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Messaoudi O, Benamar I, Azizi A, Albukhaty S, Khane Y, Sulaiman GM, Salem-Bekhit MM, Hamdi K, Ghoummid S, Zoukel A, Messahli I, Kerchich Y, Benaceur F, Salem MM, Bendahou M. Characterization of Silver Carbonate Nanoparticles Biosynthesized Using Marine Actinobacteria and Exploring of Their Antimicrobial and Antibiofilm Activity. Mar Drugs 2023; 21:536. [PMID: 37888471 PMCID: PMC10608482 DOI: 10.3390/md21100536] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2023] [Revised: 10/10/2023] [Accepted: 10/11/2023] [Indexed: 10/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Bacterial resistance to different antimicrobial agents is growing with alarming speed, especially when bacterial cells are living in biofilm. Hybrid nanoparticles, synthesized through the green method, hold promise as a potential solution to this challenge. In this study, 66 actinomycete strains were isolated from three distinct marine sources: marine sediment, the algae Codium bursa, and the marine sponge Chondrosia reniformis. From the entirety of the isolated strains, one strain, S26, identified as Saccharopolyspora erythrea, was selected based on its taxonomic position and significant antimicrobial activity. Using the biomass of the selected marine Actinobacteria, the green synthesis of eco-friendly silver carbonate nanoparticles (BioAg2CO3NPs) is reported for the first time in this pioneering study. The BioAg2CO3NPs were characterized using different spectroscopic and microscopic analyses; the synthesized BioAg2CO3NPs primarily exhibit a triangular shape, with an approximate size of 100 nm. Biological activity evaluation indicated that the BioAg2CO3NPs exhibited good antimicrobial activity against all tested microorganisms and were able to remove 58% of the biofilm formed by the Klebsiella pneumoniae kp6 strain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Omar Messaoudi
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, University of Amar Telidji, Laghouat 03000, Algeria; (O.M.); (I.B.); (K.H.); (S.G.); (I.M.); (F.B.)
- Laboratory of Applied Microbiology in Food and Environment, Abou Bekr Belkaïd University, Tlemcen 13000, Algeria;
| | - Ibrahim Benamar
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, University of Amar Telidji, Laghouat 03000, Algeria; (O.M.); (I.B.); (K.H.); (S.G.); (I.M.); (F.B.)
- Laboratory of Applied Microbiology in Food and Environment, Abou Bekr Belkaïd University, Tlemcen 13000, Algeria;
| | - Ahmed Azizi
- Department of The Common Trunk Sciences and Technology, Faculty of Technology, University of Amar Telidji, Highway Ghardaia, P.O. Box G37 (M’kam), Laghouat 03000, Algeria;
| | - Salim Albukhaty
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, University of Misan, Maysan 62001, Iraq
- College of Medicine, University of Warith Al-Anbiyaa, Karbala 56001, Iraq
| | - Yasmina Khane
- Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Ghardaia, BP455, Ghardaia 47000, Algeria;
| | - Ghassan M. Sulaiman
- Division of Biotechnology, Department of Applied Sciences, University of Technology, Baghdad 10066, Iraq;
| | - Mounir M. Salem-Bekhit
- Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, P.O. Box 2457, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia;
| | - Kaouthar Hamdi
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, University of Amar Telidji, Laghouat 03000, Algeria; (O.M.); (I.B.); (K.H.); (S.G.); (I.M.); (F.B.)
| | - Sirine Ghoummid
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, University of Amar Telidji, Laghouat 03000, Algeria; (O.M.); (I.B.); (K.H.); (S.G.); (I.M.); (F.B.)
| | - Abdelhalim Zoukel
- Laboratory Physico-Chemistry of Materials, Laghouat University, Laghouat 03000, Algeria;
- Center for Scientific and Technical Research in Physicochemical Analysis (PTAPC-Laghouat-CRAPC), Laghouat 03000, Algeria
| | - Ilhem Messahli
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, University of Amar Telidji, Laghouat 03000, Algeria; (O.M.); (I.B.); (K.H.); (S.G.); (I.M.); (F.B.)
| | - Yacine Kerchich
- École Nationale Polytechnique (ENP), Laboratory of Environmental Science and Technology, El Harrach 16200, Algeria;
| | - Farouk Benaceur
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, University of Amar Telidji, Laghouat 03000, Algeria; (O.M.); (I.B.); (K.H.); (S.G.); (I.M.); (F.B.)
- Research Unit of Medicinal Plant (RUMP) Attached to Center of Biotechnology (CRBt, 3000, Constantine), Laghouat 03000, Algeria
| | - Mohamed M. Salem
- College of Medicine, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, China;
| | - Mourad Bendahou
- Laboratory of Applied Microbiology in Food and Environment, Abou Bekr Belkaïd University, Tlemcen 13000, Algeria;
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Dick TA, Sone ED, Uludağ H. Mineralized vectors for gene therapy. Acta Biomater 2022; 147:1-33. [PMID: 35643193 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2022.05.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2021] [Revised: 05/18/2022] [Accepted: 05/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/01/2022]
Abstract
There is an intense interest in developing materials for safe and effective delivery of polynucleotides using non-viral vectors. Mineralization of organic templates has long been used to produce complex materials with outstanding biocompatibility. However, a lack of control over mineral growth has limited the applicability of mineralized materials to a few in vitro applications. With better control over mineral growth and surface functionalization, mineralized vectors have advanced significantly in recent years. Here, we review the recent progress in chemical synthesis, physicochemical properties, and applications of mineralized materials in gene therapy, focusing on structure-function relationships. We contrast the classical understanding of the mineralization mechanism with recent ideas of mineralization. A brief introduction to gene delivery is summarized, followed by a detailed survey of current mineralized vectors. The vectors derived from calcium phosphate are articulated and compared to other minerals with unique features. Advanced mineral vectors derived from templated mineralization and specialty coatings are critically analyzed. Mineral systems beyond the co-precipitation are explored as more complex multicomponent systems. Finally, we conclude with a perspective on the future of mineralized vectors by carefully demarcating the boundaries of our knowledge and highlighting ambiguous areas in mineralized vectors. STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE: Therapy by gene-based medicines is increasingly utilized to cure diseases that are not alleviated by conventional drug therapy. Gene medicines, however, rely on macromolecular nucleic acids that are too large and too hydrophilic for cellular uptake. Without tailored materials, they are not functional for therapy. One emerging class of nucleic acid delivery system is mineral-based materials. The fact that they can undergo controlled dissolution with minimal footprint in biological systems are making them attractive for clinical use, where safety is utmost importance. In this submission, we will review the emerging synthesis technology and the range of new generation minerals for use in gene medicines.
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A Dick T, Uludağ H. Mineralized polyplexes for gene delivery: Improvement of transfection efficiency as a consequence of calcium incubation and not mineralization. MATERIALS SCIENCE & ENGINEERING. C, MATERIALS FOR BIOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS 2021; 129:112419. [PMID: 34579928 DOI: 10.1016/j.msec.2021.112419] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2021] [Revised: 08/19/2021] [Accepted: 09/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Gene therapy is an emerging field in which nucleic acids are used to control protein expression. The necessity of delivering nucleic acids to specific cell types and intracellular sites demands the use of highly specialized gene carriers. As a carrier modification technique, mineralization has been successfully used to modify viral and non-viral carriers, providing new properties that ultimately aim to increase the transfection efficiency. However, for the specific case of polyplexes used in gene therapy, recent literature shows that interaction with calcium, a fundamental step of mineralization, might be effective to increase transfection efficiency, leaving an ambiguity about of the role of mineralization for this type of gene carriers. To answer this question and to reveal the properties responsible for increasing transfection efficiency, we mineralized poly(aspartic acid) coated polyplexes at various CaCl2 and Na3PO4 concentrations, and evaluated the resultant carriers for physicochemical and morphological characteristics, as well as transfection and delivery efficiency with MC3T3-E1 mouse osteoblastic cells. We found that both mineralization and calcium incubation positively affected the transfection efficiency and uptake of polyplexes in MC3T3-E1 cells. However, this effect originated from the properties achieved by polyplexes after the calcium incubation step that are maintained after mineralization, including particle size increase, improved pDNA binding, and adjustment of zeta potential. Considering that mineralization can be a longer process than calcium incubation, we find that calcium incubation might be sufficient and preferred if improved transfection efficiency in vitro is the only effect desired.
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Affiliation(s)
- Teo A Dick
- Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada.
| | - Hasan Uludağ
- Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada; Faculty of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada; Department of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada.
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Lu K, Dong S, Xia T, Mao L. Kupffer Cells Degrade 14C-Labeled Few-Layer Graphene to 14CO 2 in Liver through Erythrophagocytosis. ACS NANO 2021; 15:396-409. [PMID: 33150787 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.0c07452] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The distribution and clearance of graphene materials as drug delivery systems at organ and suborgan levels over the long term remain unclear. Here we compared the fate of 14C-labeled few-layer graphene with different lateral sizes in mice after one intravenous injection for up to 1 year and demonstrated that few-layer graphene mainly accumulated in the liver, and larger graphene can be degraded into 14CO2 by Kupffer cells. The mechanism involves the uptake of graphene by liver cells, larger graphene-induced membrane perturbation of red blood cells, and enhanced erythrophagocytosis by the Kupffer cells, resulting in the degradation of hemoglobin into hemes and a rise in iron concentrations in cells. The increased iron triggered a Fenton reaction to generate the hydroxyl radical, facilitating the degradation of larger graphene into 14CO2. Our findings propose a mechanism for the transformation of graphene that significantly contributes to our understanding of the hepatic fate of graphene in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kun Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, China
| | - Shipeng Dong
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, China
| | - Tian Xia
- Division of NanoMedicine, Department of Medicine, Centre for Environmental Implications of Nanotechnology, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
| | - Liang Mao
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, China
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Khalifehzadeh R, Arami H. The CpG molecular structure controls the mineralization of calcium phosphate nanoparticles and their immunostimulation efficacy as vaccine adjuvants. NANOSCALE 2020; 12:9603-9615. [PMID: 32314980 PMCID: PMC7239567 DOI: 10.1039/c9nr09782a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
The co-precipitation of calcium phosphate nanoparticles (CaPs) in the presence of nucleotide chains such as polynucleotides (i.e., plasmid DNA and siRNA) and oligonucleotides has been extensively used for pre-clinical gene or drug delivery and immunotherapy studies. However, the exact role of these molecules in mineralization and tuning the physicochemical characteristics of the synthesized CaPs is still not entirely clear. In this study, we evaluated the effects of three different CpG oligodeoxynucleotides (ODN) and two representative nucleic acids (siRNA and DNA), when used as templates for the formation of CaPs. We examined the influence of CpGs with naturally-occurring phosphodiester or modified phosphorothioate backbones on the homogeneous formation of CaPs from a modified simulated body fluid solution. The hydrodynamic size, size polydispersity, morphology and surface charge of the CaPs were used as the most critical checkpoints to unravel the involved mechanisms. Our results show that the characteristics of CaPs are highly dependent on the composition, backbone, sequence and concentrations of the CpGs. The CpG type and concentration control the size distribution of the mineralized CaPs and their immunostimulation performance as verified by the activation of dendritic cells and secretion of the pro-inflammatory interleukin-6 (IL-6) cytokine, type I interferon-α (IFN-α) and co-stimulatory CD80, CD86 and CD40 markers. This study paves the way for better design of more efficient CaPs loaded with different types of CpGs for immunostimulation applications as vaccine adjuvants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Razieh Khalifehzadeh
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Stanford University, Shriram Center, 443 Via Ortega, Stanford, California 94305, USA
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6
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Khalifehzadeh R, Arami H. Biodegradable calcium phosphate nanoparticles for cancer therapy. Adv Colloid Interface Sci 2020; 279:102157. [PMID: 32330734 PMCID: PMC7261203 DOI: 10.1016/j.cis.2020.102157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2019] [Revised: 04/07/2020] [Accepted: 04/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Calcium phosphate is the inorganic mineral of hard tissues such as bone and teeth. Due to their similarities to the natural bone, calcium phosphates are highly biocompatible and biodegradable materials that have found numerous applications in dental and orthopedic implants and bone tissue engineering. In the form of nanoparticles, calcium phosphate nanoparticles (CaP's) can also be used as effective delivery vehicles to transfer therapeutic agents such as nucleic acids, drugs, proteins and enzymes into tumor cells. In addition, facile preparation and functionalization of CaP's, together with their inherent properties such as pH-dependent solubility provide advantages in delivery and release of these bioactive agents using CaP's as nanocarriers. In this review, the challenges and achievements in the intracellular delivery of these agents to tumor cells are discussed. Also, the most important issues in the design and potential applications of CaP-based biominerals are addressed with more focus on their biodegradability in tumor microenvironment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Razieh Khalifehzadeh
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Stanford University, Shriram Center, 443 Via Ortega, Stanford, California 94305, United States; Department of Radiology, Stanford University School of Medicine, James H. Clark Center, 318 Campus Drive, E-153, Stanford, California 94305, United States
| | - Hamed Arami
- Department of Radiology, Stanford University School of Medicine, James H. Clark Center, 318 Campus Drive, E-153, Stanford, California 94305, United States; Molecular Imaging Program at Stanford (MIPS), Stanford University School of Medicine, James H. Clark Center, 318 Campus Drive, E-153, Stanford, California 94305, United States.
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7
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Gorzkiewicz M, Konopka M, Janaszewska A, Tarasenko II, Sheveleva NN, Gajek A, Neelov IM, Klajnert-Maculewicz B. Application of new lysine-based peptide dendrimers D3K2 and D3G2 for gene delivery: Specific cytotoxicity to cancer cells and transfection in vitro. Bioorg Chem 2019; 95:103504. [PMID: 31864904 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioorg.2019.103504] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2019] [Revised: 11/12/2019] [Accepted: 12/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
In order to enhance intracellular uptake and accumulation of therapeutic nucleic acids for improved gene therapy methods, numerous delivery vectors have been elaborated. Based on their origin, gene carriers are generally classified as viral or non-viral vectors. Due to their significantly reduced immunogenicity and highly optimized methods of synthesis, nanoparticles (especially those imitating natural biomolecules) constitute a promising alternative for virus-based delivery devices. Thus, we set out to develop innovative peptide dendrimers for clinical application as transfection agents and gene carriers. In the present work we describe the synthesis of two novel lysine-based dendritic macromolecules (D3K2 and D3G2) and their initial characterization for cytotoxicity/genotoxicity and transfection potential in two human cell line models: cervix adenocarcinoma (HeLa) and microvascular endothelial (HMEC-1). This approach allowed us to identify more cationic D3K2 as potent delivery agent, being able to increase intracellular accumulation of large nucleic acid molecules such as plasmids. Moreover, the dendrimers exhibited specific cytotoxicity towards cancer cell line without showing significant toxic effects on normal cells. These observations are promising prognosis for future clinical application of this type of nanoparticles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michal Gorzkiewicz
- Department of General Biophysics, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, University of Lodz, 141/143 Pomorska St., 90-236 Lodz, Poland
| | - Malgorzata Konopka
- Department of General Biophysics, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, University of Lodz, 141/143 Pomorska St., 90-236 Lodz, Poland
| | - Anna Janaszewska
- Department of General Biophysics, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, University of Lodz, 141/143 Pomorska St., 90-236 Lodz, Poland
| | - Irina I Tarasenko
- Institute of Macromolecular Compounds, Russian Academy of Sciences, Bolshoi Prospect 31, V.O., St. Petersburg 199004, Russia
| | - Nadezhda N Sheveleva
- St. Petersburg State University, 7/9 Universitetskaya nab., St. Petersburg 199034, Russia; Laboratory of Physics, Lappeenranta University of Technology, Box 20, 53851 Lappeenranta, Finland
| | - Arkadiusz Gajek
- Department of Medical Biophysics, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, University of Lodz, 141/143 Pomorska St., 90-236 Lodz, Poland
| | - Igor M Neelov
- St. Petersburg National Research University of Information Technologies, Mechanics and Optics (ITMO University), Kronverkskiy pr. 49, St. Petersburg 197101, Russia
| | - Barbara Klajnert-Maculewicz
- Department of General Biophysics, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, University of Lodz, 141/143 Pomorska St., 90-236 Lodz, Poland; Leibniz-Institut für Polymerforschung Dresden e.V., 6 Hohe St., 01069 Dresden, Germany.
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8
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Du Q, Ge D, Mirshafiee V, Chen C, Li M, Xue C, Ma X, Sun B. Assessment of neurotoxicity induced by different-sized Stöber silica nanoparticles: induction of pyroptosis in microglia. NANOSCALE 2019; 11:12965-12972. [PMID: 31259344 DOI: 10.1039/c9nr03756j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
With the wide application of Stöber silica nanoparticles and their ability to access the brain, it is crucial to evaluate their neurotoxicity. In this study, we used three in vitro model cells, i.e., N9, bEnd.3 and HT22 cells, representing microglia, microendothelial cells and neurons, respectively, to assess the neurotoxicity of Stöber silica nanoparticles with different sizes. We found that Stöber silica nanoparticles almost had no effect on the viability of bEnd.3 and HT22 cells. In contrast, they induced size-dependent toxicity in N9 cells, which represent the residential macrophages of the central nervous system. Further mechanistic study demonstrated that the toxicity in N9 cells was related to their surface silanol display. In addition, we demonstrated that Stöber silica nanoparticles induced the production of mitochondrial ROS, release of IL-1β, cleavage of GSDMD, and occurrence of pyroptosis in N9 cells. Features of pyroptosis were also observed in primary microglia and macrophage J774A.1. In conclusion, these findings were helpful for the safety consideration of Stöber silica nanoparticles considering their wide applications in our daily life.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiqi Du
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, Dalian University of Technology, 2 Linggong Road, 116024, Dalian, China. and School of Chemical Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, 2 Linggong Road, 116024, Dalian, China
| | - Dan Ge
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, Dalian University of Technology, 2 Linggong Road, 116024, Dalian, China. and School of Chemical Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, 2 Linggong Road, 116024, Dalian, China
| | - Vahid Mirshafiee
- Center for Environmental Implications of Nanotechnology, California NanoSystems Institute, University of California Los Angeles, 570 Westwood Plaza, Los Angeles, California 90095, USA
| | - Chen Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, Dalian University of Technology, 2 Linggong Road, 116024, Dalian, China. and School of Chemical Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, 2 Linggong Road, 116024, Dalian, China
| | - Min Li
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, Dalian University of Technology, 2 Linggong Road, 116024, Dalian, China. and School of Chemical Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, 2 Linggong Road, 116024, Dalian, China
| | - Changying Xue
- School of Life Science and Biotechnology, Dalian University of Technology, 116024, Dalian, China
| | - Xuehu Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, Dalian University of Technology, 2 Linggong Road, 116024, Dalian, China. and School of Chemical Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, 2 Linggong Road, 116024, Dalian, China
| | - Bingbing Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, Dalian University of Technology, 2 Linggong Road, 116024, Dalian, China. and School of Chemical Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, 2 Linggong Road, 116024, Dalian, China
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Khalifehzadeh R, Arami H. DNA-Templated Strontium-Doped Calcium Phosphate Nanoparticles for Gene Delivery in Bone Cells. ACS Biomater Sci Eng 2019; 5:3201-3211. [PMID: 31592442 PMCID: PMC6779169 DOI: 10.1021/acsbiomaterials.8b01587] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Calcium phosphates (CaPs), constituents of the inorganic phase of natural bone, are highly biocompatible and biodegradable. Strontium (Sr) regulates the formation and resorption of bone. Incorporation of Sr into CaPs may target genes of interest to bone cells while regulating their function. In this work, we developed a single-step synthesis method to prepare Sr-doped CaP nanoparticles (SrCaP-DNA NPs) by using DNA as a template for controlling the mineralization and the stability of the colloidal solution. The resulting nanoparticles were monodispersed with well-controlled size, morphology, and composition. By using this method, we were able to fabricate CaP NPs with varying contents of Sr2+. We demonstrated that the stability of CaP NPs in extracellular environments increased when Sr2+ partially replaced Ca2+ in CaP NPs. We showed that the cellular uptake of SrCaP-DNA NPs and the efficiency of gene transfer and alkaline phosphatase activity in human fetal osteoblastic cell line (hFOB1.19) were dependent on the content of Sr2+ in NPs. Together with other studies, our results suggest SrCaP-DNA NPs can be optimized for targeted gene transfer to regulate function of bone cells, enabling applications such as bone tissue engineering and treating bone diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Razieh Khalifehzadeh
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Stanford University, Shriram Center, 443 Via Ortega, Stanford, California 94305, United States
- Department of Radiology, Stanford University School of Medicine, James H. Clark Center, 318 Campus Drive, E-153, Stanford, California 94305, United States
| | - Hamed Arami
- Department of Radiology, Stanford University School of Medicine, James H. Clark Center, 318 Campus Drive, E-153, Stanford, California 94305, United States
- Molecular Imaging Program at Stanford (MIPS), Stanford University School of Medicine, James H. Clark Center, 318 Campus Drive, E-153, Stanford, California 94305, United States
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Mirshafiee V, Sun B, Chang CH, Liao YP, Jiang W, Jiang J, Liu X, Wang X, Xia T, Nel AE. Toxicological Profiling of Metal Oxide Nanoparticles in Liver Context Reveals Pyroptosis in Kupffer Cells and Macrophages versus Apoptosis in Hepatocytes. ACS NANO 2018; 12:3836-3852. [PMID: 29543433 PMCID: PMC5946698 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.8b01086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 126] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
The liver and the mononuclear phagocyte system are a frequent target for engineered nanomaterials, either as a result of particle uptake and spread from primary exposure sites or systemic administration of therapeutic and imaging nanoparticles. In this study, we performed a comparative analysis of the toxicological impact of 29 metal oxide nanoparticles (NPs), some commonly used in consumer products, in transformed or primary Kupffer cells (KCs) and hepatocytes. We not only observed differences between KCs and hepatocytes, but also differences in the toxicological profiles of transition-metal oxides (TMOs, e. g., Co3O4) versus rare-earth oxide (REO) NPs ( e. g., Gd2O3). While pro-oxidative TMOs induced the activation of caspases 3 and 7, resulting in apoptotic cell death in both cell types, REOs induced lysosomal damage, NLRP3 inflammasome activation, caspase 1 activation, and pyroptosis in KCs. Pyroptosis was accompanied by cell swelling, membrane blebbing, IL-1β release, and increased membrane permeability, which could be reversed by knockdown of the pore forming protein, gasdermin D. Though similar features were not seen in hepatocytes, the investigation of the cytotoxic effects of REO NPs could also be seen to affect macrophage cell lines such as J774A.1 and RAW 264.7 cells as well as bone marrow-derived macrophages. These phagocytic cell types also demonstrated features of pyroptosis and increased IL-1β production. Collectively, these findings demonstrate important mechanistic considerations that can be used for safety evaluation of metal oxides, including commercial products that are developed from these materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vahid Mirshafiee
- Center for Environmental Implications of Nanotechnology, California NanoSystems Institute, University of California Los Angeles, 570 Westwood Plaza, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
- Division of NanoMedicine, Department of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, 10833 Le Conte Ave., Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
| | - Bingbing Sun
- Division of NanoMedicine, Department of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, 10833 Le Conte Ave., Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, Department of Chemical Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, 2 Linggong Rd., Dalian 116024, China
| | - Chong Hyun Chang
- Center for Environmental Implications of Nanotechnology, California NanoSystems Institute, University of California Los Angeles, 570 Westwood Plaza, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
| | - Yu Pei Liao
- Division of NanoMedicine, Department of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, 10833 Le Conte Ave., Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
| | - Wen Jiang
- Center for Environmental Implications of Nanotechnology, California NanoSystems Institute, University of California Los Angeles, 570 Westwood Plaza, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
| | - Jinhong Jiang
- Center for Environmental Implications of Nanotechnology, California NanoSystems Institute, University of California Los Angeles, 570 Westwood Plaza, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
| | - Xiangsheng Liu
- Division of NanoMedicine, Department of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, 10833 Le Conte Ave., Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
| | - Xiang Wang
- Center for Environmental Implications of Nanotechnology, California NanoSystems Institute, University of California Los Angeles, 570 Westwood Plaza, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
| | - Tian Xia
- Center for Environmental Implications of Nanotechnology, California NanoSystems Institute, University of California Los Angeles, 570 Westwood Plaza, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
- Division of NanoMedicine, Department of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, 10833 Le Conte Ave., Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
- Address correspondence to: ;
| | - André E. Nel
- Center for Environmental Implications of Nanotechnology, California NanoSystems Institute, University of California Los Angeles, 570 Westwood Plaza, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
- Division of NanoMedicine, Department of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, 10833 Le Conte Ave., Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
- Address correspondence to: ;
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Qi C, Lin J, Fu LH, Huang P. Calcium-based biomaterials for diagnosis, treatment, and theranostics. Chem Soc Rev 2018; 47:357-403. [DOI: 10.1039/c6cs00746e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 145] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Calcium-based biomaterials with good biosafety and bio-absorbability are promising for biomedical applications such as diagnosis, treatment, and theranostics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chao Qi
- Guangdong Key Laboratory for Biomedical
- Measurements and Ultrasound Imaging
- Laboratory of Evolutionary Theranostics
- School of Biomedical Engineering
- Health Science Center
| | - Jing Lin
- Guangdong Key Laboratory for Biomedical
- Measurements and Ultrasound Imaging
- Laboratory of Evolutionary Theranostics
- School of Biomedical Engineering
- Health Science Center
| | - Lian-Hua Fu
- Guangdong Key Laboratory for Biomedical
- Measurements and Ultrasound Imaging
- Laboratory of Evolutionary Theranostics
- School of Biomedical Engineering
- Health Science Center
| | - Peng Huang
- Guangdong Key Laboratory for Biomedical
- Measurements and Ultrasound Imaging
- Laboratory of Evolutionary Theranostics
- School of Biomedical Engineering
- Health Science Center
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12
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Shin K, Acri T, Geary S, Salem AK. Biomimetic Mineralization of Biomaterials Using Simulated Body Fluids for Bone Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine<sup/>. Tissue Eng Part A 2017; 23:1169-1180. [PMID: 28463603 DOI: 10.1089/ten.tea.2016.0556] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Development of synthetic biomaterials imbued with inorganic and organic characteristics of natural bone that are capable of promoting effective bone tissue regeneration is an ongoing goal of regenerative medicine. Calcium phosphate (CaP) has been predominantly utilized to mimic the inorganic components of bone, such as calcium hydroxyapatite, due to its intrinsic bioactivity and osteoconductivity. CaP-based materials can be further engineered to promote osteoinductivity through the incorporation of osteogenic biomolecules. In this study, we briefly describe the microstructure and the process of natural bone mineralization and introduce various methods for coating CaP onto biomaterial surfaces. In particular, we summarize the advantages and current progress of biomimetic surface-mineralizing processes using simulated body fluids for coating bone-like carbonated apatite onto various material surfaces such as metals, ceramics, and polymers. The osteoinductive effects of integrating biomolecules such as proteins, growth factors, and genes into the mineral coatings are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyungsup Shin
- 1 Department of Orthodontics, College of Dentistry and Dental Clinics, University of Iowa , Iowa City, Iowa
| | - Timothy Acri
- 2 Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Experimental Therapeutics, College of Pharmacy, University of Iowa , Iowa City, Iowa
| | - Sean Geary
- 2 Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Experimental Therapeutics, College of Pharmacy, University of Iowa , Iowa City, Iowa
| | - Aliasger K Salem
- 2 Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Experimental Therapeutics, College of Pharmacy, University of Iowa , Iowa City, Iowa
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13
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Oyane A, Araki H, Nakamura M, Shimizu Y, Shubhra QT, Ito A, Tsurushima H. Controlled superficial assembly of DNA–amorphous calcium phosphate nanocomposite spheres for surface-mediated gene delivery. Colloids Surf B Biointerfaces 2016; 141:519-527. [DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfb.2016.02.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2015] [Revised: 02/01/2016] [Accepted: 02/05/2016] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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14
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Bertran O, Revilla-López G, Casanovas J, del Valle LJ, Turon P, Puiggalí J, Alemán C. Dissolving Hydroxyolite: A DNA Molecule into Its Hydroxyapatite Mold. Chemistry 2016; 22:6631-6. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201600703] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2016] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Oscar Bertran
- Departament de Física Aplicada, EEI; Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya; Av. Pla de la Massa, 8 08700 Igualada Spain
| | - Guillermo Revilla-López
- Departament d'Enginyeria Química, ETSEIB; Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya; Diagonal 647 08028 Barcelona Spain
| | - Jordi Casanovas
- Departament de Química, EPS; Universitat de Lleida; c/Jaume II n° 69 25001 Lleida Spain
| | - Luis J. del Valle
- Departament d'Enginyeria Química, ETSEIB; Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya; Diagonal 647 08028 Barcelona Spain
- Center for Research in Nano-Engineering; Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya, Campus Sud, Edifici C'; C. Pasqual i Vila s/n 08028 Barcelona Spain
| | - Pau Turon
- B. Braun Surgical; S.A. Carretera de Terrasa 121 08191 Rubí Spain
| | - Jordi Puiggalí
- Departament d'Enginyeria Química, ETSEIB; Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya; Diagonal 647 08028 Barcelona Spain
- Center for Research in Nano-Engineering; Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya, Campus Sud, Edifici C'; C. Pasqual i Vila s/n 08028 Barcelona Spain
| | - Carlos Alemán
- Departament d'Enginyeria Química, ETSEIB; Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya; Diagonal 647 08028 Barcelona Spain
- Center for Research in Nano-Engineering; Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya, Campus Sud, Edifici C'; C. Pasqual i Vila s/n 08028 Barcelona Spain
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15
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Yazaki Y, Oyane A, Sogo Y, Ito A, Yamazaki A, Tsurushima H. Area-specific cell stimulation via surface-mediated gene transfer using apatite-based composite layers. Int J Mol Sci 2015; 16:8294-309. [PMID: 25874757 PMCID: PMC4425081 DOI: 10.3390/ijms16048294] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2014] [Revised: 03/27/2015] [Accepted: 03/30/2015] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Surface-mediated gene transfer systems using biocompatible calcium phosphate (CaP)-based composite layers have attracted attention as a tool for controlling cell behaviors. In the present study we aimed to demonstrate the potential of CaP-based composite layers to mediate area-specific dual gene transfer and to stimulate cells on an area-by-area basis in the same well. For this purpose we prepared two pairs of DNA–fibronectin–apatite composite (DF-Ap) layers using a pair of reporter genes and pair of differentiation factor genes. The results of the area-specific dual gene transfer successfully demonstrated that the cells cultured on a pair of DF-Ap layers that were adjacently placed in the same well showed specific gene expression patterns depending on the gene that was immobilized in theunderlying layer. Moreover, preliminary real-time PCR results indicated that multipotential C3H10T1/2 cells may have a potential to change into different types of cells depending on the differentiation factor gene that was immobilized in the underlying layer, even in the same well. Because DF-Ap layers have a potential to mediate area-specific cell stimulation on their surfaces, they could be useful in tissue engineering applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yushin Yazaki
- Department of Resources and Environmental Engineering, Waseda University, 3-4-1 Okubo, Shinjuku, Tokyo 169-8555, Japan.
- Nanomaterials Research Institute, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology, Central 4, 1-1-1 Higashi, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8562, Japan.
| | - Ayako Oyane
- Nanomaterials Research Institute, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology, Central 4, 1-1-1 Higashi, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8562, Japan.
| | - Yu Sogo
- Health Research Institute, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology, Central 6, 1-1-1 Higashi, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8566, Japan.
| | - Atsuo Ito
- Health Research Institute, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology, Central 6, 1-1-1 Higashi, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8566, Japan.
| | - Atsushi Yamazaki
- Department of Resources and Environmental Engineering, Waseda University, 3-4-1 Okubo, Shinjuku, Tokyo 169-8555, Japan.
| | - Hideo Tsurushima
- Nanomaterials Research Institute, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology, Central 4, 1-1-1 Higashi, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8562, Japan.
- Department of Neurosurgery, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennoudai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8575, Japan.
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16
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Sun B, Shen H. Correlation of the composition of biominerals with their ability of stimulating intracellular DNA sensors and inflammatory cytokines. Biomaterials 2015; 54:106-15. [PMID: 25907044 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2015.03.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2014] [Revised: 03/04/2015] [Accepted: 03/04/2015] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Biominerals (or microcalcification) deposited in soft tissues are associated with a number of pathogeneses and cancer progressions. Biominerals have also shown promise for DNA delivery and tissue engineering. Biominerals themselves may stimulate NALP3 inflammasomes, and DNA delivered by biominerals can potentially engage with intracellular DNA sensors, resulting in unwanted inflammatory responses. In this study, a library of biominerals doped with or without DNA is formed through surface-induced biomineralization. It is demonstrated that empty biominerals stimulate NALP3 inflammasomes and induce the production of IL-1β. They are also able to activate mouse embryonic fibroblasts (MEFs) and induce inflammatory cytokines, i.e. IL-6. DNA delivered by biominerals escapes the detection of TLR9, but activates DAI and inflammasomes. Furthermore, it is shown that the level of both IL-1β and IL-6 is correlated with the composition of biominerals, in particular the ratio of Mg(Sr) to Ca, and the pH sensitivity of biominerals. These results provide insights into the design of safe and effective DNA delivery systems and biocompatible implants as well as the understanding of the pathogeneses of biominerals deposited in soft tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bingbing Sun
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Washington, Campus Box 351750, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Hong Shen
- Elsa Biologics, LLC, Box 25725, WA 98165, USA.
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17
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Yu X, Murphy WL. 3-D Scaffold Platform for Optimized Non-viral Transfection of Multipotent Stem Cells. J Mater Chem B 2014; 2:8186-8193. [PMID: 25541592 PMCID: PMC4273581 DOI: 10.1039/c4tb00957f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Optimization of non-viral gene delivery from biomaterials is of critical importance, as several material parameters are known to influence non-viral transfection efficiency. A series of previous studies have achieved screening of gene delivery vectors on two dimensional (2D) substrates, which have direct relevance to cell culture applications. There is an additional need to create screening systems that are 3-dimensional (3D), and can thus be applied to emerging tissue engineering applications. Here, we report an enhanced throughput, 3D scaffold platform to screen for the influence of mineral coating properties on stem cell transfection. Mineral coatings with a range of physicochemical properties were formed on the scaffolds within a 96-well plate format, while maintaining an interconnected macroporous scaffold structure. A series of general gene delivery parameters, including plasmid amount, N/P ratio, and cell density, were efficiently screened in scaffolds using a luciferase-encoding plasmid as a reporter. In addition, human mesenchymal stem cell (hMSC) transfection with a plasmid encoding bone morphogenetic protein-2 (BMP-2) was successfully optimized by screening a library of mineral coatings, resulting in over 5-fold increases in BMP-2 production when compared to standard techniques. Notably, the majority of BMP-2 was incorporated into the mineral coating following secretion from the cells. The 3D mineral coated scaffold platform described here may accelerate gene delivery optimization and improve the predictability of the screening systems, which could facilitate translation of gene delivery to clinical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaohua Yu
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53706, USA
| | - W. L. Murphy
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53706, USA
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53706, USA
- Department of Orthopedics and Rehabilitation, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53705, USA
- AO Foundation Collaborative Research Center, Davos, Switzerland
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18
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Improved gene transfer efficiency of a DNA-lipid-apatite composite layer by controlling the layer molecular composition. Colloids Surf B Biointerfaces 2014; 122:465-471. [DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfb.2014.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2014] [Revised: 05/30/2014] [Accepted: 07/01/2014] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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19
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Li CY, Wang HJ, Cao JM, Zhang J, Yu XQ. Bioreducible cross-linked polymers based on G1 peptide dendrimer as potential gene delivery vectors. Eur J Med Chem 2014; 87:413-20. [PMID: 25282264 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2014.09.091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2014] [Revised: 09/04/2014] [Accepted: 09/29/2014] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
A series of cationic polymers based on low generation (G1) peptide dendrimer were synthesized with disulfide-containing linkages. The DNA binding abilities of the target polymers were studied by gel electrophoresis and fluorescence quenching assay. The bioreducible property of the disulfide-containing polymers P2 and P3 was also investigated in the presence of dithiothreitol (DTT). Results from dynamic light scattering (DLS) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) assays reveal that these materials may condense DNA into nanoparticles with proper sizes and zeta-potentials. In vitro cell experiments show that compared to branched 25 KDa PEI, P2 and P3 may exhibit much higher gene transfection efficiency and lower cytotoxicity in both HEK293 and U-2OS cells. Additionally, polymer prepared from Michael addition gives better gene transfection ability, while polymer prepared from ring-opening reaction has better serum tolerance. Results indicate that these polymers might be promising non-viral gene vectors for their easy preparation, very low cytotoxicity, and good transfection efficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chun-Yan Li
- Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry and Technology (Ministry of Education), College of Chemistry, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610064, PR China
| | - Hai-Jiao Wang
- Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry and Technology (Ministry of Education), College of Chemistry, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610064, PR China
| | - Jing-Ming Cao
- Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry and Technology (Ministry of Education), College of Chemistry, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610064, PR China
| | - Ji Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry and Technology (Ministry of Education), College of Chemistry, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610064, PR China.
| | - Xiao-Qi Yu
- Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry and Technology (Ministry of Education), College of Chemistry, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610064, PR China.
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20
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Yue D, Cheng G, He Y, Nie Y, Jiang Q, Cai X, Gu Z. Influence of reduction-sensitive diselenide bonds and disulfide bonds on oligoethylenimine conjugates for gene delivery. J Mater Chem B 2014; 2:7210-7221. [PMID: 32261800 DOI: 10.1039/c4tb00757c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Bioreducible polymers have appeared as ideal gene delivery vectors due to the high stability in extracellular fluids and rapid DNA unpacking in an intracellular reducing environment, as well as decreased cytotoxicity. Disulfide bonds have long been regarded as the only golden standard for this design. Recently, diselenide bonds have emerged as a new reduction-sensitive linkage. However, its reduction sensitivity has not been systematically reported. The primary aim of this study is to compare its reduction sensitivity with the golden standard disulfide bonds. Bioreduction-triggered polymer degradation revealed that diselenide bonds are more stable than disulfide bonds with a lower redox potential (i.e. 10 μM GSH). The changes in DNA binding ability, particle size, zeta potential, and morphology all demonstrated that diselenide bonds have similar reduction sensitivity as disulfide bonds, but it could be only cleaved at a tumor-relevant glutathione concentration (i.e. 10 mM GSH). Förster resonance energy transfer (FRET) spectra suggested that diselenide bond conjugated OEI800 (OEI-SeSex) complexes could not only maintain high stability under 10 μM GSH conditions, but could also timely release DNA under 10 mM GSH conditions. Cell viability assay results showed that OEI-SeSex has a similar cell viability profile as disulfide bond conjugated OEI800 (OEI-SSx), which is much less toxic than PEI25k. Biological efficacy assessment indicated comparable or even outweigh transfection efficiency of OEI-SeSex with OEI-SSx and PEI25k. These results suggested that the unique properties of diselenide bonds have enabled a versatile design of multifunctional bioreducible polymers for in vivo gene delivery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dong Yue
- National Engineering Research Center for Biomaterials, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610064, China.
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21
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Yazaki Y, Oyane A, Tsurushima H, Araki H, Sogo Y, Ito A, Yamazaki A. Coprecipitation of DNA-lipid complexes with apatite and comparison with superficial adsorption for gene transfer applications. J Biomater Appl 2014; 28:937-45. [PMID: 24381202 DOI: 10.1177/0885328213486706] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Apatite can mediate gene transfer into cells by serving as a safe and biocompatible immobilization matrix for DNA and transfection reagents. Recently, an apatite layer that immobilized DNA-lipid complexes was prepared by a coprecipitation process in a supersaturated calcium phosphate solution. This composite layer (DNA-lipid-apatite layer) showed a higher gene transfer capability than an apatite layer with superficially adsorbed DNA-lipid complexes (DNA-lipid-adsorbed apatite layer). In this study, the DNA-lipid-apatite layer and the DNA-lipid-adsorbed apatite layer were compared for their physicochemical properties and gene transfer capabilities. The higher gene transfer capability of the DNA-lipid-apatite layer compared with that of the DNA-lipid-adsorbed apatite layer was reconfirmed by a luciferase assay using epithelial-like CHO-K1 cells. Physicochemical structure analyses showed that the DNA-lipid-apatite layer possessed a larger capacity for DNA-lipid complexes than the DNA-lipid-adsorbed apatite layer. The DNA-lipid-apatite layer released DNA-lipid complexes in a slow and sustained manner, whereas the DNA-lipid-adsorbed apatite layer released them in short bursts. Consequently, the release of DNA-lipid complexes from the DNA-lipid-apatite layer was larger in amount and longer in duration than release from the DNA-lipid-adsorbed apatite layer. This difference in release profiles may be responsible for the higher gene transfer capability of the DNA-lipid-apatite layer compared with that of the DNA-lipid-adsorbed apatite layer. The coprecipitation process and the resulting DNA-lipid-apatite layer have many applications in tissue engineering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yushin Yazaki
- 1Research Institute for Science and Engineering, Waseda University, Shinjuku, Tokyo, Japan
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22
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Inorganic coatings for optimized non-viral transfection of stem cells. Sci Rep 2013; 3:1567. [PMID: 23535735 PMCID: PMC3610100 DOI: 10.1038/srep01567] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2012] [Accepted: 03/06/2013] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
“Biomimetic” approaches for heterogeneous growth of inorganic coatings have become particularly widespread in biomedical applications, where calcium phosphate (CaP) mineral coatings are used to improve biomedical implants. Changes in coating properties can influence the effects of mineral coatings on adjacent cells, but to date it has not been practical to systematically vary inorganic coating properties to optimize specific cell behaviors. Here, we present an approach to grow CaP mineral coatings in an enhanced throughput format to identify unprecedented capabilities in non-viral gene delivery. Subtle changes in coating properties resulted in widely variable transfection, and optimized coatings led to greater than 10-fold increases in transgene expression by multiple target cell types when compared to standard techniques. The enhanced transfection observed here is substrate-mediated, and related to the characteristics of the local environment near the surface of dissolving mineral coatings. These findings may be particularly translatable to medical device applications.
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23
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Wang X, Ito A, Li X, Sogo Y, Hirose M, Oyane A, Tsurushima H. DNA-lipid-apatite composite layers enhance gene expression of mesenchymal stem cells. MATERIALS SCIENCE & ENGINEERING. C, MATERIALS FOR BIOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS 2013; 33:512-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.msec.2012.09.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2012] [Revised: 07/27/2012] [Accepted: 09/25/2012] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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24
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Oyane A, Araki H, Sogo Y, Ito A, Tsurushima H. Spontaneous assembly of DNA–amorphous calcium phosphate nanocomposite spheres for surface-mediated gene transfer. CrystEngComm 2013. [DOI: 10.1039/c3ce40264a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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25
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Yazaki Y, Oyane A, Araki H, Sogo Y, Ito A, Yamazaki A, Tsurushima H. Fabrication of DNA-antibody-apatite composite layers for cell-targeted gene transfer. SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY OF ADVANCED MATERIALS 2012; 13:064204. [PMID: 27877531 PMCID: PMC5099764 DOI: 10.1088/1468-6996/13/6/064204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2012] [Accepted: 09/20/2012] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Surface-mediated gene transfer systems using apatite (Ap)-based composite layers have received increased attention in tissue engineering applications owing to their safety, biocompatibility and relatively high efficiency. In this study, DNA-antibody-apatite composite layers (DA-Ap layers), in which DNA and antibody molecules are immobilized within a matrix of apatite nanocrystals, were fabricated using a biomimetic coating process. They were then assayed for their gene transfer capability for application in a specific cell-targeted gene transfer. A DA-Ap layer that was fabricated with an anti-CD49f antibody showed a higher gene transfer capability to the CD49f-positive CHO-K1 cells than a DNA-apatite composite layer (D-Ap layer). The antibody facilitated the gene transfer capability of the DA-Ap layer only to the specific cells that were expressing corresponding antigens. When the DA-Ap layer was fabricated with an anti-N-cadherin antibody, a higher gene transfer capability compared with the D-Ap layer was found in the N-cadherin-positive P19CL6 cells, but not in the N-cadherin-negative UV♀2 cells or in the P19CL6 cells that were pre-blocked with anti-N-cadherin. Therefore, the antigen-antibody binding that takes place at the cell-layer interface should be responsible for the higher gene transfer capability of the DA-Ap than D-Ap layer. These results suggest that the DA-Ap layer works as a mediator in a specific cell-targeted gene transfer system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yushin Yazaki
- Research Institute for Science and Engineering, Waseda University, 3-4-1 Ohkubo, Shinjuku, Tokyo, 169-8555, Japan
- Nanosystem Research Institute, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Central 4, 1-1-1 Higashi, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8562, Japan
| | - Ayako Oyane
- Nanosystem Research Institute, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Central 4, 1-1-1 Higashi, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8562, Japan
| | - Hiroko Araki
- Nanosystem Research Institute, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Central 4, 1-1-1 Higashi, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8562, Japan
| | - Yu Sogo
- Human Technology Research Institute, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Central 6, 1-1-1 Higashi, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8566, Japan
| | - Atsuo Ito
- Human Technology Research Institute, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Central 6, 1-1-1 Higashi, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8566, Japan
| | - Atsushi Yamazaki
- Department of Resources and Environmental Engineering, Waseda University, 3-4-1 Ohkubo, Shinjuku, Tokyo, 169-8555, Japan
| | - Hideo Tsurushima
- Nanosystem Research Institute, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Central 4, 1-1-1 Higashi, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8562, Japan
- Department of Neurosurgery, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennoudai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8575, Japan
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26
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Abstract
A surface-mediated gene transfer system using DNA-calcium phosphate (CaP) composite layers (D-CaP layers) would be useful in tissue engineeing. In previous studies, D-CaP layers were fabricated in supersaturated CaP solutions prepared using chemical reagents. In this study, a so-called RKM solution prepared using clinically approved infusion fluids was employed as a supersaturated CaP solution. A D-CaP layer consisting of submicron spherical particles was successfully fabricated on a polystyrene substrate by immersing the substrate in the RKM solution for 24 h. When the immersion period was prolonged from 24 to 72 h, amount of CaP and DNA on the substrate increased. However, the gene transfer capability of the D-CaP layer for the CHO-K1 cells was kept unchanged irrespective of the immersion period. In the RKM solution process, immersion period of 24 h was found to be long enough for gene transfer application of the D-CaP layer. More importantly, the D-CaP layer fabricated by the RKM solution process exhibited a significantly higher gene transfer capability than our previous D-CaP layer fabricated in the conventional CaP solution with the same DNA concentration. The RKM solution process for the fabrication of D-CaP layers was found to be advantageous to the previous process in terms of not only safety but the layers gene transfer capability.
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27
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Zhao D, Liu CJ, Zhuo RX, Cheng SX. Alginate/CaCO3 hybrid nanoparticles for efficient codelivery of antitumor gene and drug. Mol Pharm 2012; 9:2887-93. [PMID: 22894610 DOI: 10.1021/mp3002123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
In this study, a facile strategy for efficient codelivery of gene and drug was developed. Using a coprecipitation method, doxorubicin hydrochloride (DOX), an antitumor drug, and p53 expression plasmid were encapsulated in alginate/CaCO(3)/DNA/DOX nanoparticles with high encapsulation efficiency. The in vitro cell inhibition effect of the alginate/CaCO(3)/DNA/DOX nanoparticles was evaluated by MTT assay in HeLa cells. The alginate/CaCO(3)/DNA/DOX nanoparticles exhibited a high cell inhibition rate about 80%, indicating that the alginate/CaCO(3)/DNA/DOX nanoparticles could effectively mediate gene transfection and deliver the drug to the cells. Compared with the codelivery of gene and drug, the treatments by alginate/CaCO(3)/DOX nanoparticles and alginate/CaCO(3)/DNA nanoparticles separately led to much lower cell inhibition rates. Compared with the CaCO(3)/DNA/DOX nanoparticles without alginate modification, the alginate/CaCO(3)/DNA/DOX nanoparticles with a decreased particle size exhibited enhanced delivery efficiency. The alginate/CaCO(3)/DNA/DOX nanoparticles have promising applications in cancer treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dong Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Biomedical Polymers of Ministry of Education, Department of Chemistry, Wuhan University, Wuhan, P.R. China
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28
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Calcium phosphate composite layers for surface-mediated gene transfer. Acta Biomater 2012; 8:2034-46. [PMID: 22343517 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2012.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2011] [Revised: 01/27/2012] [Accepted: 02/01/2012] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
In this review, the surface-mediated gene transfer system using calcium phosphate composite layers is described. Calcium phosphate ceramics are osteoconductive bioceramics used typically in orthopedic and dental applications. Additionally, calcium phosphate particles precipitated by a liquid-phase process have long been used as a safe and biocompatible transfection reagent in molecular biology. Recently, calcium phosphate composite layers immobilizing DNA were fabricated on the surfaces of base materials through a biomimetic process using supersaturated solutions. These composite layers possess useful characteristics of both osteoconductive bioceramics and transfection reagents; they thus provide a biocompatible surface to support cell adhesion and growth, and can stimulate the cell effectively via surface-mediated gene transfer. By modifying the fabrication conditions, physicochemical and biological properties of the composite layers can be varied. With such an approach, these composite layers can be designed to have improved affinity for cells and to exhibit increased gene transfer efficiency over that of conventional lipid transfection reagents. The composite layers with the increased gene transfer efficiency induced specific cell differentiation and tissue regeneration in vivo. These composite layers, given their good biocompatibility and the potential to control cell behavior on their surfaces, have great potential in tissue engineering applications.
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Oyane A, Yazaki Y, Araki H, Sogo Y, Ito A, Yamazaki A, Tsurushima H. Fabrication of a DNA-lipid-apatite composite layer for efficient and area-specific gene transfer. JOURNAL OF MATERIALS SCIENCE. MATERIALS IN MEDICINE 2012; 23:1011-1019. [PMID: 22367107 DOI: 10.1007/s10856-012-4581-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2011] [Accepted: 02/04/2012] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
A surface-mediated gene transfer system using biocompatible apatite-based composite layers has great potential for tissue engineering. Among the apatite-based composite layers developed to date, we focused on a DNA-lipid-apatite composite layer (DLp-Ap layer), which has the advantage of relatively high efficiency as a non-viral system. In this study, various lipid transfection reagents, including a newly developed reagent, polyamidoamine dendron-bearing lipid (PD), were employed to prepare the DLp-Ap layer, and the preparation condition was optimized in terms of efficiency of gene transfer to epithelial-like CHO-K1 cells in the presence of serum. The optimized DLp-Ap layer derived from PD had the highest gene transfer efficiency among all the apatite-based composite layers prepared in this study. In addition, the optimized DLp-Ap layer demonstrated higher gene transfer efficiency in the presence of serum than the conventional particle-mediated systems using commercially available lipid transfection reagents. It was also shown that the optimized DLp-Ap layer mediated the area-specific gene transfer on its surface, i.e., DNA was preferentially transferred to the cells adhering to the surface of the layer. The present gene transfer system using the PD-derived DLp-Ap layer, with the advantages of high efficiency in the presence of serum and area-specificity, would be useful in tissue engineering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ayako Oyane
- Nanosystem Research Institute, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan.
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Sun B, Yi M, Yacoob CC, Nguyen HT, Shen H. Effect of surface chemistry on gene transfer efficiency mediated by surface-induced DNA-doped nanocomposites. Acta Biomater 2012; 8:1109-16. [PMID: 22198137 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2011.12.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2011] [Revised: 12/05/2011] [Accepted: 12/05/2011] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Surface-induced biomineralization represents an effective way of immobilizing DNA molecules on biomaterial surfaces to introduce DNA into cells in contact with or at an approximate distance from the biomaterial surfaces. Previous studies have investigated how the composition of mineralizing solutions affects the composition and pH responsiveness of nanocomposites and thus gene transfer efficiency in different cell types. This study investigates how the functional groups of a biomaterial surface affect the induction and crystallographic properties of nanocomposites and thus the gene transfer efficiency. Self-assembled monolayers with different termini were used to control the functional groups of a surface. It is demonstrated that the induction of DNA-doped nanocomposites depends on the surface functional groups, which is consistent with previous studies. The crystallographic properties did not vary significantly with the functional groups. DNA-doped nanocomposites induced by different surface functional groups resulted in different cellular uptake of DNA and thus gene transfer efficiency. The differential cellular uptake may be attributed to the interactions between nanocomposites and functional groups. The weaker inducer resulted in higher cellular uptake, and thus higher gene transfer efficiency. Together with other previous studies, the current results suggest that surface-mediated gene transfer by DNA-doped nanocomposites can be modulated through both mineralizing solutions and surface chemistries.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Sun
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Washington, Box 351750, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
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31
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Chen S, Zhao D, Li F, Zhuo RX, Cheng SX. Co-delivery of genes and drugs with nanostructured calcium carbonate for cancer therapy. RSC Adv 2012. [DOI: 10.1039/c1ra00527h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
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Zhao D, Zhuo RX, Cheng SX. Modification of calcium carbonate based gene and drug delivery systems by a cell-penetrating peptide. MOLECULAR BIOSYSTEMS 2012; 8:3288-94. [DOI: 10.1039/c2mb25233c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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He Y, Bi Y, Hua Y, Liu D, Wen S, Wang Q, Li M, Zhu J, Lin T, He D, Li X, Wang Z, Wei G. Ultrasound microbubble-mediated delivery of the siRNAs targeting MDR1 reduces drug resistance of yolk sac carcinoma L2 cells. J Exp Clin Cancer Res 2011; 30:104. [PMID: 22035293 PMCID: PMC3213040 DOI: 10.1186/1756-9966-30-104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2011] [Accepted: 10/28/2011] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background MDR1 gene encoding P-glycoprotein is an ATP-dependent drug efflux transporter and related to drug resistance of yolk sac carcinoma. Ultrasound microbubble-mediated delivery has been used as a novel and effective gene delivery method. We hypothesize that small interfering RNA (siRNA) targeting MDR1 gene (siMDR1) delivery with microbubble and ultrasound can down-regulate MDR1 expression and improve responsiveness to chemotherapeutic drugs for yolk sac carcinoma in vitro. Methods Retroviral knockdown vector pSEB-siMDR1s containing specific siRNA sites targeting rat MDR1 coding region were constructed and sequence verified. The resultant pSEB-siMDR1 plasmids DNA were encapsulated with lipid microbubble and the DNA release were triggered by ultrasound when added to culture cells. GFP positive cells were counted by flow cytometry to determine transfection efficiency. Quantitative real-time PCR and western blot were performed to determine the mRNA and protein expression of MDR1. P-glycoprotein function and drug sensitivity were analyzed by Daunorubicin accumulation and MTT assays. Results Transfection efficiency of pSEB-siMDR1 DNA was significantly increased by ultrasound microbubble-mediated delivery in rat yolk sac carcinoma L2 (L2-RYC) cells. Ultrasound microbubble-mediated siMDR1s delivery effectively inhibited MDR1 expression at both mRNA and protein levels and decreased P-glycoprotein function. Silencing MDR1 led to decreased cell viability and IC50 of Vincristine and Dactinomycin. Conclusions Our results demonstrated that ultrasound microbubble-mediated delivery of MDR1 siRNA was safe and effective in L2-RYC cells. MDR1 silencing led to decreased P-glycoprotein activity and drug resistance of L2-RYC cells, which may be explored as a novel approach of combined gene and chemotherapy for yolk sac carcinoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yun He
- Department of Urology, The Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, People's Republic of China
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Wang X, Ito A, Li X, Sogo Y, Oyane A. Signal molecules-calcium phosphate coprecipitation and its biomedical application as a functional coating. Biofabrication 2011; 3:022001. [PMID: 21474887 DOI: 10.1088/1758-5082/3/2/022001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
In this review, the current knowledge of signal molecules-calcium phosphate coprecipitation and its biomedical application as a functional coating are described. Although signal molecules regulate a variety of cellular processes, it is difficult to sustain the regulation activity for a long term when the signal molecules are only injected in a free form. The signal molecules-calcium phosphate coprecipitation on a substrate surface is a very promising process to achieve sustained regulation activity of the signal molecules by controlled and localized delivery of the signal molecules to specific body sites (implantation sites). However, the significance of immobilizing signal molecules with calcium phosphate coatings and their biomedical application are not systematically illustrated. For this purpose, the presently existing coprecipitation methods and strategies on biomedical application are summarized and discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiupeng Wang
- Human Technology Research Institute, Higashi, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan.
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Yazaki Y, Oyane A, Sogo Y, Ito A, Yamazaki A, Tsurushima H. Control of gene transfer on a DNA-fibronectin-apatite composite layer by the incorporation of carbonate and fluoride ions. Biomaterials 2011; 32:4896-902. [PMID: 21458066 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2011.03.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2011] [Accepted: 03/07/2011] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Gene transfer techniques are useful tools for controlling cell behavior, such as proliferation and differentiation. We have recently developed an efficient area-specific gene transfer system using a DNA-fibronectin-apatite composite layer (DF-Ap layer). In this system, partial dissolution of the composite layer is likely to be a crucial step for gene transfer. In the present study, layer solubility was adjusted by incorporating various contents of carbonate or fluoride ions into the DF-Ap layer via ionic substitution for the apatite crystals. Carbonate ion incorporation increased the solubility of the DF-Ap layer, thereby increasing the efficiency of gene transfer on the layer. In contrast, the incorporation of fluoride ions decreased the solubility of the DF-Ap layer, thereby decreasing the efficiency and delaying the timing of gene transfer on the layer dose-dependently. The present gene transfer system with controllable efficiency and timing would be useful in tissue engineering applications because cell differentiation can be induced effectively by regulating appropriate gene expression with suitable timing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yushin Yazaki
- Department of Resources and Environmental Engineering, Waseda University, 3-4-1 Okubo, Shinjuku, Tokyo 169-8555, Japan
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Chen S, Li F, Zhuo RX, Cheng SX. Efficient non-viral gene delivery mediated by nanostructured calcium carbonate in solution-based transfection and solid-phase transfection. MOLECULAR BIOSYSTEMS 2011; 7:2841-7. [DOI: 10.1039/c1mb05147d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
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Luo K, Li C, Wang G, Nie Y, He B, Wu Y, Gu Z. Peptide dendrimers as efficient and biocompatible gene delivery vectors: Synthesis and in vitro characterization. J Control Release 2010; 155:77-87. [PMID: 20946920 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2010.10.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2010] [Revised: 09/14/2010] [Accepted: 10/04/2010] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
We report the synthesis and characterization of different generations of dendritic poly(l-lysine) vectors, and their use for in vitro gene transfection. Gel retardation assay revealed that the dendrimers could form complexes with plasmid DNAs (pDNAs), evident from the inhibition of the migration of pDNA at the N/P ratios of 0.5, 1 and 2 by G3, G4 and G5 dendritic generations, respectively. DNase I assay revealed the protection of pDNA acquired from the complexation with dendrimers from nuclease-catalyzed degradation, with the protection capacity of G5 being even stronger than poly(ethyleneimine) (PEI). Atomic force microscopy (AFM) revealed that all 4 generations of dendrimer/DNA complexes studied were of similar particle sizes within 100-200nm. Zeta potential measurements showed that as the N/P ratio increased from 1 to 25, all dendrimer/pDNA complexes gradually changed from negative to positive charges. The higher generations tended to produce the greater positive potentials, indicating a stronger potency of the complexes to interact with negatively charged cell membranes. In vitro and in vivo cytotoxicity evaluations showed good biocompatibility of the dendrimers and their complexes over the different N/P ratios studied. In vitro gene transfection revealed higher efficiency of G5 than other dendrimers and insensitive variation to the presence of serum. Given its similar transfection efficiency to PEI but lower toxicity to cultured cells, dendrimer G5 could be a better candidate for gene delivery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kui Luo
- National Engineering Research Center for Biomaterials, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610064, People's Republic of China
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