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Johnson W, Bergfeld WF, Belsito DV, Cohen DE, Klaassen CD, Liebler DC, Marks JG, Peterson LA, Shank RC, Slaga TJ, Snyder PW, Fiume M, Heldreth B. Methacrylate Ester Monomers. Int J Toxicol 2023; 42:61S-73S. [PMID: 37794531 DOI: 10.1177/10915818231204572] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/06/2023]
Abstract
The Expert Panel for Cosmetic Ingredient Safety reviewed newly available studies since their original assessment in 2005, along with updated information regarding product types and concentrations of use, and confirmed that these 22 methacrylate ester monomers are safe as used in nail enhancement products in the practices of use and concentration as described in this report, when skin contact is avoided.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wilbur Johnson
- Cosmetic Ingredient Review Former Senior Scientific Analyst/Writer
| | | | | | | | | | | | - James G Marks
- Expert Panel for Cosmetic Ingredient Safety Former Member
| | | | - Ronald C Shank
- Expert Panel for Cosmetic Ingredient Safety Former Member
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Bakan B, Oltulu F, Yıldırım Y, Yavaşoğlu A, Akgöl S, Karabay Yavaşoğlu NÜ. L-glutamic acid-g-poly hydroxyethyl methacrylate nanoparticles: acute and sub-acute toxicity and biodistribution potential in mice. Arh Hig Rada Toksikol 2023; 74:207-217. [PMID: 37791671 PMCID: PMC10549881 DOI: 10.2478/aiht-2023-74-3768] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2023] [Revised: 08/01/2023] [Accepted: 09/01/2023] [Indexed: 10/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The aim of this safety study in mice was to determine in vivo toxicity and biodistribution potential of a single and multiple doses of L-glutamic acid-g-p(HEMA) polymeric nanoparticles as a drug delivery system. The single dose did not cause any lethal effect, and its acute oral LD50 was >2.000 mg/kg body weight (bw). Multiple doses (25, 50, or 100 mg/kg bw) given over 28 days resulted in no significant differences in body and relative organ weights compared to control. These results are supported by biochemical and histological findings. Moreover, nanoparticle exposure did not result in statistically significant differences in micronucleus counts in bone marrow cells compared to control. Nanoparticle distribution was time-dependent, and they reached the organs and even bone marrow by hour 6, as established by ex vivo imaging with the IVIS® spectrum imaging system. In conclusion, L-glutamic acid-g-p(HEMA) polymeric nanoparticles appear biocompatible and have a potential use as a drug delivery system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Buket Bakan
- Atatürk University Faculty of Science, Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Erzurum, Turkey
- Ege University Faculty of Science, Department of Biology, Izmir, Turkey
| | - Fatih Oltulu
- Ege University Faculty of Medicine, Department of Histology and Embryology, Izmir, Turkey
| | - Yeliz Yıldırım
- Ege University Faculty of Science, Department of Chemistry, Izmir, Turkey
| | - Altuğ Yavaşoğlu
- Ege University Faculty of Medicine, Department of Histology and Embryology, Izmir, Turkey
| | - Sinan Akgöl
- Ege University Faculty of Science, Department of Biochemistry, Izmir, Turkey
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Favarão J, Oliveira DCRSD, Zanini MM, Rocha MG, Ogliari FA, Correr-Sobrinho L, Sinhoreti MAC. Effect of light attenuation through veneers on bond strength of adhesives with photoinitiator combinations. Braz Oral Res 2022; 36:e075. [PMID: 35703702 DOI: 10.1590/1807-3107bor-2022.vol36.0075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2020] [Accepted: 04/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
This study aimed to evaluate the effect of light attenuation through ceramic veneers and resin cement on degree of conversion (DC), cohesive strength (CS), and microshear bond strength (μSBS) of experimental adhesive systems. Experimental etch-and-rinse and self-etch adhesives were combined with different ratios of camphorquinone (CQ) and diphenyl(2,4,6-trimethylbenzoyl) phosphine oxide (TPO) photoinitiators: CQ-only; 3CQ:1TPO; 1CQ:1TPO; 1CQ:3TPO and TPO-only. Square-shaped ceramic veneer (IPS Empress Esthetic, Ivoclar Vivadent) (n = 10; 10mm long x 10mm wide x 0.5mm thick) and resin cement specimens (Variolink Esthetic LC, Ivoclar Vivadent) (n = 10; 10 mm long x 10 mm wide and 0.3 mm thick) were prepared. Light transmittance of a multiple-peak LED (Bluephase G2, Ivoclar Vivadent) was measured through restorative materials using a spectrometer (n = 5). Adhesive specimens were analyzed for DC, CS, and μSBS by light-curing the adhesive with or without (control) ceramic veneer, and with resin cement fixed to output region of the light-curing tip (n = 10). Data were submitted to ANOVA and Tukey's test (α = 0.05). Total light transmittance through the restorative materials was attenuated, and this attenuation was more evident for the violet spectrum. The DC for the TPO groups in ratios up to 1CQ:1TPO was similar to the control. 1CQ:3TPO showed lower values for CS. μSBS was reduced for all groups with light attenuation, but lower values were observed for 1CQ:3TPO and TPO-only. In conclusion, light transmission was reduced with interposed restorative materials. Adhesives combined with CQ and TPO up to 1CQ:1TPO showed greater cure efficiency and mechanical properties compared with a higher amount of TPO.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jamille Favarão
- Universidade Estadual de Campinas - Unicamp, Piracicaba Dental School , Department of Restorative Dentistry , Piracicaba , SP , Brazil
| | | | - Mauricio Matté Zanini
- Universidade Estadual do Oeste do Paraná - Unioeste, Dental School , Cascavel , PR , Brazil
| | - Mateus Garcia Rocha
- University of Florida , College of Dentistry , Department of Restorative Dental Sciences , Gainesville , FL , USA
| | - Fabrício Aulo Ogliari
- Universidade Federal de Pelotas - UFPel, Department of Materials Engineering , Pelotas , RS , Brazil
| | - Lourenço Correr-Sobrinho
- Universidade Estadual de Campinas - Unicamp, Piracicaba Dental School , Department of Restorative Dentistry , Piracicaba , SP , Brazil
| | - Mário Alexandre Coelho Sinhoreti
- Universidade Estadual de Campinas - Unicamp, Piracicaba Dental School , Department of Restorative Dentistry , Piracicaba , SP , Brazil
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Durner J, Schrickel K, Watts DC, Becker M, Draenert ME. Direct and indirect eluates from bulk fill resin-based-composites. Dent Mater 2022; 38:489-507. [DOI: 10.1016/j.dental.2022.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2021] [Revised: 02/02/2022] [Accepted: 02/02/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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Durner J, Schrickel K, Watts DC, Becker M, Draenert ME. Direct and indirect monomer elution from an RBC product family. Dent Mater 2021; 37:1601-1614. [PMID: 34454738 DOI: 10.1016/j.dental.2021.08.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2021] [Revised: 08/13/2021] [Accepted: 08/14/2021] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To develop a model for quantitative comparison of elutable substances by direct elution from resin-bonded composite (RBC) test specimens versus indirect elutability of substances from RBC-restored teeth. Furthermore, it was to be investigated whether the different composites of the Tetric® RBC product family release different types and amounts of substances. METHODS Four different composite materials from the Tetric® product family were studied. For each material subgroup ten human third molar teeth were prepared with standard Class-I occlusal cavities. These 'tooth group' specimens were provided with a three-step adhesive system (incorporating TEGDMA) and the respective composite restoration. Same sized control specimens, of each RBC restorative material, were prepared ('direct RBC' groups). All specimens were placed in individual elution chambers such that the elution media (ethanol/water, 3:1) only came into contact with either the tooth root or ¾ height of the 'direct RBC' materials. They were incubated at 37 °C for up to 7 d. Samples of the eluant were taken after 1, 2, 4 and 7 d and were analysed by high-temperature gas chromatography/mass spectrometry. RESULTS Bisphenol A ethoxylate dimethacrylate (bisEMA), bisphenol A glycidyldimethacrylate (bisGMA), tetraethylene glycol dimethacrylate (TEEGDMA), decan-1,10-diol dimethacrylate (DDDMA) were mostly found in the eluates of the 'direct RBC' groups in statistically significantly greater amounts than in the eluates of the 'tooth groups'. Such quantitative differences were also the case with eluates containing bisphenol A (BPA), dicyclohexyl phthalate (DCHP) and drometrizole, which are common in the environment. In contrast to the behavior found with all the other monomers, up to 3 orders of magnitude more triethylene glycol dimethacrylate (TEGDMA) was found in the 'tooth groups' compared to the 'direct RBC' groups, evidently released by the adhesive system. SIGNIFICANCE The release of most of the substances was clearly delayed in the 'tooth groups' indicative of their chronic, rather than acute, elution to the oral environment. A barrier function of the residual dentin layer and the adhesion layer can be inferred. The different release patterns of substances from the various composites of the RBC product family is a manifestation of their different and indication-specific compositions. Consideration of an overall restorative care (RBC plus adhesive) system, when assessing the total amount of released substances, is emphasized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jürgen Durner
- Department of Conservative Dentistry and Periodontology, University Hospital, LMU Munich Ludwig-Maximilians-University of Munich, Goethestr. 70, 80336 Munich, Germany; Laboratory Becker and Colleagues, Führichstr. 70, 81671 München, Germany.
| | - Klaus Schrickel
- Thermo Fisher Scientific, Im Steingrund 4 - 6, 63303 Dreieich, Germany
| | - David C Watts
- School of Medical Sciences and Photon Science Institute, University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PL, United Kingdom
| | - Marc Becker
- Department of Conservative Dentistry and Periodontology, University Hospital, LMU Munich Ludwig-Maximilians-University of Munich, Goethestr. 70, 80336 Munich, Germany; Laboratory Becker and Colleagues, Führichstr. 70, 81671 München, Germany
| | - Miriam E Draenert
- Department of Conservative Dentistry and Periodontology, University Hospital, LMU Munich Ludwig-Maximilians-University of Munich, Goethestr. 70, 80336 Munich, Germany
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Alkhudhairy F, Vohra F, Naseem M, Owais MM, Amer AHB, Almutairi KB. Color stability and degree of conversion of a novel dibenzoyl germanium derivative containing photo-polymerized resin luting cement. J Appl Biomater Funct Mater 2021; 18:2280800020917326. [PMID: 32552201 DOI: 10.1177/2280800020917326] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
AIM To compare the color stability and degree of conversion (DC) of a resin cement containing a dibenzoyl germanium derivative photo-initiator (Variolink Esthetic) to resin cements containing conventional luting agents. MATERIALS AND METHOD Spectrophotometry and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) were used to compare the color stability and DC, respectively, of Variolink Esthetic compared to Calibra, Variolink-N, and NX3 resin cements. Ten specimens (1 × 2 mm2) of each resin cement were photo-polymerized and then subjected to color stability assessments. In addition, 30 samples of each of the four resin cements were prepared and then immersed in three staining solutions (tea, coffee, and distilled water) for two weeks. Changes in color for the immersed versus non-immersed specimens (control specimens) were determined by comparing ΔL (lightness), Δa, and Δb (color components), and an overall ΔE (color difference) obtained from spectrophotometry assays. One-way analysis of variance and a multiple comparison test (Tukey's test) were used to analyze color stability and DC data. NX3 and Variolink Esthetic resin cements exhibited significantly lower values compared to the dual cured resin cements (Variolink-N and Calibra). RESULTS The highest DC values were observed among the photo-polymerized samples of Variolink Esthetic (87.18 ± 2.90%), while the lowest DC values were observed among the Variolink-N samples (44.55 ± 4.33%). CONCLUSION The resin cement, Variolink Esthetic, containing a novel dibenzoyl germanium derivative photo-initiator exhibited superior color stability (p < 0.05) and a higher DC than other resin cements containing conventional luting agents in an in vitro setting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fahad Alkhudhairy
- Department of Restorative Dental Sciences, College of Dentistry, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Fahim Vohra
- Department of Prosthetic Dental Sciences, College of Dentistry, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mustafa Naseem
- Dow international Dental College (DIDC), Dow University Of Health Sciences, Karachi, Pakistan
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Jochums A, Volk J, Perduns R, Plum M, Schertl P, Bakopoulou A, Geurtsen W. Influence of 2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate (HEMA) exposure on angiogenic differentiation of dental pulp stem cells (DPSCs). Dent Mater 2021; 37:534-546. [PMID: 33579530 DOI: 10.1016/j.dental.2020.12.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2020] [Revised: 11/13/2020] [Accepted: 12/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The angiogenic differentiation of dental pulp stem cells (DPSCs) is important for tissue homeostasis and wound healing. In this study the influence of 2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate (HEMA) on angiogenic differentiation was investigated. METHODS To evaluate HEMA effects on angiogenic differentiation, DPSCs were cultivated in angiogenic differentiation medium (ADM) in the presence or absence of non-toxic HEMA concentrations (0.1 mM and 0.5 mM). Subsequently, angiogenic differentiation was analyzed on the molecular level by qRT-PCR and protein profiler analyzes of angiogenic markers and flow cytometry of PECAM1. The influence of HEMA on angiogenic phenotypes was analyzed by cell migration and sprouting assays. RESULTS Treatment with 0.5 mM HEMA during differentiation can lead to a slight reduction of angiogenic markers on mRNA level. HEMA also seems to slightly reduce the quantity of angiogenic cytokines (not significant). However, these HEMA concentrations have no detectable influence on cell migration, the abundance of PECAM1 and the formation of capillaries. Higher concentrations caused primary cytotoxic effects in angiogenic differentiation experiments conducted for longer periods than 72 h. SIGNIFICANCE Non-cytotoxic HEMA concentrations seem to have a minor impact on the expression of angiogenic markers, essentially on the mRNA level, without affecting the angiogenic differentiation process itself on a detectable level.
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Affiliation(s)
- André Jochums
- Department of Conservative Dentistry, Periodontology and Preventive Dentistry, Hannover Medical School, D-30625 Hannover, Germany.
| | - Joachim Volk
- Department of Conservative Dentistry, Periodontology and Preventive Dentistry, Hannover Medical School, D-30625 Hannover, Germany.
| | - Renke Perduns
- Department of Conservative Dentistry, Periodontology and Preventive Dentistry, Hannover Medical School, D-30625 Hannover, Germany.
| | - Melanie Plum
- Department of Conservative Dentistry, Periodontology and Preventive Dentistry, Hannover Medical School, D-30625 Hannover, Germany.
| | - Peter Schertl
- Department of Cell Biology and Biophysics, Leibniz University Hannover, D-30419 Hannover, Germany
| | - Athina Bakopoulou
- Department of Prosthodontics, School of Dentistry, Faculty of Health Sciences, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki (A.U.Th), Greece.
| | - Werner Geurtsen
- Department of Conservative Dentistry, Periodontology and Preventive Dentistry, Hannover Medical School, D-30625 Hannover, Germany.
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Dental resin monomers induce early and potent oxidative damage on human odontoblast-like cells. Chem Biol Interact 2020; 333:109336. [PMID: 33248029 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbi.2020.109336] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2020] [Revised: 11/05/2020] [Accepted: 11/20/2020] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Resin-based dental materials consist of filler particles and different monomers that are light cured in situ to re-establish dental function and aesthetics. Due to the degree of conversion of adhesive polymers, the monomers triethyleneglycol dimethacrylate (TEGDMA) and 2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate (HEMA) are released in relatively high amounts and are susceptible to degradation, acting as bioactive compounds and affecting cell and tissues. This study aimed to assess the effect of HEMA and TEGDMA exposure on metabolic activity, membrane integrity, and cell survival of human odontoblast-like cell (hOLCs). Exposure to resin monomers for 24 h induced major changes in cell membrane integrity, metabolic activity, and survival, which were measured by the calcein method and lactate dehydrogenase release. Increased and early reactive oxygen species (ROS) production was observed leading to degradative oxidation of membrane lipids identified as malondialdehyde production. Severe alteration in mitochondria occurred due to transmembrane mitochondrial potential collapse, possibly inducing activation of apoptotic cell death. hOLCs exposure to resin monomers modified the cell redox potential, with consequences on membrane permeability and integrity, including mitochondrial function. Lipid peroxidation appears to be a key phenomenon for the membrane structures oxidation after HEMA and TEGDMA exposure, leading to cell death and cytotoxicity. hOLCs respond early by differential induction of adaptive mechanisms to maintain cell homeostasis. Modulation of oxidative stress-induced response involves the regulation of genes that encode for antioxidant proteins such as catalase and heme oxygenase-1; regulation that functions as a critical protection mechanism against oxidative cell damage induced by HEMA and TEGDMA. Ascorbic acid as an antioxidant substance mitigates the oxidative damage associated with exposure to monomers.
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Favarão J, Oliveira DCRSD, Rocha MG, Zanini MM, Abuna GF, Mendonça MJ, Sinhoreti MAC. Solvent Degradation and Polymerization Shrinkage Reduction of Resin Composites Using Isobornyl Methacrylate. Braz Dent J 2019; 30:272-278. [DOI: 10.1590/0103-6440201802525] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2018] [Accepted: 01/17/2019] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract The aim of this study was to use the isobornyl methacrylate (IBOMA) as a combining or substituent diluent monomer in the resin matrix of dental resin composites. Thus, the resin matrix was formulated with 60 wt% of BisGMA and 40 wt% of diluent monomers. TEGDMA as the only diluent monomer was used as control with 40 wt%, while total substitution of TEGDMA was done with 40 wt% of IBOMA. The combination of IBOMA and TEGDMA was done with 20 wt% of each monomer. To the resin matrix, 65 wt% of filler particles was added. Degree of conversion (DC) using FT-IR, flexural strength (FS), flexural modulus (FM), polymerization shrinkage by gap formation (GF), Knoop hardness (KH) and solvent degradation (SD) were evaluated. Data were analyzed using ANOVA and Tukey’s test (α=0.05; b=0.2). The results showed that reducing or substituting TEGDMA using IBOMA did not affect the DC (0.085), FS (p=0.886) or FM (p=0.414). Also, when IBOMA was used, lower GF was found in comparison to the control containing only TEGDMA as the diluent monomer (p=0.032). However, even though all composites presented reduction in KH during the SD test, the combination of IBOMA and TEGDMA showed similar reduction in KHN in comparison to the control group (p=0.001), while the total substitution of TEGDMA with IBOMA decreased KHN after SD (p=0.041). Thus, the combination of IBOMA and TEGDMA seem to reduce SD and GF without affecting the properties of resin composites.
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Perduns R, Volk J, Plum M, Gutzki F, Kaever V, Geurtsen W. Effects of HEMA on Nrf2-related gene expression using a newly developed 3D co-culture model of the oral mucosa. Dent Mater 2019; 35:1214-1226. [PMID: 31146961 DOI: 10.1016/j.dental.2019.05.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2019] [Revised: 04/26/2019] [Accepted: 05/07/2019] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE 2-Hydroxyethyl methacrylate (HEMA) is a component of many resin-modified materials and elutes from dental restorations into the oral cavity. Objective of our investigation was to determine the impact of HEMA on oral keratinocytes (OKF6/TERT2) and gingival fibroblasts (HGFs) in a newly established 3D co-culture model (3D-CCM) and to analyze the permeability of OKF6/TERT2 cells for HEMA. METHODS Well-characterized 3D-CCMs, consisting of confluent OKF6/TERT2 cells on cell culture inserts above HGF-containing collagen gels, were treated supra-epithelial with HEMA. Mass spectrometry was used to measure the supra- and sub-epithelial distribution of HEMA after 24 h. The impact of HEMA on nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) target genes was measured by qRT-PCR and western blot analysis. RESULTS Mass spectrometry showed that HEMA was evenly distributed above and below the keratinocyte layer after 24 h. Analyzed target genes of Nrf2 were induced in both cell types on the mRNA-level but less pronounced in HGFs. On the protein-level, both cell types showed similar effects: At 5 mM HEMA, heme oxygenase-1 was induced 5.1-fold in OKF6/TERT2 cells and 4.1-fold in HGFs. NAD(P)H quinone dehydrogenase-1 was approximately induced 1.85-fold in both cell types. SIGNIFICANCE Our 3D-CCM is suitable to analyze the biocompatibility of dental materials due to an improved simulation of the oral mucosa compared to monolayer cultures. Our results indicate that HEMA is able to penetrate a dense layer of keratinocytes and to activate the cellular oxidative defense response. This may be due to the activation of the Nrf2-pathway in both cell types.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renke Perduns
- Department of Conservative Dentistry, Periodontology and Preventive Dentistry, Hannover Medical School, D-30625 Hannover, Germany.
| | - Joachim Volk
- Department of Conservative Dentistry, Periodontology and Preventive Dentistry, Hannover Medical School, D-30625 Hannover, Germany.
| | - Melanie Plum
- Department of Conservative Dentistry, Periodontology and Preventive Dentistry, Hannover Medical School, D-30625 Hannover, Germany.
| | - Frank Gutzki
- Research Core Unit Metabolomics, Hannover Medical School, D-30625 Hannover, Germany.
| | - Volkhard Kaever
- Research Core Unit Metabolomics, Hannover Medical School, D-30625 Hannover, Germany.
| | - Werner Geurtsen
- Department of Conservative Dentistry, Periodontology and Preventive Dentistry, Hannover Medical School, D-30625 Hannover, Germany.
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Knezevic A, Zeljezic D, Kopjar N, Duarte S, Par M, Tarle Z. Toxicology of Pre-heated Composites Polymerized Directly and Through CAD/CAM Overlay. Acta Stomatol Croat 2018; 52:203-217. [PMID: 30510296 PMCID: PMC6238872 DOI: 10.15644/asc52/3/4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Objectives The aim was to compare cytotoxicity/genotoxicity of pre-heated composites polymerized through CAD/CAM overlays on isolated human peripheral blood lymphocytes. Material and Methods A microhybrid (Z100, 3M ESPE) and nanofilled composite (Filtek Supreme Ultra, 3M ESPE) were heated in a heating unit (Calset, AdDent Inc.) at different temperatures: 37 oC, 54 oC, and 68 oC. A small amount of heated composite was placed in a cylindrical mold (6mm diameter; 0.65mm thick), covered with a Mylar sheet, pressed and light-cured directly and through 2 mm thick CAD/CAM ceramic-reinforced polymer (CRP)(LAVA Ultimate, 3M ESPE) or CAD/CAM lithium disilicate ceramic (LDC)(e.max, Ivoclar/Vivadent) overlay. After curing, the specimens were immediately placed in a prepared lymphocyte cell culture. Cytotoxicity was assessed using a dye exclusion method by simultaneous staining with ethidium bromide and acridine orange, aimed to determine percentages of viable, apoptotic and necrotic cells. Genotoxicity was studied using alkaline comet assay. Results For Z100, the highest percentage of viable cells is recorded at T1 (93.7%) after direct light curing, followed by light curing through CRP (92.3%) and through LDC (91.7%T1,T3). For Filtek Supreme Ultra, the highest percentage of viable cells is recorded while curing through CRP (91.0% T2), followed by LDC (90% T1,T3) and direct light curing (88.7%T2). Conclusion For both tested materials, preheating the procedure at T1 and T2 may be the procedure of choice. In terms of genotoxicity, preheating at T3 may not be suggested.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alena Knezevic
- Division of Restorative Sciences, Herman Ostrow School of Dentistry, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, US
| | - Davor Zeljezic
- Mutagenesis Unit, Institute for Medical Research and Occupational Health, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Nevenka Kopjar
- Mutagenesis Unit, Institute for Medical Research and Occupational Health, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Sillas Duarte
- Division of Restorative Sciences, Herman Ostrow School of Dentistry, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, US
| | - Matej Par
- Private Dental Practice, Dankovecka 9, 10040 Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Zrinka Tarle
- Department of Endodontics and Restorative Dentistry, School of Dental Medicine, University of Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia
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Nilsen BW, Simon‐Santamaria J, Örtengren U, Jensen E, Bruun J, Michelsen VB, Sørensen KK. Dose- and time-dependent effects of triethylene glycol dimethacrylate on the proteome of human THP-1 monocytes. Eur J Oral Sci 2018; 126:345-358. [PMID: 30051916 PMCID: PMC6585793 DOI: 10.1111/eos.12559] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/19/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Triethylene glycol dimethacrylate (TEGDMA) is commonly used in polymer resin-based dental materials. This study investigated the molecular mechanisms of TEGDMA toxicity by identifying its time- and dose-dependent effects on the proteome of human THP-1 monocytes. The effects of different concentrations (0.07-5 mM) and exposure times (0-72 h) of TEGDMA on cell viability, proliferation, and morphology were determined using a real-time viability assay, automated cell counting, and electron microscopy, and laid the fundament for choice of exposure scenarios in the proteomic experiments. Solvents were not used, as TEGDMA is soluble in cell culture medium (determined by photon correlation spectroscopy). Cells were metabolically labeled [using the stable isotope labeled amino acids in cell culture (SILAC) strategy], and exposed to 0, 0.3 or 2.5 mM TEGDMA for 6 or 16 h before liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) analyses. Regulated proteins were analyzed in the STRING database. Cells exposed to 0.3 mM TEGDMA showed increased viability and time-dependent upregulation of proteins associated with stress/oxidative stress, autophagy, and cytoprotective functions. Cells exposed to 2.5 mM TEGDMA showed diminished viability and a protein expression profile associated with oxidative stress, DNA damage, mitochondrial dysfunction, and cell cycle inhibition. Altered expression of immune genes was observed in both groups. The study provides novel knowledge about TEGDMA toxicity at the proteomic level. Of note, even low doses of TEGDMA induced a substantial cellular response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo W. Nilsen
- Department of Clinical DentistryUiT – The Arctic University of NorwayTromsøNorway
| | | | - Ulf Örtengren
- Department of Clinical DentistryUiT – The Arctic University of NorwayTromsøNorway
- Department of CariologyInstitute of Odontology/Sahlgrenska AcademyGöteborgSweden
| | - Einar Jensen
- Department of PharmacyUiT The Arctic University of NorwayTromsøNorway
| | - Jack‐Ansgar Bruun
- Department of Medical BiologyUiT – The Arctic University of NorwayTromsøNorway
| | | | - Karen K. Sørensen
- Department of Medical BiologyUiT – The Arctic University of NorwayTromsøNorway
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Alkhudhairy F, AlKheraif A, Naseem M, Khan R, Vohra F. Degree of conversion and depth of cure of Ivocerin containing photo-polymerized resin luting cement in comparison to conventional luting agents. Pak J Med Sci 2018; 34:253-259. [PMID: 29805389 PMCID: PMC5954360 DOI: 10.12669/pjms.342.14491] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2017] [Revised: 01/17/2018] [Accepted: 03/20/2018] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To evaluate the degree of conversion (DC) and depth (extent) of cure of four resin cements (Variolink E, Calibra, NX3 and Variolink N) using Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) and Vickers Micro hardness (MH). METHODS Ten disks (1mmx2mm) of each resin cement were light cured through a ceramic disk for 40 seconds prior to assessment. The ATR spectra of the uncured resin were collected in absorbance mode from 16 scans at 4 wave number resolutions. Degree of conversion was calculated by estimating the changes in peak height ratio of the absorbance intensities of aliphatic C=C peak at 1638 cm-1 and that of an internal standard peak of aromatic C=C at 1608 cm-1 during polymerization. For Vickers microhardness testing 10 disks of each cement specimen was exposed to 100 grams of load for 15 seconds. Three indentations were made 0.5mm apart and an average Vickers micro-hardness (MH) for each specimen. Two way ANOVA and multiple comparison tests were performed to assess data. RESULTS The highest degree of conversion by peak area was shown by Variolink-Esthetic [light-cure (87.18±2.90%)]; however the lowest was observed in samples of Variolink-N [Dual cure (44.55±4.33%)]. Similarly, Variolink-Esthetic and NX3 cement showed significantly higher MH as compared to other groups. CONCLUSION Ivocerin containing Variolink-E cement showed high degree of conversion and extent of polymerization when compared to conventional light and dual cure luting cements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fahad Alkhudhairy
- Fahad Alkhudhairy, Department of Restorative Dental Sciences, College of Dentistry, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Abdulaziz AlKheraif
- Abdulaziz AlKheraif, Dental Health Department, College of Applied Medical Sciences, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mustafa Naseem
- Mustafa Naseem, Department of Preventive Dental Sciences, Dar Al Uloom University Al Mizan St, Al-Falah, Riyadh, Saudia Arabia
| | - Rawaiz Khan
- Rawaiz Khan, College of Dentistry Research Center (CDRC), College of Dentistry, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Fahim Vohra
- FahimVohra, Department of Prosthetic Dental Science, College of Dentistry, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
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D'Alpino PHP, Moura GEDDD, Barbosa SCDA, Marques LDA, Eberlin MN, Nascimento FD, Tersariol ILDS. Differential cytotoxic effects on odontoblastic cells induced by self-adhesive resin cements as a function of the activation protocol. Dent Mater 2017; 33:1402-1415. [DOI: 10.1016/j.dental.2017.09.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2017] [Revised: 07/19/2017] [Accepted: 09/20/2017] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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15
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Yang Y, He X, Shi J, Hickel R, Reichl FX, Högg C. Effects of antioxidants on DNA double-strand breaks in human gingival fibroblasts exposed to dental resin co-monomer epoxy metabolites. Dent Mater 2017; 33:418-426. [PMID: 28185677 DOI: 10.1016/j.dental.2017.01.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2016] [Revised: 01/03/2017] [Accepted: 01/18/2017] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Eluted dental resin co-monomers can be metabolized to intermediate methacrylic acid (MA) and, further, to epoxy metabolites. Antioxidants have been studied previously, with the intention of decreasing the DNA double-strand breaks (DNA-DSBs) in human gingival fibroblasts (HGFs). In this study, the effects of the antioxidants, ascorbic acid (Asc) and N-acetylcysteine (NAC), were investigated on co-monomer metabolite-induced DNA-DSBs. METHODS HGFs were incubated with MA, 2,3-epoxy-2-methyl-propionicacid-methylester (EMPME) and 2,3-epoxy-2-methylpropionic acid (EMPA), respectively, in the presence or absence of antioxidants (Asc or NAC). EC50 Values were obtained from an XTT-based viability assay. DNA-DSBs were determined using a γ-H2AX assay. RESULTS The cytotoxicity of the compounds could be ranked in the following order (mean±SEM; n=4): EMPA>EMPME>MA. The average number of DSBs-foci/cell induced by each substance at EC50-concentration could be ranked in the following order (mean±SD; n=4): EMPA>EMPME>MA. EMPA (1.72mM) and EMPME (2.58mM) induced the highest number of DSBs-foci, that is 21-fold and 13-fold, respectively, compared to control (0.48±0.08 foci/cell). The addition of Asc (50; 100; 200μM) or NAC (50; 100; 200; 500μM) to MA (15.64; 5.21mM), EMPME (2.58mM), and EMPA (1.72; 0.57mM) significantly reduced the number of foci/cell in HGFs. The highest reduction could be found in HGFs with 1.72mM EMPA, the addition of NAC (50; 100; 200; 500μM) induced a 15-fold, 17-fold, 14-fold and 14-fold lower number of DSBs-foci/cell, respectively. SIGNIFICANCE Dental co-monomer epoxy metabolites, EMPME and EMPA, can induce DNA-DSBs. The addition of antioxidants (Asc or NAC) leads to reduction of DNA-DSBs, and NAC leads to more prominent reduction of DNA-DSBs compared to Asc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Yang
- Department of Operative/Restorative Dentistry, Periodontology and Pedodontics, Ludwig-Maximilians-University of Munich, Goethestr. 70, 80336 Munich, Germany; Walther-Straub-Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Ludwig-Maximilians-University of Munich, Nußbaumstr. 26, 80336 Munich, Germany
| | - Xiuli He
- Department of Operative/Restorative Dentistry, Periodontology and Pedodontics, Ludwig-Maximilians-University of Munich, Goethestr. 70, 80336 Munich, Germany; Walther-Straub-Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Ludwig-Maximilians-University of Munich, Nußbaumstr. 26, 80336 Munich, Germany
| | - Jianwei Shi
- Department of Orthodontics, Ludwig-Maximilians-University of Munich, Goethestr. 70, 80336 Munich, Germany
| | - Reinhard Hickel
- Department of Operative/Restorative Dentistry, Periodontology and Pedodontics, Ludwig-Maximilians-University of Munich, Goethestr. 70, 80336 Munich, Germany
| | - Franz-Xaver Reichl
- Department of Operative/Restorative Dentistry, Periodontology and Pedodontics, Ludwig-Maximilians-University of Munich, Goethestr. 70, 80336 Munich, Germany; Walther-Straub-Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Ludwig-Maximilians-University of Munich, Nußbaumstr. 26, 80336 Munich, Germany
| | - Christof Högg
- Department of Operative/Restorative Dentistry, Periodontology and Pedodontics, Ludwig-Maximilians-University of Munich, Goethestr. 70, 80336 Munich, Germany; Walther-Straub-Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Ludwig-Maximilians-University of Munich, Nußbaumstr. 26, 80336 Munich, Germany.
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16
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Bienek DR, Tutak W, Skrtic D. Bioactive Polymeric Materials for Tissue Repair. J Funct Biomater 2017; 8:E4. [PMID: 28134776 PMCID: PMC5371877 DOI: 10.3390/jfb8010004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2016] [Revised: 01/10/2017] [Accepted: 01/18/2017] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Bioactive polymeric materials based on calcium phosphates have tremendous appeal for hard tissue repair because of their well-documented biocompatibility. Amorphous calcium phosphate (ACP)-based ones additionally protect against unwanted demineralization and actively support regeneration of hard tissue minerals. Our group has been investigating the structure/composition/property relationships of ACP polymeric composites for the last two decades. Here, we present ACP's dispersion in a polymer matrix and the fine-tuning of the resin affects the physicochemical, mechanical, and biological properties of ACP polymeric composites. These studies illustrate how the filler/resin interface and monomer/polymer molecular structure affect the material's critical properties, such as ion release and mechanical strength. We also present evidence of the remineralization efficacy of ACP composites when exposed to accelerated acidic challenges representative of oral environment conditions. The utility of ACP has recently been extended to include airbrushing as a platform technology for fabrication of nanofiber scaffolds. These studies, focused on assessing the feasibility of incorporating ACP into various polymer fibers, also included the release kinetics of bioactive calcium and phosphate ions from nanofibers and evaluate the biorelevance of the polymeric ACP fiber networks. We also discuss the potential for future integration of the existing ACP scaffolds into therapeutic delivery systems used in the precision medicine field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diane R Bienek
- Volpe Research Center, ADA Foundation, Gaithersburg, MD 20899, USA.
| | - Wojtek Tutak
- Volpe Research Center, ADA Foundation, Gaithersburg, MD 20899, USA.
- Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD 20993, USA.
| | - Drago Skrtic
- Volpe Research Center, ADA Foundation, Gaithersburg, MD 20899, USA.
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17
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The lower alkyl methacrylates: Genotoxic profile of non-carcinogenic compounds. Regul Toxicol Pharmacol 2017; 84:77-93. [PMID: 28087335 DOI: 10.1016/j.yrtph.2017.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2016] [Revised: 01/05/2017] [Accepted: 01/09/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
All of the lower alkyl methacrylates are high production chemicals with potential for human exposure. The genotoxicity of seven mono-functional alkyl esters of methacrylic acid, i.e. methyl methacrylate, ethyl methacrylate, hydroxyethyl methacrylate, n-, i- and t-butyl methacrylate and 2 ethyl hexyl methacrylate, as well as methacrylic acid itself, the acyl component common to all, is reviewed and compared with the lack of carcinogenicity of methyl methacrylate, the representative member of the series so evaluated. Also reviewed are the similarity of structure, chemical and biological reactivity, metabolism and common metabolic products of this group of compounds which allows a category approach for assessing genotoxicity. As a class, the lower alkyl methacrylates are universally negative for gene mutations in prokaryotes but do exhibit high dose clastogenicity in mammalian cells in vitro. There is no convincing evidence that these compounds induce genotoxic effects in vivo in either sub-mammalian or mammalian species. This dichotomy of effects can be explained by the potential genotoxic intermediates generated in vitro. This genotoxic profile of the lower alkyl methacrylates is consistent with the lack of carcinogenicity of methyl methacrylate.
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18
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Effect of layer thickness on the elution of bulk-fill composite components. Dent Mater 2017; 33:54-62. [DOI: 10.1016/j.dental.2016.10.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2016] [Revised: 09/30/2016] [Accepted: 10/24/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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19
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Rothmund L, Shehata M, Van Landuyt KL, Schweikl H, Carell T, Geurtsen W, Hellwig E, Hickel R, Reichl FX, Högg C. Release and protein binding of components from resin based composites in native saliva and other extraction media. Dent Mater 2015; 31:496-504. [DOI: 10.1016/j.dental.2015.01.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2014] [Revised: 01/24/2015] [Accepted: 01/28/2015] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
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20
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Skrtic D, Antonucci JM. Bioactive polymeric composites for tooth mineral regeneration: physicochemical and cellular aspects. J Funct Biomater 2014; 2:271-307. [PMID: 22102967 PMCID: PMC3217270 DOI: 10.3390/jfb2030271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Our studies of amorphous calcium phosphate (ACP)-based dental materials are focused on the design of bioactive, non-degradable, biocompatible, polymeric composites derived from acrylic monomer systems and ACP by photochemical or chemically activated polymerization. Their intended uses include remineralizing bases/liners, orthodontic adhesives and/or endodontic sealers. The bioactivity of these materials originates from the propensity of ACP, once exposed to oral fluids, to release Ca and PO4 ions (building blocks of tooth and bone mineral) in a sustained manner while spontaneously converting to thermodynamically stable apatite. As a result of ACP's bioactivity, local Ca- and PO4-enriched environments are created with supersaturation conditions favorable for the regeneration of tooth mineral lost to decay or wear. Besides its applicative purpose, our research also seeks to expand the fundamental knowledge base of structure-composition-property relationships existing in these complex systems and identify the mechanisms that govern filler/polymer and composite/tooth interfacial phenomena. In addition to an extensive physicochemical evaluation, we also assess the leachability of the unreacted monomers and in vitro cellular responses to these types of dental materials. The systematic physicochemical and cellular assessments presented in this study typically provide model materials suitable for further animal and/or clinical testing. In addition to their potential dental clinical value, these studies suggest the future development of calcium phosphate-based biomaterials based on composite materials derived from biodegradable polymers and ACP, and designed primarily for general bone tissue regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Drago Skrtic
- Paffenbarger Research Center, American Dental Association Foundation; Gaithersburg, MD 20899, USA
- Author to whom correspondence should be addressed; E-Mail: ; Tel.: +1-301-975-3541; Fax: +1-301-963-9143
| | - Joseph M. Antonucci
- Polymers Division, National Institute of Standards and Technology; Gaithersburg, MD 20899, USA; E-Mail:
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21
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Bayne S, Petersen P, Piper D, Schmalz G, Meyer D. The Challenge for Innovation in Direct Restorative Materials. Adv Dent Res 2013; 25:8-17. [DOI: 10.1177/0022034513506904] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
During the past 50 years, a series of key UN conferences have established a framework to minimize human health risks from environmental exposures to key chemicals. In January 2013, more than 140 countries agreed to the text of new treaty to minimize Hg effects on the environment (the Minamata Convention). Dental caries is omnipresent around the globe, affecting 60% to 90% of school children and most adults, and producing discomfort that affects quality of life. Dental amalgam is frequently used to treat carious lesions and its use releases mercury into the environment. The best way to avoid the use of dental amalgam is to emphasize caries prevention. Alternatives to amalgam are suitable in some applications, but no replacement for amalgam has been found for large posterior restorations. For any restorative material, safety and environmental impacts are part of clinical risk assessment. Safety is freedom from unacceptable risks. Risk is a combination of probability of exposure and severity of harm. Best management practices are crucial to manage dental amalgam, but these impose additional that are disproportionately more for developing countries. The Minamata Convention seeks a phase-out of all mercury-based products except dental amalgam, where a phase-down is the present goal. For dentistry, the most important focus is the promotion of caries prevention and research on new materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- S. Bayne
- School of Dentistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - P.E. Petersen
- World Heath Organization, Global Health Programme, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - D. Piper
- Deputy Head, Chemicals Branch, Division of Technology, Industry and Economics, United Nations Environment Programme, Geneva, Switzerland
| | | | - D. Meyer
- Division of Science, American Dental Association, 211 East Chicago Avenue, Chicago, IL, USA
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22
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Effects of antioxidants on DNA-double strand breaks in human gingival fibroblasts exposed to methacrylate based monomers. Dent Mater 2013; 29:991-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.dental.2013.07.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2012] [Revised: 03/07/2013] [Accepted: 07/03/2013] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
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23
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Spagnuolo G, Desiderio C, Rivieccio V, Amato M, Rossetti DV, D’Antò V, Schweikl H, Lupi A, Rengo S, Nocca G. In vitro cellular detoxification of triethylene glycol dimethacrylate by adduct formation with N-acetylcysteine. Dent Mater 2013; 29:e153-60. [DOI: 10.1016/j.dental.2013.04.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2012] [Revised: 02/25/2013] [Accepted: 04/25/2013] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
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24
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Elution of TEGDMA and HEMA from polymerized resin-based bonding systems. Dent Mater 2012; 28:1120-5. [DOI: 10.1016/j.dental.2012.06.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2012] [Revised: 05/29/2012] [Accepted: 06/25/2012] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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25
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Durner J, Obermaier J, Draenert M, Ilie N. Correlation of the degree of conversion with the amount of elutable substances in nano-hybrid dental composites. Dent Mater 2012; 28:1146-53. [DOI: 10.1016/j.dental.2012.08.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2012] [Revised: 06/22/2012] [Accepted: 08/13/2012] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
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26
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Synergistic interaction caused to human gingival fibroblasts from dental monomers. Dent Mater 2012; 28:818-23. [DOI: 10.1016/j.dental.2012.04.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2011] [Revised: 12/16/2011] [Accepted: 04/16/2012] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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27
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Nocca G, D'Antò V, Rivieccio V, Schweikl H, Amato M, Rengo S, Lupi A, Spagnuolo G. Effects of ethanol and dimethyl sulfoxide on solubility and cytotoxicity of the resin monomer triethylene glycol dimethacrylate. J Biomed Mater Res B Appl Biomater 2012; 100:1500-6. [PMID: 22689313 DOI: 10.1002/jbm.b.32718] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2011] [Revised: 03/12/2012] [Accepted: 03/21/2012] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Several in vitro studies have reported contrasting values for triethylene glycol-dimethacrylate (TEGDMA) concentrations shown to induce cytotoxic effects. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effective concentrations of TEGDMA reached under the routine experimental conditions used in biocompatibility in vitro tests and determines changes in cytotoxicity and the associated production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) based on different TEGDMA solutions. TEGDMA was added to cell culture medium either directly or previously dissolved in dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) or ethanol (EtOH), both in the presence and absence of cells. Intracellular and extracellular TEGDMA concentrations were determined by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). The cytotoxicity effects of TEGDMA preparations were determined in 3T3-fibroblasts by 3-(4,5 dimethyiazol-2-1)-2-5-diphenyl tetrazolium bromide assay. The production of ROS was measured by flow cytometry. In the absence of cells the effective final TEGDMA concentrations obtained in Dulbecco's Modified Eagle Medium were significantly lower than the nominal one. When 2 mmol/L TEGDMA was first solubilized in DMSO or EtOH, a significant decrease in cell viability, and an increase in ROS production-compared to pure TEGDMA-was observed. After 2 h of incubation, TEGDMA previously dissolved in DMSO or ETOH was reduced by 15% and 20%, respectively, whereas otherwise it remained unaffected. Our results demonstrate that the effective concentration of TEGDMA dissolved in culture medium (in the presence or absence of solvents) does not concur with the nominal one. Therefore, the presence of the utilized solvents does not substantially alter the monomer solubility but eases its entrance into the cells thus improving its cytotoxic potency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giuseppina Nocca
- Institute of Biochemistry and Clinical Biochemistry, Catholic University, Rome, Italy
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28
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Chang MC, Lin LD, Chuang FH, Chan CP, Wang TM, Lee JJ, Jeng PY, Tseng WY, Lin HJ, Jeng JH. Carboxylesterase expression in human dental pulp cells: role in regulation of BisGMA-induced prostanoid production and cytotoxicity. Acta Biomater 2012; 8:1380-7. [PMID: 21951919 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2011.09.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2011] [Revised: 08/11/2011] [Accepted: 09/07/2011] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
Biocompatibility of dentin bonding agents (DBA) and composite resin may affect the treatment outcome (e.g., healthy pulp, pulpal inflammation, pulp necrosis) after operative restoration. Bisphenol-glycidyl methacrylate (BisGMA) is one of the major monomers present in DBA and resin. Prior studies focused on salivary esterase for metabolism and degradation of resin monomers clinically. This study found that human dental pulp cells expressed mainly carboxylesterase-2 (CES2) and smaller amounts of CES1A1 and CES3 isoforms. Exposure to BisGMA stimulated CES isoforms expression of pulp cells, and this event was inhibited by catalase. Exogenous addition of porcine esterase prevented BisGMA- and DBA-induced cytotoxicity. Interestingly, inhibition of CES by bis(p-nitrophenyl) phosphate (BNPP) and CES2 by loperamide enhanced the cytotoxicity of BisGMA and DBA. Addition of porcine esterase or N-acetyl-l-cysteine prevented BisGMA-induced prostaglandin E(2) (PGE(2)) and PGF(2α) production. In contrast, addition of BNPP and loperamide, but not mevastatin, enhanced BisGMA-induced PGE(2) and PGF(2α) production in dental pulp cells. These results suggest that BisGMA may induce the cytotoxicity and prostanoid production of pulp cells, leading to pulpal inflammation or necrosis via reactive oxygen species production. Expression of CES, especially CES2, in dental pulp cells can be an adaptive response to protect dental pulp against BisGMA-induced cytotoxicity and prostanoid release. Resin monomers are the main toxic components in DBA, and the ester group is crucial for monomer toxicity.
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29
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Samuelsen JT, Holme JA, Låg M, Schwarze PE, Dahl JE, Becher R. Biotransformation enzymes and lung cell response to 2-hydroxyethyl-methacrylate. J Biomed Mater Res A 2011; 100:462-9. [DOI: 10.1002/jbm.a.33287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2011] [Revised: 10/01/2011] [Accepted: 10/04/2011] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
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30
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Elouali FZ, Maschke U. Kinetics and Equilibrium Swelling Properties of Hydrophilic Polymethacrylate Networks. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011. [DOI: 10.1002/masy.201150510] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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31
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Szczepanska J, Poplawski T, Synowiec E, Pawlowska E, Chojnacki CJ, Chojnacki J, Blasiak J. 2-hydroxylethyl methacrylate (HEMA), a tooth restoration component, exerts its genotoxic effects in human gingival fibroblasts trough methacrylic acid, an immediate product of its degradation. Mol Biol Rep 2011; 39:1561-74. [PMID: 21617943 PMCID: PMC3249584 DOI: 10.1007/s11033-011-0895-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2011] [Accepted: 05/17/2011] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
HEMA (2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate), a methacrylate commonly used in dentistry, was reported to induce genotoxic effects, but their mechanism is not fully understood. HEMA may be degraded by the oral cavity esterases or through mechanical stress following the chewing process. Methacrylic acid (MAA) is the primary product of HEMA degradation. In the present work we compared cytotoxic and genotoxic effects induced by HEMA and MAA in human gingival fibroblasts (HGFs). A 6-h exposure to HEMA or MAA induced a weak decrease in the viability of HGFs. Neither HEMA nor MAA induced strand breaks in the isolated plasmid DNA, but both compounds evoked DNA damage in HGFs, as evaluated by the alkaline comet assay. Oxidative modifications to the DNA bases were monitored by the DNA repair enzymes Endo III and Fpg. DNA damage induced by HEMA and MAA was not persistent and was removed during a 120 min repair incubation. Results from the neutral comet assay indicated that both compounds induced DNA double strand breaks (DSBs) and they were confirmed by the γ-H2AX assay. Both compounds induced apoptosis and perturbed the cell cycle. Therefore, methacrylic acid, a product of HEMA degradation, may be involved in its cytotoxic and genotoxic action.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joanna Szczepanska
- Department of Developmental Dentistry, Medical University of Lodz, Pomorska 251, 92-216 Lodz, Poland
| | - Tomasz Poplawski
- Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Lodz, Pomorska 141/143, 90-236 Lodz, Poland
| | - Ewelina Synowiec
- Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Lodz, Pomorska 141/143, 90-236 Lodz, Poland
| | - Elzbieta Pawlowska
- Department of Developmental Dentistry, Medical University of Lodz, Pomorska 251, 92-216 Lodz, Poland
| | - Cezary J. Chojnacki
- Department of Gastroenterology and Internal Medicine, Medical University of Lodz, Plac Hallera 1, 91-647 Lodz, Poland
| | - Jan Chojnacki
- Department of Gastroenterology and Internal Medicine, Medical University of Lodz, Plac Hallera 1, 91-647 Lodz, Poland
| | - Janusz Blasiak
- Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Lodz, Pomorska 141/143, 90-236 Lodz, Poland
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Wisniewska-Jarosinska M, Poplawski T, Chojnacki CJ, Pawlowska E, Krupa R, Szczepanska J, Blasiak J. Independent and combined cytotoxicity and genotoxicity of triethylene glycol dimethacrylate and urethane dimethacrylate. Mol Biol Rep 2010; 38:4603-11. [PMID: 21127987 PMCID: PMC3162630 DOI: 10.1007/s11033-010-0593-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2010] [Accepted: 11/20/2010] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Dental composite materials contain polymers of methacrylates, which, due to mechanical abrasion and enzymatic action of saliva, may release their monomers into oral cavity and the pulp. Moreover, polymerization is always incomplete and leaves usually considerable fraction of free monomers. Mechanisms of the genotoxicity of methacrylate monomers have been rarely explored. As the polymerization of a monomer is catalyzed by a co-monomer, their combined action should be considered. In the present work, we investigated cytotoxic and genotoxic effects of urethane dimethacrylate (UDMA), often used as a monomer, at 1 mM, and triethylene glycol dimethacrylate (TEGDMA), a typical co-monomer, at 5 mM singly and in combination. Experiments were conducted on Chinese hamster ovary cells. Cell viability, apoptosis and cell cycle were assessed by flow cytometry, whereas DNA damage was evaluated by plasmid conformation test and comet assay. Both compounds decreased the viability of the cells, but did not induce strand breaks in an isolated plasmid DNA. However, both substances, either singly or in combination, damaged DNA in CHO cells as evaluated by comet assay. Both compounds induced apoptosis, but a combined action of them led to a decrease in the number of apoptotic cells. The combined action of UDMA and TEGDMA in the disturbance of cell cycle was lesser compared to the action of each compound individually. Individually, though UDMA and TEGDMA may induce cytotoxic and genotoxic, however, a combination of both does not produce a significant increase in these effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Wisniewska-Jarosinska
- Department of Gastroenterology and Internal Medicine, Medical University of Lodz, 1 Haller's Square, 90-647 Lodz, Poland
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Expression of CYP450-2E1 and formation of 2,3-epoxymethacrylic acid (2,3-EMA) in human oral cells exposed to dental materials. Dent Mater 2010; 26:1151-6. [PMID: 20822806 DOI: 10.1016/j.dental.2010.08.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2008] [Revised: 06/21/2010] [Accepted: 08/09/2010] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Methacrylate-based (co)monomers released from dental composites can be, metabolized in vivo to methacrylic acid (MA). MA can be further oxidized to the toxic 2,3-epoxymethacrylic acid (2,3-EMA) by cytochrome P450 (CYP450) enzymes. The subform CYP450-2E1, can metabolize xenobiotics with low-molecular weight to epoxides. Oral cells are highly exposed to (co)monomers released from composites. Therefore in this study the, expression of CYP450-2E1 in human oral (and other) cells was investigated as well as the formation of 2,3-EMA in cells exposed to MA. METHODS Following human oral cells were used: human gingiva fibroblasts (HGF), human pulp fibroblasts (HPF), and human tumor buccal keratinocytes (SqCC/Y1). As negative control V79 cells without CYP450-2E1 expression were used. As positive controls V79 cells with CYP450-2E1 expression (V79-CYP450-2E1) and pooled human liver microsomes were used. The expression of CYP450-2E1 in cells was analyzed with the real-time polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). 2,3-EMA was quantified by the use of the method of gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS). RESULTS The highest expression of CYP450-2E1 was found in human liver microsomes, followed by SqCC/Y1 cells, V79-CYP450-2E1 cells, HGF, and HPF. The highest amount of 2,3-EMA (μmol/L; mean±SEM, n=3) was found in human liver microsomes (5.0±1.0), followed by SqCC/Y1 cells (2.5±0.8), V79-CYP450-2E1 cells (1.5±0.6), HPF (0.3±0.3), and HGF (0.2±0.2). SIGNIFICANCE It is concluded that the formation of the toxic epoxide 2,3-EMA, as intermediate in the metabolism of dental materials, can occur also in human oral cells which can express the CYP450-2E1 enzyme system.
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