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Hock N, Racaniello GF, Aspinall S, Denora N, Khutoryanskiy VV, Bernkop‐Schnürch A. Thiolated Nanoparticles for Biomedical Applications: Mimicking the Workhorses of Our Body. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2022; 9:e2102451. [PMID: 34773391 PMCID: PMC8728822 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202102451] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2021] [Revised: 10/13/2021] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Advances in nanotechnology have generated a broad range of nanoparticles (NPs) for numerous biomedical applications. Among the various properties of NPs are functionalities being related to thiol substructures. Numerous biological processes that are mediated by cysteine or cystine subunits of proteins representing the workhorses of the bodies can be transferred to NPs. This review focuses on the interface between thiol chemistry and NPs. Pros and cons of different techniques for thiolation of NPs are discussed. Furthermore, the various functionalities gained by thiolation are highlighted. These include overall bio- and mucoadhesive, cellular uptake enhancing, and permeation enhancing properties. Drugs being either covalently attached to thiolated NPs via disulfide bonds or being entrapped in thiolated polymeric NPs that are stabilized via inter- and intrachain crosslinking can be released at the diseased tissue or in target cells under reducing conditions. Moreover, drugs, targeting ligands, biological analytes, and enzymes bearing thiol substructures can be immobilized on noble metal NPs and quantum dots for therapeutic, theranostic, diagnostic, biosensing, and analytical reasons. Within this review a concise summary and analysis of the current knowledge, future directions, and potential clinical use of thiolated NPs are provided.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathalie Hock
- Thiomatrix Forschungs und Beratungs GmbHTrientlgasse 65Innsbruck6020Austria
| | | | - Sam Aspinall
- Reading School of PharmacyUniversity of ReadingWhiteknights PO Box 224, Room 122 (Chemistry and Pharmacy Building)ReadingRG66DXUK
| | - Nunzio Denora
- Department of Pharmacy – Pharmaceutical SciencesUniversity of Bari “Aldo Moro”Bari70125Italy
| | - Vitaliy V. Khutoryanskiy
- Reading School of PharmacyUniversity of ReadingWhiteknights PO Box 224, Room 122 (Chemistry and Pharmacy Building)ReadingRG66DXUK
| | - Andreas Bernkop‐Schnürch
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Institute of PharmacyUniversity of InnsbruckInnrain 80/82Innsbruck6020Austria
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Zhu Y, Yu F, Tan Y, Yuan H, Hu F. Strategies of targeting pathological stroma for enhanced antitumor therapies. Pharmacol Res 2019; 148:104401. [DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2019.104401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2019] [Revised: 07/24/2019] [Accepted: 08/13/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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3
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Bernkop-Schnürch A. Strategies to overcome the polycation dilemma in drug delivery. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2018; 136-137:62-72. [PMID: 30059702 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2018.07.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2018] [Revised: 07/07/2018] [Accepted: 07/25/2018] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Because of polycationic auxiliary agents such as chitosan, polyethyleneimine and cell penetrating peptides as well as cationic lipids assembling to polycationic systems, drug carriers can tightly interact with cell membranes exhibiting a high-density anionic charge. Because of these interactions the cell membrane is depolarized and becomes vulnerable to various uptake mechanisms. On their way to the target site, however, the polycationic character of all these drug carriers is eliminated by polyanionic macromolecules such as mucus glycoproteins, serum proteins, proteoglycans of the extracellular matrix (ECM) and polyanionic surface substructures of non-target cells such as red blood cells. Strategies to overcome this polycation dilemma are focusing on a pH-, redox- or enzyme-triggered charge conversion at the target site. The pH-triggered systems are making use of a slight acidic environment at the target site such as in case of solid tumors, inflammatory tissue and ischemic tissue. Due to a pH shift from 7.2 to slightly acidic mainly amino substructures of polymeric excipients are protonated or shielding groups such as 2,3 dimethylmaleic acid are cleaved off unleashing the underlying cationic character. Redox-triggered systems are utilizing disulfide linkages to bulky side chains such as PEGs masking the polycationic character. Under mild reducing conditions such as in the tumor microenvironment these disulfide bonds are cleaved. Enzyme-triggered systems are targeting enzymes such as alkaline phosphatase, matrix metalloproteinases or hyaluronidase in order to eliminate anionic moieties via enzymatic cleavage resulting in a charge conversion from negative to positive. Within this review an overview about the pros and cons of these systems is provided.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreas Bernkop-Schnürch
- Institute of Pharmacy/Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, University of Innsbruck Center for Chemistry and Biomedicine, Innrain 80/82, Room L.04.231, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria; ThioMatrix Forschungs- und Entwicklungs GmbH, Trientlgasse 65, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria.
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Guo X, Cheng Y, Zhao X, Luo Y, Chen J, Yuan WE. Advances in redox-responsive drug delivery systems of tumor microenvironment. J Nanobiotechnology 2018; 16:74. [PMID: 30243297 PMCID: PMC6151045 DOI: 10.1186/s12951-018-0398-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 189] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2018] [Accepted: 09/11/2018] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
With the improvement of nanotechnology and nanomaterials, redox-responsive delivery systems have been studied extensively in some critical areas, especially in the field of biomedicine. The system constructed by redox-responsive delivery can be much stable when in circulation. In addition, redox-responsive vectors can respond to the high intracellular level of glutathione and release the loaded cargoes rapidly, only if they reach the site of tumor tissue or targeted cells. Moreover, redox-responsive delivery systems are often applied to significantly improve drug concentrations in targeted cells, increase the therapeutic efficiency and reduce side effects or toxicity of primary drugs. In this review, we focused on the structures and types of current redox-responsive delivery systems and provided a comprehensive overview of relevant researches, in which the disulfide bond containing delivery systems are of the utmost discussion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoshuang Guo
- Engineering Research Center of Cell & Therapeutic Antibody, Ministry of Education, and School of Pharmacy, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, No. 800 Dongchuan RD, Shanghai, 200240 China
| | - Yuan Cheng
- Engineering Research Center of Cell & Therapeutic Antibody, Ministry of Education, and School of Pharmacy, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, No. 800 Dongchuan RD, Shanghai, 200240 China
| | - Xiaotian Zhao
- Engineering Research Center of Cell & Therapeutic Antibody, Ministry of Education, and School of Pharmacy, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, No. 800 Dongchuan RD, Shanghai, 200240 China
| | - Yanli Luo
- Department of Pathology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People’s Hospital, 600 Yi-Shan Road, Shanghai, 200233 People’s Republic of China
| | - Jianjun Chen
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of New Drug Screening, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Wei-En Yuan
- Engineering Research Center of Cell & Therapeutic Antibody, Ministry of Education, and School of Pharmacy, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, No. 800 Dongchuan RD, Shanghai, 200240 China
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Leal J, Smyth HDC, Ghosh D. Physicochemical properties of mucus and their impact on transmucosal drug delivery. Int J Pharm 2017; 532:555-572. [PMID: 28917986 PMCID: PMC5744044 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2017.09.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 267] [Impact Index Per Article: 38.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2017] [Revised: 09/06/2017] [Accepted: 09/07/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Mucus is a selective barrier to particles and molecules, preventing penetration to the epithelial surface of mucosal tissues. Significant advances in transmucosal drug delivery have recently been made and have emphasized that an understanding of the basic structure, viscoelastic properties, and interactions of mucus is of great value in the design of efficient drug delivery systems. Mucins, the primary non-aqueous component of mucus, are polymers carrying a complex and heterogeneous structure with domains that undergo a variety of molecular interactions, such as hydrophilic/hydrophobic, hydrogen bonds and electrostatic interactions. These properties are directly relevant to the numerous mucin-associated diseases, as well as delivering drugs across the mucus barrier. Therefore, in this review we discuss regional differences in mucus composition, mucus physicochemical properties, such as pore size, viscoelasticity, pH, and ionic strength. These factors are also discussed with respect to changes in mucus properties as a function of disease state. Collectively, the review seeks to provide a state of the art roadmap for researchers who must contend with this critical barrier to drug delivery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jasmim Leal
- Division of Molecular Pharmaceutics and Drug Delivery, College of Pharmacy, The University of Texas at Austin, 2409 University Ave., Austin, TX 78712, USA
| | - Hugh D C Smyth
- Division of Molecular Pharmaceutics and Drug Delivery, College of Pharmacy, The University of Texas at Austin, 2409 University Ave., Austin, TX 78712, USA
| | - Debadyuti Ghosh
- Division of Molecular Pharmaceutics and Drug Delivery, College of Pharmacy, The University of Texas at Austin, 2409 University Ave., Austin, TX 78712, USA.
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Mathew AP, Cho KH, Uthaman S, Cho CS, Park IK. Stimuli-Regulated Smart Polymeric Systems for Gene Therapy. Polymers (Basel) 2017; 9:E152. [PMID: 30970831 PMCID: PMC6432211 DOI: 10.3390/polym9040152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2017] [Revised: 04/19/2017] [Accepted: 04/20/2017] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
The physiological condition of the human body is a composite of different environments, each with its own parameters that may differ under normal, as well as diseased conditions. These environmental conditions include factors, such as pH, temperature and enzymes that are specific to a type of cell, tissue or organ or a pathological state, such as inflammation, cancer or infection. These conditions can act as specific triggers or stimuli for the efficient release of therapeutics at their destination by overcoming many physiological and biological barriers. The efficacy of conventional treatment modalities can be enhanced, side effects decreased and patient compliance improved by using stimuli-responsive material that respond to these triggers at the target site. These stimuli or triggers can be physical, chemical or biological and can be internal or external in nature. Many smart/intelligent stimuli-responsive therapeutic gene carriers have been developed that can respond to either internal stimuli, which may be normally present, overexpressed or present in decreased levels, owing to a disease, or to stimuli that are applied externally, such as magnetic fields. This review focuses on the effects of various internal stimuli, such as temperature, pH, redox potential, enzymes, osmotic activity and other biomolecules that are present in the body, on modulating gene expression by using stimuli-regulated smart polymeric carriers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ansuja Pulickal Mathew
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Chonnam National University Medical School, Gwangju 61469, Korea.
| | - Ki-Hyun Cho
- Department of Plastic Surgery, Institute of Dermatology and Plastic Surgery, Cleveland Clinic, 9500 Euclid Ave, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA.
| | - Saji Uthaman
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Chonnam National University Medical School, Gwangju 61469, Korea.
| | - Chong-Su Cho
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology and Research Institute for Agriculture and Life Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea.
| | - In-Kyu Park
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, BK21 PLUS Center for Creative Biomedical Scientists at Chonnam National University, Research Institute of Medical Sciences, Chonnam National University Medical School, Gwangju 61469, Korea.
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Sun W, An Z, Wu P. Revealing the distinct thermal transition behavior between PEGA-based linear polymers and their disulfide cross-linked nanogels. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2017; 19:25746-25753. [DOI: 10.1039/c7cp05084d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Description of the distinct thermal transition behavior between PEGA-based linear polymers and their disulfide cross-linked nanogels at a molecular level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenhui Sun
- The State Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering of Polymers and Department of Macromolecular Science and Laboratory for Advanced Materials
- Fudan University
- Shanghai 200433
- China
| | - Zesheng An
- Institute of Nanochemistry and Nanobiology
- College of Environmental and Chemical Engineering
- Shanghai University
- Shanghai 200444
- China
| | - Peiyi Wu
- The State Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering of Polymers and Department of Macromolecular Science and Laboratory for Advanced Materials
- Fudan University
- Shanghai 200433
- China
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Palacio H, Otálvaro F, Giraldo LF, Ponchel G, Segura-Sánchez F. Chitosan-Acrylic Polymeric Nanoparticles with Dynamic Covalent Bonds. Synthesis and Stimuli Behavior. Chem Pharm Bull (Tokyo) 2017; 65:1132-1143. [DOI: 10.1248/cpb.c17-00624] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Herman Palacio
- Grupo de Investigación BIOPOLIMER, Facultad de Ciencias Farmacéuticas y Alimentarias, Universidad de Antioquia
| | - Felipe Otálvaro
- Grupo de Investigación Síntesis y Biosíntesis de Metabolitos Naturales, Instituto de Química, Universidad de Antioquia
| | - Luis Fernando Giraldo
- Laboratorio de Investigación en Polímeros, Instituto de Química, Universidad de Antioquia
| | | | - Freimar Segura-Sánchez
- Grupo de Investigación BIOPOLIMER, Facultad de Ciencias Farmacéuticas y Alimentarias, Universidad de Antioquia
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Disulphide cross linked pullulan based cationic polymer for improved gene delivery and efflux pump inhibition. Colloids Surf B Biointerfaces 2016; 146:879-87. [DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfb.2016.07.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2016] [Revised: 06/18/2016] [Accepted: 07/04/2016] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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Liu S, Yang J, Ren H, O'Keeffe-Ahern J, Zhou D, Zhou H, Chen J, Guo T. Multifunctional oligomer incorporation: a potent strategy to enhance the transfection activity of poly(l-lysine). Biomater Sci 2016; 4:522-32. [DOI: 10.1039/c5bm00530b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The multifunctional oligomer incorporation strategy is used for the first time to evaluate target effects by the ligand modified oligomer assembly, forming complexes with DNA and polycations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuai Liu
- Key Laboratory of Functional Polymer Materials
- Ministry of Education
- Institute of Polymer Chemistry
- College of Chemistry
- Nankai University
| | - Jixiang Yang
- Key Laboratory of Functional Polymer Materials
- Ministry of Education
- Institute of Polymer Chemistry
- College of Chemistry
- Nankai University
| | - Hongqi Ren
- Key Laboratory of Functional Polymer Materials
- Ministry of Education
- Institute of Polymer Chemistry
- College of Chemistry
- Nankai University
| | | | - Dezhong Zhou
- Charles Institute of Dermotology
- University College Dublin
- Dublin 4
- Ireland
| | - Hao Zhou
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology
- College of Life Science
- Nankai University
- Tianjin 300071
- China
| | - Jiatong Chen
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology
- College of Life Science
- Nankai University
- Tianjin 300071
- China
| | - Tianying Guo
- Key Laboratory of Functional Polymer Materials
- Ministry of Education
- Institute of Polymer Chemistry
- College of Chemistry
- Nankai University
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Cell Penetrating Peptide Conjugated Chitosan for Enhanced Delivery of Nucleic Acid. Int J Mol Sci 2015; 16:28912-30. [PMID: 26690119 PMCID: PMC4691089 DOI: 10.3390/ijms161226142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2015] [Revised: 11/25/2015] [Accepted: 11/27/2015] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Gene therapy is an emerging therapeutic strategy for the cure or treatment of a spectrum of genetic disorders. Nevertheless, advances in gene therapy are immensely reliant upon design of an efficient gene carrier that can deliver genetic cargoes into the desired cell populations. Among various nonviral gene delivery systems, chitosan-based carriers have gained increasing attention because of their high cationic charge density, excellent biocompatibility, nearly nonexistent cytotoxicity, negligible immune response, and ideal ability to undergo chemical conjugation. However, a major shortcoming of chitosan-based carriers is their poor cellular uptake, leading to inadequate transfection efficiency. The intrinsic feature of cell penetrating peptides (CPPs) for transporting diverse cargoes into multiple cell and tissue types in a safe manner suggests that they can be conjugated to chitosan for improving its transfection efficiency. In this review, we briefly discuss CPPs and their classification, and also the major mechanisms contributing to the cellular uptake of CPPs and cargo conjugates. We also discuss immense improvements for the delivery of nucleic acids using CPP-conjugated chitosan-based carriers with special emphasis on plasmid DNA and small interfering RNA.
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Perera G, Zipser M, Bonengel S, Salvenmoser W, Bernkop-Schnürch A. Development of phosphorylated nanoparticles as zeta potential inverting systems. Eur J Pharm Biopharm 2015; 97:250-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejpb.2015.01.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2014] [Revised: 01/14/2015] [Accepted: 01/19/2015] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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Oliveira AVV, Silva GA, Chung DC. Enhancement of chitosan-mediated gene delivery through combination with phiC31 integrase. Acta Biomater 2015; 17:89-97. [PMID: 25600399 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2015.01.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2014] [Revised: 01/09/2015] [Accepted: 01/11/2015] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Gene transfer efficiency and expression stability are key factors to a successful gene therapy approach. In the present work we have developed a combined system for gene transfer that integrates well established non-viral polymeric vectors based on chitosan particles with the properties of phiC31-integrase that promotes a relatively non-immunogenic, site-specific integration, with sustained gene expression. Simultaneously, to overcome one of the major limitations in adeno-associated virus mediated gene transfer--the delivery of large genes--we have tested the capacity of our non-viral vectors to incorporate a large (8 Kb) transgene. Polyplexes were extensively characterized for their size, surface charge, morphology, pDNA complexation, transfection efficiency and transgene expression in vitro using HEK293 cells. Co-transfection with integrase was done by complexation in a single polyplex preparation or the use of two separate polyplex preparations. Transgene expression, GFP and CEP290 (1Kb and 8 Kb, respectively), was evaluated by fluorescence microscopy, flow cytometry and Western blot analysis. DNA complexation efficiency, particle size and morphology were consistent with gene delivery for all formulations. In contrast, transfection efficiency and transgene expression varied with polymer and polyplex size. Following delivery by chitosan polyplexes, high levels of GFP expression were still visible 16 weeks post-transfection and over-expression of the large transgene was detected at least 6 weeks post-transfection. Polyplexes incorporating phiC1 integrase demonstrate prolonged gene expression of both small (GFP, 1 Kb) and large genes (CEP290, 8Kb). This approach, using a combined strategy of polymers and integrase may overcome the size limitation found in commonly used adeno-associated virus mediated gene transfer techniques, while maintaining a high safety profile and prolonged, sustained gene expression, thus constituting an alternative for gene delivery.
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Dünnhaupt S, Kammona O, Waldner C, Kiparissides C, Bernkop-Schnürch A. Nano-carrier systems: Strategies to overcome the mucus gel barrier. Eur J Pharm Biopharm 2015; 96:447-53. [PMID: 25712487 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejpb.2015.01.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 128] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2014] [Revised: 01/23/2015] [Accepted: 01/26/2015] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
The present review provides an overview of nanotechnology-based strategies to overcome various mucus gel barriers including the intestinal, nasal, ocular, vaginal, buccal and pulmonary mucus layer without destroying them. It focuses on the one hand on strategies to improve the mucus permeation behavior of particles and on the other hand on systems avoiding the back-diffusion of particles out of the mucus gel layer. Nanocarriers with improved mucus permeation behavior either exhibit a high density of positive and negative charges, bearing mucolytic enzymes such as papain and bromelain on their surface or display a slippery surface due to PEG-ylation. Furthermore, self-nanoemulsifying-drug-delivery-systems (SNEDDS) turned out to exhibit comparatively high mucus permeating properties. Strategies in order to avoid back-diffusion are based on thiolated polymers reacting to a higher extent with cysteine subunits of the mucus at pH 7 in deeper mucus regions than at pH 5 being prevalent in luminal mucus regions of the intestinal and vaginal mucosa. Furthermore, particles changing their zeta potential from negative to positive once they have reached the epithelium seem to be promising carriers. The summarized knowledge should provide a good starting point for further developments in this field.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Dünnhaupt
- Thiomatrix Forschungs-und Beratungs GmbH, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - O Kammona
- Chemical Process & Energy Resources Research Institute, Centre for Research and Technology Hellas, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - C Waldner
- Thiomatrix Forschungs-und Beratungs GmbH, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - C Kiparissides
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece; Chemical Process & Energy Resources Research Institute, Centre for Research and Technology Hellas, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - A Bernkop-Schnürch
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Institute of Pharmacy, Leopold-Franzens-University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria.
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Abstract
Thiomers are the polymers modified for the mucoadhesive properties and other additive properties by incorporating thiol moieties in the backbone of the unmodified polymeric chain by substitution reactions or simple oxidation reactions. Drugs that are less soluble and permeable can be complexed with thiomers for their increased absorption through the mucosal membranes by increase in contact time and prolonged stay in body due to mucoadhesion. Immobilization of thiol group therefore increases the mucoadhesive properties of the modified polymer by 2–140-folds. The prepared thiomers are characterized and made stable by different techniques. Thiomers also give the controlled delivery of the active pharmaceutical ingredients in the body. Different polymers that are modified by thiolation are chitosan, polyacrylic acid, sodium alginate, sodium carboxy methyl cellulose, guar gum, and so forth. Thiomeric formulations are a challenge to deliver drugs with low therapeutic compatibility. Micro- and nanopreparations containing thiomers can be prepared by different techniques such as covalent crosslinking, in situ gelation, radical emulsion polymerization, and emulsification. Nowadays thiomers have wide range of applications as a promising pharmaceutical excipient in the evaluating era of pharmaceutical technology.
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Zheng H, Tang C, Yin C. Exploring advantages/disadvantages and improvements in overcoming gene delivery barriers of amino acid modified trimethylated chitosan. Pharm Res 2014; 32:2038-50. [PMID: 25534683 DOI: 10.1007/s11095-014-1597-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2014] [Accepted: 12/05/2014] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Present study aimed at exploring advantages/disadvantages of amino acid modified trimethylated chitosan in conquering multiple gene delivery obstacles and thus providing comprehensive understandings for improved transfection efficiency. METHODS Arginine, cysteine, and histidine modified trimethyl chitosan were synthesized and employed to self-assemble with plasmid DNA (pDNA) to form nanocomplexes, namely TRNC, TCNC, and THNC, respectively. They were assessed by structural stability, cellular uptake, endosomal escape, release behavior, nuclear localization, and in vitro and in vivo transfection efficiencies. Besides, sodium tripolyphosphate (TPP) was added into TRNC to compromise certain disadvantageous attributes for pDNA delivery. RESULTS Optimal endosomal escape ability failed to bring in satisfactory transfection efficiency of THNC due to drawbacks in structural stability, cellular uptake, pDNA liberation, and nuclear distribution. TCNC evoked the most potent gene expression owing to multiple advantages including sufficient stability, preferable uptake, efficient pDNA release, and high nucleic accumulation. Undesirable stability and insufficient pDNA release adversely affected TRNC-mediated gene transfer. However, incorporation of TPP could improve such disadvantages and consequently resulted in enhanced transfection efficiencies. CONCLUSIONS Coordination of multiple contributing effects to conquer all delivery obstacles was necessitated for improved transfection efficiency, which would provide insights into rational design of gene delivery vehicles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200433, China
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Wang Y, Lin FX, Zhao Y, Wang MZ, Ge XW, Gong ZX, Bao DD, Gu YF. The sustained-release behavior and in vitro and in vivo transfection of pEGFP-loaded core-shell-structured chitosan-based composite particles. Int J Nanomedicine 2014; 9:4965-78. [PMID: 25364253 PMCID: PMC4211910 DOI: 10.2147/ijn.s58104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Novel submicron core-shell-structured chitosan-based composite particles encapsulated with enhanced green fluorescent protein plasmids (pEGFP) were prepared by complex coacervation method. The core was pEGFP-loaded thiolated N-alkylated chitosan (TACS) and the shell was pH- and temperature-responsive hydroxybutyl chitosan (HBC). pEGFP-loaded TACS-HBC composite particles were spherical, and had a mean diameter of approximately 120 nm, as measured by transmission electron microscopy and particle size analyzer. pEGFP showed sustained release in vitro for >15 days. Furthermore, in vitro transfection in human embryonic kidney 293T and human cervix epithelial cells, and in vivo transfection in mice skeletal muscle of loaded pEGFP, were investigated. Results showed that the expression of loaded pEGFP, both in vitro and in vivo, was slow but could be sustained over a long period. pEGFP expression in mice skeletal muscle was sustained for >60 days. This work indicates that these submicron core-shell-structured chitosan-based composite particles could potentially be used as a gene vector for in vivo controlled gene transfection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yun Wang
- Department of Plastic Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, People's Republic of China
| | - Fu-xing Lin
- CAS Key Laboratory of Soft Matter Chemistry, Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, People's Republic of China
| | - Yu Zhao
- Department of Plastic Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, People's Republic of China
| | - Mo-zhen Wang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Soft Matter Chemistry, Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, People's Republic of China
| | - Xue-wu Ge
- CAS Key Laboratory of Soft Matter Chemistry, Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, People's Republic of China
| | - Zheng-xing Gong
- Department of Plastic Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, People's Republic of China
| | - Dan-dan Bao
- Department of Plastic Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, People's Republic of China
| | - Yu-fang Gu
- Department of Plastic Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, People's Republic of China
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Yamada H, Loretz B, Lehr CM. Design of Starch-graft-PEI Polymers: An Effective and Biodegradable Gene Delivery Platform. Biomacromolecules 2014; 15:1753-61. [DOI: 10.1021/bm500128k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hiroe Yamada
- Department
of Drug Delivery (DDEL), Helmholtz-Institute for Pharmaceutical Research
Saarland (HIPS), Helmholtz-Center for Infection Research (HZI), Saarland University, D-66123 Saarbrücken, Germany
| | - Brigitta Loretz
- Department
of Drug Delivery (DDEL), Helmholtz-Institute for Pharmaceutical Research
Saarland (HIPS), Helmholtz-Center for Infection Research (HZI), Saarland University, D-66123 Saarbrücken, Germany
| | - Claus-Michael Lehr
- Department
of Drug Delivery (DDEL), Helmholtz-Institute for Pharmaceutical Research
Saarland (HIPS), Helmholtz-Center for Infection Research (HZI), Saarland University, D-66123 Saarbrücken, Germany
- Department
of Biopharmaceutics and Pharmaceutical Technology, Campus A4 1, Saarland University, D-66123 Saarbrücken, Germany
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Laffleur F, Hintzen F, Shahnaz G, Rahmat D, Leithner K, Bernkop-Schnürch A. Development and in vitro evaluation of slippery nanoparticles for enhanced diffusion through native mucus. Nanomedicine (Lond) 2014; 9:387-96. [DOI: 10.2217/nnm.13.26] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Aim: The aim of this study was to investigate the mucus-penetrating properties of neutral nanoparticles comprising poly(acrylic acid) (PAA) and poly(allylamine) (PAM). Materials & methods: PAA and PAM nanoparticles were prepared on the basis of ionic interactions between the two polymers. Nanoparticles were characterized by particle size as well as surface charge. The cytotoxicity was examined via resazurin and lactate dehydrogenase assays. Using a modified Ussing chamber with mucus, the diffusion properties of obtained neutral nanoparticles were compared with control particles. Results: The obtained PAA–PAM nanoparticles demonstrated no significant cytotoxicity and displayed smooth and spherical surfaces, a particle size range of 200 nm and ζ-potential of 0.9 mV. The diffusion efficiency of neutral nanoparticles was 2.5- and 1.8-fold higher than PAM and PAA nanoparticles, respectively. Conclusion: Taking enhanced mucus-penetrating properties into account, neutral nanoparticles were shown to be very promising in drug delivery via mucus membranes of different cavities. Original submitted 30 May 2012; Revised submitted 21 November 2012; Published online 23 April 2013
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Affiliation(s)
- Flavia Laffleur
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Institute of Pharmacy, Leopold-Franzens-University of Innsbruck, Innrain 80/82, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Fabian Hintzen
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Institute of Pharmacy, Leopold-Franzens-University of Innsbruck, Innrain 80/82, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Gul Shahnaz
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Institute of Pharmacy, Leopold-Franzens-University of Innsbruck, Innrain 80/82, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Deni Rahmat
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Institute of Pharmacy, Leopold-Franzens-University of Innsbruck, Innrain 80/82, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Katharina Leithner
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Institute of Pharmacy, Leopold-Franzens-University of Innsbruck, Innrain 80/82, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Andreas Bernkop-Schnürch
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Institute of Pharmacy, Leopold-Franzens-University of Innsbruck, Innrain 80/82, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
- Center for Molecular Biosciences Innsbruck, Institute of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Leopold-Franzens-University Innsbruck, Innrain 80/82, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
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Oliveira AV, Silva AP, Bitoque DB, Silva GA, Rosa da Costa AM. Transfection efficiency of chitosan and thiolated chitosan in retinal pigment epithelium cells: A comparative study. J Pharm Bioallied Sci 2013; 5:111-8. [PMID: 23833516 PMCID: PMC3697189 DOI: 10.4103/0975-7406.111823] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2012] [Revised: 01/18/2013] [Accepted: 02/18/2013] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE: Gene therapy relies on efficient vector for a therapeutic effect. Efficient non-viral vectors are sought as an alternative to viral vectors. Chitosan, a cationic polymer, has been studied for its gene delivery potential. In this work, disulfide bond containing groups were covalently added to chitosan to improve the transfection efficiency. These bonds can be cleaved by cytoplasmic glutathione, thus, releasing the DNA load more efficiently. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Chitosan and thiolated chitosan nanoparticles (NPs) were prepared in order to obtain a NH3+:PO4− ratio of 5:1 and characterized for plasmid DNA complexation and release efficiency. Cytotoxicity and gene delivery studies were carried out on retinal pigment epithelial cells. RESULTS: In this work, we show that chitosan was effectively modified to incorporate a disulfide bond. The transfection efficiency of chitosan and thiolated chitosan varied according to the cell line used, however, thiolation did not seem to significantly improve transfection efficiency. CONCLUSION: The apparent lack of improvement in transfection efficiency of the thiolated chitosan NPs is most likely due to its size increase and charge inversion relatively to chitosan. Therefore, for retinal cells, thiolated chitosan does not seem to constitute an efficient strategy for gene delivery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana V Oliveira
- Centre for Molecular and Structural Biomedicine (CBME/IBB, LA), University of Algarve, Faro, 8005-139, Portugal ; PhD Program in Biomedical Sciences, University of Algarve, Faro, 8005-139, Portugal ; Department of Biomedical Sciences and Medicine, University of Algarve, Faro, 8005-139, Portugal
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Abstract
The application of macromolecules as therapeutic agents holds great promise for several major disorders such as cancer and cardiovascular disease. However, their use is limited by the lack of efficient, safe and specific delivery strategies. A promising strategy to overcome these challenges might be the use of thiolated polymers or designated thiomers. Thiomers are synthesized by immobilization of sulfhydryl bearing ligands on a polymeric backbone of well-established polymers. These multifunctional polymeric excipients show advantages in mucoadhesion, enzyme and efflux pump inhibition in comparison to unmodified polymers. One obstacle in the use of thiomers is that they are prone to oxidation at lower pH but this could be solved by introducing a completely new generation of thiomers, namely, the preactivated thiomer generation. Preactivated thiomers are mixed disulfides, which exhibit oxidation resistance and, beyond that, improved thiomer features. This review summarizes recent findings of polymeric excipients for macromolecular drug delivery as well as their synthesis and distinctive features.
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Liu Y, Kong M, Cheng XJ, Wang QQ, Jiang LM, Chen XG. Self-assembled nanoparticles based on amphiphilic chitosan derivative and hyaluronic acid for gene delivery. Carbohydr Polym 2013; 94:309-16. [PMID: 23544543 DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2012.12.058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2012] [Revised: 12/18/2012] [Accepted: 12/21/2012] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
The present work described nanoparticles (NPs) made of oleoyl-carboxymethy-chitosan (OCMCS)/hyaluronic acid (HA) using coacervation process as novel potential carriers for gene delivery. An N/P ratio of 5 and OCMCS/HA weight ratio of 4 were the optimal conditions leading to the smallest (164.94 nm), positive charged (+14.2 mV) and monodispersed NPs. OCMCS-HA/DNA (OHD) NPs showed higher in vitro DNA release rates and increased cellular uptake by Caco-2 cells due to the HA involved in NPs. The MTT survival assay indicated no significant cytotoxicity. The transfection efficiency of OHD NPs was 5-fold higher than OCMCS/DNA (OD) NPs; however, it decreased significantly in the presence of excess free HA. The results indicated that OHD NPs internalized in Caco-2 cells were mediated by the hyaluronan receptor CD44. The data obtained in the present research gave evidence of the potential of OHD NPs for the targeting and further transfer of genes to the epithelial cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ya Liu
- College of Marine Life Science, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266003, PR China
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24
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Sui X, Feng X, Hempenius MA, Vancso GJ. Redox active gels: synthesis, structures and applications. J Mater Chem B 2013; 1:1658-1672. [DOI: 10.1039/c3tb00209h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Lallana E, Tirelli N. Oxidation-Responsive Polymers: Which Groups to Use, How to Make Them, What to Expect From Them (Biomedical Applications). MACROMOL CHEM PHYS 2012. [DOI: 10.1002/macp.201200502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Garcia-Fuentes M, Alonso MJ. Chitosan-based drug nanocarriers: Where do we stand? J Control Release 2012; 161:496-504. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2012.03.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 264] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2011] [Revised: 03/14/2012] [Accepted: 03/16/2012] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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Hauptstein S, Bernkop-Schnürch A. Thiomers and thiomer-based nanoparticles in protein and DNA drug delivery. Expert Opin Drug Deliv 2012; 9:1069-81. [PMID: 22703388 DOI: 10.1517/17425247.2012.697893] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Thanks to advances in biotechnology, more and more highly efficient protein- and DNA-based drugs have been developed. Unfortunately, these kinds of drugs underlie poor non-parental bioavailability. To overcome hindrances like low mucosal permeability and enzymatic degradation polymeric excipients are utilized as drug carrier whereat thiolated excipients showed several promising qualities in comparison to the analogical unmodified polymer. AREAS COVERED The article deals with the comparatively easy modification of well-established polymers like chitosan or poly(acrylates) to synthesize thiomers. Further, the recently developed "next generation" thiomers e.g. preactivated or S-protected thiomers are introduced. Designative properties like mucoadhesion, uptake and permeation enhancement, efflux pump inhibition and protection against enzymatic degradation will be discussed and differences between first and next generation thiomers will be pointed out. Additionally, nanoparticles prepared with thiomers will be dealt with regarding to protein and DNA drug delivery as thiomers seem to be a promising approach to avoid parenteral application. EXPERT OPINION Properties of thiomers per se and results of in vivo studies carried out so far for peptide and DNA drugs demonstrate their potential as multifunctional excipients. However, further investigations and optimizations have to be done before establishing a carrier system ready for clinical approval.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabine Hauptstein
- University of Innsbruck, Institute of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Innrain 80/82, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
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28
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Li C, Zhou D, Hu Y, Zhou H, Chen J, Zhang Z, Guo T. The target gene carrying validity to HePG2 cells with the brush-like glutathione modified chitosan compound. Carbohydr Polym 2012; 89:46-53. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2012.02.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2011] [Revised: 02/14/2012] [Accepted: 02/16/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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Rahmat D, Khan MI, Shahnaz G, Sakloetsakun D, Perera G, Bernkop-Schnürch A. Synergistic effects of conjugating cell penetrating peptides and thiomers on non-viral transfection efficiency. Biomaterials 2012; 33:2321-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2011.11.046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2011] [Accepted: 11/20/2011] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
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30
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Feng J, Zhuo RX, Zhang XZ. Construction of functional aliphatic polycarbonates for biomedical applications. Prog Polym Sci 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.progpolymsci.2011.07.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 222] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
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31
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Mohammadi Z, Dorkoosh FA, Hosseinkhani S, Gilani K, Amini T, Najafabadi AR, Tehrani MR. In vivo transfection study of chitosan-DNA-FAP-B nanoparticles as a new non viral vector for gene delivery to the lung. Int J Pharm 2011; 421:183-8. [PMID: 21979252 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2011.09.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2011] [Revised: 09/20/2011] [Accepted: 09/21/2011] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
Gene therapy targeted at the respiratory epithelium holds therapeutic potential for diseases such as cystic fibrosis and lung cancer. We recently reported that Chitosan-DNA-FAP-B nanoparticles are good candidates for targeted gene delivery to fibronectin molecules (FAP-B receptors) of lung epithelial cell membrane. In this study Chitosan-DNA-FAP-B nanoparticles were nebulized to mice using air jet nebulizer. The effect of nebulization on size, zeta potential and DNA binding ability of nanoparticles were studied. The level of gene expression in the mice lungs was evaluated. Nebulization did not affect the physicochemical properties of nanoparticles. Aerosol delivery of Chitosan-DNA-FAP-B nanoparticles resulted in 16-fold increase of gene expression in the mice lungs compared with Chitosan-DNA nanoparticles. This study suggested that Chitosan-FAP-B nanoparticle can be a promising carrier for targeted gene delivery to the lung.
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Affiliation(s)
- Z Mohammadi
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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32
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Li C, Guo T, Zhou D, Hu Y, Zhou H, Wang S, Chen J, Zhang Z. A novel glutathione modified chitosan conjugate for efficient gene delivery. J Control Release 2011; 154:177-88. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2011.06.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2011] [Revised: 05/12/2011] [Accepted: 06/01/2011] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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Development of a mucoadhesive nanoparticulate drug delivery system for a targeted drug release in the bladder. Int J Pharm 2011; 416:339-45. [PMID: 21726619 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2011.06.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2011] [Revised: 06/15/2011] [Accepted: 06/17/2011] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Purpose of the present study was the development of a mucoadhesive nanoparticulate drug delivery system for local use in intravesical therapy of interstitial cystitis, since only a small fraction of drug actually reaches the affected site by conventional treatment of bladder diseases via systemic administration. METHODS Chitosan-thioglycolic acid (chitosan-TGA) nanoparticles (NP) and unmodified chitosan NP were formed via ionic gelation with tripolyphosphate (TPP). Trimethoprim (TMP) was incorporated during the preparation process of NP. Thereafter, the mucoadhesive properties of NP were determined in porcine urinary bladders and the release of TMP among simulated conditions with artificial urine was evaluated. RESULTS The particles size ranged from 183nm to 266nm with a positive zeta potential of +7 to +13mV. Under optimized conditions the encapsulation efficiency of TMP was 37%. The adhesion of prehydrated chitosan-TGA NP on the urinary bladder mucosa under continuous urine voiding was 14-fold higher in comparison to unmodified chitosan NP. Release studies indicated a more sustained TMP release from covalently cross linked particles in comparison to unmodified chitosan-TPP NP over a period of 3h in artificial urine at 37°C. CONCLUSION Utilizing the method described here, chitosan-TGA NP might be a useful tool for local intravesical drug delivery in the urinary bladder.
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Dai Hai Nguyen, Jong Hoon Choi, Yoon Ki Joung, Ki Dong Park. Disulfide-crosslinked heparin-pluronic nanogels as a redox-sensitive nanocarrier for intracellular protein delivery. J BIOACT COMPAT POL 2011. [DOI: 10.1177/0883911511406031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Improving the efficacy of drug delivery via nanocarriers has been a major issue in the field of intravenous delivery. In this study, a polymeric nanogel was developed to enhance the stability, redox responsiveness, and the efficacy for intracellular protein delivery. The thiolated heparin-Pluronic conjugate was self-assembled and oxidized to form a disulfide-crosslinked nanogel network under a diluted aqueous condition. The disulfide-crosslinked heparin-Pluronic (DHP) nanogels with encapsulated RNase A were characterized by in vitro release and cytotoxicity tests depending on the existence of glutathione (GSH). The DHP nanogels exhibited reduced hydrodynamic size, higher encapsulation degree, and augmentable release responding to the GSH concentration. The ctotoxicity data confirmed that DHP nanogels were more effective for the intracellular delivery of RNase A compared to non-crosslinked nanogel.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dai Hai Nguyen
- Department of Molecular Science and Technology, Ajou University, 5 Woncheon, Yeoungtong, Suwon 443-749, Republic of Korea
| | - Jong Hoon Choi
- Department of Molecular Science and Technology, Ajou University, 5 Woncheon, Yeoungtong, Suwon 443 749, Republic of Korea
| | - Yoon Ki Joung
- Department of Molecular Science and Technology, Ajou University, 5 Woncheon, Yeoungtong, Suwon 443-749, Republic of Korea
| | - Ki Dong Park
- Department of Molecular Science and Technology, Ajou University, 5 Woncheon, Yeoungtong, Suwon 443-749, Republic of Korea,
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Preparation and evaluation of chitosan-DNA-FAP-B nanoparticles as a novel non-viral vector for gene delivery to the lung epithelial cells. Int J Pharm 2011; 409:307-13. [PMID: 21356293 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2011.02.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2010] [Revised: 02/19/2011] [Accepted: 02/21/2011] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Gene delivery using cationic polymers such as chitosan shows good biocompatibility, but reveals low transfection efficiency. Fibronectin Attachment Protein of Mycobacterium bovis (FAP-B) which is responsible for the attachment of many Mycobacteria on the Fibronectin molecule of epithelial cell membrane can be considered as a new targeting ligand and can improve transfection rates in epithelial cells. In this study, chitosan-DNA nanoparticles were prepared using coacervation process. The effect of stirring speed and charge ratio (N/P) on the size and zeta potential of nanoparticles were evaluated. FAP-B ligand was added to nanoparticles at the specific condition to form chitosan-DNA-FAP-B nanoparticles via electrostatic attraction. Transfection efficiency of the final nanoparticles was investigated in A549 (alveolar epithelial cells). Cell viability was investigated using MTT assay. The optimum speed of stirring which was yielded the smallest chitosan-DNA nanoparticles with a narrow distribution (227±43 nm), was 500 rpm with the corresponding N/P ratio of 20. Chitosan-DNA-FAP-B nanoparticles presented the size of 279±27 nm with transfection efficiency about 10-fold higher than chitosan-DNA nanoparticles and resulted in 97.3% cell viability compared to 71.7% using Turbofect controls. Chitosan-DNA-FAP-B nanoparticles showed good transfection efficiency without cell toxicity. They have small particle size around 279 nm which make them a promising candidate as a novel non-viral gene vector for gene delivery to lung epithelial cells.
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Dünnhaupt S, Barthelmes J, Hombach J, Sakloetsakun D, Arkhipova V, Bernkop-Schnürch A. Distribution of thiolated mucoadhesive nanoparticles on intestinal mucosa. Int J Pharm 2011; 408:191-9. [PMID: 21295123 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2011.01.060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2010] [Revised: 01/25/2011] [Accepted: 01/26/2011] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
It was the aim of the present study to evaluate and compare the distribution of thiolated mucoadhesive anionic poly(acrylic acid) (PAA) and cationic chitosan (CS) nanoparticles on intestinal mucosa. Modifications of these polymers were achieved by conjugation with cysteine (PAA-Cys) and 2-iminothiolane (CS-TBA). Nanoparticles (NP) were prepared by ionic gelation and labelled with the strong hydrophilic fluorescent dye Alexa Fluor 488 (AF 488) and hydrophobic fluorescein diacetate (FDA). Unmodified and modified CS and PAA NP were examined in vitro in terms of their mucoadhesive and mucus penetrating properties on the mucosa of rat small intestine. To investigate the transport of NP across the mucus layer, their diffusion behaviour through natural porcine intestinal mucus was studied through a new diffusion method developed by our group. Lyophilised particles displayed 526 μmol/g (CS) and 513 μmol/g (PAA) of free thiol groups and a zeta potential of 20 mV (CS) and -14 mV for PAA NP. Nanoparticle distribution on rat intestine suggested that mucoadhesion of thiolated NP is higher than the diffusion into the intestinal mucosa. Modified particles displayed more than a 6-fold increase in mucoadhesion compared to unmodified ones. The rank order with regard to mucoadhesion of all particles was: CS-TBA>PAA-Cys>CS>PAA, whereas CS-TBA showed 2-fold higher mucoadhesive properties compared to PAA-Cys NP. Diffusion through intestinal mucus was much higher for unmodified than for thiolated as well as for anionic compared to cationic particles. Overall, it was shown that thiolated particles of both anionic and cationic polymers have improved mucoadhesive properties and could be promising carriers for mucosal drug delivery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Dünnhaupt
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Institute of Pharmacy, Leopold-Franzenz-University of Innsbruck, Innrain 52c, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
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Ho YC, Liao ZX, Panda N, Tang DW, Yu SH, Mi FL, Sung HW. Self-organized nanoparticles prepared by guanidine- and disulfide-modified chitosan as a gene delivery carrier. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011. [DOI: 10.1039/c1jm11639h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
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38
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Cardenas-Maestre JM, Panadero-Fajardo S, Perez-Lopez AM, Sanchez-Martin RM. Sulfhydryl reactive microspheres for the efficient delivery of thiolated bioactive cargoes. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011. [DOI: 10.1039/c1jm11948f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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39
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Tan J, Kang H, Liu R, Wang D, Jin X, Li Q, Huang Y. Dual-stimuli sensitive nanogels fabricated by self-association of thiolated hydroxypropyl cellulose. Polym Chem 2011. [DOI: 10.1039/c0py00348d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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Sarti F, Bernkop-Schnürch A. Chitosan and Thiolated Chitosan. ADVANCES IN POLYMER SCIENCE 2011. [DOI: 10.1007/12_2011_109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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Sakloetsakun D, Perera G, Hombach J, Millotti G, Bernkop-Schnürch A. The impact of vehicles on the mucoadhesive properties of orally administrated nanoparticles: a case study with chitosan-4-thiobutylamidine conjugate. AAPS PharmSciTech 2010; 11:1185-92. [PMID: 20668967 DOI: 10.1208/s12249-010-9479-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2009] [Accepted: 06/30/2010] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study was to evaluate the impact of various vehicles on mucoadhesive properties of thiolated chitosan nanoparticles both in vitro and in vivo. Nanoparticles (NPs) were prepared by in situ gelation technique followed by labeling with fluorescein diacetate. Comparative studies on mucoadhesion were done with these thiolated chitosan NPs and unmodified chitosan NPs (control). The obtained nanoparticles displayed a mean diameter of 164.2 ± 6.9 nm and a zeta potential of 21.5 ± 5 mV. In an in vitro adhesion study, unhydrated thiolated NPs adhered strongly to freshly excised porcine small intestine, which was more than threefold increase compared to the control. In contrast, in the presence of various vehicles (PEG 300, miglyol 840, PEG 6000, cremophor EL, and caprylic triglyceride), the mucoadhesive properties of thiolated NPs were comparatively weak. Thiolated NPs suspended in caprylic triglyceride, for example, had a percent mucoadhesion of 22.50 ± 5.35% on the mucosa. Furthermore, results from in vivo mucoadhesion studies revealed that the dry form of nanoparticles exhibits the strongest mucoadhesion, followed by nanoparticles suspended in PEG 300, miglyol, and 100 mM phosphate buffer, in that order. Three hours after administration, the gastrointestinal residence time of the dry form of thiolated NPs was up to 3.6-fold prolonged. These findings should contribute to the design of highly effective oral mucoadhesive nanoparticulate drug delivery systems.
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Gao H, Elsabahy M, Giger EV, Li D, Prud'homme RE, Leroux JC. Aminated linear and star-shape poly(glycerol methacrylate)s: synthesis and self-assembling properties. Biomacromolecules 2010; 11:889-95. [PMID: 20201490 DOI: 10.1021/bm901241k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Over the past 10 years, polyglycerols and their structurally related analogs have received considerable attention in the biomedical field. Poly(glycidyl methacrylate) (PGMA) is a versatile polymer because its pendant epoxide groups can be opened with different functional groups to generate poly(glycerol methacrylate)s (PGOHMA) derivatives. In this work, linear and star-shape PGMAs were synthesized by atom transfer radical polymerization and then functionalized with four different amines by ring-opening addition. This resulted in the formation of polyglycerol-like polymers having both hydroxyl and amine moieties and different water-solubility. The water-insoluble polymers could form pH-sensitive nanoassemblies, while the soluble derivatives efficiently complexed a short strand polynucleotide. The aminated polyglycerol interacted more avidly with the oligonucleotide than the control poly(ethyleneimine), and high transfection efficacy could be obtained with the linear derivative. Such polymers could find practical applications for the delivery of drugs and nucleic acids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Gao
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Tianjin University of Technology, Tianjin, China
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43
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Li Z, Cen L, Zhao L, Cui L, Liu W, Cao Y. Preparation and evaluation of thiolated chitosan scaffolds for tissue engineering. J Biomed Mater Res A 2010; 92:973-8. [PMID: 19291689 DOI: 10.1002/jbm.a.32426] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Thiolated chitosan (TCS) was proposed as a promising candidate as scaffold material for tissue engineering. However, a continuous exploration of such material as a three-dimensional (3D) scaffold with controllable design of microstructure as well as mechanical strength was necessitated. The current study was thus carried out to substantiate such potential of TCS. Thioglycolic acid (TGA) was first introduced on the side chain of chitosan (CS) via the amide bond formation between COOH groups of TGA and NH(2) groups of CS. Composite TCS/CS scaffolds with different ratios were prepared via freeze-drying under different temperatures to optimize the structural properties. The microstructure of the scaffolds was observed by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and tensile strength of scaffolds was measured. Both the TCS/CS proportion and freezing temperature affected the microstructure and mechanical property of scaffolds, which in turn rendered effects on the growth of cultured fibroblasts. Scaffolds obtained from the TCS/CS proportion of 7:3 and a freezing temperature of -20 degrees C had the maximum tensile strength with a pore distribution ranging from a few to several hundred micrometers. The preferential growth of fibroblasts on this scaffold was also demonstrated. Hence, results in this study would offer valuable information on the preparation of suitable TCS scaffolds for tissue engineering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhe Li
- National Tissue Engineering Center of China, Shanghai, China
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Chitosan-based formulations for delivery of DNA and siRNA. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2010; 62:12-27. [PMID: 19796660 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2009.08.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 629] [Impact Index Per Article: 44.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2009] [Revised: 08/07/2009] [Accepted: 08/07/2009] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Among non-viral vectors, chitosan and chitosan derivatives have been developed in vitro and in vivo for DNA and siRNA delivery systems because of their cationic charge, biodegradability and biocompatibility, as well as their mucoadhesive and permeability-enhancing properties. However, the transfection efficiency of chitosan is too low for clinical application. Studies indicated that the transfection efficiency depends on a series of chitosan-based formulation parameters, such as the Mw of chitosan, its degree of deacetylation, the charge ratio of chitosan to DNA/siRNA (N/P ratio), the chitosan salt form used, the DNA/siRNA concentration, pH, serum, additives, preparation techniques of chitosan/nucleic acid particles and routes of administration. In this paper, chitosan-based formulations for the delivery of DNA and siRNA were reviewed to facilitate the process of chitosan vector development for clinical application. In addition to formulation optimization, chitosan structure modification or additive incorporation is an effective way to improve the stability of the polyplex in biological fluids, enhance targeted cell delivery and facilitate endo-lysosomal release of the complex. In summary, the transfection efficiency of chitosan-based delivery systems can be adjusted by changing formulation-related parameters.
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45
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Albrecht K, Moeller M, Groll J. Nano- and Microgels Through Addition Reactions of Functional Oligomers and Polymers. CHEMICAL DESIGN OF RESPONSIVE MICROGELS 2010. [DOI: 10.1007/12_2010_69] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
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Sizovs A, McLendon PM, Srinivasachari S, Reineke TM. Carbohydrate polymers for nonviral nucleic acid delivery. Top Curr Chem (Cham) 2010; 296:131-90. [PMID: 21504102 PMCID: PMC4096969 DOI: 10.1007/128_2010_68] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Carbohydrates have been investigated and developed as delivery vehicles for shuttling nucleic acids into cells. In this review, we present the state of the art in carbohydrate-based polymeric vehicles for nucleic acid delivery, with the focus on the recent successes in preclinical models, both in vitro and in vivo. Polymeric scaffolds based on the natural polysaccharides chitosan, hyaluronan, pullulan, dextran, and schizophyllan each have unique properties and potential for modification, and these results are discussed with the focus on facile synthetic routes and favorable performance in biological systems. Many of these carbohydrates have been used to develop alternative types of biomaterials for nucleic acid delivery to typical polyplexes, and these novel materials are discussed. Also presented are polymeric vehicles that incorporate copolymerized carbohydrates into polymer backbones based on polyethylenimine and polylysine and their effect on transfection and biocompatibility. Unique scaffolds, such as clusters and polymers based on cyclodextrin (CD), are also discussed, with the focus on recent successes in vivo and in the clinic. These results are presented with the emphasis on the role of carbohydrate and charge on transfection. Use of carbohydrates as molecular recognition ligands for cell-type specific delivery is also briefly reviewed. We contend that carbohydrates have contributed significantly to progress in the field of non-viral DNA delivery, and these new discoveries are impactful for developing new vehicles and materials for treatment of human disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antons Sizovs
- Department of Chemistry, Macromolecules and Interfaces Institute, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, VA24060, USA
| | - Patrick M. McLendon
- Department of Chemistry, Macromolecules and Interfaces Institute, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, VA24060, USA
- Department of Molecular Cardiovascular Biology, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH 45228, USA
| | - Sathya Srinivasachari
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA
- Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Bangalore, India
| | - Theresa M. Reineke
- Department of Chemistry, Macromolecules and Interfaces Institute, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, VA24060, USA
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Huang FW, Feng J, Nie J, Cheng SX, Zhang XZ, Zhuo RX. Convenient Preparation of Biodegradable PEI-Containing Polymers as Non-Viral Vectors for Gene Transfection. Macromol Biosci 2009; 9:1176-84. [DOI: 10.1002/mabi.200900187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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Bauhuber S, Hozsa C, Breunig M, Göpferich A. Delivery of nucleic acids via disulfide-based carrier systems. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2009; 21:3286-3306. [PMID: 20882498 DOI: 10.1002/adma.200802453] [Citation(s) in RCA: 220] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
Nucleic acids are not only expected to assume a pivotal position as "drugs" in the treatment of genetic and acquired diseases, but could also act as molecular cues to control the microenvironment during tissue regeneration. Despite this promise, the efficient delivery of nucleic acids to their side of action is still the major hurdle. One among many prerequisites for a successful carrier system for nucleic acids is high stability in the extracellular environment, accompanied by an efficient release of the cargo in the intracellular compartment. A promising strategy to create such an interactive delivery system is to exploit the redox gradient between the extra- and intracellular compartments. In this review, emphasis is placed on the biological rationale for the synthesis of redox sensitive, disulfide-based carrier systems, as well as the extra- and intracellular processing of macromolecules containing disulfide bonds. Moreover, the basic synthetic approaches for introducing disulfide bonds into carrier molecules, together with examples that demonstrate the benefit of disulfides at the individual stages of nucleic acid delivery, will be presented.
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Hombach J, Bernkop-Schnürch A. Chitosan solutions and particles: evaluation of their permeation enhancing potential on MDCK cells used as blood brain barrier model. Int J Pharm 2009; 376:104-9. [PMID: 19409469 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2009.04.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2009] [Revised: 04/21/2009] [Accepted: 04/22/2009] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
It was the aim of the present study to investigate the potential of chitosan of different molecular weight in solution and as particles to enhance the transport into the brain. FITC-dextran 4 (FD4) transport with and without chitosans of different molecular weight across MDCK cell monolayers, a model for the blood brain barrier, was compared. In the following particles of chitosan exhibiting the most appropriate molecular weight were prepared and their particle size and stability were evaluated. Furthermore permeation studies, MDCK cell toxicity test and red blood cell lysis test were performed. The rank order for chitosan for permeation enhancement across MDCK cells was determined to be 20 kDa~150 kDa > 400 kDa~600 kDa. Moreover particles showed a higher permeation enhancement than the corresponding solution and the smaller the particles were the higher the permeation of FD4 was. All particles were stable for 72 h. Particles displayed increased MDCK cell toxicity and red blood cell lysis compared to chitosan in solution. The smaller the particles were, the higher their toxicity was. According to these results chitosan particles are more potent in absorption enhancement than chitosan solutions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juliane Hombach
- Institute of Pharmacy, Leopold-Franzens-University Innsbruck, Innrain 52, Josef-Möller-Haus, Innsbruck, Austria
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