He J. Synthesis of Radio-Opaque Methacrylate Monomer and its Application in Visible Light-Curable Dental Resin. ADVANCES IN POLYMER TECHNOLOGY 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/adv.21738] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Wenbin Zhu
- College of Materials Science and Engineering; South China University of Technology; Guangzhou 510641 China
| | - Fang Liu
- College of Materials Science and Engineering; South China University of Technology; Guangzhou 510641 China
| | - Jingwei He
- College of Materials Science and Engineering; South China University of Technology; Guangzhou 510641 China
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He J, Garoushi S, Vallittu PK, Lassila L. Effect of low-shrinkage monomers on the physicochemical properties of experimental composite resin. ACTA BIOMATERIALIA ODONTOLOGICA SCANDINAVICA 2018. [PMID: 29536025 PMCID: PMC5844030 DOI: 10.1080/23337931.2018.1444488] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
This study was conducted to determine whether novel experimental low-shrinkage dimethacrylate co-monomers could provide low polymerization shrinkage composites without sacrifice to degree of conversion, and mechanical properties of the composites. Experimental composites were prepared by mixing 28.6 wt% of bisphenol-A-glycidyl dimethacrylate based resin matrix (bis-GMA) with various weight-fractions of co-monomers; tricyclo decanedimethanol dacrylate (SR833s) and isobornyl acrylate (IBOA) to 71.4 wt% of particulate-fillers. A composite based on bis-GMA/TEGDMA (triethylene glycol dimethacrylate) was used as a control. Fracture toughness and flexural strength were determined for each experimental material following international standards. Degree of monomer-conversion (DC%) was determined by FTIR spectrometry. The volumetric shrinkage in percent was calculated as a buoyancy change in distilled water by means of the Archimedes’ principle. Polymerization shrinkage-strain and -stress of the specimens were measured using the strain-gage technique and tensilometer, respectively with respect to time. Statistical analysis revealed that control group had the highest double-bond conversion (p < .05) among the experimental resins tested. All of the experimental composite resins had comparable flexural strength, modulus, and fracture toughness (p > .05). Volumetric shrinkage and shrinkage stress decreased with increasing IBOA concentration. Replacing TEGDMA with SR833s and IBOA can decrease the volumetric shrinkage, shrinkage strain, and shrinkage stress of composite resins without affecting the mechanical properties. However, the degree of conversion was also decreased.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingwei He
- Department of Biomaterials Science, Turku Clinical Biomaterials Center (TCBC), Institute of Dentistry, University of TurkuTurkuFinland.,College of Materials Science and Engineering, South China University of TechnologyGuangzhouChina
| | - Sufyan Garoushi
- Department of Biomaterials Science, Turku Clinical Biomaterials Center (TCBC), Institute of Dentistry, University of TurkuTurkuFinland
| | - Pekka K Vallittu
- Department of Biomaterials Science, Turku Clinical Biomaterials Center (TCBC), Institute of Dentistry, University of TurkuTurkuFinland.,City of Turku Welfare Division, Oral Health CareTurkuFinland
| | - Lippo Lassila
- Department of Biomaterials Science, Turku Clinical Biomaterials Center (TCBC), Institute of Dentistry, University of TurkuTurkuFinland
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Zhu W, Lao C, Luo S, Liu F, Huang Q, He J, Lin Z. Mechanical and antibacterial properties of benzothiazole-based dental resin materials. JOURNAL OF BIOMATERIALS SCIENCE-POLYMER EDITION 2018; 29:635-645. [PMID: 29343187 DOI: 10.1080/09205063.2018.1429861] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Wenbin Zhu
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, China
| | - Chonghui Lao
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Guanghua School of Stomatology, Hospital of Stomatology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Shuzhen Luo
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, China
| | - Fang Liu
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, China
| | - Qiting Huang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Guanghua School of Stomatology, Hospital of Stomatology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jingwei He
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zhengmei Lin
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Guanghua School of Stomatology, Hospital of Stomatology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
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21
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Photo-calorimetry method optimization for the study of light-initiated radical polymerization of dental resins. POLYMER 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2017.12.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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22
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Felemban NH, Ebrahim MI. The influence of adding modified zirconium oxide-titanium dioxide nano-particles on mechanical properties of orthodontic adhesive: an in vitro study. BMC Oral Health 2017; 17:43. [PMID: 28086858 PMCID: PMC5237344 DOI: 10.1186/s12903-017-0332-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2016] [Accepted: 01/06/2017] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The purpose of this in-vitro study was to examine the effect of incorporating different concentrations of Zirconium oxide-Titanium dioxide (ZrO2-TiO2) nanoparticles, which can have antibacterial properties, on the mechanical properties of an orthodontic adhesive. METHODS ZrO2-TiO2 (Zirconium oxide, HWNANO, Hongwu International Group Ltd, China) -Titanium dioxide, Nanoshell, USA) nanopowder were incorporated into orthodontic adhesive (Transbond XT, 3 M Unitek, Monrovia, USA) with different concentrations (0.5% weight nonofiller and 1% weight nanofiller). The size of nanoparticle was 70-80 nm for ZrO2 and less than 50 nm for TiO2. For measuring the shear bond strength of the three groups of orthodontic adhesives [Transbond (control), Transbond mixed with 0.5% weight ZrO2-TiO2, and Transbond mixed with 1% weight ZrO2-TiO2], 30 freshly extracted human first premolars were used and bonded with stainless steel metal brackets (Dentaurum®, Discovery®, Deutschland), using the 3 orthodontic adhesives and 3 M Unitek; Transbond TM Plus Self-Etching Primer (10 samples in each group). The recorded values of compressive strength and tensile strength (measured separately on 10 samples of orthodontic adhesives (add the 3 D size of sample, light cured for 40 s on both sides) of each orthodontic adhesives), as well as the shear bond strength in Mega Pascal unit (MPa) were collected and exposed to one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) and Tukey's post-hoc tests. RESULTS orthodontic adhesive with 1% weight ZrO2-TiO2 showed the highest mean compressive (73.42 ± 1.55 MPa, p: 0.003, F: 12.74), tensile strength (8.65 ± 0.74 MPa, p: 0.001, F: 68.20), and shear bond strength (20.05 ± 0.2 MPa, p: 0.001, F: 0.17). CONCLUSIONS Adding ZrO2-TiO2 nanoparticle to orthodontic adhesive increased compressive strength, tensile strength, and shear bond strength in vitro, but in vivo studies and randomized clinical trials are needed to validate the present findings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nayef H Felemban
- Orthodontic department, Faculty of Dentistry, Taif University, Taif, Saudi Arabia. .,, P.O.B. 4302, Makkah, 21955, Saudi Arabia.
| | - Mohamed I Ebrahim
- Restorative dentistry department, Faculty of Dentistry, Taif University, Taif, Saudi Arabia
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23
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Tay F, Pashley D, Kapur R, Carrilho M, Hur Y, Garrett L, Tay K. Bonding BisGMA to Dentin—a Proof of Concept for Hydrophobic Dentin Bonding. J Dent Res 2016; 86:1034-9. [PMID: 17959892 DOI: 10.1177/154405910708601103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 120] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The use of TEGDMA as a diluent comonomer in the formulation of hydrophobic adhesives for ethanol wet-bonding is a concern, due to its leaching potential, higher water sorption, and bio-incompatibility. This study tested the hypothesis that hydrophobic bonding to acid-etched dentin may be accomplished with the use of ethanol-solvated BisGMA only. Phosphoric-acid-etched, oxalate-occluded, deep coronal dentin bonded under 20 cm water pressure with experimental BisGMA adhesives by ethanol wet-bonding exhibited tensile strengths that were not significantly different from that achieved with OptiBond FL bonded according to the manufacturer-recommended protocol, with similar acid-/base-resistant hybrid layers, resin tags, and nanoleakage distribution. Ethanol replacement of water-saturated dentin produced wider interfibrillar spaces, more extensive shrinkage of the collagen fibrils, and narrower hybrid layers. Experimental BisGMA adhesives provide the proof of concept that relatively hydrophobic resins may be coupled to acid-etched dentin by increasing its hydrophobic characteristics via ethanol replacement. They should be further optimized before clinical application.
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Affiliation(s)
- F.R. Tay
- Department of Oral Biology & Maxillofacial Pathology, School of Dentistry, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta, GA 30912-1129, USA
- School of Dentistry, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta, GA, USA
- Department of Restorative Dentistry, Piracicaba School of Dentistry, University of Campinas, Piracicaba, SP, Brazil; and
- University of Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - D.H. Pashley
- Department of Oral Biology & Maxillofacial Pathology, School of Dentistry, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta, GA 30912-1129, USA
- School of Dentistry, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta, GA, USA
- Department of Restorative Dentistry, Piracicaba School of Dentistry, University of Campinas, Piracicaba, SP, Brazil; and
- University of Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - R.R. Kapur
- Department of Oral Biology & Maxillofacial Pathology, School of Dentistry, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta, GA 30912-1129, USA
- School of Dentistry, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta, GA, USA
- Department of Restorative Dentistry, Piracicaba School of Dentistry, University of Campinas, Piracicaba, SP, Brazil; and
- University of Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - M.R.O. Carrilho
- Department of Oral Biology & Maxillofacial Pathology, School of Dentistry, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta, GA 30912-1129, USA
- School of Dentistry, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta, GA, USA
- Department of Restorative Dentistry, Piracicaba School of Dentistry, University of Campinas, Piracicaba, SP, Brazil; and
- University of Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Y.B. Hur
- Department of Oral Biology & Maxillofacial Pathology, School of Dentistry, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta, GA 30912-1129, USA
- School of Dentistry, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta, GA, USA
- Department of Restorative Dentistry, Piracicaba School of Dentistry, University of Campinas, Piracicaba, SP, Brazil; and
- University of Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - L.V. Garrett
- Department of Oral Biology & Maxillofacial Pathology, School of Dentistry, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta, GA 30912-1129, USA
- School of Dentistry, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta, GA, USA
- Department of Restorative Dentistry, Piracicaba School of Dentistry, University of Campinas, Piracicaba, SP, Brazil; and
- University of Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - K.C.Y. Tay
- Department of Oral Biology & Maxillofacial Pathology, School of Dentistry, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta, GA 30912-1129, USA
- School of Dentistry, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta, GA, USA
- Department of Restorative Dentistry, Piracicaba School of Dentistry, University of Campinas, Piracicaba, SP, Brazil; and
- University of Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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Habib E, Wang R, Wang Y, Zhu M, Zhu XX. Inorganic Fillers for Dental Resin Composites: Present and Future. ACS Biomater Sci Eng 2015; 2:1-11. [DOI: 10.1021/acsbiomaterials.5b00401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Eric Habib
- Department
of Chemistry, Université de Montréal, CP 6128, Succ. Centre-ville, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Ruili Wang
- Department
of Chemistry, Université de Montréal, CP 6128, Succ. Centre-ville, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Yazi Wang
- State
Key Laboratory for Modification of Chemical Fibers and Polymer Materials,
College of Material Science and Engineering, Donghua University, Shanghai 201620, China
| | - Meifang Zhu
- State
Key Laboratory for Modification of Chemical Fibers and Polymer Materials,
College of Material Science and Engineering, Donghua University, Shanghai 201620, China
| | - X. X. Zhu
- Department
of Chemistry, Université de Montréal, CP 6128, Succ. Centre-ville, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
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25
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Synthesis and properties of a low-viscosity UV-curable oligomer for three-dimensional printing. Polym Bull (Berl) 2015. [DOI: 10.1007/s00289-015-1507-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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26
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Luo W, Huang Q, Liu F, Lin Z, He J. Synthesis of antibacterial methacrylate monomer derived from thiazole and its application in dental resin. J Mech Behav Biomed Mater 2015; 49:61-8. [PMID: 25988792 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmbbm.2015.04.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2015] [Revised: 04/24/2015] [Accepted: 04/28/2015] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
A non-quaternary ammonium antibacterial methacrylate monomer MEMT derived from thiazole was synthesized and applied into UDMA/TEGDMA dental resin with a series of mass fraction (10 wt%, 20 wt%, and 30 wt%). Double bond conversion, polymerization shrinkage, water sorption, solubility, flexural strength and modulus, and antibacterial activity of MEMT containing resin formulations were investigated with UDMA/TEGDMA as control resin. The results showed that MEMT containing dental resin had higher double bond conversion than control resin. Compared with control polymer, all MEMT containing polymer had comparable or lower polymerization shrinkage, water sorption and solubility, except for the polymer with 30 wt% of MEMT which had higher water sorption and solubility than control polymer. The MEMT had no influence on flexural strength and modulus before water immersion, but all MEMT containing polymers had lower flexural strength and modulus than control polymer after water immersion. The MEMT could endow dental polymer with obvious antibacterial activity by immobilizing MEMT into the polymeric network.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weixun Luo
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510641, China
| | - Qiting Huang
- Guanghua School of Stomatology, Hospital of Stomatology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Guangzhou 510055, China
| | - Fang Liu
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510641, China
| | - Zhengmei Lin
- Guanghua School of Stomatology, Hospital of Stomatology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Guangzhou 510055, China
| | - Jingwei He
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510641, China.
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27
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Cinar SA, De Proft F, Avci D, Aviyente V, De Vleeschouwer F. Relationship Between the Free Radical Polymerization Rates of Methacrylates and the Chemical Properties of their Monomeric Radicals. MACROMOL CHEM PHYS 2014. [DOI: 10.1002/macp.201400484] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Frank De Proft
- Eenheid Algemene Chemie (ALGC); Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB); Pleinlaan 2 B-1050 Brussels Belgium
| | - Duygu Avci
- Department of Chemistry; Bogazici University; 34342 Bebek Istanbul Turkey
| | - Viktorya Aviyente
- Department of Chemistry; Bogazici University; 34342 Bebek Istanbul Turkey
| | - Freija De Vleeschouwer
- Eenheid Algemene Chemie (ALGC); Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB); Pleinlaan 2 B-1050 Brussels Belgium
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He J, Söderling E, Lassila LVJ, Vallittu PK. Synthesis of antibacterial and radio-opaque dimethacrylate monomers and their potential application in dental resin. Dent Mater 2014; 30:968-76. [PMID: 24938926 DOI: 10.1016/j.dental.2014.05.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2013] [Revised: 07/22/2013] [Accepted: 05/21/2014] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE In this study, three dimethacrylate quaternary ammonium compounds N,N-bis[2-(3-(methacryloyloxy)propanamido)ethyl]-N-methyldodecyl ammonium iodide (QADMAI-12), N,N-bis[2-(3-(methacryloyloxy)propanamido)ethyl]-N-methylhexadecyl-ammonium iodide (QADMAI-16), and N,N-bis[2-(3-(methacryloyloxy)propanamido)ethyl]-N-methyloctadectyl ammonium iodide (QADMAI-18) were synthesized and proposed to be used as antibacterial and radio-opaque agents in dental resin. METHODS All QADMAIs were synthesized through a 2-steps reaction route, and their structures were confirmed by FT-IR and 1H NMR spectra. Antibacterial activities against Streptococcus mutans (S. mutans) of QADMAIs were measured by agar diffusion test. Each QADMAI was mixed with TEGDMA (50/50, w/w) and photoinitiation system (0.7 wt% of CQ and 0.7 wt% of DMAEMA) to form resin system. Degree of monomer conversion (DC) was determined by FT-IR analysis. The flexural strength (FS) and modulus (FM) of the polymer were measured using a three-point bending set up. Radiograph was taken to determine the radio-opacity of the polymer, and aluminum step-wedge (0.5-4 mm) was used as calibration standard. Surface charge density was measured using fluorescein binding. A single-species biofilm model with S. mutans as the tests organism was used to evaluate the antibacterial property of the polymer. Bis-GMA/TEGDMA resin system was used as control material in all of the tests. RESULTS FT-IR and 1H NMR spectra showed that the structures of QADMAIs were the same as designed. ANOVA analysis revealed that antibacterial activity of QADMAI decreased with the increasing of alkyl chain length (p<0.05). QADMAI containing polymers had higher DC (p<0.05) but lower FS and FM (p<0.05) than control polymer. Alkyl chain length had no influence on DC (p>0.05), but FS and FM of QADMAI-12 containing polymer were better than those of QADMAI-16 and QADMAI-18 containing polymers (p<0.05). QADMAI containing polymers had much better radio-opacity than control polymer (p<0.05), and the radio-opacity of polymer decreased with the increasing of alkyl chain length (p<0.05). All of QADMAIs containing polymers had higher surface charge density than control polymer (p<0.05), and surface charge densities of QADMAI-12 and QADMAI-16 containing polymers were nearly the same (p>0.05) which were higher than that of QADMAI-18 containing polymer (p<0.05). All of QADMAI containing polymers had good inhibitory effect on biofilm formation. SIGNIFICANCE QADMAIs had no miscibility problem with TEGDMA, and QADMAIs could endow dental resin with both antibacterial activity and radio-opacity. Formulation of QADMAI containing resin should be optimized in terms of mechanical stregth to satisfy the requirements of dental resin for clinical application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingwei He
- Department of Biomaterials Science, Institute of Dentistry and Biocity Turku Biomaterial Research Program, University of Turku, Turku 20520, Finland; Turku Clinical Biomaterials Centre-TCBC, University of Turku, Turku 20520, Finland; College of Materials Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510641, China.
| | - Eva Söderling
- Institute of Dentistry, University of Turku, Turku 20520, Finland
| | - Lippo V J Lassila
- Turku Clinical Biomaterials Centre-TCBC, University of Turku, Turku 20520, Finland; College of Materials Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510641, China; Institute of Dentistry, University of Turku, Turku 20520, Finland
| | - Pekka K Vallittu
- Turku Clinical Biomaterials Centre-TCBC, University of Turku, Turku 20520, Finland; College of Materials Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510641, China; Institute of Dentistry, University of Turku, Turku 20520, Finland
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29
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Altin A, Akgun B, Buyukgumus O, Sarayli Bilgici Z, Agopcan S, Asik D, Yagci Acar H, Avci D. Synthesis and photopolymerization of novel, highly reactive phosphonated-urea-methacrylates for dental materials. REACT FUNCT POLYM 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.reactfunctpolym.2013.07.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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30
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Mantri SP, Mantri SS. Management of Shrinkage Stresses in Direct Restorative Light-Cured Composites: A Review. J ESTHET RESTOR DENT 2013; 25:305-13. [DOI: 10.1111/jerd.12047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Shiv P. Mantri
- Hitkarini Dental College & Hospital; Jabalpur Madhya Pradesh India
| | - Sneha S. Mantri
- Hitkarini Dental College & Hospital; Jabalpur Madhya Pradesh India
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31
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He J, Söderling E, Vallittu PK, Lassila LVJ. Preparation and evaluation of dental resin with antibacterial and radio-opaque functions. Int J Mol Sci 2013; 14:5445-60. [PMID: 23470923 PMCID: PMC3634471 DOI: 10.3390/ijms14035445] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2013] [Revised: 02/26/2013] [Accepted: 03/04/2013] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
In order to prepare antibacterial and radio-opaque dental resin, a methacrylate monomer named 2-Dimethyl-2-dodecyl-1-methacryloxyethyl ammonium iodine (DDMAI) with both antibacterial and radio-opaque activities was added into a 2,2-bis[4-(2-hydroxy-3-methacryloyloxypropyl)-phenyl]propane (Bis-GMA)/methyl methacrylate (MMA) dental resin system. Degree of conversion (DC), flexural strength (FS) and modulus (FM), water sorption (WS) and solubility (WSL), antibacterial activity, and radio-opacity (ROX) of the obtained dental resin system were investigated. Bis-GMA/MMA resin system without DDMAI was used as a control. The results showed that DDMAI could endow BIS-GMA/MMA resin system with good antibacterial (p < 0.05) and radio-opaque function without influencing the DC (p > 0.05). However, incorporating DDMAI into Bis-GMA/MMA resin could reduce mechanical properties (p < 0.05) and increase WS and WSL (p < 0.05), thus further work is needed in order to optimize the resin formulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingwei He
- Department of Biomaterials Science, Institute of Dentistry and BioCity Turku Biomaterial Research Program, University of Turku, Turku 20520, Finland; E-Mails: (P.K.V.); (L.V.J.L.)
- Turku Clinical Biomaterials Centre-TCBC, University of Turku, Turku 20520, Finland
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510641, China
| | - Eva Söderling
- Institute of Dentistry, University of Turku, Turku 20520, Finland; E-Mail:
| | - Pekka K. Vallittu
- Department of Biomaterials Science, Institute of Dentistry and BioCity Turku Biomaterial Research Program, University of Turku, Turku 20520, Finland; E-Mails: (P.K.V.); (L.V.J.L.)
- Turku Clinical Biomaterials Centre-TCBC, University of Turku, Turku 20520, Finland
- Institute of Dentistry, University of Turku, Turku 20520, Finland; E-Mail:
| | - Lippo V. J. Lassila
- Department of Biomaterials Science, Institute of Dentistry and BioCity Turku Biomaterial Research Program, University of Turku, Turku 20520, Finland; E-Mails: (P.K.V.); (L.V.J.L.)
- Turku Clinical Biomaterials Centre-TCBC, University of Turku, Turku 20520, Finland
- Institute of Dentistry, University of Turku, Turku 20520, Finland; E-Mail:
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Ji L, Chang W, Cui M, Nie J. Photopolymerization kinetics and volume shrinkage of 1,6-hexanediol diacrylate at different temperature. J Photochem Photobiol A Chem 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jphotochem.2012.12.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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33
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Degree of conversion of nano-hybrid resin-based composites with novel and conventional matrix formulation. Clin Oral Investig 2012; 17:635-42. [DOI: 10.1007/s00784-012-0736-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2011] [Accepted: 04/10/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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34
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Li Z, Xiao M, Nie J. Synthesis and Photopolymerization of 2-(Acryloyloxy)ethyl Pyrrolidine-1-Carboxylate. Des Monomers Polym 2012. [DOI: 10.1163/156855508x316845] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Zhenfeng Li
- a State Key Lab of Chemical Resource Engineering and College of Material Science and Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, P. R. China
| | - Ming Xiao
- b State Key Lab of Chemical Resource Engineering and College of Material Science and Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, P. R. China
| | - Jun Nie
- c State Key Lab of Chemical Resource Engineering and College of Material Science and Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, P. R. China;,
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KATO T, SAIGO K, TSUNEISHI M, YAMADA B, YAMAMOTO S. Highly Esthetic and Toughened Dental Composite Resins. KOBUNSHI RONBUNSHU 2012. [DOI: 10.1295/koron.69.113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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36
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Rastelli AN, Jacomassi DP, Faloni APS, Queiroz TP, Rojas SS, Bernardi MINÊB, Bagnato VS, Hernandes AC. The filler content of the dental composite resins and their influence on different properties. Microsc Res Tech 2011; 75:758-65. [DOI: 10.1002/jemt.21122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2011] [Accepted: 10/27/2011] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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Johnsen GF, Taxt-Lamolle SF, Haugen HJ. Wear model simulating clinical abrasion on composite filling materials. Dent Mater J 2011; 30:739-48. [PMID: 21946496 DOI: 10.4012/dmj.2011-077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to establish a wear model for testing composite filling materials with abrasion properties closer to a clinical situation. In addition, the model was used to evaluate the effect of filler volume and particle size on surface roughness and wear resistance. Each incisor tooth was prepared with nine identical standardized cavities with respect to depth, diameter, and angle. Generic composite of 3 different filler volumes and 3 different particle sizes held together with the same resin were randomly filled in respective cavities. A multidirectional wet-grinder with molar cusps as antagonist wore the surface of the incisors containing the composite fillings in a bath of human saliva at a constant temperature of 37°C. The present study suggests that the most wear resistant filling materials should consist of medium filling content (75%) and that particles size is not as critical as earlier reported.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gaute Floer Johnsen
- Department for Biomaterials, Institute for Clinical Dentistry, University of Oslo, PO Box 1109 Blindern, NO-0317 OSLO, Norway
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38
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Synthesis and study of properties of dental resin composites with different nanosilica particles size. Dent Mater 2011; 27:825-35. [DOI: 10.1016/j.dental.2011.04.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 113] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2010] [Revised: 03/31/2011] [Accepted: 04/18/2011] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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39
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Karahan O, Avci D, Avİyente Vİ. Structure-reactivity relationships of alkyl α-hydroxymethacrylate derivatives. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011. [DOI: 10.1002/pola.24743] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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40
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Cramer N, Stansbury J, Bowman C. Recent advances and developments in composite dental restorative materials. J Dent Res 2011; 90:402-16. [PMID: 20924063 PMCID: PMC3144137 DOI: 10.1177/0022034510381263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 361] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2010] [Revised: 07/01/2010] [Accepted: 07/15/2010] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Composite dental restorations represent a unique class of biomaterials with severe restrictions on biocompatibility, curing behavior, esthetics, and ultimate material properties. These materials are presently limited by shrinkage and polymerization-induced shrinkage stress, limited toughness, the presence of unreacted monomer that remains following the polymerization, and several other factors. Fortunately, these materials have been the focus of a great deal of research in recent years with the goal of improving restoration performance by changing the initiation system, monomers, and fillers and their coupling agents, and by developing novel polymerization strategies. Here, we review the general characteristics of the polymerization reaction and recent approaches that have been taken to improve composite restorative performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- N.B. Cramer
- Dept. of Chemical & Biological Engineering, University of Colorado, UCB 424, Boulder, CO 80309, USA
| | - J.W. Stansbury
- Dept. of Chemical & Biological Engineering, University of Colorado, UCB 424, Boulder, CO 80309, USA
- Dept. of Craniofacial Biology, School of Dental Medicine, University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
| | - C.N. Bowman
- Dept. of Chemical & Biological Engineering, University of Colorado, UCB 424, Boulder, CO 80309, USA
- Dept. of Craniofacial Biology, School of Dental Medicine, University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
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41
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Liu F, Liao L, He J, Luo Y, Jia D. Evaluation of new tri-methacrylates as a reactive diluent in root canal sealant. JOURNAL OF BIOMATERIALS SCIENCE. POLYMER EDITION 2011; 22:1379-1391. [PMID: 20594412 DOI: 10.1163/092050610x508428] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
In this work, a novel tri-methacrylate oligomer, GPTEMA, with three long-branched chain structures was synthesized through the reaction of glycerol propoxylate triglycidyl ether (GPTE) and methacrylic acid. The structure of GPTEMA was confirmed by FT-IR, (1)H-NMR, gel-permeation chromatography (GPC) and element analysis. The GPTEMA was used to partially or completely replace TEGDMA as reactive diluent and applied in a root canal sealant system containing Bis-GMA. The effects of GPTEMA on the polymerization behavior of Bis-GMA/TEGDMA/GPTEMA co-polymer and properties of its polymerizing product were investigated. Polymerization shrinkage, double bond conversion, glass transition temperature, flexural strength, flexural modulus, water sorption and diffusion coefficient of the Bis-GMA/TEGDMA/GPTEMA co-polymer were measured. The results illustrated that the Bis-GMA/TEGDMA/GPTEMA co-polymer attained lower polymerization shrinkage and higher double bond conversion. However, its T g, flexural strength and flexural modulus decreased with increasing content of GPTEMA, water sorption and diffusion coefficient increased with increasing content of GPTEMA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fang Liu
- a College of Materials Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510641, P.R. China.
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Hosseinalipour M, Javadpour J, Rezaie H, Dadras T, Hayati AN. Investigation of Mechanical Properties of Experimental Bis-GMA/TEGDMA Dental Composite Resins Containing Various Mass Fractions of Silica Nanoparticles. J Prosthodont 2010; 19:112-7. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1532-849x.2009.00530.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
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Morizur JF, Zhou H, Hoyle CE, Mathias LJ. Synthesis and polymerization of new multifunctional pyrrolidinone methacrylate monomers. POLYMER 2010. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2009.09.079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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44
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Johnson PM, Stansbury JW, Bowman CN. FTIR Microscopy for Kinetic Measurements in High-Throughput Photopolymerization: Experimental Design and Application. MACROMOL REACT ENG 2009. [DOI: 10.1002/mren.200900029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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45
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Nilsson C, Malmström E, Johansson M, Trey SM. Methacrylated dendrimers in thiol-methacrylate networks and the effect of conversion on the thermoset properties. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009. [DOI: 10.1002/pola.23625] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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46
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Kilambi H, Reddy SK, Schneidewind L, Stansbury JW, Bowman CN. Influence of the secondary functionality on the radical-vinyl chemistry of highly reactive monoacrylates. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009. [DOI: 10.1002/pola.23503] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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47
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Bond Strength of Epiphany Sealer Prepared with Resinous Solvent. J Endod 2009; 35:251-5. [DOI: 10.1016/j.joen.2008.10.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2008] [Revised: 10/16/2008] [Accepted: 10/22/2008] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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48
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Beun S, Bailly C, Dabin A, Vreven J, Devaux J, Leloup G. Rheological properties of experimental Bis-GMA/TEGDMA flowable resin composites with various macrofiller/microfiller ratio. Dent Mater 2009; 25:198-205. [DOI: 10.1016/j.dental.2008.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2007] [Revised: 05/26/2008] [Accepted: 06/04/2008] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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49
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Guymon CA. High-sensitivity molecular recognition with light-induced polymerization. Trends Biotechnol 2008; 26:581-3. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tibtech.2008.07.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2008] [Revised: 07/21/2008] [Accepted: 07/21/2008] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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50
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Bowman CN, Kloxin CJ. Toward an enhanced understanding and implementation of photopolymerization reactions. AIChE J 2008. [DOI: 10.1002/aic.11678] [Citation(s) in RCA: 193] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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