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White KA, Kim BN. Quantifying neurotransmitter secretion at single-vesicle resolution using high-density complementary metal-oxide-semiconductor electrode array. Nat Commun 2021; 12:431. [PMID: 33462204 PMCID: PMC7813837 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-020-20267-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2020] [Accepted: 11/17/2020] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Neuronal exocytosis facilitates the propagation of information through the nervous system pertaining to bodily function, memory, and emotions. Using amperometry, the sub-millisecond dynamics of exocytosis can be monitored and the modulation of exocytosis due to drug treatment or neurodegenerative diseases can be studied. Traditional single-cell amperometry is a powerful technique for studying the molecular mechanisms of exocytosis, but it is both costly and labor-intensive to accumulate statistically significant data. To surmount these limitations, we have developed a silicon-based electrode array with 1024 on-chip electrodes that measures oxidative signal in 0.1 millisecond intervals. Using the developed device, we are able to capture the modulation of exocytosis due to Parkinson's disease treatment (L-Dopa), with statistical significance, within 30 total minutes of recording. The validation study proves our device's capability to accelerate the study of many pharmaceutical treatments for various neurodegenerative disorders that affect neurotransmitter secretion to a matter of minutes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin A White
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL, 32827, USA
| | - Brian N Kim
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL, 32827, USA.
- Burnett School of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL, 32827, USA.
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2
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Guille-Collignon M, Lemaître F. Overview and outlook of the strategies devoted to electrofluorescence surveys: Application to single cell secretion analysis. Trends Analyt Chem 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.trac.2020.116055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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Gillis KD, Liu XA, Marcantoni A, Carabelli V. Electrochemical measurement of quantal exocytosis using microchips. Pflugers Arch 2017; 470:97-112. [PMID: 28866728 DOI: 10.1007/s00424-017-2063-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2017] [Revised: 08/21/2017] [Accepted: 08/23/2017] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Carbon-fiber electrodes (CFEs) are the gold standard for quantifying the release of oxidizable neurotransmitters from single vesicles and single cells. Over the last 15 years, microfabricated devices have emerged as alternatives to CFEs that offer the possibility of higher throughput, subcellular spatial resolution of exocytosis, and integration with other techniques for probing exocytosis including microfluidic cell handling and solution exchange, optical imaging and stimulation, and electrophysiological recording and stimulation. Here we review progress in developing electrochemical electrode devices capable of resolving quantal exocytosis that are fabricated using photolithography.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin D Gillis
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA.
- Department of Medical Pharmacology and Physiology, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA.
- Dalton Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA.
| | - Xin A Liu
- Dalton Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA
| | - Andrea Marcantoni
- Department of Drug Science and "NIS" Inter-departmental Centre, University of Torino, Torino, Italy
| | - Valentina Carabelli
- Department of Drug Science and "NIS" Inter-departmental Centre, University of Torino, Torino, Italy
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Carabelli V, Marcantoni A, Picollo F, Battiato A, Bernardi E, Pasquarelli A, Olivero P, Carbone E. Planar Diamond-Based Multiarrays to Monitor Neurotransmitter Release and Action Potential Firing: New Perspectives in Cellular Neuroscience. ACS Chem Neurosci 2017; 8:252-264. [PMID: 28027435 DOI: 10.1021/acschemneuro.6b00328] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
High biocompatibility, outstanding electrochemical responsiveness, inertness, and transparency make diamond-based multiarrays (DBMs) first-rate biosensors for in vitro detection of electrochemical and electrical signals from excitable cells together, with potential for in vivo applications as neural interfaces and prostheses. Here, we will review the electrochemical and physical properties of various DBMs and how these devices have been employed for recording released neurotransmitter molecules and all-or-none action potentials from living cells. Specifically, we will overview how DBMs can resolve localized exocytotic events from subcellular compartments using high-density microelectrode arrays (MEAs), or monitoring oxidizable neurotransmitter release from populations of cells in culture and tissue slices using low-density MEAs. Interfacing DBMs with excitable cells is currently leading to the promising opportunity of recording electrical signals as well as creating neuronal interfaces through the same device. Given the recent increasingly growing development of newly available DBMs of various geometries to monitor electrical activity and neurotransmitter release in a variety of excitable and neuronal tissues, the discussion will be limited to planar DBMs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valentina Carabelli
- Consorzio Nazionale Interuniversitario per le Scienze fisiche della Materia (CNISM), 10125 Torino Unit, Italy
| | - Andrea Marcantoni
- Consorzio Nazionale Interuniversitario per le Scienze fisiche della Materia (CNISM), 10125 Torino Unit, Italy
| | - Federico Picollo
- Consorzio Nazionale Interuniversitario per le Scienze fisiche della Materia (CNISM), 10125 Torino Unit, Italy
- Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare (INFN), 10125 sez. Torino, Italy
| | - Alfio Battiato
- Consorzio Nazionale Interuniversitario per le Scienze fisiche della Materia (CNISM), 10125 Torino Unit, Italy
- Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare (INFN), 10125 sez. Torino, Italy
| | - Ettore Bernardi
- Consorzio Nazionale Interuniversitario per le Scienze fisiche della Materia (CNISM), 10125 Torino Unit, Italy
- Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare (INFN), 10125 sez. Torino, Italy
| | - Alberto Pasquarelli
- Institute
of Electron Devices and Circuits, Ulm University, 89081 Ulm, Germany
| | - Paolo Olivero
- Consorzio Nazionale Interuniversitario per le Scienze fisiche della Materia (CNISM), 10125 Torino Unit, Italy
- Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare (INFN), 10125 sez. Torino, Italy
| | - Emilio Carbone
- Consorzio Nazionale Interuniversitario per le Scienze fisiche della Materia (CNISM), 10125 Torino Unit, Italy
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Yao J, Liu XA, Gillis KD. Two approaches for addressing electrochemical electrode arrays with reduced external connections. ANALYTICAL METHODS : ADVANCING METHODS AND APPLICATIONS 2015; 7:5760-5766. [PMID: 27293487 PMCID: PMC4898061 DOI: 10.1039/c5ay00229j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Although patterning hundreds or thousands of electrochemical electrodes on lab-on-a-chip devices is straightforward and cost-effective using photolithography, easily making connections between hundreds of electrodes and external amplifiers remains a bottleneck. Here we describe two electrode addressing approaches using multiple fluid compartments that can potentially reduce the number of external connections by ~100-fold. The first approach enables all compartments on the device to be filled with solution at the same time, and then each fluid compartment is sequentially electrically activated to make the measurements. The second approach achieves lower measurement noise by sequentially filling recording chambers with solution. We propose an equivalent circuit to explain measurement noise in these recording configurations and demonstrate application of the approaches to measure quantal exocytosis from individual cells. A principle advantage of using these approaches is that they reduce the fraction of the microchip area that needs to be dedicated to making external connections and therefore reduces the cost per working electrode.
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Affiliation(s)
- J. Yao
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri, 65201
- Dalton Cardiovascular Research Center, Columbia, Missouri, USA
| | - X. A. Liu
- Dalton Cardiovascular Research Center, Columbia, Missouri, USA
| | - K. D. Gillis
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri, 65201
- Dalton Cardiovascular Research Center, Columbia, Missouri, USA
- Department of Medical Pharmocology and Physiology, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri, 65201
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Development and characterization of a diamond-insulated graphitic multi electrode array realized with ion beam lithography. SENSORS 2014; 15:515-28. [PMID: 25558992 PMCID: PMC4327033 DOI: 10.3390/s150100515] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2014] [Accepted: 12/24/2014] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
The detection of quantal exocytic events from neurons and neuroendocrine cells is a challenging task in neuroscience. One of the most promising platforms for the development of a new generation of biosensors is diamond, due to its biocompatibility, transparency and chemical inertness. Moreover, the electrical properties of diamond can be turned from a perfect insulator into a conductive material (resistivity ∼mΩ·cm) by exploiting the metastable nature of this allotropic form of carbon. A 16-channels MEA (Multi Electrode Array) suitable for cell culture growing has been fabricated by means of ion implantation. A focused 1.2 MeV He+ beam was scanned on a IIa single-crystal diamond sample (4.5 × 4.5 × 0.5 mm3) to cause highly damaged sub-superficial structures that were defined with micrometric spatial resolution. After implantation, the sample was annealed. This process provides the conversion of the sub-superficial highly damaged regions to a graphitic phase embedded in a highly insulating diamond matrix. Thanks to a three-dimensional masking technique, the endpoints of the sub-superficial channels emerge in contact with the sample surface, therefore being available as sensing electrodes. Cyclic voltammetry and amperometry measurements of solutions with increasing concentrations of adrenaline were performed to characterize the biosensor sensitivity. The reported results demonstrate that this new type of biosensor is suitable for in vitro detection of catecholamine release.
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Cheng LC, Hung TF, Lee PH, Lin IC, Wen HL, Lu LH, Chiu CL, Chen SC, Sung JC, Weng BJ, Liu RS. Electrochemical reduction of high-efficiency ozone generation through nitrogen-doped diamond-like carbon electrodes. RSC Adv 2013. [DOI: 10.1039/c3ra23335a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
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Liao WH, Lin CR, Wei DH, Shen YR, Li YC, Lee JA, Liang CY. Concurrent improvement in biocompatibility and bioinertness of diamond-like carbon films with nitrogen doping. J Biomed Mater Res A 2012; 100:3151-6. [DOI: 10.1002/jbm.a.34235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2011] [Accepted: 04/23/2012] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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9
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Yao J, Gillis KD. Quantification of noise sources for amperometric measurement of quantal exocytosis using microelectrodes. Analyst 2012; 137:2674-81. [PMID: 22540116 PMCID: PMC4915109 DOI: 10.1039/c2an35157a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Electrochemical microelectrodes are commonly used to record amperometric spikes of current that result from oxidation of transmitter released from individual vesicles during exocytosis. Whereas the exquisite sensitivity of these measurements is well appreciated, a better understanding of the noise sources that limit the resolution of the technique is needed to guide the design of next-generation devices. We measured the current power spectral density (S(I)) of electrochemical microelectrodes to understand the physical basis of dominant noise sources and to determine how noise varies with the electrode material and geometry. We find that the current noise is thermal in origin in that S(I) is proportional to the real part of the admittance of the electrode. The admittance of microelectrodes is well described by a constant phase element model such that both the real and imaginary admittance increase with frequency raised to a power of 0.84-0.96. Our results demonstrate that the current standard deviation is proportional to the square root of the area of the working electrode, increases ∼linearly with the bandwidth of the recording, and varies with the choice of the electrode material with Au ≈ carbon fiber > nitrogen-doped diamond-like carbon > indium-tin-oxide. Contact between a cell and a microelectrode does not appreciably increase noise. Surface-patterned microchip electrodes can have a noise performance that is superior to that of carbon-fiber microelectrodes of the same area.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia Yao
- Department of Biological Engineering, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri, 65201, Fax:573 884 4232; Tel: 01 573 882 1475
- 134 Research Park Drive, Dalton Cardiovascular Research Center, Columbia, Missouri, USA
| | - Kevin D. Gillis
- Department of Biological Engineering, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri, 65201, Fax:573 884 4232; Tel: 01 573 882 1475
- 134 Research Park Drive, Dalton Cardiovascular Research Center, Columbia, Missouri, USA
- Department of Medical Pharmacology and Physiology, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri,65201, USA. Fax:573 884 4232; Tel: 01 573 884 8805
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10
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Indium Tin Oxide devices for amperometric detection of vesicular release by single cells. Biophys Chem 2012; 162:14-21. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bpc.2011.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2011] [Revised: 12/09/2011] [Accepted: 12/18/2011] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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Liu X, Barizuddin S, Shin W, Mathai CJ, Gangopadhyay S, Gillis KD. Microwell device for targeting single cells to electrochemical microelectrodes for high-throughput amperometric detection of quantal exocytosis. Anal Chem 2011; 83:2445-51. [PMID: 21355543 DOI: 10.1021/ac1033616] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Electrochemical microelectrodes are commonly used to detect spikes of amperometric current that correspond to exocytosis of oxidizable transmitter from individual vesicles, i.e., quantal exocytosis. We are developing transparent multielectrochemical electrode arrays on microchips in order to automate measurement of quantal exocytosis. Here, we report development of an improved device to target individual cells to each microelectrode in an array. Efficient targeting (~75%) is achieved using cell-sized microwell traps fabricated in SU-8 photoresist together with patterning of poly(l-lysine) in register with electrodes to promote cell adhesion. The surface between electrodes is made resistant to cell adhesion using poly(ethylene glycol) in order to facilitate movement of cells to electrode "docking sites". We demonstrate the activity of the electrodes using the test analyte ferricyanide and perform recordings of quantal exocytosis from bovine adrenal chromaffin cells on the device. Multiple cell recordings on a single device demonstrate the consistency of spike measurements, and multiple recordings from the same electrodes demonstrate that the device can be cleaned and reused without degradation of performance. The new device will enable high-throughput studies of quantal exocytosis and may also find application in rapidly screening drugs or toxins for effects on exocytosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Liu
- Dalton Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri 65211, USA
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Ben-Yoav H, Melamed S, Freeman A, Shacham-Diamand Y, Belkin S. Whole-cell biochips for bio-sensing: integration of live cells and inanimate surfaces. Crit Rev Biotechnol 2010; 31:337-53. [PMID: 21190513 DOI: 10.3109/07388551.2010.532767] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Recent advances in the convergence of the biological, chemical, physical, and engineering sciences have opened new avenues of research into the interfacing of diverse biological moieties with inanimate platforms. A main aspect of this field, the integration of live cells with micro-machined platforms for high throughput and bio-sensing applications, is the subject of the present review. These unique hybrid systems are configured in a manner that ensures positioning of the cells in designated patterns, and enables cellular viability maintenance, and monitoring of cellular functionality. Here we review both animate and inanimate surface properties and how they affect cellular attachment, describe relevant modifications of both types of surfaces, list technologies for platform engineering and for cell deposition in the desired configurations, and discuss the influence of various deposition and immobilization methods on the viability and performance of the immobilized cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hadar Ben-Yoav
- Department of Physical Electronics, School of Electrical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Tel Aviv University, Tel-Aviv, Israel
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Barizuddin S, Liu X, Mathai JC, Hossain M, Gillis KD, Gangopadhyay S. Automated targeting of cells to electrochemical electrodes using a surface chemistry approach for the measurement of quantal exocytosis. ACS Chem Neurosci 2010; 1:590-597. [PMID: 21113333 DOI: 10.1021/cn1000183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Here we describe a method to fabricate a multi-channel high-throughput microchip device for measurement of quantal transmitter release from individual cells. Instead of bringing carbon-fiber electrodes to cells, the device uses a surface chemistry approach to bring cells to an array of electrochemical microelectrodes. The microelectrodes are small and "cytophilic" in order to promote adhesion of a single cell whereas all other areas of the chip are covered with a thin "cytophobic" film to block cell attachement and facilitate movement of cells to electrodes. This cytophobic film also insulates unused areas of the conductive film, thus the alignment of cell docking sites to working electrodes is automatic. Amperometric spikes resulting from single-granule fusion events were recorded on the device and had amplitudes and kinetics similar to those measured using carbon-fiber microelectrodes. Use of this device will increase the pace of basic neuroscience research and may also find applications in drug discovery or validation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Syed Barizuddin
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering
- Dalton Cardiovascular Research Center
| | - Xin Liu
- Dalton Cardiovascular Research Center
| | | | | | - Kevin, D. Gillis
- Dalton Cardiovascular Research Center
- Department of Biological Engineering
- Department of Medical Pharmacology and Physiology
| | - Shubhra Gangopadhyay
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering
- Dalton Cardiovascular Research Center
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General functionalization route for cell adhesion on non-wetting surfaces. Biomaterials 2010; 31:2535-41. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2009.12.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 559] [Impact Index Per Article: 39.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2009] [Accepted: 12/07/2009] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
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15
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Current world literature. Curr Opin Pediatr 2010; 22:117-26. [PMID: 20068414 DOI: 10.1097/mop.0b013e32833539b5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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