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Huang T, Zeng Y, Li C, Zhou Z, Xu J, Wang L, Yu DG, Wang K. Application and Development of Electrospun Nanofiber Scaffolds for Bone Tissue Engineering. ACS Biomater Sci Eng 2024. [PMID: 38830819 DOI: 10.1021/acsbiomaterials.4c00028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2024]
Abstract
Nanofiber scaffolds have gained significant attention in the field of bone tissue engineering. Electrospinning, a straightforward and efficient technique for producing nanofibers, has been extensively researched. When used in bone tissue engineering scaffolds, electrospun nanofibers with suitable surface properties promote new bone tissue growth and enhance cell adhesion. Recent advancements in electrospinning technology have provided innovative approaches for scaffold fabrication in bone tissue engineering. This review comprehensively examines the utilization of electrospun nanofibers in bone tissue engineering scaffolds and evaluates the relevant literature. The review begins by presenting the fundamental principles and methodologies of electrospinning. It then discusses various materials used in the production of electrospun nanofiber scaffolds for bone tissue engineering, including natural and synthetic polymers, as well as certain inorganic materials. The challenges associated with these materials are also described. The review focuses on novel electrospinning techniques for scaffold construction in bone tissue engineering, such as multilayer nanofibers, multifluid electrospinning, and the integration of electrospinning with other methods. Recent advancements in electrospinning technology have enabled the fabrication of precisely aligned nanofiber scaffolds with nanoscale architectures. These innovative methods also facilitate the fabrication of biomimetic structures, wherein bioactive substances can be incorporated and released in a controlled manner for drug delivery purposes. Moreover, they address issues encountered with traditional electrospun nanofibers, such as mechanical characteristics and biocompatibility. Consequently, the development and implementation of novel electrospinning technologies have revolutionized scaffold fabrication for bone tissue engineering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tianyue Huang
- School of Materials and Chemistry, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology 516 Jungong Road, Shanghai 200093, China
| | - YuE Zeng
- Department of Neurology, RuiJin Hospital Lu Wan Branch, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, China
| | - Chaofei Li
- Department of General Surgery, RuiJin Hospital Lu Wan Branch, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, China
| | - Zhengqing Zhou
- School of Materials and Chemistry, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology 516 Jungong Road, Shanghai 200093, China
| | - Jie Xu
- School of Materials and Chemistry, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology 516 Jungong Road, Shanghai 200093, China
| | - Lean Wang
- School of Materials and Chemistry, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology 516 Jungong Road, Shanghai 200093, China
| | - Deng-Guang Yu
- School of Materials and Chemistry, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology 516 Jungong Road, Shanghai 200093, China
| | - Ke Wang
- School of Materials and Chemistry, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology 516 Jungong Road, Shanghai 200093, China
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Oustadi F, Imani R, Haghbin Nazarpak M, Sharifi AM, McInnes SJP. Nanofiber/hydrogel composite scaffold incorporated by silicon nanoparticles for sustained delivery of osteogenic factor: in vitro study. INT J POLYM MATER PO 2022. [DOI: 10.1080/00914037.2022.2147176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Fereshteh Oustadi
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Amirkabir University of Technology (Tehran Polytechnic), Tehran, Iran
| | - Rana Imani
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Amirkabir University of Technology (Tehran Polytechnic), Tehran, Iran
| | - Masoumeh Haghbin Nazarpak
- New Technologies Research Center, Amirkabir University of Technology (Tehran Polytechnic), Tehran, Iran
| | - Ali Mohammad Sharifi
- Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine Research Center, and Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Department of Orthopedics Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, Tissue Engineering Group (NOCERAL), University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Steven J. P. McInnes
- UniSA STEM, Mawson Lakes Campus, University of South Australia, Mawson Lakes, South Australia, Australia
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The evaluation of cytotoxicity and cytokine IL-6 production of root canal sealers with and without the incorporation of simvastatin: an invitro study. BMC Oral Health 2022; 22:6. [PMID: 35012572 PMCID: PMC8751161 DOI: 10.1186/s12903-022-02039-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2021] [Accepted: 12/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/07/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Freshly mixed root canal sealers when proximate the periapical tissues, trigger varying degrees of cytotoxicity/inflammatory reactions. Simvastatin, a class of the drug statin, is a widely used cholesterol-lowering agent with additional anti-inflammatory activities. This study assessed the effects of simvastatin on cytotoxicity and the release of IL-6 (Interleukin-6) production when incorporated in zinc oxide eugenol and methacrylate resin-based sealers. Methods Experimental groups consisted of conventional zinc oxide eugenol and methacrylate based-EndoREZ sealers (ZE & ER respectively) and 0.5 mg/mL simvastatin incorporated sealers (ZES & ERS). L929 mouse fibroblast cells were exposed to freshly mixed experimental sealers and evaluated for cytotoxicity (MTT assay) and inflammation levels (inflammatory marker IL-6 for ELISA) at various time intervals (0h, 24h and 7th day). The values were compared to the cell control (CC; L929 cells alone) and solvent control (SC; L929 cells + DMSO) groups. All the experiments were conducted in triplicates and subjected to statistical analysis using IBM SPSS Statistics software. Non parametric tests were conducted using Kruskal-Wallis and Friedman tests for inter-group and intra-group comparisons respectively. Pairwise comparison was conducted by post hoc Dunn test followed by Bonferroni correction. P values < 0.05 were considered statistically significant. Results All the experimental groups (ZE, ER, ZES, ERS) exhibited varying degree of cytotoxicity and IL-6 expression compared to the control groups CC and SC. The cell viability for ZE and ER decreased on day 7 as compared to 24 h. ZES and ERS had higher viable cells (75.93% & 79.90%) compared to ZE and ER (54.39% & 57.84%) at all time periods. Increased expression of IL-6 was observed in ZE & ER (25.49 pg/mL & 23.14 pg/mL) when compared to simvastatin incorporated ZE & ER (ZES-12.70 pg/mL & ERS-14.68 pg/mL) at all time periods. Highest level of cytotoxicity and inflammation was observed in ZE compared to all the other groups on day 7. Conclusions Addition of 0.5 mg/mL of simvastatin to the sealers (ZES and ERS) decreased the cytotoxicity in the freshly mixed state and reduces their inflammatory effect.
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Murali VP, Guerra FD, Ghadri N, Christian JM, Stein SH, Jennings JA, Smith RA, Bumgardner JD. Simvastatin loaded chitosan guided bone regeneration membranes stimulate bone healing. J Periodontal Res 2021; 56:877-884. [PMID: 33830521 DOI: 10.1111/jre.12883] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2020] [Revised: 02/04/2021] [Accepted: 03/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE Electrospun chitosan membranes (ESCM) modified with short-chain fatty acids have the ability to control the release of simvastatin (SMV), an anti-cholesterol drug with osteogenic potential, for guided bone regeneration (GBR) applications. This study evaluated in vivo osteogenic effects of rapid short release of SMV (4 weeks) vs long sustained release (8 weeks) from acetic anhydride (AA)-and hexanoic anhydride (HA)-modified ESCMs, respectively. METHODS AA ESCMs loaded with 10 or 50 µg SMV and HA ESCMs loaded with 50 µg SMV were evaluated for biocompatibility and bone formation at 4 and 8 weeks, in 5 mm critical size rat calvarial defects, using histological evaluation and micro-CT analysis. RESULTS No severe inflammatory response was noticed around the ESCMs. Less hydrophobic AA membranes showed signs of resorption by week 4 and were almost completely resorbed by week 8 whereas the more hydrophobic HA membranes resorbed slowly, remaining intact over 8 weeks. In micro-CT analysis, 10 µg SMV-loaded AA membranes did not show significant bone formation as compared to non-loaded AA membranes at either evaluation time points. 50 µg SMV-loaded AA membranes stimulated significantly more bone formation than non-loaded AA membranes by week 4 (%bone = 31.0 ± 5.9% (AA50) vs 18.5 ± 13.7% (AA0)) but showed no difference at week 8. HA membranes with 50 µg SMV showed significantly more bone formation as compared to corresponding non-loaded membranes by week 8 (%bone = 61.7 ± 8.9% (HA50) vs 33.9 ± 29.7% (HA0)), though such an effect was not significant at week 4. CONCLUSION These results indicate that modified ESCMs may be used to control the release of SMV and promote bone healing in GBR applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vishnu Priya Murali
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Memphis, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Fernanda D Guerra
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Memphis, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Najib Ghadri
- College of Dentistry, University of Tennessee Health Science Centre, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - James M Christian
- College of Dentistry, University of Tennessee Health Science Centre, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Sidney H Stein
- College of Dentistry, University of Tennessee Health Science Centre, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Jessica A Jennings
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Memphis, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Richard A Smith
- Orthopedic Surgery & Biomedical Engineering, University of Tennessee Health Science Centre, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Joel D Bumgardner
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Memphis, Memphis, TN, USA
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Dang L, Zhu J, Song C. The effect of topical administration of simvastatin on entochondrostosis and intramembranous ossification: An animal experiment. J Orthop Translat 2021; 28:1-9. [PMID: 33575165 PMCID: PMC7844440 DOI: 10.1016/j.jot.2020.11.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2020] [Revised: 11/22/2020] [Accepted: 11/26/2020] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Simvastatin, a drug for lowering serum cholesterol, has been shown to enhance bone regeneration, but few studies have qualitatively and quantitatively tested its effect when used topically in different animal models. This study aims to investigate topical administration of simvastatin as a bone regeneration inducer by testing its effect on bone formation in both long tubular bone and flat bone defect, and the mechanism involved. Methods Two animal models were used for testing the effect of simvastatin on entochondrostosis and intramembranous ossification respectively. Simvastatin of different dosages combined with poly lactic acid were implanted in extreme radial defects of 12 adult male New Zealand rabbits. Bone formation was monitored using x-ray and CT-scan and measured using x-ray scales, pixel values and spiral CT-scan for 16 weeks before being subject to histological and immunohistochemistry examination. The result was compared with that of autograft and blank control groups. Simvastatin with thrombin and fibrin sealant were implanted in calvarial defects of three Rhesus monkeys and monitored for 18 weeks. Bone formation was compared between the simvastatin and the blank control group using spiral CT-scan and histological examination. Results Both visual and quantitative measurements by x-ray and spiral CT-scan indicated significant bone formation in radial defects in all simvastatin groups and the autograft group whereas no bone formation was found in control groups. There was no significant difference in bone formation quantity between 100 mg simvastatin and autograft. Histological and immunohistochemistry examination indicated entochondrostosis in association with positive expression of BMP-2 and HIF-1 alpha. Spiral CT-scan and histological examination of calvarial defects of monkeys showed intramembranous ossification after simvastatin implantation. No change was found in the control group. Conclusions Topical administration of simvastatin induces entochondrostosis and intramembranous ossification by enhancing expression of BMP-2 and HIF-1 alpha. The effect of simvastatin on bone regeneration is comparable to autograft. The translational potential of this article Topical administration of simvastatin can repair bone defect in both long tubular bones and flat bones of rabbits and monkeys as effectively as autograft. Given that it is cheap, safe and already in clinical use, simvastatin might be considered as a bone regeneration inducer with great potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Dang
- Department of Orthopedics, Peking University 3rd Hospital, Beijing Key Laboratory of Spinal Disease Research, Beijing, PR China
| | - Jinglin Zhu
- Department of Orthopedics, Beijing Shijitan Hospital, Beijing, PR China
| | - Chunli Song
- Department of Orthopedics, Peking University 3rd Hospital, Beijing Key Laboratory of Spinal Disease Research, Beijing, PR China
- Corresponding author. Department of Orthopedics, Peking University 3rd Hospital, Beijing Key Laboratory of Spinal Disease Research, 49 North Garden Rd., Haidian District, Beijing, 100191, PR China.
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Rothe R, Schulze S, Neuber C, Hauser S, Rammelt S, Pietzsch J. Adjuvant drug-assisted bone healing: Part III - Further strategies for local and systemic modulation. Clin Hemorheol Microcirc 2020; 73:439-488. [PMID: 31177207 DOI: 10.3233/ch-199104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
In this third in a series of reviews on adjuvant drug-assisted bone healing, further approaches aiming at influencing the healing process are discussed. Local and systemic modulation of bone metabolism is pursued with use of a number of drugs with completely different indications, which are characterized by a pleiotropic spectrum of action. These include drugs used to treat lipid disorders (HMG-CoA reductase inhibitors), hypertension (ACE inhibitors), osteoporosis (bisphosphonates), cancer (proteasome inhibitors) and others. Potential applications to enhance bone healing are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca Rothe
- Department of Radiopharmaceutical and Chemical Biology, Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf (HZDR), Institute of Radiopharmaceutical Cancer Research, Dresden, Germany
| | - Sabine Schulze
- University Center of Orthopaedics and Traumatology (OUC), University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, Dresden, Germany.,Center for Translational Bone, Joint and Soft Tissue Research, University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus and Faculty of Medicine, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Christin Neuber
- Department of Radiopharmaceutical and Chemical Biology, Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf (HZDR), Institute of Radiopharmaceutical Cancer Research, Dresden, Germany
| | - Sandra Hauser
- Department of Radiopharmaceutical and Chemical Biology, Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf (HZDR), Institute of Radiopharmaceutical Cancer Research, Dresden, Germany
| | - Stefan Rammelt
- University Center of Orthopaedics and Traumatology (OUC), University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, Dresden, Germany.,Center for Translational Bone, Joint and Soft Tissue Research, University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus and Faculty of Medicine, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany.,Center for Regenerative Therapies Dresden (CRTD), Tatzberg 4, Dresden
| | - Jens Pietzsch
- Department of Radiopharmaceutical and Chemical Biology, Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf (HZDR), Institute of Radiopharmaceutical Cancer Research, Dresden, Germany.,Technische Universität Dresden, School of Science, Faculty of Chemistry and Food Chemistry, Dresden, Germany
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Akbari V, Rezazadeh M, Ebrahimi Z. Comparison the effects of chitosan and hyaluronic acid-based thermally sensitive hydrogels containing rosuvastatin on human osteoblast-like MG-63 cells. Res Pharm Sci 2020; 15:97-106. [PMID: 32180821 PMCID: PMC7053290 DOI: 10.4103/1735-5362.278719] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Background and purpose: Bone regeneration can be accelerated by localized delivery of statins. Here, we aimed to evaluate the effect of two thermosensitive hydrogels containing rosuvastatin (RSV) on proliferation and differentiation of human osteoblast-like MG-63 cells. Experimental approach: Firstly, chitosan (CTS)/glycerophosphate (GP)/gelatin (G) thermosensitive hydrogel was prepared and characterized based on rheological properties, in vitro erosion, and release pattern of RSV and then the optimized mixture was loaded with nanoparticles containing RSV(NRSV). Secondly, the effect of NRSV-embedded in CTS/GP/G on cell viability, alkaline phosphate activity, and cell calcification was evaluated using MG-63 cells and compared with RSV-embedded into hyaluronic acid (HA)/Pluronic® F127 (PF127) hydrogel. Findings / Results: CTS/GP mixtures with 1 and 1.5 % gelatin existing in solution with low viscosity at 4 °C were solidified at 32-34 °C while the mixture containing 2% gelatin was jellified at room temperature. The gelation times of CTS/GP/G with 1 and 1.5% gelatin were 72 and 44 s, respectively. The hydrogel containing 3% w/v NRSV was also converted to a semisolid upon increasing the temperature to 33-36 °C. Due to the higher gel strength of CTS/GP/G compared to HA/PF127 hydrogel, the release rate of RSV from the NRSV-embedded CTS/GP/G hydrogel was significantly slower than that of HA/PF127 system. As revealed by alkaline phosphatase and mineralization assays, NRSV-embedded in CTS/GP/G hydrogel had the most promotive effect on differentiation of osteoblasts among other mixtures. Conclusion and implication: NRSV-embedded in CTS/GP/G hydrogel could be efficiently used in the future for bone defects such as osteoporosis and bone fractures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vajihe Akbari
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biothenology, Isfahan Pharmaceutical Research Center, School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, I. R. Iran
| | - Mahboubeh Rezazadeh
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Novel Drug Delivery System Research Center, School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, I.R. Iran
| | - Zahra Ebrahimi
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Novel Drug Delivery System Research Center, School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, I.R. Iran
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Mandakhbayar N, El-Fiqi A, Lee JH, Kim HW. Evaluation of Strontium-Doped Nanobioactive Glass Cement for Dentin–Pulp Complex Regeneration Therapy. ACS Biomater Sci Eng 2019; 5:6117-6126. [DOI: 10.1021/acsbiomaterials.9b01018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Nandin Mandakhbayar
- Department of Nanobiomedical Science and BK21 PLUS NBM Global Research Center for Regenerative Medicine, Dankook University, Cheonan 31116, South Korea
| | - Ahmed El-Fiqi
- Department of Nanobiomedical Science and BK21 PLUS NBM Global Research Center for Regenerative Medicine, Dankook University, Cheonan 31116, South Korea
- Glass Research Department, National Research Centre, Cairo 12622, Egypt
| | - Jung-Hwan Lee
- Department of Nanobiomedical Science and BK21 PLUS NBM Global Research Center for Regenerative Medicine, Dankook University, Cheonan 31116, South Korea
- Glass Research Department, National Research Centre, Cairo 12622, Egypt
- Department of Biomaterials Science, School of Dentistry, Dankook University, Cheonan 330-714, South Korea
| | - Hae-Won Kim
- Department of Nanobiomedical Science and BK21 PLUS NBM Global Research Center for Regenerative Medicine, Dankook University, Cheonan 31116, South Korea
- Department of Biomaterials Science, School of Dentistry, Dankook University, Cheonan 330-714, South Korea
- UCL Eastman-Korea Dental Medicine Innovation Centre, Dankook University, Cheonan 31116, Republic of Korea
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Littuma GJS, Sordi MB, Borges Curtarelli R, Aragonês Á, da Cruz ACC, Magini RS. Titanium coated with poly(lactic-co-glycolic) acid incorporating simvastatin: Biofunctionalization of dental prosthetic abutments. J Periodontal Res 2019; 55:116-124. [PMID: 31493346 DOI: 10.1111/jre.12695] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2018] [Revised: 07/19/2019] [Accepted: 08/13/2019] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To propose a biofunctionalized prosthetic abutment by analyzing physico-chemical and morphological properties, simvastatin (SIM) release, and biocompatibility of titanium (Ti) disks coated with poly(lactic-co-glycolic) acid (PLGA) incorporating SIM. METHODS Titanium disks (8 × 3 mm) were distributed into four groups: Ti: pure Ti; Ti + PLGA: Ti coated with PLGA; Ti + PLGA + SIM6%: Ti + PLGA with 6% SIM; and Ti + PLGA + SIM0.6%: Ti + PLGA incorporating 0.6% SIM. PLGA was prepared through chloroform evaporation technique. After complete dissolution of PLGA, SIM was diluted in the solution. Ti + PLGA, Ti + PLGA + SIM6%, and Ti + PLGA + SIM0.6% were dip coated with PLGA and PLGA + SIM, respectively. Samples were sterilized by ethylene oxide. For SIM release assay, disks were submerged in PBS, pH 7.4, 37°C, 30 rpm up to 600 hours. At different time intervals, SIM was quantified by spectrophotometry (238 nm). For characterization of the biomaterial components, it was performed Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy, differential scanning calorimetry, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), optical profilometry, and atomic force microscopy. Biocompatibility analyses were performed by MTS colorimetric assay on murine fibroblasts L929, human gingival fibroblasts (HGFs), and stem cells from human exfoliated deciduous teeth (SHEDs). Absorbance was measured at 490 nm, and percentages of viable cells were calculated in relation to positive control (Ti). SEM images were obtained to verify cell adhesion and morphology. One-way ANOVA followed by Tukey's post hoc test was applied (P < 0.05) for statistical analyses. RESULTS SIM release was slow and continuous, reaching about 21% of the incorporated SIM after 600 hours. Topographical analyses revealed success in coating Ti disks with PLGA incorporating SIM. Regarding biocompatibility test, Ti + PLGA + SIM0.6% showed the highest percentage of L929 viability at days 3 and 7. There was no significant difference for Ti, Ti + PLGA, and Ti + PLGA + SIM0.6% groups on cell viability of both SHEDs and HGFs at days 3 and 7. SEM corroborates that SHEDs and HGFs were able to adhere and proliferate on Ti, Ti + PLGA, and Ti + PLGA + SIM0.6% surfaces. CONCLUSION A slow and controlled release of SIM was achieved, attributed to a diffusional mass transfer mechanism. Moreover, a homogenous coating topography was obtained. Additionally, 0.6% SIM incorporated into PLGA coating improved fibroblasts L929 viability compared to titanium or PLGA. Also, 0.6% SIM incorporated into PLGA promoted cell viability of about 100% for HGFs and approximately 150% for human mesenchymal stem cells. Therefore, this study allows to consider the use of PLGA-coated titanium incorporating SIM as a biofunctionalized abutment for dental implants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gustavo J S Littuma
- Dentistry Post Graduation, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, Brazil
| | - Mariane B Sordi
- Dentistry Post Graduation, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, Brazil
| | | | | | - Ariadne C C da Cruz
- Department of Dentistry, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, Brazil
| | - Ricardo S Magini
- Department of Dentistry, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, Brazil
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Venkatesan N, Liyanage AT, Castro-Núñez J, Asafo-Adjei T, Cunningham LL, Dziubla TD, Puleo DA. Biodegradable polymerized simvastatin stimulates bone formation. Acta Biomater 2019; 93:192-199. [PMID: 31055123 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2019.04.059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2019] [Revised: 04/25/2019] [Accepted: 04/29/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Previous research from our labs demonstrated the synthesis of polymerized simvastatin by ring-opening polymerization and slow degradation with controlled release of simvastatin in vitro. The objective of the present study was to evaluate the degradation and intramembranous bone-forming potential of simvastatin-containing polyprodrugs in vivo using a rat calvarial onlay model. Poly(ethylene glycol)-block-poly(simvastatin) and poly(ethylene glycol)-block-poly(simvastatin)-ran-poly(glycolide) were compared with simvastatin conventionally encapsulated in poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid) (PLGA) and pure PLGA. The rate of degradation was higher for PLGA with and without simvastatin relative to the simvastatin polyprodrugs. Significant new bone growth at the circumference of poly(ethylene glycol)-block-poly(simvastatin) disks was observed beginning at 4 weeks, whereas severe bone resorption (4 weeks) and bone loss (8 weeks) were observed for PLGA loaded with simvastatin. No significant systemic effects were observed for serum total cholesterol and body weight. Increased expression of osteogenic (BMP-2, Runx2, and ALP), angiogenic (VEGF), and inflammatory cytokines (IL-6 and NF-ĸB) genes was seen with all polymers at the end of 8 weeks. Poly(ethylene glycol)-block-poly(simvastatin), with slow degradation and drug release, controlled inflammation, and significant osteogenic effect, is a candidate for use in bone regeneration applications. STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE: Traditional drug delivery systems, e.g., drug encapsulated in poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid) (PLGA), are typically passive and have limited drug payload. As an alternative, we polymerized the drug simvastatin, which has multiple physiological effects, into macromolecules ("polysimvastatin") via ring-opening polymerization. We previously demonstrated that the rate of degradation and drug (simvastatin) release can be adjusted by copolymerizing it with other monomers. The present results demonstrate significant new bone growth around polysimvastatin, whereas severe bone loss occurred for PLGA loaded with simvastatin. This degradable biomaterial with biofunctionality integrated into the polymeric backbone is a useful candidate for bone regeneration applications.
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Li X, Liu X, Ni S, Liu Y, Sun H, Lin Q. Enhanced osteogenic healing process of rat tooth sockets using a novel simvastatin-loaded injectable microsphere-hydrogel system. J Craniomaxillofac Surg 2019; 47:1147-1154. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcms.2019.04.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2018] [Revised: 03/01/2019] [Accepted: 04/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
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Hajihasani Biouki M, Mobedi H, Karkhaneh A, Daliri Joupari M. Development of a simvastatin loaded injectable porous scaffold in situ formed by phase inversion method for bone tissue regeneration. Int J Artif Organs 2018; 42:72-79. [PMID: 30482084 DOI: 10.1177/0391398818806161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION: The use of injectable scaffolds as a minimally invasive method is a good choice in tissue engineering applications. A critical parameter for the tissue engineering scaffolds is a suitable morphology with interconnected pores. We present the development of a simvastatin loaded scaffold that forms in situ and provides the porous structure with interconnected pores. METHODS: The formulation of these scaffolds includes a polymeric solution of poly lactic-co-glycolic acid (25 wt%) in N-methyl-2-pyrrolidone containing 6 wt% deionized water and porogen (mannitol, four times the weight of the polymer). We have grafted simvastatin to poly lactic-co-glycolic acid by the esterification reactions. Simvastatin or simvastatin-grafted poly lactic-co-glycolic acid in different levels was added to polymer solution and finally the solution was injected into phosphate buffered saline. The simvastatin-grafted poly lactic-co-glycolic acid was characterized by attenuated total reflection Fourier-transform infra-red and 1H-nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy. The morphology, porosity, and biocompatibility of the scaffolds were evaluated. The in vitro simvastatin release from the various formulations was studied. Osteogenic differentiation of the adipose-derived stem cells was investigated using alkaline phosphatase activity assay and cell mineralization was evaluated using Alizarin red staining. RESULTS: The morphology results showed the resultant scaffold was porous with the interconnected pores. The scaffolds presented 91% porosity. Non-toxic doses of simvastatin in the scaffolds were determined by methyl-thiazolyl diphenyl-tetrazolium bromide assay. The released simvastatin from the scaffolds continues over 80 days. Alkaline phosphatase activity and Alizarin red results indicated that cell osteogenic differentiation is promoted. CONCLUSION: The results demonstrated that release of simvastatin from the injectable scaffolds can have positive effects on osteogenic differentiation of the adipose-derived stem cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mina Hajihasani Biouki
- 1 Department of Biomedical Engineering, Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Hamid Mobedi
- 2 Department of Novel Drug Delivery Systems, Iran Polymer and Petrochemical Institute, Tehran, Iran
| | - Akbar Karkhaneh
- 3 Department of Biomedical Engineering, Amirkabir University of Technology (Tehran Polytechnic), Tehran, Iran
| | - Morteza Daliri Joupari
- 4 Department of Animal and Marine Biotechnology, National Institute of Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, Tehran, Iran
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Deng LJ, Wu YL, He XH, Xie KN, Xie L, Deng Y. Simvastatin delivery on PEEK for bioactivity and osteogenesis enhancements. JOURNAL OF BIOMATERIALS SCIENCE-POLYMER EDITION 2018; 29:2237-2251. [PMID: 30307376 DOI: 10.1080/09205063.2018.1534668] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
A strategy developed for obtaining positive cellular responses remains to be focused in the filed of functional biomimetics. In this study, a hydrogel covered simvastatin-loaded polyetheretherketone (PEEK) bio-composites was constructed with the purpose of bone tissue regeneration therapy. Briefly, a three-dimensional (3D) porous structure was fabricated on PEEK surface; then the substrate was functionalized with the poly(L-lactic acid)/simvastatin porous film and hyaluronic acid hydrogel subsequently. In vitro cell attachment, proliferation, and cytoskeletal observation experiments reveal that our scaffolds show better bio-affinity due to the layer of hyaluronic acid hydrogel compared with control. Furthermore, the alkaline phosphatase activity, calcium mineral deposition evaluation, and gene expression for osteogenic potential all exhibit that the superior osteogenic differentiation of MC3T3-E1 pre-osteoblasts on our scaffolds. Therefore, our PEEK samples loaded with simvastatin and covered with hyaluronic acid hydrogel hold great potential in clinical applications for bone repair.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li-Jun Deng
- a School of Chemical Engineering , Sichuan University , Chengdu , China
| | - Yan-Lin Wu
- b State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases West China College of Stomatology , Sichuan University , Chengdu , China
| | - Xian-Hua He
- a School of Chemical Engineering , Sichuan University , Chengdu , China
| | - Ke-Nan Xie
- a School of Chemical Engineering , Sichuan University , Chengdu , China
| | - Lu Xie
- b State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases West China College of Stomatology , Sichuan University , Chengdu , China
| | - Yi Deng
- a School of Chemical Engineering , Sichuan University , Chengdu , China.,c Department of Mechanical Engineering , The University of Hong Kong , Hong Kong , China
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14
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Lai M, Yan X, Jin Z. The response of bone cells to titanium surfaces modified by simvastatin-loaded multilayered films. JOURNAL OF BIOMATERIALS SCIENCE-POLYMER EDITION 2018; 29:1895-1908. [PMID: 30156968 DOI: 10.1080/09205063.2018.1517483] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to enhance cytocompatibility of titanium substrates by loading a multilayer film of chitosan (Chi), gelatin (Gel) and simvastatin (SV). This was fabricated using a spin-assisted layer-by-layer (LBL) technique. The surface properties of the different substrates were characterized by field emission scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM), atomic force microscope (AFM), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and contact angle measurement, respectively. Simvastatin release in vitro was measured by ultraviolet-visible spectrophotometer. A well morphology with filopodia extensions was observed in mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) grown on simvastatin loaded multilayered films-modified titanium substrates. After 7, 14 and 21 days of culture, the simvastatin loaded multilayered films increased cell proliferation, improved osteoblastic differentiation of alkaline phosphatase (ALP) and mineralization. Additionally, osteoclast diffentiation marker tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase (TRAP) was decreased in simvastatin loaded multilayered films. This study provides a new insight for the fabrication of titanium-based implants to enhance osseointegration especially for osteoporosis patients in orthopedic application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Lai
- a School of Life Science , Jiangsu Normal University , Xuzhou , Jiangsu , China
| | - Xufeng Yan
- a School of Life Science , Jiangsu Normal University , Xuzhou , Jiangsu , China
| | - Ziyang Jin
- a School of Life Science , Jiangsu Normal University , Xuzhou , Jiangsu , China
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15
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Rezazadeh M, Parandeh M, Akbari V, Ebrahimi Z, Taheri A. Incorporation of rosuvastatin-loaded chitosan/chondroitin sulfate nanoparticles into a thermosensitive hydrogel for bone tissue engineering: preparation, characterization, and cellular behavior. Pharm Dev Technol 2018; 24:357-367. [DOI: 10.1080/10837450.2018.1484765] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mahboubeh Rezazadeh
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Novel Drug Delivery System Research Center, School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Maryam Parandeh
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Novel Drug Delivery System Research Center, School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Vajihe Akbari
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Zahra Ebrahimi
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Novel Drug Delivery System Research Center, School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Azade Taheri
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Novel Drug Delivery System Research Center, School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
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16
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Wang X, Jia Z, Almoshari Y, Lele SM, Reinhardt RA, Wang D. Local Application of Pyrophosphorylated Simvastatin Prevents Experimental Periodontitis. Pharm Res 2018; 35:164. [PMID: 29943090 PMCID: PMC7424626 DOI: 10.1007/s11095-018-2444-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2018] [Accepted: 06/08/2018] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Simvastatin (SIM), a HMG-CoA reductase inhibitor widely prescribed for hypercholesterolemia, has been reported to ameliorate inflammation and promote osteogenesis. Its clinical applications on these potential secondary indications, however, have been hampered by its lack of osteotropicity and poor water solubility. To address this challenge, we propose to design and evaluate the therapeutic efficacy of a novel simvastatin prodrug with better water solubility and bone affinity. METHOD The prodrug (SIM-PPi) was synthesized by directly conjugating a SIM trimer to a pyrophosphate (PPi). It was characterized and evaluated in vitro for its water solubility, osteotropicity, toxicity, anti-inflammatory and osteoinductive properties. It was then tested for anti-inflammatory and osteoinductive properties in vivo by three weekly injections into gingiva of a ligature-induced experimental periodontitis rat model. RESULTS In vitro studies showed that SIM-PPi has greatly improved water-solubility of SIM and shows strong binding to hydroxyapatite (HA). In macrophage culture, SIM-PPi inhibited LPS-induced pro-inflammatory cytokines (IL-1β, IL-6). In osteoblast culture, it was found to significantly increase alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activity with accelerated mineral deposition, confirming the osteogenic potential of SIM-PPi. When tested in vivo on an experimental periodontal bone-loss model, SIM-PPi exhibited a superior prophylactic effect compared to dose equivalent SIM in reducing inflammatory cells and in preserving alveolar bone structure, as shown in the histological and micro-CT data. CONCLUSION SIM-PPi may have the potential to be further developed for better clinical management of bone loss associated with periodontitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaobei Wang
- The Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska, 68198-6125, USA
| | - Zhenshan Jia
- The Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska, 68198-6125, USA
| | - Yosif Almoshari
- The Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska, 68198-6125, USA
- The Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, Jazan University, Jazan, 45142, Saudi Arabia
| | - Subodh M Lele
- The Department of Pathology & Microbiology, College of Medicine, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska, 6819-3135, USA
| | - Richard A Reinhardt
- The Department of Surgical Specialties, College of Dentistry, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Lincoln, Nebraska, 68583-0740, USA
| | - Dong Wang
- The Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska, 68198-6125, USA.
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17
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AlSwafeeri H, ElKenany W, Mowafy M, Karam S. Effect of local administration of simvastatin on postorthodontic relapse in a rabbit model. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop 2018; 153:861-871. [PMID: 29853244 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajodo.2017.10.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2017] [Revised: 10/01/2017] [Accepted: 10/01/2017] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Posttreatment relapse is a major challenging clinical issue. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of local administration of simvastatin on posttreatment relapse. METHODS Orthodontic tooth movement was induced in 10 white New Zealand rabbits. After 21 days of active tooth movement, the orthodontic appliances were removed, and the experimental teeth were allowed to relapse for 21 days. During the relapse phase, 1 mandibular quadrant received local simvastatin administration, and the other received the control vehicle solution on a weekly basis. Three-dimensional models of the experimental teeth were created to allow the measurement of experimental tooth movement and posttreatment relapse. The animals were killed at the end of the relapse phase for histomorphometric analysis of alveolar bone remodeling. RESULTS The mean relapse percentages were 75.83% in the quadrant receiving the control vehicle solution and 62.01% in the quadrant receiving simvastatin. Neither the relapse magnitude nor the relapse percentage showed a significant difference between the 2 quadrants. Histomorphometric analyses showed that local simvastatin administration yielded a significant reduction in the area of active bone-resorptive lacunae and a significant increase in newly formed bone area. CONCLUSIONS Although local administration of simvastatin aids in bone remodeling associated with posttreatment relapse by reducing the area of active bone resorption and upregulating bone formation, it did not significantly minimize posttreatment relapse.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hani AlSwafeeri
- Department of Orthodontics, Faculty of Dentistry, Pharos University, Alexandria, Egypt.
| | - Walid ElKenany
- Department of Orthodontics, Faculty of Dentistry, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt
| | - Mohamed Mowafy
- Department of Orthodontics, Faculty of Dentistry, Alexandria University, Egypt
| | - Sahar Karam
- Department of Oral Biology, Faculty of Dentistry, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt
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18
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Degala S, Bathija NA. Evaluation of the Efficacy of Simvastatin in Bone Regeneration after Surgical Removal of Bilaterally Impacted Third Molars-A Split-Mouth Randomized Clinical Trial. J Oral Maxillofac Surg 2018; 76:1847-1858. [PMID: 29859160 DOI: 10.1016/j.joms.2018.04.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2017] [Revised: 04/25/2018] [Accepted: 04/25/2018] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Simvastatin has been reported to promote osteoblastic activity, inhibit osteoclastic activity, and support osteoblast differentiation induced by bone morphogenetic protein. This split-mouth randomized clinical trial evaluated the effect of local application of simvastatin (10 mg) on bone regeneration after surgical removal of bilaterally impacted mandibular third molars. MATERIALS AND METHODS A randomized, split-mouth, single-blinded, single-center trial was performed in 30 patients 18 to 40 years old requiring surgical extraction of bilaterally impacted mandibular third molars. These patients underwent 2 surgical sessions, with extraction of 1 third molar during each session. Each participant was randomly assigned to receive Gelfoam soaked with normal saline or with the drug simvastatin (10 mg) at the first session and were blinded to the use of drug for that particular socket. The alternate regimen was used during the second session. The study was conducted over a period of 3 months. Patients were evaluated for pain, postoperative swelling, and bone density measurement and analysis using intraoral periapical radiographs at the end of 1, 4, 8 and 12 weeks, respectively. In addition, cone-beam computed tomographic (CBCT) images were obtained for every fifth patient at the end of 12 weeks. RESULTS Mean gray-level histographic values were significantly higher for the study sockets at the end of 1, 4, 8, and 12 weeks (P = .001) compared with the control sockets (30 sockets each). CBCT analysis further substantiated accelerated bone regeneration in the study sockets. CONCLUSION The study was statistically and radiographically in favor of the drug, indicating that local application of simvastatin could be a cost-effective and simple way to stimulate and hasten osseous regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saikrishna Degala
- Professor and Head of Department, Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, JSS Dental College and Hospital (Constituent College), Jagadguru Sri Shivarathreeshwara University, Mysuru, Karnataka, India.
| | - Nikita A Bathija
- Postgraduate Student, Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, JSS Dental College and Hospital (Constituent College), Jagadguru Sri Shivarathreeshwara University, Mysuru, Karnataka, India
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19
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Ghadri N, Anderson KM, Adatrow P, Stein SH, Su H, Garcia-Godoy F, Karydis A, Bumgardner JD. Evaluation of Bone Regeneration of Simvastatin Loaded Chitosan Nanofiber Membranes in Rodent Calvarial Defects. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2018. [DOI: 10.4236/jbnb.2018.92012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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20
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Moshiri A, Sharifi AM, Oryan A. Role of Simvastatin on fracture healing and osteoporosis: a systematic review on in vivo investigations. Clin Exp Pharmacol Physiol 2017; 43:659-84. [PMID: 27061579 DOI: 10.1111/1440-1681.12577] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2015] [Revised: 04/04/2016] [Accepted: 04/05/2016] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Simvastatin is a lipid lowering drug whose beneficial role on bone metabolism was discovered in 1999. Several in vivo studies evaluated its role on osteoporosis and fracture healing, however, controversial results are seen in the literature. For this reason, Simvastatin has not been the focus of any clinical trials as yet. This systematic review clears the mechanisms of action of Simvastatin on bone metabolism and focuses on in vivo investigations that have evaluated its role on osteoporosis and fracture repair to find out (i) whether Simvastatin is effective on treatment of osteoporosis and fracture repair, and (ii) which of the many available protocols may have the ability to be translated in the clinical setting. Simvastatin induces osteoinduction by increasing osteoblast activity and differentiation and inhibiting their apoptosis. It also reduces osteoclastogenesis by decreasing both the number and activity of osteoclasts and their differentiation. Controversial results between the in vivo studies are mostly due to the differences in the route of administration, dose, dosage and carrier type. Local delivery of Simvastatin through controlled drug delivery systems with much lower doses and dosages than the systemic route seems to be the most valuable option in fracture healing. However, systemic delivery of Simvastatin with much higher doses and dosages than the clinical ones seems to be effective in managing osteoporosis. Simvastatin, in a particular range of doses and dosages, may be beneficial in managing osteoporosis and fracture injuries. This review showed that Simvastatin is effective in the treatment of osteoporosis and fracture healing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ali Moshiri
- RAZI Drug Research Centre, School of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Ali Mohammad Sharifi
- RAZI Drug Research Centre, School of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.,Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.,Tissue Engineering Group, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery (NOCERAL), Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Ahmad Oryan
- Department of Pathology, School of Veterinary Medicine, Shiraz, Iran
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21
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Ishihara T, Miyazaki M, Notani N, Kanezaki S, Kawano M, Tsumura H. Locally Applied Simvastatin Promotes Bone Formation in a Rat Model of Spinal Fusion. J Orthop Res 2017; 35:1942-1948. [PMID: 27862237 DOI: 10.1002/jor.23479] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2016] [Accepted: 11/07/2016] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Simvastatin, an inexpensive lipid-lowering drug widely used to prevent cardiovascular disorders, is known to increase osteoblastic activity, inhibit osteoclastic activity, and stimulate osteoblastic production of bone morphogenetic protein 2. Furthermore, local simvastatin application increased bone formation in animal models of fracture or bone defects. We investigated the effect of locally applied simvastatin in a rat model of spinal fusion. We performed posterolateral lumbar fusion surgery with iliac crest autograft in 36 rats divided into group I (n = 17; implanted with a gelatin scaffold) and group II (n = 19; implanted with a gelatin scaffold infused with 0.5 mg simvastatin). The rats were euthanized at 6 or 12 weeks postoperatively, and the spines were explanted and assessed. The fusion rates in group II (16.7%: 6 weeks, 30%: 12 weeks) were considerably higher than those in groups I (0%: 6 weeks, 0%: 12 weeks). The 6- and 12-week radiographic scores were significantly higher in group II than in group I. High-resolution micro-computerized tomography revealed that the tissue and bone volumes of the callus tended to be higher in group II than in group I. Histologic analysis of the spines explanted after 12 weeks demonstrated new bone formation between the transverse processes in group II, but thicker and wider individual trabeculae with fibrotic tissue and muscle fiber between the transverse processes in group I. Locally applied simvastatin was efficacious in accelerating bone formation in our rat model of spinal fusion, supporting its potential clinical application as a promoter of bone morphogenesis in spinal fusion. © 2016 Orthopaedic Research Society. Published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Orthop Res 35:1942-1948, 2017.
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Affiliation(s)
- Toshinobu Ishihara
- Faculty of Medicine, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Oita University, 1-1 Idaigaoka, Hasama-machi, Yufu-shi, Oita 879-5593, Japan
| | - Masashi Miyazaki
- Faculty of Medicine, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Oita University, 1-1 Idaigaoka, Hasama-machi, Yufu-shi, Oita 879-5593, Japan
| | - Naoki Notani
- Faculty of Medicine, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Oita University, 1-1 Idaigaoka, Hasama-machi, Yufu-shi, Oita 879-5593, Japan
| | - Shozo Kanezaki
- Faculty of Medicine, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Oita University, 1-1 Idaigaoka, Hasama-machi, Yufu-shi, Oita 879-5593, Japan
| | - Masanori Kawano
- Faculty of Medicine, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Oita University, 1-1 Idaigaoka, Hasama-machi, Yufu-shi, Oita 879-5593, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Tsumura
- Faculty of Medicine, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Oita University, 1-1 Idaigaoka, Hasama-machi, Yufu-shi, Oita 879-5593, Japan
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22
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Ungaro F, Catanzano O, d'Angelo I, Diaz-Gomez L, Concheiro A, Miro A, Alvarez-Lorenzo C, Quaglia F. Microparticle-embedded fibroin/alginate beads for prolonged local release of simvastatin hydroxyacid to mesenchymal stem cells. Carbohydr Polym 2017; 175:645-653. [PMID: 28917913 DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2017.08.045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2017] [Revised: 07/31/2017] [Accepted: 08/09/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
In the present work, we propose silk fibroin/alginate (SF/Alg) beads embedding simvastatin-loaded biodegradable microparticles as a versatile platform capable of tuning SVA release and in so doing osteogenic effects. In a first part of the study, microparticles of poly(lactic-co-glycolic) acid incorporating simvastatin either as lactone (SVL) or as hydroxyacid form (SVA) were prepared by spray-drying. While SVA-loaded microparticles released the drug in three days, long-term release of SVA could be obtained from SVL-loaded microparticles. In this latter case, SVL was promptly transformed to the osteogenic active SVA during release. When tested on mesenchymal stem cells, a time- and dose-dependent effect of SVL-loaded microparticles on cell proliferation and alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activity was found. Thereafter, SVL-loaded microparticles were embedded in SF/Alg beads to limit the initial simvastatin burst and to achieve easier implantation as well. Microparticle-embedded beads showed no cytotoxicity while ALP activity increased. If correctly exploited, the developed system may be suitable as osteogenic polymer scaffolds releasing correct amount of the drug locally for long time-frames.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Ungaro
- Drug Delivery Laboratory, Department of Pharmacy, University of Napoli Federico II, Via D. Montesano 49, 80131 Napoli, Italy
| | - O Catanzano
- Drug Delivery Laboratory, Department of Pharmacy, University of Napoli Federico II, Via D. Montesano 49, 80131 Napoli, Italy
| | - I d'Angelo
- Di.S.T.A.B.i.F., University of Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli", Via Vivaldi 43, 81100 Caserta, Italy
| | - L Diaz-Gomez
- Departamento de Farmacología, Farmacia y Tecnología Farmacéutica, R+D Pharma Group (GI-1645), Facultad de Farmacia and Health Research Institute of Santiago de Compostela (IDIS), Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, 15782 Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - A Concheiro
- Departamento de Farmacología, Farmacia y Tecnología Farmacéutica, R+D Pharma Group (GI-1645), Facultad de Farmacia and Health Research Institute of Santiago de Compostela (IDIS), Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, 15782 Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - A Miro
- Drug Delivery Laboratory, Department of Pharmacy, University of Napoli Federico II, Via D. Montesano 49, 80131 Napoli, Italy.
| | - C Alvarez-Lorenzo
- Departamento de Farmacología, Farmacia y Tecnología Farmacéutica, R+D Pharma Group (GI-1645), Facultad de Farmacia and Health Research Institute of Santiago de Compostela (IDIS), Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, 15782 Santiago de Compostela, Spain.
| | - F Quaglia
- Drug Delivery Laboratory, Department of Pharmacy, University of Napoli Federico II, Via D. Montesano 49, 80131 Napoli, Italy
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Willett ES, Liu J, Berke M, Giannini PJ, Schmid M, Jia Z, Wang X, Wang X, Samson K, Yu F, Wang D, Nawshad A, Reinhardt RA. Standardized Rat Model Testing Effects of Inflammation and Grafting on Extraction Healing. J Periodontol 2017; 88:799-807. [PMID: 28440741 DOI: 10.1902/jop.2017.160771] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Loss of alveolar ridge width and height after tooth extraction is well documented, but models to evaluate ridge preservation are neither standardized nor cost-effective. This rat model characterizes the pattern of bone turnover and inflammation after extraction and bone grafting with or without local simvastatin (SIM). METHODS Fifty retired-breeder rats underwent extraction of the maxillary right first molar and standard surgical defect creation under inhalation/local anesthesia. The left side of each animal served as unmanipulated control. Untreated groups (n = 8 to 9 per group) were compared (analysis of variance, t test) at days 0, 7, 14, and 28 for alveolar ridge height and width and for markers of inflammation and bone turnover by microcomputed tomography, histology, and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Seventeen additional specimens had defects grafted with either bone mineralized matrix (BMM) or a BMM+SIM conjugate. RESULTS Extraction-induced bone loss (BL) was noted on buccal, palatal, and interproximal height (P <0.05) and ridge width (P <0.01). Week 1 inflammation positively correlated with ridge height; thereafter, a more intense inflammatory reaction corresponded to reduction in alveolar bone height and density (r = 0.74; P <0.05; Spearman). BMM+SIM preserved the most interproximal bone height (P <0.01), increased ridge width and bone density (P <0.01), enhanced 7-day prostaglandin E2 (P <0.01), and reduced 28-day inflammation density (P <0.05). CONCLUSIONS The standard defect used in the current study paralleled human postextraction alveolar BL. Defect grafting, especially BMM+SIM, reduced inflammation and preserved bone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily S Willett
- Department of Oral Biology, College of Dentistry, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Lincoln, NE
| | - Jingpeng Liu
- Department of Oral Biology, College of Dentistry, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Lincoln, NE
| | - Molly Berke
- Department of Oral Biology, College of Dentistry, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Lincoln, NE
| | - Peter J Giannini
- Department of Oral Biology, College of Dentistry, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Lincoln, NE
| | - Marian Schmid
- Department of Oral Biology, College of Dentistry, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Lincoln, NE
| | - Zhenshan Jia
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE
| | - Xiaobei Wang
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE
| | - Xiaoyan Wang
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE
| | - Kaeli Samson
- Department of Biostatistics, College of Public Health, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE
| | - Fang Yu
- Department of Biostatistics, College of Public Health, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE
| | - Dong Wang
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE
| | - Ali Nawshad
- Department of Oral Biology, College of Dentistry, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Lincoln, NE
| | - Richard A Reinhardt
- Department of Surgical Specialties, College of Dentistry, University of Nebraska Medical Center
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Saifi AM, Giraddi GB, Ahmed N. Healing of extraction socket following local application of simvastatin: A split mouth prospective study. J Oral Biol Craniofac Res 2017; 7:106-112. [PMID: 28706784 DOI: 10.1016/j.jobcr.2017.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2017] [Accepted: 04/02/2017] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The role of simvastatin in lowering serum cholesterol level is well described. However, recent findings suggest they have a role in bone formation as well. AIM AND OBJECTIVES The present prospective study was conducted to evaluate the efficacy of simvastatin on bone formation in extraction sockets. MATERIALS AND METHODS 15 patients undergoing all four first premolar extraction were selected based on inclusion and exclusion criteria. Extraction sockets of left premolars (24 and 34) were considered as cases and right premolars (14 and 44) as controls. Overall 30 extraction sites were assigned to each group. Atraumatic extraction was done in all cases following which simvastatin mixed with gelatin sponge was placed in extraction socket of 24 and 34 while only gelatin sponge was placed in 14 and 44. All sockets were then closed with 3-0 vicryl. The patients were kept on follow-up and complications such as dry socket, pain, and swelling were recorded. Intra oral peri apical radiographs were taken immediately after extraction and at 2nd month and 4th month to record changes in the density of alveolar bone. The radiographic measurements were compared and the differences were statistically analyzed. RESULT Percent increase in bone density at the end of 8th week and 16th week was significantly high in case as compared to the control group. CONCLUSION Local application of simvastatin induces bone formation in extraction sockets. Application is very simple and provides a very cost effective way of faster bone regeneration following tooth extraction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aamir Malick Saifi
- Department of Oral & Maxillofacial Surgery, Government Dental College & Research Institute, Bangalore, India
| | - Girish B Giraddi
- Department of Oral & Maxillofacial Surgery, Government Dental College & Research Institute, Bangalore, India
| | - Nausheer Ahmed
- Department of Orthodontics, Government Dental College & Research Institute, Bangalore, India
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Role of MSX1 in Osteogenic Differentiation of Human Dental Pulp Stem Cells. Stem Cells Int 2016; 2016:8035759. [PMID: 27648077 PMCID: PMC5018324 DOI: 10.1155/2016/8035759] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2016] [Revised: 07/08/2016] [Accepted: 07/14/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Msh homeobox 1 (MSX1) encodes a transcription factor implicated in embryonic development of limbs and craniofacial tissues including bone and teeth. Although MSX1 regulates osteoblast differentiation in the cranial bone of young animal, little is known about the contribution of MSX1 to the osteogenic potential of human cells. In the present study, we investigate the role of MSX1 in osteogenic differentiation of human dental pulp stem cells isolated from deciduous teeth. When these cells were exposed to osteogenesis-induction medium, runt-related transcription factor-2 (RUNX2), bone morphogenetic protein-2 (BMP2), alkaline phosphatase (ALPL), and osteocalcin (OCN) mRNA levels, as well as alkaline phosphatase activity, increased on days 4–12, and thereafter the matrix was calcified on day 14. However, knockdown of MSX1 with small interfering RNA abolished the induction of the osteoblast-related gene expression, alkaline phosphatase activity, and calcification. Interestingly, DNA microarray and PCR analyses revealed that MSX1 knockdown induced the sterol regulatory element-binding protein 2 (SREBP2) transcriptional factor and its downstream target genes in the cholesterol synthesis pathway. Inhibition of cholesterol synthesis enhances osteoblast differentiation of various mesenchymal cells. Thus, MSX1 may downregulate the cholesterol synthesis-related genes to ensure osteoblast differentiation of human dental pulp stem cells.
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Bradley AD, Zhang Y, Jia Z, Zhao G, Wang X, Pranke L, Schmid MJ, Wang D, Reinhardt RA. Effect of Simvastatin Prodrug on Experimental Periodontitis. J Periodontol 2016; 87:577-82. [DOI: 10.1902/jop.2016.150599] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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Zhang J, Wang H, Shi J, Wang Y, Lai K, Yang X, Chen X, Yang G. Combination of simvastatin, calcium silicate/gypsum, and gelatin and bone regeneration in rabbit calvarial defects. Sci Rep 2016; 6:23422. [PMID: 26996657 PMCID: PMC4800449 DOI: 10.1038/srep23422] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2015] [Accepted: 03/07/2016] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The present study was performed to determine whether simvastatin improves bone regeneration when combined with calcium silicate/gypsum and gelatin (CS-GEL). The surface morphology was determined using field-emission scanning electron microscopy (FSEM). Degradation in vitro was evaluated by monitoring the weight change of the composites soaked in phosphate buffered saline (PBS). Drug release was evaluated using high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). Cytotoxicity testing was performed to assess the biocompatibility of composites. Four 5 mm-diameter bone defects were created in rabbit calvaria. Three sites were filled with CS-GEL, 0.5 mg simvastatin-loaded CS-GEL (SIM-0.5) and 1.0 mg simvastatin-loaded CS-GEL (SIM-1.0), respectively, and the fourth was left empty as the control group. Micro-computed tomography (micro-CT) and histological analysis were carried out at 4 and 12 weeks postoperatively. The composites all exhibited three-dimensional structures and showed the residue with nearly 80% after 4 weeks of immersion. Drug release was explosive on the first day and then the release rate remained stable. The composites did not induce any cytotoxicity. The results in vivo demonstrated that the new bone formation and the expressions of BMP-2, OC and type I collagen were improved in the simvastatin-loaded CS-GEL group. It was concluded that the simvastatin-loaded CS-GEL may improve bone regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Zhang
- Department of Implantology, Stomatology Hospital, School of Medical, Zhejiang University, Yan’an Road, Hangzhou, P. R. China
| | - Huiming Wang
- Department of Implantology, Stomatology Hospital, School of Medical, Zhejiang University, Yan’an Road, Hangzhou, P. R. China
| | - Jue Shi
- Department of Implantology, Stomatology Hospital, School of Medical, Zhejiang University, Yan’an Road, Hangzhou, P. R. China
| | - Ying Wang
- Department of Endodontics, Stomatology Hospital, School of Medical, Zhejiang University, Yan’an Road, Hangzhou, P. R. China
| | - Kaichen Lai
- Department of Implantology, Stomatology Hospital, School of Medical, Zhejiang University, Yan’an Road, Hangzhou, P. R. China
| | - Xianyan Yang
- Zhejiang-California International Nanosystem Institute, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Xiaoyi Chen
- Clinical Research Institute, Zhejiang Provincial People’s Hospital, No. 158 Shangtang Road, Hangzhou 310014, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Guoli Yang
- Department of Implantology, Stomatology Hospital, School of Medical, Zhejiang University, Yan’an Road, Hangzhou, P. R. China
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Yue X, Niu M, Zhang T, Wang C, Wang Z, Wu W, Zhang Q, Lai C, Zhou L. In vivo evaluation of a simvastatin-loaded nanostructured lipid carrier for bone tissue regeneration. NANOTECHNOLOGY 2016; 27:115708. [PMID: 26881419 DOI: 10.1088/0957-4484/27/11/115708] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Alveolar bone loss has long been a challenge in clinical dental implant therapy. Simvastatin (SV) has been demonstrated to exert excellent anabolic effects on bone. However, the successful use of SV to increase bone formation in vivo largely depends on the local concentration of SV at the site of action, and there have been continuing efforts to develop an appropriate delivery system. Specifically, nanostructured lipid carrier (NLC) systems have become a popular type of encapsulation carrier system. Therefore, SV-loaded NLCs (SNs) (179.4 nm in diameter) were fabricated in this study, and the osteogenic effect of the SNs was evaluated in a critical-sized rabbit calvarial defect. Our results revealed that the SNs significantly enhanced bone formation in vivo, as evaluated by hematoxylin and eosin (HE) staining, immunohistochemistry, and a fluorescence analysis. Thus, this novel nanostructured carrier system could be a potential encapsulation carrier system for SV in bone regeneration applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinxin Yue
- Center of Oral Implantology, Guangdong Provincial Stomatological Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
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Tan J, Fu X, Sun CG, Liu C, Zhang XH, Cui YY, Guo Q, Ma T, Wang H, Du GH, Yin X, Liu ZJ, Leng HJ, Xu YS, Song CL. A single CT-guided percutaneous intraosseous injection of thermosensitive simvastatin/poloxamer 407 hydrogel enhances vertebral bone formation in ovariectomized minipigs. Osteoporos Int 2016. [PMID: 26223190 DOI: 10.1007/s00198-015-3230-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED The ultimate goal of osteoporosis treatment is prevention of fragile fracture. Local treatment targeting specific bone may decrease the incidence of osteoporotic fractures. We developed an injectable, thermosensitive simvastatin/poloxamer 407 hydrogel; a single CT-guided percutaneous intraosseous injection augmented vertebrae in ovariectomized minipigs. INTRODUCTION The greatest hazard associated with osteoporosis is local fragility fractures. An adjunct, local treatment might be helpful to decrease the incidence of osteoporotic fracture. Studies have found that simvastatin stimulates bone formation, but the skeletal bioavailability of orally administered is low. Directly delivering simvastatin to the specific bone that is prone to fractures may reinforce the target bone and reduce the incidence of fragility fractures. METHODS We developed an injectable, thermosensitive simvastatin/poloxamer 407 hydrogel, conducted scanning electron microscopy, rheological, and drug release analyses to evaluate the delivery system; injected it into the lumbar vertebrae of ovariectomized minipigs via minimally invasive CT-guided percutaneous vertebral injection. Three months later, BMD, microstructures, mineral apposition rates, and strength were determined by DXA, micro-CT, histology, and biomechanical test; expression of VEGF, BMP2, and osteocalcin were analyzed by immunohistochemistry and Western blots. RESULTS Poloxamer 407 is an effective controlled delivery system for intraosseous-injected simvastatin. A single injection of the simvastatin/poloxamer 407 hydrogel significantly increased BMD, bone microstructure, and strength; the bone volume fraction and trabecular thickness increased nearly 150 %, bone strength almost doubled compared with controls (all P < 0.01); and induced higher expression of VEGF, BMP2, and osteocalcin. CONCLUSIONS CT-guided percutaneous vertebral injection of a single simvastatin/poloxamer 407 thermosensitive hydrogel promotes bone formation in ovariectomized minipigs. The underlying mechanism appears to involve the higher expression of VEGF and BMP-2.
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MESH Headings
- Absorptiometry, Photon/methods
- Animals
- Bone Density/drug effects
- Bone Morphogenetic Protein 2/metabolism
- Chemistry, Physical
- Drug Combinations
- Drug Delivery Systems
- Drug Evaluation, Preclinical/methods
- Female
- Hydrogel, Polyethylene Glycol Dimethacrylate
- Injections, Spinal
- Lumbar Vertebrae/diagnostic imaging
- Lumbar Vertebrae/metabolism
- Lumbar Vertebrae/physiopathology
- Microscopy, Electron, Scanning
- Osteogenesis/drug effects
- Osteoporosis/diagnostic imaging
- Osteoporosis/drug therapy
- Osteoporosis/physiopathology
- Ovariectomy
- Poloxamer/administration & dosage
- Poloxamer/chemistry
- Poloxamer/pharmacology
- Poloxamer/therapeutic use
- Radiography, Interventional
- Rheology
- Simvastatin/administration & dosage
- Simvastatin/pharmacology
- Simvastatin/therapeutic use
- Swine
- Swine, Miniature
- Tomography, X-Ray Computed
- Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor A/metabolism
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Affiliation(s)
- J Tan
- Department of Orthopedics, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, 100191, China
| | - X Fu
- Department of Orthopedics, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, 100191, China
| | - C G Sun
- Department of Orthopedics, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, 100191, China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Spinal Diseases, Beijing, 100191, China
| | - C Liu
- Department of Radiology, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, 100191, China
| | - X H Zhang
- Department of Pharmacology, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, 100191, China
| | - Y Y Cui
- Department of Orthopedics, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, 100191, China
| | - Q Guo
- Department of Neurology, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, 100191, China
| | - T Ma
- Department of Orthopedics, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, 100191, China
| | - H Wang
- Department of Orthopedics, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, 100191, China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Spinal Diseases, Beijing, 100191, China
| | - G H Du
- Department of Orthopedics, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, 100191, China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Spinal Diseases, Beijing, 100191, China
| | - X Yin
- Department of Orthopedics, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, 100191, China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Spinal Diseases, Beijing, 100191, China
| | - Z J Liu
- Department of Orthopedics, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, 100191, China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Spinal Diseases, Beijing, 100191, China
| | - H J Leng
- Department of Orthopedics, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, 100191, China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Spinal Diseases, Beijing, 100191, China
| | - Y S Xu
- Department of Neurology, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, 100191, China
| | - C L Song
- Department of Orthopedics, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, 100191, China.
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Spinal Diseases, Beijing, 100191, China.
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Zhang P, Han F, Li Y, Chen J, Chen T, Zhi Y, Jiang J, Lin C, Chen S, Zhao P. Local delivery of controlled-release simvastatin to improve the biocompatibility of polyethylene terephthalate artificial ligaments for reconstruction of the anterior cruciate ligament. Int J Nanomedicine 2016; 11:465-78. [PMID: 26869789 PMCID: PMC4734794 DOI: 10.2147/ijn.s95032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The Ligament Advanced Reinforcement System has recently been widely used as the primary graft of choice in anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) reconstruction. But the biological graft-bone healing still remains a problem. Previous studies have shown that simvastatin (SIM) stimulates bone formation. The objective of this study was to investigate whether surface coating with collagen containing low-dose SIM microsphere could enhance the surface biocompatibility of polyethylene terephthalate (PET) artificial ligaments to accelerate graft-to-bone healing. The in vitro studies demonstrated that bone marrow stromal cells on the collagen-coated PET scaffolds (COL/PET) and simvastatin/collagen-coated PET scaffolds (SIM/COL/PET) proliferated vigorously. Compared with the PET group and the COL/PET group, SIM could induce bone marrow stromal cells' osteoblastic differentiation, high alkaline phosphatase activity, more mineralization deposition, and more expression of osteoblast-related genes, such as osteocalcin, runt-related transcription factor 2, bone morphogenetic protein-2, and vascular endothelial growth factor, in the SIM/COL/PET group. In vivo, rabbits received ACL reconstruction with different scaffolds. Histological analysis demonstrated that graft-bone healing was significantly greater with angiogenesis and osteogenesis in the SIM/COL/PET group than the other groups. In addition, biomechanical testing at the eighth week demonstrated a significant increase in the ultimate failure load and stiffness in the SIM/COL/PET group. The low dose of SIM-sustained release from SIM/COL/PET promoted the graft-bone healing via its effect on both angiogenesis and osteogenesis. This study suggested that collagen containing low-dose SIM microsphere coating on the surface of PET artificial ligaments could be potentially applied for ACL reconstruction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peng Zhang
- Department of Sports Medicine, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, People’s Republic of China
| | - Fei Han
- Shanghai East Hospital, The Institute for Biomedical Engineering and Nanoscience, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yunxia Li
- Department of Sports Medicine, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, People’s Republic of China
| | - Jiwu Chen
- Department of Sports Medicine, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, People’s Republic of China
| | - Tianwu Chen
- Department of Sports Medicine, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yunlong Zhi
- Department of Sports Medicine, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, People’s Republic of China
| | - Jia Jiang
- Department of Sports Medicine, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, People’s Republic of China
| | - Chao Lin
- Shanghai East Hospital, The Institute for Biomedical Engineering and Nanoscience, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, People’s Republic of China
| | - Shiyi Chen
- Department of Sports Medicine, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, People’s Republic of China
| | - Peng Zhao
- Shanghai East Hospital, The Institute for Biomedical Engineering and Nanoscience, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, People’s Republic of China
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Sukul M, Min YK, Lee SY, Lee BT. Osteogenic potential of simvastatin loaded gelatin-nanofibrillar cellulose-β tricalcium phosphate hydrogel scaffold in critical-sized rat calvarial defect. Eur Polym J 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.eurpolymj.2015.10.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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32
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Tan J, Yang N, Fu X, Cui Y, Guo Q, Ma T, Yin X, Leng H, Song C. Single-dose local simvastatin injection improves implant fixation via increased angiogenesis and bone formation in an ovariectomized rat model. Med Sci Monit 2015; 21:1428-39. [PMID: 25982481 PMCID: PMC4448596 DOI: 10.12659/msm.892247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Statins have been reported to promote bone formation. However, taken orally, their bioavailability is low to the bones. Implant therapies require a local repair response, topical application of osteoinductive agents, or biomaterials that promote implant fixation. Material/Methods The present study evaluated the effect of a single local injection of simvastatin on screw fixation in an ovariectomized rat model of osteoporosis. Results Dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry, micro-computed tomography, histology, and biomechanical tests revealed that 5 and 10 mg simvastatin significantly improved bone mineral density by 18.2% and 22.4%, respectively (P<0.05); increased bone volume fraction by 51.0% and 57.9%, trabecular thickness by 16.4% and 18.9%, trabeculae number by 112.0% and 107.1%, and percentage of osseointegration by 115.7% and 126.3%; and decreased trabeculae separation by 34.1% and 36.6%, respectively (all P<0.01). Bone mineral apposition rate was significantly increased (P<0.01). Furthermore, implant fixation was significantly increased (P<0.05), and bone morphogenetic protein 2 (BMP2) expression was markedly increased. Local injection of a single dose of simvastatin also promoted angiogenesis. Vessel number, volume, thickness, surface area, and vascular volume per tissue volume were significantly increased (all P<0.01). Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), VEGF receptor-2, von Willebrand factor, and platelet endothelial cell adhesion molecule-1 expression were enhanced. Conclusions A single local injection of simvastatin significantly increased bone formation, promoted osseointegration, and enhanced implant fixation in ovariectomized rats. The underlying mechanism appears to involve enhanced BMP2 expression and angiogenesis in the target bone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Tan
- Department of Orthopaedic, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, China (mainland)
| | - Ning Yang
- Department of Orthopaedic, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, China (mainland)
| | - Xin Fu
- Department of Orthopaedic, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, China (mainland)
| | - Yueyi Cui
- Department of Orthopaedic, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, China (mainland)
| | - Qi Guo
- Department of Neurology, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, China (mainland)
| | - Teng Ma
- Department of Orthopaedic, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, China (mainland)
| | - Xiaoxue Yin
- Department of Orthopaedic, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, China (mainland)
| | - Huijie Leng
- Department of Orthopaedic, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, China (mainland)
| | - Chunli Song
- Department of Orthopaedic, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, China (mainland)
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Jia Z, Zhang Y, Chen YH, Dusad A, Yuan H, Ren K, Li F, Fehringer EV, Purdue PE, Goldring SR, Daluiski A, Wang D. Simvastatin prodrug micelles target fracture and improve healing. J Control Release 2014; 200:23-34. [PMID: 25542644 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2014.12.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2014] [Revised: 12/12/2014] [Accepted: 12/22/2014] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Simvastatin (SIM), a widely used anti-lipidemic drug, has been identified as a bone anabolic agent. Its poor water solubility and the lack of distribution to the skeleton, however, have limited its application in the treatment of bone metabolic diseases. In this study, an amphiphilic macromolecular prodrug of SIM was designed and synthesized to overcome these limitations. The polyethylene glycol (PEG)-based prodrug can spontaneously self-assemble to form micelles. The use of SIM trimer as the prodrug's hydrophobic segment allows easy encapsulation of additional free SIM. The in vitro studies showed that SIM/SIM-mPEG micelles were internalized by MC3T3 cells via lysosomal trafficking and consistently induced expression of both BMP2 and DKK1 mRNA, suggesting that the prodrug micelle retains the biological functions of SIM. After systemic administration, optical imaging suggests that the micelles would passively target to bone fracture sites associated with hematoma and inflammation. Furthermore, flow cytometry study revealed that SIM/SIM-mPEG micelles had preferred cellular uptake by inflammatory and resident cells within the fracture callus tissue. The treatment study using a mouse osteotomy model validated the micelles' therapeutic efficacy in promoting bone fracture healing as demonstrated by micro-CT and histological analyses. Collectively, these data suggest that the macromolecular prodrug-based micelle formulation of SIM may have great potential for clinical management of impaired fracture healing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhenshan Jia
- The Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, 68198, USA
| | - Yijia Zhang
- The Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, 68198, USA
| | - Yen Hsun Chen
- Hospital for Special Surgery, New York, NY 10021, USA
| | - Anand Dusad
- The Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, 68198, USA
| | - Hongjiang Yuan
- The Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, 68198, USA
| | - Ke Ren
- The Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, 68198, USA
| | - Fei Li
- The Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, 68198, USA
| | - Edward V Fehringer
- the Department of Orthopaedic Surgery and Rehabilitation, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, 68198, USA
| | | | | | | | - Dong Wang
- The Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, 68198, USA
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Xu XC, Chen H, Zhang X, Zhai ZJ, Liu XQ, Qin A, Lu EY. Simvastatin prevents alveolar bone loss in an experimental rat model of periodontitis after ovariectomy. J Transl Med 2014; 12:284. [PMID: 25269614 PMCID: PMC4192445 DOI: 10.1186/s12967-014-0284-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2014] [Accepted: 09/25/2014] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Periodontitis is an inflammatory disease characterized by the loss of connective tissue and alveolar bone. There is an increasing evidence that periodontitis is associated with a number of chronic disease, including osteoporosis. Periodontitis and osteoporosis are both bone destructive diseases and of high prevalence in adult population. Osteoporosis could increase some inflammatory factors that also participate in the progression of periodontitis, so as to facilitate the alveolar bone resorption. Simvastatin, specific inhibitor of 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-coenzyme reductase, is of pleiotropic effects including anti-catabolic and anabolic effect on bone metabolism. This study aimed to explore the local and systemic effect of simvastatin on maxillary in rats with both osteoporosis and periodontitis. Methods Thirty-six 4-month-old female Sprague Dawley rats were randomly assigned to six groups: sham group, ligature group, ovariectomized (OVX) + ligature group, local simvastatin administration to OVX + ligature rats (local simvastatin group), oral simvastatin administration to OVX + ligature rats (oral simvastatin group), local and oral simvastatin administration to OVX + ligature rats (L&O simvastatin group). One month after OVX, ligatures were placed on the maxillary first (M1) and second molars (M2) for 4 weeks on all rats except those in the sham group, followed by simvastatin treatment for 2 months. The maxillae, serum, and femurs were collected for further examination including micro-computed (micro-CT) tomography, hematoxylin and eosin (H&E) staining, tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase (TRAP) staining, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISA), and the three-point bending test. Results Local simvastatin administration increased alveolar crest height and prevented local alveolar bone loss without alteration of systemic bone loss. Oral administration prevented local and systemic bone loss with no effect on alveolar crest height. Conclusions Our results indicate that simvastatin has the potential of promoting bone formation and reducing alveolar bone loss in maxillary following ovariectomy (OVX) and ligature placement in rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin-chen Xu
- Department of Prosthodontics, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Orthopaedic Implant, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Stomatology, 639 Zhizaoju Road, Shanghai, 200011, China.
| | - Hui Chen
- Department of Prosthodontics, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Orthopaedic Implant, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Stomatology, 639 Zhizaoju Road, Shanghai, 200011, China.
| | - Xi Zhang
- Department of Prosthodontics, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Orthopaedic Implant, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Stomatology, 639 Zhizaoju Road, Shanghai, 200011, China.
| | - Zan-jing Zhai
- Department of Orthopaedic, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Orthopaedic Implant, 639 Zhizaoju Road, Shanghai, 200011, China.
| | - Xu-qiang Liu
- Department of Orthopaedic, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Orthopaedic Implant, 639 Zhizaoju Road, Shanghai, 200011, China.
| | - An Qin
- Department of Orthopaedic, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Orthopaedic Implant, 639 Zhizaoju Road, Shanghai, 200011, China.
| | - Er-yi Lu
- Department of Prosthodontics, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Orthopaedic Implant, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Stomatology, 639 Zhizaoju Road, Shanghai, 200011, China.
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Allon I, Anavi Y, Allon DM. Topical simvastatin improves the pro-angiogenic and pro-osteogenic properties of bioglass putty in the rat calvaria critical-size model. J ORAL IMPLANTOL 2014; 40:251-8. [PMID: 24914910 DOI: 10.1563/aaid-joi-d-11-00222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Objective was to describe the effect of bioactive glass putty with and without topical simvastatin on new bone formation in critical-sized defects of rat calvaria. A calvarial bone defect was created in 20 male Wistar rats and filled with bioactive glass alone (n = 10) or combined with simvastatin (n = 10). After 4 weeks, the defects were histomorphometrically evaluated for volume fraction (Vv) of woven bone, vessel density, bioglass quantity, and inflammation. Compared to the bioglass-only group, rats treated with simvastatin had greater Vv of blood vessels (3.3% ± 0.7 vs 1.6% ± 0.1, P = .0002) and new bone (2.3% ± 0.2 vs 1.8% ± 2.5, P = .003). The Vv of the bioglass remnants in the bioglass-only group was higher than in the group treated with simvastatin (2.4% ± 0.08 vs 1.7% ± 0.3, P < .0004). Chronic inflammation was noted in 1 rat from each group. Topical simvastatin seems to improve the pro-angiogenic and pro-osteogenic properties of bioglass putty in rat calvaria critical-size defects without significant inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irit Allon
- 1 Department of Oral Pathology and Medicine, School of Dental Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
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Huang X, Huang Z, Li W. Highly efficient release of simvastatin from simvastatin-loaded calcium sulphate scaffolds enhances segmental bone regeneration in rabbits. Mol Med Rep 2014; 9:2152-8. [PMID: 24691672 PMCID: PMC4055438 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2014.2101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2013] [Accepted: 03/05/2014] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
A number of clinical and experimental studies have investigated the effect of simvastatin on bone regeneration. In the present study, the release of simvastatin from simvastatin-loaded calcium sulphate (CS) scaffolds and the effect of these scaffolds on osteogenic differentiation of bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) in vitro and the effect of simvastatin locally applied from CS scaffolds on bone regeneration were investigated. A total of 26 complete 1.2-cm bone defects were created in the ulna of rabbits, which were treated with CS, simvastatin-loaded CS or recombinant human bone morphogenetic protein 2 (rhBMP)-2-loaded CS. Simvastatin was highly efficiently released from simvastatin-loaded CS at the onset and stable release was maintained. Alkaline phosphatase was highly expressed in the MSCs co-cultured with simvastatin/CS scaffolds for 7 and 14 days. The defects treated with rhBMP-2-loaded CS and simvastatin-loaded CS showed significantly higher X-ray analysis scores and a larger amount of bone formation as determined by histology compared with the CS group (P<0.05). No significant differences in the X-ray score and bone formation were observed between groups with rhBMP-2-loaded CS and simvastatin-loaded CS (P>0.05). Simvastatin is capable of promoting osteogenic differentiation of MSCs in vitro and stimulating bone regeneration when locally released from CS scaffolds into bone defects. The beneficial effect of simvastatin was similar to that of rhBMP-2. In conclusion, the present study suggested that the simvastatin-loaded CS scaffolds may have great potential in bone tissue engineering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Huang
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310009, P.R. China
| | - Zhongming Huang
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310009, P.R. China
| | - Weixu Li
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310009, P.R. China
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Zhang Y, Bradley AD, Wang D, Reinhardt RA. Statins, bone metabolism and treatment of bone catabolic diseases. Pharmacol Res 2014; 88:53-61. [PMID: 24407282 DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2013.12.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2013] [Revised: 12/19/2013] [Accepted: 12/23/2013] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
The discovery that statins had bone anabolic properties initiated many investigations into their use for treatment of bone catabolic diseases, such as osteoporosis. This paper reviews the molecular basis of statin's role in bone metabolism, and animal and human studies on the impact of systemic statins on osteoporosis-induced bone fracture incidence and healing, and on bone density. Limitations of systemic statins are described along with alternative dosing strategies, including local applications and bone-targeting systemic preparations. The principal findings of this review are: (1) traditional oral dosing with statins results in minimal efficacy in the treatment of osteoporosis; (2) local applications of statins show promise in the treatment of accessible bony defects, such as periodontitis; and (3) systemically administered statins which can target bone or inflammation near bone may be the safest and most effective strategy in the treatment of osseous deficiencies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yijia Zhang
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Nebraska Medical Center College of Pharmacy, Omaha, NE 68198, USA.
| | - Aaron D Bradley
- Department of Surgical Specialties, University of Nebraska Medical Center College of Dentistry, Lincoln, NE 68583, USA.
| | - Dong Wang
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Nebraska Medical Center College of Pharmacy, Omaha, NE 68198, USA.
| | - Richard A Reinhardt
- Department of Surgical Specialties, University of Nebraska Medical Center College of Dentistry, Lincoln, NE 68583, USA.
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Tai IC, Fu YC, Wang CK, Chang JK, Ho ML. Local delivery of controlled-release simvastatin/PLGA/HAp microspheres enhances bone repair. Int J Nanomedicine 2013; 8:3895-904. [PMID: 24143094 PMCID: PMC3798145 DOI: 10.2147/ijn.s48694] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Statins are used clinically for reduction of cholesterol synthesis to prevent cardiovascular disease. Previous in vitro and in vivo studies have shown that statins stimulate bone formation. However, orally administered statins may be degraded during first-pass metabolism in the liver. This study aimed to prevent this degradation by developing a locally administered formulation of simvastatin that is encapsulated in poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid)/hydroxyapatite (SIM/PLGA/HAp) microspheres with controlled-release properties. The effect of this formulation of simvastatin on bone repair was tested using a mouse model of gap fracture bridging with a graft of necrotic bone. The simvastatin released over 12 days from 3 mg and 5 mg of SIM/PLGA/HAp was 0.03-1.6 μg/day and 0.05-2.6 μg/day, respectively. SIM/PLGA/HAp significantly stimulated callus formation around the repaired area and increased neovascularization and cell ingrowth in the grafted necrotic bone at week 2 after surgery. At week 4, both 3 mg and 5 mg of SIM/PLGA/HAp increased neovascularization, but only 5 mg SIM/PLGA/HAp enhanced cell ingrowth into the necrotic bone. The low dose of simvastatin released from SIM/PLGA/HAp enhanced initial callus formation, neovascularization, and cell ingrowth in the grafted bone, indicating that SIM/PLGA/HAp facilitates bone regeneration. We suggest that SIM/PLGA/HAp should be developed as an osteoinductive agent to treat osteonecrosis or in combination with an osteoconductive scaffold to treat severe bone defects.
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Affiliation(s)
- I-Chun Tai
- Graduate Institute of Medicine, College of Life Science, Kaohsiung Medical University, Taiwan ; Department of Physiology, College of Life Science, Kaohsiung Medical University, Taiwan ; Orthopedic Research Center, College of Medicine, College of Life Science, Kaohsiung Medical University, Taiwan
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Rivera C, Monsalve F, Salas J, Morán A, Suazo I. Platelet-rich plasma, plasma rich in growth factors and simvastatin in the regeneration and repair of alveolar bone. Exp Ther Med 2013; 6:1543-1549. [PMID: 24250728 PMCID: PMC3829710 DOI: 10.3892/etm.2013.1327] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2013] [Accepted: 10/02/2013] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Platelet preparations promote bone regeneration by inducing cell migration, proliferation and differentiation in the area of the injury, which are essential processes for regeneration. In addition, several studies have indicated that simvastatin (SIMV), widely used for the treatment of hypercholesterolemia, stimulates osteogenesis. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of treatment with either platelet-rich plasma (PRP) or plasma rich in growth factors (PRGF) in combination with SIMV in the regeneration and repair of alveolar bone. The jaws of Sprague Dawley rats (n=18) were subjected to rotary instrument-induced bone damage (BD). Animals were divided into six groups: BD/H2O (n=3), distilled water without the drug and alveolar bone damage; BD/H2O/PRP (n=3), BD and PRP; BD/H2O/PRGF (n=3), BD and PRGF; BD/SIMV (n=3), BD and water with SIMV; BD/SIMV/PRP (n=3), BD, PRP and SIMV; and BD/SIMV/PRGF (n=3), BD, PRGF and SIMV. Conventional histological analysis (hematoxylin and eosin staining) revealed that the BD/SIMV group showed indicators for mature bone tissue, while the BD/SIMV/PRP and BD/SIMV/PRGF groups showed the coexistence of indicators for mature and immature bone tissue, with no statistical differences between the platelet preparations. Simvastatin did not improve the effect of platelet-rich plasma and plasma rich in growth factors. It was not possible to determine which platelet preparation produced superior effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- César Rivera
- Unit of Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Talca, Talca 3460000, Chile ; Biomedical Sciences Master Program, Oral Pathology, University of Talca, Talca 3460000, Chile
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Bone regeneration by statin and low-intensity pulsed ultrasound (LIPUS) in rabbit nasal bone. J Craniomaxillofac Surg 2013; 42:185-93. [PMID: 23993414 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcms.2013.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2012] [Revised: 05/07/2013] [Accepted: 05/07/2013] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To compare bone regeneration between local implantation of statin and low-intensity pulsed ultrasound (LIPUS), and the combination of statin with LIPUS in rabbit nasal bone using histological and immunohistochemical methods. STUDY DESIGN Thirty-two adult male Japanese white rabbits (age: 12-16 weeks, weight: 2.5-3.0 kg) were used in this study. Two bone circular defects (5 mm in diameter) per rabbit were created in the nasal bone while preserving the nasal membrane. The two defects in each rabbit were filled with 2.5 mg/ml simvastatin in 0.2 ml water with an atelocollagen sponge (ACS) and ACS alone respectively. Sixteen rabbits (32 sides) received the LIPUS application; the remaining 16 rabbits (32 sides) did not. Therefore, the subjects composed of 4 groups, namely, (1) LIPUS + ACS + simvastatin (the LAS group), (2) LIPUS + ACS (the LA group), (3) ACS + simvastatin (the AS group) and (4) ACS alone (the A group). Four animals were killed in each period, at 1, 2, 4 and 8 weeks postoperative. The parts that had been operated on were removed and prepared for histological assessment. The expression of BMP-2 and the bone area ratio were evaluated using histological and immunohistochemical methods. RESULTS Bone square in the LAS group was significantly larger than that in the AS group after 1 (P < 0.0001) and 2 week (P = 0.0113). The bone square in the LA group was significantly larger than that in the A group after 1 (P < 0.0001) and 2 weeks (P = 0.0090). However, there was no significant difference between the LAS and LA groups. In the number of cells that stained positive for BMP-2, the LAS group was significantly larger than that in the AS group after 1 (P < 0.0001) and 2 weeks (P = 0.0113). CONCLUSION This study suggests that bone regeneration can be promoted by LIPUS alone and statin alone, respectively. However the combination use of LIPUS with statin does not differ from LIPUS alone or statin alone.
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Qi Y, Zhao T, Yan W, Xu K, Shi Z, Wang J. Mesenchymal stem cell sheet transplantation combined with locally released simvastatin enhances bone formation in a rat tibia osteotomy model. Cytotherapy 2013; 15:44-56. [PMID: 23260085 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcyt.2012.10.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2012] [Accepted: 07/23/2012] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Nonunion of fractured bones is a common clinical problem for orthopedic surgeons. This study aimed to investigate the effects of simvastatin locally applied from calcium sulfate (CS) combined with a mesenchymal stem cell (MSC) sheet on fracture healing. In vitro, the proliferation and differentiation of rat bone marrow-derived MSCs stimulated by simvastatin were investigated. In vivo, an osteotomy model was made in rat tibia, and fractured tibias were treated with CS, CS/simvastatin, CS/MSC sheet or simvastatin-loaded CS with MSC or untreated (control). Tibias were harvested at 2 or 8 weeks and underwent real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction, x-ray, micro-CT and histological analysis. The expression levels of bone morphogenetic protein 2, alkaline phosphatase, osteocalcin, osteoprotegerin and vascular endothelial growth factor of simvastatin-induced MSCs increased with the concentrations of the simvastatin, significantly higher than those in the MSCs group. At 2 weeks, the CS/simvastatin/MSC sheet group showed significantly higher expressions of bone morphogenetic protein 2, alkaline phosphatase, osteocalcin, osteoprotegerin and vascular endothelial growth factor, with more callus formation around the fracture site compared with the other four groups. At 8 weeks, complete bone union was obtained in the CS/simvastatin/MSC sheet group. By contrast, newly regenerated bone tissue partially bridged the gap in the CS/simvastatin group and the CS/MSC sheet group; the control and CS group showed nonunion of the tibia. These results show that both simvastatin and the MSC sheet contributed to the formation of new bone and that the tibia fracture was completely healed by transplantation of the MSC sheet with locally applied simvastatin. Such MSC sheet with locally applied simvastatin might contribute to the treatment of fractures, bone delayed unions or nonunions in clinical practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yiying Qi
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
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Grover HS, Luthra S, Maroo S, Maroo N. The pleotropic role of statins: Could it be the imminent host modulation agent in periodontics? Dent Res J (Isfahan) 2013; 10:143-8. [PMID: 23946727 PMCID: PMC3731951 DOI: 10.4103/1735-3327.113319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Periodontal disease is a chronic inflammatory disease which represents a primarily anaerobic Gram-negative oral infection that results in gingival inflammation, loss of attachment, bone destruction. Bacterial endotoxins in the form of lipopolysaccharides (LPS) that are instrumental in generating a host-mediated tissue destructive immune response by mobilizing their defensive cells and releasing cytokines like Interleukin-1β (IL-1β), Tumor Necrosis Factor-α (TNF-α), and Interleukin-6 (IL-6), which lead to tissue destruction by stimulating the production of the collagenolytic enzymes: Matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs). Since the host-mediated tissue destruction is to be controlled, various means have been employed for modulating this response. Statins, 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutarylcoenzyme A (HMG CoA) reductase inhibitors, besides having lipid-lowering abilities also have antioxidant, antithrombotic, anti-inflammatory, immunomodulatory and osteomodulatory properties. All of these pleiotropic effects of statins point out to it perhaps becoming the novel host modulation agent in periodontics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harpreet Singh Grover
- Department of Periodontics and Oral Implantology, SGT Dental College, Hospital and Research Institute, Gurgaon, Haryana, India
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Sadiasa A, Kim MS, Lee BT. Poly(lactide-co-glycolide acid)/biphasic calcium phosphate composite coating on a porous scaffold to deliver simvastatin for bone tissue engineering. J Drug Target 2013; 21:719-29. [DOI: 10.3109/1061186x.2013.811512] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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Chou J, Ito T, Otsuka M, Ben-Nissan B, Milthorpe B. The effectiveness of the controlled release of simvastatin from β-TCP macrosphere in the treatment of OVX mice. J Tissue Eng Regen Med 2013; 10:E195-203. [DOI: 10.1002/term.1784] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2012] [Revised: 04/25/2013] [Accepted: 05/03/2013] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Joshua Chou
- The University of Technology Sydney, Advanced Tissue Regeneration and Drug Delivery Group; School of Medical and Molecular Sciences; Ultimo Sydney Australia
| | - Tomoko Ito
- Musashino University, Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Science; Faculty of Pharmacy; Nishi-Tokyo Japan
| | - Makoto Otsuka
- Musashino University, Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Science; Faculty of Pharmacy; Nishi-Tokyo Japan
| | - Besim Ben-Nissan
- The University of Technology Sydney; School of Chemistry and Forensic Sciences; Ultimo Sydney NSW Australia
| | - Bruce Milthorpe
- The University of Technology Sydney; Dean of Science, Faculty of Science; Ultimo Sydney NSW Australia
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Varalakshmi PR, Kavitha M, Govindan R, Narasimhan S. Effect of Statins with α-Tricalcium Phosphate on Proliferation, Differentiation, and Mineralization of Human Dental Pulp Cells. J Endod 2013; 39:806-12. [DOI: 10.1016/j.joen.2012.12.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2012] [Revised: 12/24/2012] [Accepted: 12/30/2012] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
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George MD, Owen CM, Reinhardt AL, Giannini PJ, Marx DB, Reinhardt RA. Effect of simvastatin injections on temporomandibular joint inflammation in growing rats. J Oral Maxillofac Surg 2013; 71:846-53. [PMID: 23434172 DOI: 10.1016/j.joms.2012.12.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2012] [Revised: 12/19/2012] [Accepted: 12/22/2012] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Juvenile idiopathic arthritis often affects the temporomandibular joint (TMJ), resulting in facial deformities, and intra-articular injections of anti-inflammatory steroids used in treatment may inhibit bone growth in the developing condyle. The purpose of this pilot study was to evaluate the anti-inflammatory properties of simvastatin (SIM), a bone anabolic drug, compared with the common steroid triamcinolone hexacetonide (TH) in experimental TMJ arthritis of growing rats. METHODS Joint inflammation was induced by injecting complete Freund's adjuvant (CFA) into the TMJs of 32 growing (4-week-old) Sprague-Dawley rats while simultaneously receiving 1) ethanol drug carrier, 2) 0.1 mg of SIM, 3) 0.5 mg of SIM, or 4) 0.15 mg of TH. Six rats had no treatment to the TMJ. Animals were euthanized 28 days later, and TMJs were decalcified and stained with hematoxylin-eosin. RESULTS Histopathologic TMJ results showed that CFA injection along with drug carrier induced increased thickness of the articular layer on the head of the condyle and inflammation of the retrodiscal area (CFA and ethanol). Although both TH and SIM reduced the articular layer thickness, 0.5 mg of SIM was more effective at reducing subsynovial inflammation. CONCLUSIONS Intra-articular simvastatin showed anti-inflammatory properties in this TMJ model, prompting its further study in the growing TMJ, where bone anabolic properties would be important.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark D George
- Department of Growth and Development, College of Dentistry, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Lincoln, NE, USA
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Nyan M, Hao J, Miyahara T, Noritake K, Rodriguez R, Kasugai S. Accelerated and enhanced bone formation on novel simvastatin-loaded porous titanium oxide surfaces. Clin Implant Dent Relat Res 2013; 16:675-83. [PMID: 23399109 DOI: 10.1111/cid.12045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND With increasing application of dental implants in poor-quality bones, the need for implant surfaces ensuring accelerated osseointegration and enhanced peri-implant bone regeneration is increased. PURPOSE A study was performed to evaluate the osseointegration and bone formation on novel simvastatin-loaded porous titanium oxide surface. MATERIALS AND METHODS Titanium screws were treated by micro-arc oxidation to form porous oxide surface and 25 or 50 μg of simvastatin was loaded. The nontreated control, micro-arc oxidized, and simvastatin-loaded titanium screws were surgically implanted into the proximal tibia of 16-week-old male Wistar rats (n = 36). Peri-implant bone volume, bone-implant contact, and mineral apposition rates were measured at 2 and 4 weeks. Data were analyzed by one-way analysis of variance followed by Tukey's post hoc test. RESULTS New bone was formed directly on the implant surface in the bone marrow cavity in simvastatin-loaded groups since 2 weeks. Bone-implant contact values were significantly higher in simvastatin-loaded groups than control and micro-arc oxidized groups at both time points (p < .05). Peri-implant bone volume and mineral apposition rate of simvastatin-loaded groups were significantly higher than control and micro-arc oxidized groups at 2 weeks (p < .05). CONCLUSIONS These data suggested that simvastatin-loaded porous titanium oxide surface provides faster osseointegration and peri-implant bone formation and it would be potentially applicable in poor-quality bones.
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Affiliation(s)
- Myat Nyan
- Department of Prosthodontics, University of Dental Medicine, Yangon, Myanmar; Department of Oral Implantology and Regenerative Dental Medicine, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan; Global Center of Excellence Program, International Research Center for Molecular Science in Tooth and Bone Diseases, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
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Liu X, Li X, Zhou L, Li S, Sun J, Wang Z, Gao Y, Jiang Y, Lu H, Wang Q, Dai J. Effects of simvastatin-loaded polymeric micelles on human osteoblast-like MG-63 cells. Colloids Surf B Biointerfaces 2013; 102:420-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfb.2012.06.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2011] [Revised: 06/18/2012] [Accepted: 06/19/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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Chou J, Ito T, Bishop D, Otsuka M, Ben-Nissan B, Milthorpe B. Controlled release of simvastatin from biomimetic β-TCP drug delivery system. PLoS One 2013; 8:e54676. [PMID: 23349949 PMCID: PMC3548800 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0054676] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2012] [Accepted: 12/13/2012] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Simvastatin have been shown to induce bone formation and there is currently a urgent need to develop an appropriate delivery system to sustain the release of the drug to increase therapeutic efficacy whilst reducing side effects. In this study, a novel drug delivery system for simvastatin by means of hydrothermally converting marine exoskeletons to biocompatible beta-tricalcium phosphate was investigated. Furthermore, the release of simvastatin was controlled by the addition of an outer apatite coating layer. The samples were characterized by x-ray diffraction analysis, fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy and mass spectroscopy confirming the conversion process. The in-vitro dissolution of key chemical compositional elements and the release of simvastatin were measured in simulated body fluid solution showing controlled release with reduction of approximately 25% compared with un-coated samples. This study shows the potential applications of marine structures as a drug delivery system for simvastatin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joshua Chou
- Advanced Tissue Regeneration and Drug Delivery Group, School of Medical and Molecular Sciences, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.
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