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Muñoz F, Haidar ZS, Puigdollers A, Guerra I, Padilla MC, Ortega N, García MJ. A novel Chilean salmon fish backbone-based nanoHydroxyApatite functional biomaterial for potential use in bone tissue engineering. Front Med (Lausanne) 2024; 11:1330482. [PMID: 38774396 PMCID: PMC11106468 DOI: 10.3389/fmed.2024.1330482] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2023] [Accepted: 04/08/2024] [Indexed: 05/24/2024] Open
Abstract
Introduction Given the ensuing increase in bone and periodontal diseases and defects, de novo bone repair and/or regeneration strategies are constantly undergoing-development alongside advances in orthopedic, oro-dental and cranio-maxillo-facial technologies and improvements in bio-/nano-materials. Indeed, there is a remarkably growing need for new oro-dental functional biomaterials that can help recreate soft and hard tissues and restore function and aesthetics of teeth/ dentition and surrounding tissues. In bone tissue engineering, HydroxyApatite minerals (HAp), the most stable CaP/Calcium Phosphate bioceramic and a widely-used material as a bone graft substitute, have been extensively studied for regenerative medicine and dentistry applications, including clinical use. Yet, limitations and challenges owing principally to its bio-mechanical strength, exist and therefore, research and innovation efforts continue to pursue enhancing its bio-effects, particularly at the nano-scale. Methods Herein, we report on the physico-chemical properties of a novel nanoHydroxyApatite material obtained from the backbone of Salmon fish (patent-pending); an abundant and promising yet under-explored alternative HAp source. Briefly, our nanoS-HAp obtained via a modified and innovative alkaline hydrolysis-calcination process was characterized by X-ray diffraction, electron microscopy, spectroscopy, and a cell viability assay. Results and Discussion When compared to control HAp (synthetic, human, bovine or porcine), our nanoS-HAp demonstrated attractive characteristics, a promising biomaterial candidate for use in bone tissue engineering, and beyond.
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Affiliation(s)
- F. Muñoz
- Facultad de Odontología, Universidad Internacional de Cataluña, Barcelona, Spain
- Laboratorio BioMAT’X R&D&I (HAiDAR I+D+i LAB), Universidad de los Andes, Santiago, Chile
| | - Z. S. Haidar
- Laboratorio BioMAT’X R&D&I (HAiDAR I+D+i LAB), Universidad de los Andes, Santiago, Chile
- Centro de Investigación e Innovación Biomédica (CiiB), Universidad de los Andes, Santiago, Chile
- Programa de Doctorado en BioMedicina, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de los Andes, Santiago, Chile
- Programa de Doctorado en Ciencias Odontológicas, Facultad de Odontología, Universidad de los Andes, Santiago, Chile
- Facultad de Odontología, Universidad de los Andes, Santiago, Chile
| | - A. Puigdollers
- Área de Ortodoncia, Facultat Internacional de Catalunya, Barcelona, Spain
| | - I. Guerra
- Facultad de Odontología, Universidad Internacional de Cataluña, Barcelona, Spain
| | - M. Cristina Padilla
- Centro de Investigación e Innovación Biomédica (CiiB), Universidad de los Andes, Santiago, Chile
- Programa de Doctorado en BioMedicina, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de los Andes, Santiago, Chile
- Laboratorio de Investigación e Ingeniería de Biopolímeros (BiopREL), Universidad de los Andes, Santiago, Chile
- Escuela de Nutrición y Dietética, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de los Andes, Santiago, Chile
| | - N. Ortega
- Laboratorio de Investigación e Ingeniería de Biopolímeros (BiopREL), Universidad de los Andes, Santiago, Chile
| | - M. J. García
- Facultad de Odontología, Universidad Internacional de Cataluña, Barcelona, Spain
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Bio-Inspired Muco-Adhesive Polymers for Drug Delivery Applications. Polymers (Basel) 2022; 14:polym14245459. [PMID: 36559825 PMCID: PMC9785024 DOI: 10.3390/polym14245459] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2022] [Revised: 12/03/2022] [Accepted: 12/04/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Muco-adhesive drug delivery systems continue to be one of the most studied for controlled pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics. Briefly, muco-adhesive polymers, can be described as bio-polymers that adhere to the mucosal (mucus) surface layer, for an extended residency period of time at the site of application, by the help of interfacial forces resulting in improved drug delivery. When compared to traditional drug delivery systems, muco-adhesive carriers have the potential to enhance therapeutic performance and efficacy, locally and systematically, in oral, rectal, vaginal, amongst other routes. Yet, the achieving successful muco-adhesion in a novel polymeric drug delivery solution is a complex process involving key physico-chemico-mechanical parameters such as adsorption, wettability, polymer chain length, inter-penetration and cross-linking, to list a few. Hence, and in light of accruing progress, evidence and interest, during the last decade, this review aims to provide the reader with an overview of the theories, principles, properties, and underlying mechanisms of muco-adhesive polymers for pharmaceutics; from basics to design to characterization to optimization to evaluation to market. A special focus is devoted to recent advances incorporating bio-inspired polymers for designing controlled muco-adhesive drug delivery systems.
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Cao Y, Dong X, Chen X. Polymer-Modified Liposomes for Drug Delivery: From Fundamentals to Applications. Pharmaceutics 2022; 14:pharmaceutics14040778. [PMID: 35456613 PMCID: PMC9026371 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics14040778] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2022] [Revised: 03/21/2022] [Accepted: 03/29/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Liposomes are highly advantageous platforms for drug delivery. To improve the colloidal stability and avoid rapid uptake by the mononuclear phagocytic system of conventional liposomes while controlling the release of encapsulated agents, modification of liposomes with well-designed polymers to modulate the physiological, particularly the interfacial properties of the drug carriers, has been intensively investigated. Briefly, polymers are incorporated into liposomes mainly using “grafting” or “coating”, defined according to the configuration of polymers at the surface. Polymer-modified liposomes preserve the advantages of liposomes as drug-delivery carriers and possess specific functionality from the polymers, such as long circulation, precise targeting, and stimulus-responsiveness, thereby resulting in improved pharmacokinetics, biodistribution, toxicity, and therapeutic efficacy. In this review, we summarize the progress in polymer-modified liposomes for drug delivery, focusing on the change in physiological properties of liposomes and factors influencing the overall therapeutic efficacy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yifeng Cao
- Department of Electronic Chemicals, Institute of Zhejiang University-Quzhou, Quzhou 324000, China
- Correspondence: (Y.C.); (X.C.)
| | - Xinyan Dong
- School of Biological and Chemical Engineering, NingboTech University, Ningbo 315100, China;
| | - Xuepeng Chen
- The Affiliated Hospital of Stomatology, School of Stomatology, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases of Zhejiang Province, Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedical Research of Zhejiang Province, Cancer Center of Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310006, China
- Correspondence: (Y.C.); (X.C.)
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Dhanka M, Pawar V, Chauhan DS, Jain NK, R S P, Shetty C, Kumawat MK, Prasad R, Srivastava R. Synthesis and characterization of an injectable microparticles integrated hydrogel composite biomaterial: In-vivo biocompatibility and inflammatory arthritis treatment. Colloids Surf B Biointerfaces 2021; 201:111597. [PMID: 33609936 DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfb.2021.111597] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2020] [Revised: 01/11/2021] [Accepted: 01/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Polymeric hydrogels and microparticles have been widely used for localized drug delivery applications for the treatment of arthritis. Nonetheless, owing to initial burst drug release, non-specific biodistribution and low retention time at the target site in body, these polymeric drug delivery systems have been found with low in-vivo performance. Hence, the above limitations need to be resolved by designing a smart novel drug delivery system which is the current need in biomedicine. Herein, a novel localized injectable thermoresponsive microparticles embedded hydrogel composite drug delivery system has been developed for the treatment of inflammatory arthritis. In the current study, methotrexate (MTX) loaded alginate microparticles (MTX-Microparticles) are embedded into thermoreversible hydrogel matrix (MTX-MPs-H) prepared by physical blending of sodium hyaluronate and methylcellulose (SHMC). Microparticles-hydrogel composite system exhibited appropriate in-vitro thermoreversibility (sol at 4 °C and gel at 37 °C), biocompatibility (>80 %), hemocompatibility, and controlled drug release profile. The in-vivo biocompatibility studies for 10 days revealed that composite system is non-toxic in nature. The developed MTX-MPs-H composite drug delivery system effectively decreased the swelling/ inflammation of the arthritis affected paw in wistar rats in comparison to only alginate microparticles and pure MTX up to 30 days.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mukesh Dhanka
- Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay (IIT Bombay), Mumbai, India
| | - Vaishali Pawar
- Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay (IIT Bombay), Mumbai, India
| | - Deepak S Chauhan
- Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay (IIT Bombay), Mumbai, India
| | - Nishant Kumar Jain
- Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay (IIT Bombay), Mumbai, India
| | - Prabhuraj R S
- Center for Research in Nanotechnology & Science (CRNTS), IIT Bombay, Mumbai, India
| | - Chaitra Shetty
- Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay (IIT Bombay), Mumbai, India
| | - Mukesh K Kumawat
- Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay (IIT Bombay), Mumbai, India
| | - Rajendra Prasad
- Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay (IIT Bombay), Mumbai, India; Department of Biotechnology and Food Engineering, Technion - Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel
| | - Rohit Srivastava
- Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay (IIT Bombay), Mumbai, India.
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Hermal F, Frisch B, Specht A, Bourel-Bonnet L, Heurtault B. Development and characterization of layer-by-layer coated liposomes with poly(L-lysine) and poly(L-glutamic acid) to increase their resistance in biological media. Int J Pharm 2020; 586:119568. [PMID: 32592900 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2020.119568] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2020] [Revised: 06/17/2020] [Accepted: 06/19/2020] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Multilayered coated liposomes were prepared using the layer-by-layer (LbL) technique in an effort to improve their stability in biological media. The formulation strategy was based on the alternate deposition of two biocompatible and biodegradable polyelectrolytes - poly(L-lysine) (PLL) and poly(L-glutamic acid) (PGA) - on negatively charged small unilamellar vesicles (SUVs). Some parameters of the formulation process were optimized such as the polyelectrolyte concentration and the purification procedure. This optimized procedure has allowed the development of very homogeneous formulations of liposomes coated with up to 6 layers of polymers (so-called layersomes). The coating was characterized by dynamic light scattering (DLS), zeta potential measurements and Förster resonance energy transfer (FRET) between two fluorescently labeled polyelectrolytes. Studies on the stability of the formulations at 4 °C in a buffered solution have shown that most structures are stable over 1 month without impacting their encapsulation capacity. In addition, fluorophore release experiments have demonstrated a better resistance of the layersomes in the presence of a non-ionic detergent (Triton™ X-100) as well as in the presence of phospholipase A2 and human plasma. In conclusion, new multilayered liposomes have been developed to increase the stability of conventional liposomes in biological environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florence Hermal
- 3BIO Team, UMR 7199, Université de Strasbourg/CNRS, Faculté de Pharmacie, 74 route du Rhin, 67401 Illkirch Cedex, France
| | - Benoît Frisch
- 3BIO Team, UMR 7199, Université de Strasbourg/CNRS, Faculté de Pharmacie, 74 route du Rhin, 67401 Illkirch Cedex, France
| | - Alexandre Specht
- CNM Team, UMR 7199, Université de Strasbourg/CNRS, Faculté de Pharmacie, 74 route du Rhin, 67401 Illkirch Cedex, France
| | - Line Bourel-Bonnet
- 3BIO Team, UMR 7199, Université de Strasbourg/CNRS, Faculté de Pharmacie, 74 route du Rhin, 67401 Illkirch Cedex, France.
| | - Béatrice Heurtault
- 3BIO Team, UMR 7199, Université de Strasbourg/CNRS, Faculté de Pharmacie, 74 route du Rhin, 67401 Illkirch Cedex, France.
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Pawar V, Bulbake U, Khan W, Srivastava R. Chitosan sponges as a sustained release carrier system for the prophylaxis of orthopedic implant-associated infections. Int J Biol Macromol 2019; 134:100-112. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2019.04.190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2019] [Revised: 04/13/2019] [Accepted: 04/29/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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Ozaki M, Takayama T, Yamamoto T, Ozawa Y, Nagao M, Tanabe N, Nakajima A, Suzuki N, Maeno M, Yamano S, Sato S. A collagen membrane containing osteogenic protein-1 facilitates bone regeneration in a rat mandibular bone defect. Arch Oral Biol 2017; 84:19-28. [PMID: 28938197 DOI: 10.1016/j.archoralbio.2017.09.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2016] [Revised: 08/31/2017] [Accepted: 09/07/2017] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Osteogenic protein-1 (OP-1) has shown osteoinductive activities and is useful for clinical treatments, including bone regeneration. Regenerative procedures using a bioabsorbable collagen membrane (BCM) are well established in periodontal and implant dentistry. We evaluated the subsequent effects of the BCM in combination with OP-1 on bone regeneration in a rat mandibular circular critical-sized bone defect in vivo. DESIGN We used 8 rats that received surgery in both sides of the mandible, and created the total 16 defects which were divided into 4 groups: Group 1; no treatment, as a control, Group 2; BCM alone, Group 3; BCM containing low dose 0.5μg of OP-1 (L-OP-1), and Group 4; BCM containing high dose 2.0μg of OP-1 (H-OP-1). Newly formed bone was evaluated by micro computed tomography (micro-CT) and histological analyses at 8 weeks postoperatively. In quantitative and qualitative micro-CT analyses of the volume of new bone formation, bone density, and percentage of new bone area was evaluated. RESULTS BCM with rhOP-1 significantly increased and accelerated bone volume, bone mineral density, and percentage of new bone area compared to control and BCM alone at 8 weeks after surgery; these enhancements in bone regeneration in the OP-1-treated groups were dose-dependent. CONCLUSIONS OP-1 delivered with a BCM may have effective osteoinductive potency and be a good combination for bone regeneration. The use of such a combination device for osteogenesis may result in safer and more predictable bone regenerative outcomes in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manami Ozaki
- Division of Applied Oral Sciences, Nihon University Graduate School of Dentistry, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Tadahiro Takayama
- Department of Periodontology, Nihon University School of Dentistry, Tokyo, Japan; Division of Advanced Dental Treatment, Dental Research Center, Nihon University School of Dentistry, Tokyo, Japan.
| | - Takanobu Yamamoto
- Division of Applied Oral Sciences, Nihon University Graduate School of Dentistry, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yasumasa Ozawa
- Division of Applied Oral Sciences, Nihon University Graduate School of Dentistry, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Mayu Nagao
- Department of Periodontology, Nihon University School of Dentistry, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Natsuko Tanabe
- Department of Biochemistry, Nihon University School of Dentistry, Tokyo, Japan; Division of Functional Morphology, Dental Research Center, Nihon University School of Dentistry, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Akira Nakajima
- Department of Orthodontics, Nihon University School of Dentistry, Tokyo, Japan; Division of Advanced Dental Treatment, Dental Research Center, Nihon University School of Dentistry, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Naoto Suzuki
- Department of Biochemistry, Nihon University School of Dentistry, Tokyo, Japan; Division of Functional Morphology, Dental Research Center, Nihon University School of Dentistry, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Masao Maeno
- Department of Oral Health Sciences, Nihon University School of Dentistry, Tokyo, Japan; Division of Functional Morphology, Dental Research Center, Nihon University School of Dentistry, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Seiichi Yamano
- Department of Prosthodontics, New York University College of Dentistry, NY, U.S.A
| | - Shuichi Sato
- Department of Periodontology, Nihon University School of Dentistry, Tokyo, Japan; Division of Advanced Dental Treatment, Dental Research Center, Nihon University School of Dentistry, Tokyo, Japan
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Layer-by-layer assembly of hierarchical nanoarchitectures to enhance the systemic performance of nanoparticle albumin-bound paclitaxel. Int J Pharm 2017; 519:11-21. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2017.01.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2016] [Revised: 12/29/2016] [Accepted: 01/05/2017] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
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Campos J, Varas-Godoy M, Haidar ZS. Physicochemical characterization of chitosan-hyaluronan-coated solid lipid nanoparticles for the targeted delivery of paclitaxel: a proof-of-concept study in breast cancer cells. Nanomedicine (Lond) 2017; 12:473-490. [DOI: 10.2217/nnm-2016-0371] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Aim: To investigate the potential of modified solid lipid nanoparticles (SLN) for the delivery of paclitaxel (PAX). Materials & methods: SLN loaded with PAX were prepared via modified high-pressure hot homogenization. Formulation parameters were optimized to obtain a high-quality delivery system. SLN cores were coated, layer-by-layer, with a chitosan and hyaluronan (HA) shell. Selectivity toward HA receptors was tested in a breast cancer cell line, MCF-7. Results: Stable and reproducible nano-sized and negatively charged nanoparticles resulted. Findings reveal that chitosan-HA-coated SLN facilitated the targeting, cellular uptake and the time-/dose-controlled delivery and release of PAX, enhancing intrinsic chemotherapeutic activities. Conclusion: SLN are suitable carrier candidates for nano-oncology given their localized, and potent cytotoxic potential overcoming multidrug-resistant cancer cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Javier Campos
- Biomaterials & Tissue Engineering Research Group (BioMAT'X), Centro de Investigación Biomédica, Universidad de los Andes, Monseñor Álvaro del Portillo 12.455, Las Condes, Santiago, Chile
- Programa de Mejoramiento Institucional (PMI), I+D+i, Dirección de Innovación, Universidad de los Andes, Monseñor Álvaro del Portillo 12.455, Las Condes, Santiago, Chile
| | - Manuel Varas-Godoy
- Programa de Mejoramiento Institucional (PMI), I+D+i, Dirección de Innovación, Universidad de los Andes, Monseñor Álvaro del Portillo 12.455, Las Condes, Santiago, Chile
- Laboratorio Biología de la Reproducción, Centro de Investigación Biomédica, Universidad de los Andes, Monseñor Álvaro del Portillo 12.455, Las Condes, Santiago, Chile
| | - Ziyad Samir Haidar
- Biomaterials & Tissue Engineering Research Group (BioMAT'X), Centro de Investigación Biomédica, Universidad de los Andes, Monseñor Álvaro del Portillo 12.455, Las Condes, Santiago, Chile
- Programa de Mejoramiento Institucional (PMI), I+D+i, Dirección de Innovación, Universidad de los Andes, Monseñor Álvaro del Portillo 12.455, Las Condes, Santiago, Chile
- Faculty of Dentistry, Universidad de los Andes, Monseñor Álvaro del Portillo 12.455, Las Condes, Santiago, Chile
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Lima AC, Alvarez‐Lorenzo C, Mano JF. Design Advances in Particulate Systems for Biomedical Applications. Adv Healthc Mater 2016; 5:1687-723. [PMID: 27332041 DOI: 10.1002/adhm.201600219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2016] [Revised: 04/09/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The search for more efficient therapeutic strategies and diagnosis tools is a continuous challenge. Advances in understanding the biological mechanisms behind diseases and tissues regeneration have widened the field of applications of particulate systems. Particles are no more just protective systems for the encapsulated drugs, but they play an active role in the success of the therapy. Moreover, particles have been explored for innovative purposes as templates for cells growth and as diagnostic tools. Until few years ago the most relevant parameters in particles formulation were the chemistry and the size. Currently, it is known that other physical characteristics can remarkably affect the performance of particulate systems. Particles with non-conventional shapes exhibit advantages due to the increasing circulation time in blood stream, less clearance by the immune system and more efficient cell internalization and trafficking. Creation of compartments has been found useful to control drug release, to tune the transport of substances across biological barriers, to supply the target with more than one bioactive agent or even to act as theranostic systems. It is expected that such complex shaped and compartmentalized systems improve the therapeutic outcomes and also the patient's compliance, acting as advanced devices that serve for simultaneous diagnosis and treatment of the disease, combining agents of very different features, at the same time. In this review, we overview and analyse the most recent advances in particle shape and compartmentalization and applications of newly designed particulate systems in the biomedical field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Catarina Lima
- 3B's Research Group University of Minho AvePark 4806–909, Taipas Guimarães, Portugal ICVS/3B's‐PT Government Associate Laboratory Braga/Guimarães Portugal
| | - Carmen Alvarez‐Lorenzo
- Departamento de Farmacia y Tecnología Farmacéutica Facultad de Farmacia Universidad de Santiago de Compostela 15782 Santiago de Compostela Spain
| | - João F. Mano
- 3B's Research Group University of Minho AvePark 4806–909, Taipas Guimarães, Portugal ICVS/3B's‐PT Government Associate Laboratory Braga/Guimarães Portugal
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Rana D, Ramasamy K, Leena M, Jiménez C, Campos J, Ibarra P, Haidar ZS, Ramalingam M. Surface functionalization of nanobiomaterials for application in stem cell culture, tissue engineering, and regenerative medicine. Biotechnol Prog 2016; 32:554-67. [DOI: 10.1002/btpr.2262] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2015] [Revised: 03/16/2016] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Deepti Rana
- Centre for Stem Cell Research (CSCR); A Unit of Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine-Bengaluru, Stem Cell Nanotechnology Lab, Christian Medical College Campus; Vellore 632002 India
| | - Keerthana Ramasamy
- Centre for Stem Cell Research (CSCR); A Unit of Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine-Bengaluru, Stem Cell Nanotechnology Lab, Christian Medical College Campus; Vellore 632002 India
| | - Maria Leena
- Dept. of Nanoscience and Technology; Karunya University; Coimbatore 641114 India
| | - Constanza Jiménez
- BioMAT'X, Facultad De Odontología; Universidad De Los Andes; Mons. Álvaro Del Portillo Santiago 12.455 Chile
- Centro De Investigación Biomédica (CIB), Facultad De Medicina; Universidad De Los Andes; Mons. Álvaro Del Portillo Santiago 12.455 Chile
| | - Javier Campos
- BioMAT'X, Facultad De Odontología; Universidad De Los Andes; Mons. Álvaro Del Portillo Santiago 12.455 Chile
- Plan De Mejoramiento Institucional (PMI) En Innovación-I+D+I, Universidad De Los Andes; Santiago 12.455 Chile
| | - Paula Ibarra
- BioMAT'X, Facultad De Odontología; Universidad De Los Andes; Mons. Álvaro Del Portillo Santiago 12.455 Chile
- Plan De Mejoramiento Institucional (PMI) En Innovación-I+D+I, Universidad De Los Andes; Santiago 12.455 Chile
| | - Ziyad S. Haidar
- BioMAT'X, Facultad De Odontología; Universidad De Los Andes; Mons. Álvaro Del Portillo Santiago 12.455 Chile
- Plan De Mejoramiento Institucional (PMI) En Innovación-I+D+I, Universidad De Los Andes; Santiago 12.455 Chile
| | - Murugan Ramalingam
- Centre for Stem Cell Research (CSCR); A Unit of Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine-Bengaluru, Stem Cell Nanotechnology Lab, Christian Medical College Campus; Vellore 632002 India
- WPI-Advanced Institute for Materials Research, Tohoku University; Sendai 980-8577 Japan
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Drug nano-reservoirs synthesized using layer-by-layer technologies. Biotechnol Adv 2015; 33:1310-26. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2015.04.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2015] [Revised: 03/25/2015] [Accepted: 04/02/2015] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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Comprehensive Review of Adipose Stem Cells and Their Implication in Distraction Osteogenesis and Bone Regeneration. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2015; 2015:842975. [PMID: 26448947 PMCID: PMC4584039 DOI: 10.1155/2015/842975] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2015] [Accepted: 08/02/2015] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Bone is one of the most dynamic tissues in the human body that can heal following injury without leaving a scar. However, in instances of extensive bone loss, this intrinsic capacity of bone to heal may not be sufficient and external intervention becomes necessary. Several techniques are available to address this problem, including autogenous bone grafts and allografts. However, all these techniques have their own limitations. An alternative method is the technique of distraction osteogenesis, where gradual and controlled distraction of two bony segments after osteotomy leads to induction of new bone formation. Although distraction osteogenesis usually gives satisfactory results, its major limitation is the prolonged duration of time required before the external fixator is removed, which may lead to numerous complications. Numerous methods to accelerate bone formation in the context of distraction osteogenesis have been reported. A viable alternative to autogenous bone grafts for a source of osteogenic cells is mesenchymal stem cells from bone marrow. However, there are certain problems with bone marrow aspirate. Hence, scientists have investigated other sources for mesenchymal stem cells, specifically adipose tissue, which has been shown to be an excellent source of mesenchymal stem cells. In this paper, the potential use of adipose stem cells to stimulate bone formation is discussed.
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Makhdom AM, Nayef L, Tabrizian M, Hamdy RC. The potential roles of nanobiomaterials in distraction osteogenesis. NANOMEDICINE-NANOTECHNOLOGY BIOLOGY AND MEDICINE 2015; 11:1-18. [DOI: 10.1016/j.nano.2014.05.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2014] [Revised: 04/25/2014] [Accepted: 05/16/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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Ramasamy T, Haidar ZS, Tran TH, Choi JY, Jeong JH, Shin BS, Choi HG, Yong CS, Kim JO. Layer-by-layer assembly of liposomal nanoparticles with PEGylated polyelectrolytes enhances systemic delivery of multiple anticancer drugs. Acta Biomater 2014; 10:5116-5127. [PMID: 25169256 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2014.08.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 178] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2014] [Revised: 08/13/2014] [Accepted: 08/18/2014] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Layer-by-layer (LbL)-engineered nanoparticles (NPs) are a promising group of therapeutic carriers used in an increasing number of biomedical applications. The present study uses a controlled LbL process to create a multidrug-loaded nanoplatform capable of promoting blood circulation time, biodistribution profile and controlling drug release in the dynamic systemic environment. LbL assembly is achieved by sequential deposition of poly-l-lysine (PLL) and poly(ethylene glycol)-block-poly(l-aspartic acid) (PEG-b-PLD) on liposomal nanoparticles (LbL-LNPs). This generates spherical and stable multilayered NPs ∼240nm in size, enabling effective systemic administration. The numerous functional groups and compartments in the polyelectrolyte shell and core facilitate loading with doxorubicin and mitoxantrone. The nanoarchitecture effectively controls burst release, providing different release kinetics for each drug. LbL-LNPs are pH-sensitive, indicating that intracellular drug release can be increased by the acidic milieu of cancer cells. We further demonstrate that the LbL nanoarchitecture significantly reduces the elimination rates of both drugs tested and markedly extends their systemic circulation times, paving the way for efficacious tumor drug delivery. Because this delivery system accommodates multiple drugs, improves drug half-life and diminishes burst release, it provides an exciting platform with remarkable potential for combination therapeutics in cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thiruganesh Ramasamy
- College of Pharmacy, Yeungnam University, 214-1 Dae-dong, Gyeongsan 712-749, South Korea
| | - Ziyad S Haidar
- Bone Biomaterials and BioEngineering Laboratory of Excellence (BBB-Ex), Université De Limoges, 211/12, Limoges Cedex 87068, Limousin, France
| | - Tuan Hiep Tran
- College of Pharmacy, Yeungnam University, 214-1 Dae-dong, Gyeongsan 712-749, South Korea
| | - Ju Yeon Choi
- College of Pharmacy, Yeungnam University, 214-1 Dae-dong, Gyeongsan 712-749, South Korea
| | - Jee-Heon Jeong
- College of Pharmacy, Yeungnam University, 214-1 Dae-dong, Gyeongsan 712-749, South Korea
| | - Beom Soo Shin
- College of Pharmacy, Catholic University of Daegu, Gyeongsan 712-702, South Korea
| | - Han-Gon Choi
- College of Pharmacy, Institute of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, Hanyang University, 55, Hanyangdaehak-ro, Sangnok-gu, Ansan 426-791, South Korea
| | - Chul Soon Yong
- College of Pharmacy, Yeungnam University, 214-1 Dae-dong, Gyeongsan 712-749, South Korea.
| | - Jong Oh Kim
- College of Pharmacy, Yeungnam University, 214-1 Dae-dong, Gyeongsan 712-749, South Korea.
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16
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Almodóvar J, Guillot R, Monge C, Vollaire J, Selimović S, Coll JL, Khademhosseini A, Picart C. Spatial patterning of BMP-2 and BMP-7 on biopolymeric films and the guidance of muscle cell fate. Biomaterials 2014; 35:3975-85. [PMID: 24485790 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2014.01.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2013] [Accepted: 01/07/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
In the cellular microenvironment, growth factor gradients are crucial in dictating cell fate. Towards developing materials that capture the native microenvironment we engineered biomimetic films that present gradients of matrix-bound bone morphogenetic proteins (BMP-2 and BMP-7). To this end layer-by-layer films composed of poly(L-lysine) and hyaluronan were combined in a simple microfluidic device enabling spatially controlled growth factor diffusion along the film. Linear long-range gradients of both BMPs induced the trans-differentiation of C2C12 myoblasts towards the osteogenic lineage in a dose dependent manner with a different signature for each BMP. The osteogenic marker alkaline phosphatase (ALP) increased in a linear manner for BMP-7 and non-linearly for BMP-2. Moreover, an increased expression of the myogenic marker troponin T was observed with decreasing matrix-bound BMP concentration, providing a substrate that it is both osteo- and myo-inductive. Lastly, dual parallel matrix-bound gradients of BMP-2 and -7 revealed a complete saturation of the ALP signal. This suggested an additive or synergistic effect of the two BMPs. This simple technology allows for determining quickly and efficiently the optimal concentration of matrix-bound growth factors, as well as for investigating the presentation of multiple growth factors in their solid-phase and in a spatially controlled manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jorge Almodóvar
- CNRS UMR 5628 (LMGP), MINATEC, 3 parvis Louis Néel, 38016 Grenoble, France; Université de Grenoble Alpes, Grenoble Institute of Technology, 3 parvis Louis Néel, 38016 Grenoble, France
| | - Raphaël Guillot
- CNRS UMR 5628 (LMGP), MINATEC, 3 parvis Louis Néel, 38016 Grenoble, France; Université de Grenoble Alpes, Grenoble Institute of Technology, 3 parvis Louis Néel, 38016 Grenoble, France
| | - Claire Monge
- CNRS UMR 5628 (LMGP), MINATEC, 3 parvis Louis Néel, 38016 Grenoble, France; Université de Grenoble Alpes, Grenoble Institute of Technology, 3 parvis Louis Néel, 38016 Grenoble, France
| | | | - Seila Selimović
- Center for Biomedical Engineering, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA; Harvard-MIT Division of Health Sciences and Technology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | | | - Ali Khademhosseini
- Center for Biomedical Engineering, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA; Harvard-MIT Division of Health Sciences and Technology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA; Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering, Harvard University, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Catherine Picart
- CNRS UMR 5628 (LMGP), MINATEC, 3 parvis Louis Néel, 38016 Grenoble, France; Université de Grenoble Alpes, Grenoble Institute of Technology, 3 parvis Louis Néel, 38016 Grenoble, France.
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17
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In situ tissue regeneration through host stem cell recruitment. Exp Mol Med 2013; 45:e57. [PMID: 24232256 PMCID: PMC3849571 DOI: 10.1038/emm.2013.118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 161] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2013] [Revised: 07/31/2013] [Accepted: 08/06/2013] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The field of tissue engineering has made steady progress in translating various tissue applications. Although the classical tissue engineering strategy, which involves the use of culture-expanded cells and scaffolds to produce a tissue construct for implantation, has been validated, this approach involves extensive cell expansion steps, requiring a lot of time and laborious effort before implantation. To bypass this ex vivo process, a new approach has been introduced. In situ tissue regeneration utilizes the body's own regenerating capacity by mobilizing host endogenous stem cells or tissue-specific progenitor cells to the site of injury. This approach relies on development of a target-specific biomaterial scaffolding system that can effectively control the host microenvironment and mobilize host stem/progenitor cells to target tissues. An appropriate microenvironment provided by implanted scaffolds would facilitate recruitment of host cells that can be guided to regenerating structural and functional tissues.
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18
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Makhdom AM, Hamdy RC. The Role of Growth Factors on Acceleration of Bone Regeneration During Distraction Osteogenesis. TISSUE ENGINEERING PART B-REVIEWS 2013; 19:442-53. [DOI: 10.1089/ten.teb.2012.0717] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Asim M. Makhdom
- Division of Orthopaedic Surgery, Shriners Hospital for Children, Montreal Children Hospital, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Reggie C. Hamdy
- Division of Orthopaedic Surgery, Shriners Hospital for Children, Montreal Children Hospital, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
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19
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Pavlukhina S, Sukhishvili S. Smart Layer-by-Layer Assemblies for Drug Delivery. SMART MATERIALS FOR DRUG DELIVERY 2013. [DOI: 10.1039/9781849734318-00117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Layer-by-layer (LbL) assembly is an effective tool for development of surface coatings and capsules for localized, controlled delivery of bioactive molecules. Because of the unprecedented versatility of the technique, a broad range of nanoobjects, including molecules, particles, micelles, vesicles and others with diverse chemistry and architecture can be used as building blocks for LbL assemblies, opening various routes for inclusion and delivery of functional molecules to/from LbL films. Moreover, the LbL technique continues to show its power in constructing three-dimensional (3D) delivery containers, in which LbL walls can additionally control delivery of functional molecules incorporated in the capsule interior. In this chapter, we discuss recent progress in the use of LbL assemblies to control release of therapeutic compounds via diffusion, hydrolytic degradation, pH, ionic strength or temperature variations, application of light, ultrasound, electric and magnetic field stimuli, redox activation or biological stimuli.
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Affiliation(s)
- Svetlana Pavlukhina
- Department of Chemistry Chemical Biology and Biomedical Engineering, Stevens Institute of Technology, Hoboken, NJ 07030 USA
| | - Svetlana Sukhishvili
- Department of Chemistry Chemical Biology and Biomedical Engineering, Stevens Institute of Technology, Hoboken, NJ 07030 USA
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20
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Múzquiz-Ramos EM, Cortés-Hernández DA, Escobedo-Bocardo JC, Zugasti-Cruz A, Ramírez-Gómez XS, Osuna-Alarcón JG. In vitro and in vivo biocompatibility of apatite-coated magnetite nanoparticles for cancer therapy. JOURNAL OF MATERIALS SCIENCE. MATERIALS IN MEDICINE 2013; 24:1035-1041. [PMID: 23392966 DOI: 10.1007/s10856-013-4862-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2012] [Accepted: 01/18/2013] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to determine the biocompatibility and potential toxicity of apatite-coated magnetite nanoparticles. The in vitro biocompatibility with human red blood cells was evaluated, not hemolytic effects were found at concentrations lower than 3 mg/ml. For the in vivo study, Balb/c mice were used. The animals were injected intravenously or intraperitoneally, the doses ranged from 100 to 2,500 mg/Kg. All the injected animals showed normal kidney and liver function. No significant changes were found in the body weight, the organs weight and the iron levels in liver due to the administration. In conclusion, apatite-coated magnetite nanoparticles did not induce any abnormal clinical signs in the laboratory animals. The results demonstrated that apatite-coated magnetite nanoparticles of 8 ± 2 nm in size did not have hemolytic effect in human erythrocytes and did not cause apparent toxicity in Balb/c mice under the experimental conditions of this study.
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21
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Santo VE, Gomes ME, Mano JF, Reis RL. From nano- to macro-scale: nanotechnology approaches for spatially controlled delivery of bioactive factors for bone and cartilage engineering. Nanomedicine (Lond) 2012; 7:1045-66. [DOI: 10.2217/nnm.12.78] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The field of biomaterials has advanced towards the molecular and nanoscale design of bioactive systems for tissue engineering, regenerative medicine and drug delivery. Spatial cues are displayed in the 3D extracellular matrix and can include signaling gradients, such as those observed during chemotaxis. Architectures range from the nanometer to the centimeter length scales as exemplified by extracellular matrix fibers, cells and macroscopic shapes. The main focus of this review is the application of a biomimetic approach by the combination of architectural cues, obtained through the application of micro- and nanofabrication techniques, with the ability to sequester and release growth factors and other bioactive agents in a spatiotemporal controlled manner for bone and cartilage engineering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vítor E Santo
- 3B’s Research Group - Biomaterials, Biodegradables & Biomimetics, University of Minho, Headquarters of the European Institute of Excellence on Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, AvePark, 4806-909 Taipas, Guimarães, Portugal
| | - Manuela E Gomes
- 3B’s Research Group - Biomaterials, Biodegradables & Biomimetics, University of Minho, Headquarters of the European Institute of Excellence on Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, AvePark, 4806-909 Taipas, Guimarães, Portugal
| | - João F Mano
- 3B’s Research Group - Biomaterials, Biodegradables & Biomimetics, University of Minho, Headquarters of the European Institute of Excellence on Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, AvePark, 4806-909 Taipas, Guimarães, Portugal
| | - Rui L Reis
- 3B’s Research Group - Biomaterials, Biodegradables & Biomimetics, University of Minho, Headquarters of the European Institute of Excellence on Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, AvePark, 4806-909 Taipas, Guimarães, Portugal
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22
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Ariga K, Lvov YM, Kawakami K, Ji Q, Hill JP. Layer-by-layer self-assembled shells for drug delivery. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2011; 63:762-71. [PMID: 21510989 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2011.03.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 310] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2010] [Revised: 01/09/2011] [Accepted: 03/30/2011] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
There are several requirements for the safe and effective delivery of therapeutic agents for human use. Direct injection of drugs may cause side effects due to their permeation to other, undiseased regions of the body so that concealment and targeting with appropriate materials is a critical consideration in the design of practical drug delivery systems. In particular, carriers with structures which can be flexibly controlled are more useful since functional structure units can be assembled in component-by-component and/or layer-by-layer fashion. In this review, we focus on preparation of layer-by-layer shells directed at drug delivery applications. After a description of the fundamentals of layer-by-layer (LbL) assembly, recent progress in the field of self-assembled microshells and nanoshells for drug delivery applications are summarized. In addition, concepts developed to solve current difficulties are also described. Encapsulation of insoluble drugs in nanoshells and their delivery can satisfy some of the demands of practical medical use. Thus, aqueous suspensions of insoluble drugs have been subjected to powerful ultrasonic treatment followed by sequential addition of polycations and polyanions to the particle solution leading to assembly of ultra-thin polyelectrolyte shells on the nano-sized drug particles. In another innovative example, stepwise release of drugs from LbL films of mesoporous capsules to the exterior in the absence of external stimuli was demonstrated. It can be regarded as stimuli-free auto-modulated material release.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katsuhiko Ariga
- World Premier International Research Center for Materials Nanoarchitectonics, National Institute for Materials Science, 1-1 Namiki, Tsukuba, Japan.
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23
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A Novel Self-Assembled Liposome-Based Polymeric Hydrogel for Cranio-Maxillofacial Applications: Preliminary Findings. Polymers (Basel) 2011. [DOI: 10.3390/polym3020967] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
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24
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Effects of protein dose and delivery system on BMP-mediated bone regeneration. Biomaterials 2011; 32:5241-51. [PMID: 21507479 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2011.03.063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 240] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2011] [Accepted: 03/26/2011] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Delivery of recombinant proteins is a proven therapeutic strategy to promote endogenous repair mechanisms and tissue regeneration. Bone morphogenetic protein-2 (rhBMP-2) has been used to promote spinal fusion and repair of challenging bone defects; however, the current clinically-used carrier, absorbable collagen sponge, requires high doses and has been associated with adverse complications. We evaluated the hypothesis that the relationship between protein dose and regenerative efficacy depends on delivery system. First, we determined the dose-response relationship for rhBMP-2 delivered to 8-mm rat bone defects in a hybrid nanofiber mesh/alginate delivery system at six doses ranging from 0 to 5 μg. Next, we directly compared the hybrid delivery system to the collagen sponge at 0.1 and 1.0 μg. Finally, we compared the in vivo protein release properties of the two delivery methods. In the hybrid delivery system, bone volume, connectivity and mechanical properties increased in a dose-dependent manner to rhBMP-2. Consistent bridging of the defect was observed for doses of 1.0 μg and greater. Compared to collagen sponge delivery at the same 1.0 μg dose, the hybrid system yielded greater connectivity by week 4 and 2.5-fold greater bone volume by week 12. These differences may be explained by the significantly greater protein retention in the hybrid system compared to collagen sponge. This study demonstrates a clear dose-dependent effect of rhBMP-2 delivered using a hybrid nanofiber mesh/alginate delivery system. Furthermore, the effective dose was found to vary with delivery system, demonstrating the importance of biomaterial carrier properties in the delivery of recombinant proteins.
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25
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Bio-Inspired/-Functional Colloidal Core-Shell Polymeric-Based NanoSystems: Technology Promise in Tissue Engineering, Bioimaging and NanoMedicine. Polymers (Basel) 2010. [DOI: 10.3390/polym2030323] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
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