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Zhu J, Ma J, Huang M, Deng H, Shi G. Emerging delivery strategy for oncolytic virotherapy. MOLECULAR THERAPY. ONCOLOGY 2024; 32:200809. [PMID: 38845744 PMCID: PMC11153257 DOI: 10.1016/j.omton.2024.200809] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2024]
Abstract
Oncolytic virotherapy represents a promising approach in cancer immunotherapy. The primary delivery method for oncolytic viruses (OVs) is intratumoral injection, which apparently limits their clinical application. For patients with advanced cancer with disseminated metastasis, systemic administration is considered the optimal approach. However, the direct delivery of naked viruses through intravenous injection presents challenges, including rapid clearance by the immune system, inadequate accumulation in tumors, and significant side effects. Consequently, the development of drug delivery strategies has led to the emergence of various bio-materials serving as viral vectors, thereby improving the anti-tumor efficacy of oncolytic virotherapy. This review provides an overview of innovative strategies for delivering OVs, with a focus on nanoparticle-based or cell-based delivery systems. Recent pre-clinical and clinical studies are examined to highlight the enhanced efficacy of systemic delivery using these novel platforms. In addition, prevalent challenges in current research are briefly discussed, and potential solutions are proposed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiao Zhu
- Department of Biotherapy, Cancer Center and State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
- Division of Thoracic Tumor Multimodality Treatment and Department of Medical Oncology, Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Jinhu Ma
- Department of Biotherapy, Cancer Center and State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Meijuan Huang
- Division of Thoracic Tumor Multimodality Treatment and Department of Medical Oncology, Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Hongxin Deng
- Department of Biotherapy, Cancer Center and State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Gang Shi
- Department of Biotherapy, Cancer Center and State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
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Shirazi MMA, Saedi TA, Moghaddam ZS, Nemati M, Shiri R, Negahdari B, Goradel NH. Nanotechnology and nano-sized tools: Newer approaches to circumvent oncolytic adenovirus limitations. Pharmacol Ther 2024; 256:108611. [PMID: 38387653 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2024.108611] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2023] [Revised: 01/03/2024] [Accepted: 02/14/2024] [Indexed: 02/24/2024]
Abstract
Oncolytic adenoviruses (OAds), engineered Ads preferentially infect and lyse tumor cells, have attracted remarkable attention as immunotherapy weapons for the treatment of various malignancies. Despite hopeful successes in preclinical investigations and translation into clinical phases, they face some challenges that thwart their therapeutic effectiveness, including low infectivity of cancer cells, liver sequestration, pre-existing neutralizing antibodies, physical barriers to the spread of Ads, and immunosuppressive TME. Nanotechnology and nano-sized tools provide several advantages to overcome these limitations of OAds. Nano-sized tools could improve the therapeutic efficacy of OAds by enhancing infectivity and cellular uptake, targeting and protecting from pre-existing immune responses, masking and preventing liver tropism, and co-delivery with other therapeutic agents. Herein, we reviewed the constructs of various OAds and their application in clinical trials, as well as the limitations they have faced. Furthermore, we emphasized the potential applications of nanotechnology to solve the constraints of OAds to improve their anti-tumor activities.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Tayebeh Azam Saedi
- Department of Genetics, Faculty of Science, Islamic Azad University, Tonekabon Branch, Tonekabon, Iran
| | - Zahra Samadi Moghaddam
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, Maragheh University of Medical Sciences, Maragheh, Iran
| | - Mahnaz Nemati
- Amir Oncology Hospital, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Reza Shiri
- Department of Basic Sciences, Maragheh University of Medical Sciences, Maragheh, Iran
| | - Babak Negahdari
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, School of Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Nasser Hashemi Goradel
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, Maragheh University of Medical Sciences, Maragheh, Iran; Arthropod-Borne Diseases Research Centre, Ardabil University of Medical Sciences, Ardabil, Iran.
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Wang Z, Sun P, Li Z, Xiao S. Clinical Advances and Future Directions of Oncolytic Virotherapy for Head and Neck Cancer. Cancers (Basel) 2023; 15:5291. [PMID: 37958464 PMCID: PMC10650136 DOI: 10.3390/cancers15215291] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2023] [Revised: 11/01/2023] [Accepted: 11/03/2023] [Indexed: 11/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Oncolytic viruses (OVs), without harming normal tissues, selectively infect and replicate within tumor cells, to release immune molecules and tumor antigens, achieving immune-mediated destruction of tumors and making them one of the most promising immunotherapies for cancer. Many clinical studies have demonstrated that OVs can provide clinical benefits for patients with different types of tumors, at various stages, including metastatic and previously untreatable cases. When OVs are used in combination with chemotherapy, radiotherapy, immunotherapy, and other treatments, they can synergistically enhance the therapeutic effects. The concept of oncolytic virotherapy (OVT) was proposed in the early 20th century. With advancements in genetic engineering, genetically modified viruses can further enhance the efficacy of cancer immunotherapy. In recent years, global research on OV treatment of malignant tumors has increased dramatically. This article comprehensively reviews the findings from relevant research and clinical trials, providing an overview of the development of OVT and its application in the clinical treatment of head and neck cancer. The aim is to offer insights for future clinical and fundamental research on OVT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhan Wang
- Department of Stomatology, Wenzhou Medical University Renji College, Wenzhou 325000, China
| | - Peng Sun
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325000, China; (P.S.); (Z.L.)
- Cixi Biomedical Research Institute, Wenzhou Medical University, Ningbo 315000, China
| | - Zhiyong Li
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325000, China; (P.S.); (Z.L.)
- Cixi Biomedical Research Institute, Wenzhou Medical University, Ningbo 315000, China
| | - Shaowen Xiao
- Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Translational Research (Ministry of Education/Beijing), Department of Radiation Oncology, Peking University Cancer Hospital & Institute, Beijing 100142, China
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Azadpour B, Aharipour N, Paryab A, Omid H, Abdollahi S, Madaah Hosseini H, Malek Khachatourian A, Toprak MS, Seifalian AM. Magnetically-assisted viral transduction (magnetofection) medical applications: An update. BIOMATERIALS ADVANCES 2023; 154:213657. [PMID: 37844415 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioadv.2023.213657] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2023] [Revised: 09/23/2023] [Accepted: 10/06/2023] [Indexed: 10/18/2023]
Abstract
Gene therapy involves replacing a faulty gene or adding a new gene inside the body's cells to cure disease or improve the body's ability to fight disease. Its popularity is evident from emerging concepts such as CRISPR-based genome editing and epigenetic studies and has been moved to a clinical setting. The strategy for therapeutic gene design includes; suppressing the expression of pathogenic genes, enhancing necessary protein production, and stimulating the immune system, which can be incorporated into both viral and non-viral gene vectors. Although non-viral gene delivery provides a safer platform, it suffers from an inefficient rate of gene transfection, which means a few genes could be successfully transfected and expressed within the cells. Incorporating nucleic acids into the viruses and using these viral vectors to infect cells increases gene transfection efficiency. Consequently, more cells will respond, more genes will be expressed, and sustained and successful gene therapy can be achieved. Combining nanoparticles (NPs) and nucleic acids protects genetic materials from enzymatic degradation. Furthermore, the vectors can be transferred faster, facilitating cell attachment and cellular uptake. Magnetically assisted viral transduction (magnetofection) enhances gene therapy efficiency by mixing magnetic nanoparticles (MNPs) with gene vectors and exerting a magnetic field to guide a significant number of vectors directly onto the cells. This research critically reviews the MNPs and the physiochemical properties needed to assemble an appropriate magnetic viral vector, discussing cellular hurdles and attitudes toward overcoming these barriers to reach clinical gene therapy perspectives. We focus on the studies conducted on the various applications of magnetic viral vectors in cancer therapies, regenerative medicine, tissue engineering, cell sorting, and virus isolation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Behnam Azadpour
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Sharif University of Technology, Tehran, Iran
| | - Nazli Aharipour
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Sharif University of Technology, Tehran, Iran
| | - Amirhosein Paryab
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Sharif University of Technology, Tehran, Iran
| | - Hamed Omid
- Department of Life Science Engineering, Faculty of New Sciences and Technologies, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Sorosh Abdollahi
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | | | | | - Muhammet S Toprak
- Department of Applied Physics, KTH-Royal Institute of Technology, SE10691 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Alexander M Seifalian
- Nanotechnology & Regenerative Medicine Commercialisation Centre (NanoRegMed Ltd, Nanoloom Ltd, & Liberum Health Ltd), London BioScience Innovation Centre, London, UK.
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Muthukutty P, Yoo SY. Oncolytic Virus Engineering and Utilizations: Cancer Immunotherapy Perspective. Viruses 2023; 15:1645. [PMID: 37631987 PMCID: PMC10459766 DOI: 10.3390/v15081645] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2023] [Revised: 07/24/2023] [Accepted: 07/26/2023] [Indexed: 08/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Oncolytic viruses have positively impacted cancer immunotherapy over the past 20 years. Both natural and genetically modified viruses have shown promising results in treating various cancers. Various regulatory authorities worldwide have approved four commercial oncolytic viruses, and more are being developed to overcome this limitation and obtain better anti-tumor responses in clinical trials at various stages. Faster advancements in translating research into the commercialization of cancer immunotherapy and a comprehensive understanding of the modification strategies will widen the current knowledge of future technologies related to the development of oncolytic viruses. In this review, we discuss the strategies of virus engineering and the progress of clinical trials to achieve virotherapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - So Young Yoo
- BIO-IT Foundry Technology Institute, Pusan National University, Busan 46241, Republic of Korea
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Moglan AM, Albaradie OA, Alsayegh FF, Alharbi HM, Samman YM, Jalal MM, Saeedi NH, Mahmoud AB, Alkayyal AA. Preclinical efficacy of oncolytic VSV-IFNβ in treating cancer: A systematic review. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1085940. [PMID: 37063914 PMCID: PMC10104167 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1085940] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2022] [Accepted: 03/17/2023] [Indexed: 04/03/2023] Open
Abstract
BackgroundCancer incidence and mortality are increasing rapidly worldwide, necessitating further investigation into developing and optimizing emergent cancer therapies. Oncolytic viruses such as vesicular stomatitis virus encoding interferon β (VSV-IFNβ) have attracted considerable attention, as they offer great efficacy and safety profiles. This systematic review aimed to determine and compare the efficacy profile between VSV-IFNβ and non-treatment controls in preclinical cancer models.MethodologyThe Embase and Medline databases were systematically searched for relevant studies using related key terms and Medical Subject Headings (MeSH). Titles, abstracts, and full texts were screened, and data from eligible articles were extracted by two groups independently and in duplicate (two reviewers per group). Disagreements were resolved by a fifth independent reviewer. The included articles were all preclinical (translational) in vivo English studies that investigated and compared the efficacy profile between VSV-IFNβ and non-treatment controls in animal models. The risk of bias among the studies was assessed by two reviewers independently and in duplicate using SYRCLE’s risk-of-bias tool for animal studies; disparities were addressed by a third independent reviewer.ResultsAfter employing relevant MeSH and key terms, we identified 1598 articles. A total of 87 articles were either duplicates or conference proceedings and were thus excluded. Following title and abstract screening, 37 articles were included in the full-text assessment. Finally, 14 studies met the eligibility criteria. Forty-two experiments from the included studies examined the potential efficacy of VSV-IFNβ through different routes of administration, including intratumoral, intraperitoneal, and intravenous routes. Thirty-seven experiments reported positive outcomes. Meanwhile, five experiments reported negative outcomes, three and two of which examined intratumoral and intravenous VSV-IFNβ administration, respectively.ConclusionAlthough the majority of the included studies support the promising potential of VSV-IFNβ as an oncolytic virus, further research is necessary to ensure a safe and efficacious profile to translate its application into clinical trials.Systematic review registrationhttps://www.crd.york.ac.uk/PROSPERO/, identifier CRD42022335418.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdulaziz Molham Moglan
- College of Medicine, King Saud bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
- King Abdullah International Medical Research Center, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Omar A. Albaradie
- College of Medicine, King Saud bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
- King Abdullah International Medical Research Center, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Fares Fayez Alsayegh
- College of Medicine, King Saud bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
- King Abdullah International Medical Research Center, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Hussam Mohsen Alharbi
- College of Medicine, King Saud bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
- King Abdullah International Medical Research Center, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Yahya Marwan Samman
- College of Medicine, King Saud bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
- King Abdullah International Medical Research Center, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohammed M. Jalal
- Department of Medical Laboratory Technology, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, University of Tabuk, Tabuk, Saudi Arabia
| | - Nizar H. Saeedi
- Department of Medical Laboratory Technology, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, University of Tabuk, Tabuk, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ahmad Bakur Mahmoud
- Department of Medical Laboratory Technology, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Taibah University, Almadinah Almunwarah, Saudi Arabia
- Strategic Research and Innovation Laboratories, Taibah University, Almadinah Almunwarah, Saudi Arabia
- King Abdullah International Medical Research Center, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
- *Correspondence: Ahmad Bakur Mahmoud, ; Almohanad A. Alkayyal,
| | - Almohanad A. Alkayyal
- Department of Medical Laboratory Technology, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, University of Tabuk, Tabuk, Saudi Arabia
- King Abdullah International Medical Research Center, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
- *Correspondence: Ahmad Bakur Mahmoud, ; Almohanad A. Alkayyal,
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Ji Q, Wu Y, Albers A, Fang M, Qian X. Strategies for Advanced Oncolytic Virotherapy: Current Technology Innovations and Clinical Approaches. Pharmaceutics 2022; 14:1811. [PMID: 36145559 PMCID: PMC9504140 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics14091811] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2022] [Revised: 08/17/2022] [Accepted: 08/25/2022] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Oncolytic virotherapy is a type of nanomedicine with a dual antitumor mechanism. Viruses are engineered to selectively infect and lyse cancer cells directly, leading to the release of soluble antigens which induce systemic antitumor immunity. Representative drug Talimogene laherparepvec has showed promising therapeutic effects in advanced melanoma, especially when combined with immune checkpoint inhibitors with moderate adverse effects. Diverse viruses like herpes simplex virus, adenovirus, vaccina virus, and so on could be engineered as vectors to express different transgenic payloads, vastly expanding the therapeutic potential of oncolytic virotherapy. A number of related clinical trials are under way which are mainly focusing on solid tumors. Studies about further optimizing the genome of oncolytic viruses or improving the delivering system are in the hotspot, indicating the future development of oncolytic virotherapy in the clinic. This review introduces the latest progress in clinical trials and pre-clinical studies as well as technology innovations directed at oncolytic viruses. The challenges and perspectives of oncolytic virotherapy towards clinical application are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qing Ji
- Department of Rare and Head & Neck Oncology, Key Laboratory of Head & Neck Cancer Translational Research of Zhejiang Province, The Cancer Hospital of the University of Chinese Academy of Sciences (Zhejiang Cancer Hospital), Institute of Basic Medicine and Cancer (IBMC), Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hangzhou 310022, China
| | - Yuchen Wu
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, The Cancer Hospital of the University of Chinese Academy of Sciences (Zhejiang Cancer Hospital), Institute of Basic Medicine and Cancer (IBMC), Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hangzhou 310022, China
| | - Andreas Albers
- Department of Otolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Berlin Institute of Health, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, 13353 Berlin, Germany
| | - Meiyu Fang
- Department of Rare and Head & Neck Oncology, Key Laboratory of Head & Neck Cancer Translational Research of Zhejiang Province, The Cancer Hospital of the University of Chinese Academy of Sciences (Zhejiang Cancer Hospital), Institute of Basic Medicine and Cancer (IBMC), Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hangzhou 310022, China
| | - Xu Qian
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, The Cancer Hospital of the University of Chinese Academy of Sciences (Zhejiang Cancer Hospital), Institute of Basic Medicine and Cancer (IBMC), Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hangzhou 310022, China
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8
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Kandalaft LE, Harari A. Vaccines as Priming Tools for T Cell Therapy for Epithelial Cancers. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:cancers13225819. [PMID: 34830973 PMCID: PMC8616276 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13225819] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2021] [Revised: 11/15/2021] [Accepted: 11/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Despite all of the impressive progress that has been made in the field of cancer therapy, cancer continues to devastate the lives of many. Recent efforts have focused on taking advantage of the patients’ immune system, modifying and employing it to attack cancer cells more efficiently. Therapeutic cancer vaccines are part of the armamentarium used for that purpose. In this review, we discuss the role of the immune system in the fight against cancer, the various strategies that are aimed at engaging the immune system, and how therapeutic cancer vaccines can be used as a self-standing strategy or as a means to leverage other immunotherapies to deliver more efficient results. We elaborate on the obstacles that are present, why immune therapies do not work equally well on all patients, and how vaccines can potentially play a role in improving cancer outcomes. Abstract Impressive progress has recently been made in the field of cancer immunotherapy with the adoptive transfer of T cells, a successful personalized strategy, and checkpoint inhibitors (CPI) having extended the survival of numerous patients. However, not all patients have been able to benefit from these innovations. A key determinant of the responsiveness to cancer immunotherapies is the presence of T cells within the tumors. These tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs) are crucial in controlling tumor growth and their activity is being potentiated by immunotherapies. Although some epithelial cancers are associated with spontaneous T-cell and B-cell responses, which makes them good candidates for immunotherapies, it remains to create strategies that would promote lymphocyte infiltration and enable sustained immune responses in immune-resistant tumors. Therapeutic cancer vaccines hold the potential of being able to render “cold”, poorly infiltrated tumors into “hot” tumors that would be receptive to cellular immunotherapies. In this review, we elaborate on the obstacles that need to be overcome and the strategies that are being explored to that end, including various types of antigen repertoires and different vaccine platforms and combinations with other available treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lana E. Kandalaft
- Center of Experimental Therapeutics, Department of Oncology, University Hospital of Lausanne, 1011 Lausanne, Switzerland
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, University of Lausanne, 1011 Lausanne, Switzerland
- Correspondence: (L.E.K.); (A.H.)
| | - Alexandre Harari
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, University of Lausanne, 1011 Lausanne, Switzerland
- Correspondence: (L.E.K.); (A.H.)
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Santos Apolonio J, Lima de Souza Gonçalves V, Cordeiro Santos ML, Silva Luz M, Silva Souza JV, Rocha Pinheiro SL, de Souza WR, Sande Loureiro M, de Melo FF. Oncolytic virus therapy in cancer: A current review. World J Virol 2021; 10:229-255. [PMID: 34631474 PMCID: PMC8474975 DOI: 10.5501/wjv.v10.i5.229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2021] [Revised: 05/19/2021] [Accepted: 08/09/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
In view of the advancement in the understanding about the most diverse types of cancer and consequently a relentless search for a cure and increased survival rates of cancer patients, finding a therapy that is able to combat the mechanism of aggression of this disease is extremely important. Thus, oncolytic viruses (OVs) have demonstrated great benefits in the treatment of cancer because it mediates antitumor effects in several ways. Viruses can be used to infect cancer cells, especially over normal cells, to present tumor-associated antigens, to activate "danger signals" that generate a less immune-tolerant tumor microenvironment, and to serve transduction vehicles for expression of inflammatory and immunomodulatory cytokines. The success of therapies using OVs was initially demonstrated by the use of the genetically modified herpes virus, talimogene laherparepvec, for the treatment of melanoma. At this time, several OVs are being studied as a potential treatment for cancer in clinical trials. However, it is necessary to be aware of the safety and possible adverse effects of this therapy; after all, an effective treatment for cancer should promote regression, attack the tumor, and in the meantime induce minimal systemic repercussions. In this manuscript, we will present a current review of the mechanism of action of OVs, main clinical uses, updates, and future perspectives on this treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan Santos Apolonio
- Universidade Federal da Bahia, Instituto Multidisciplinar em Saúde, Vitória da Conquista 45029-094, Bahia, Brazil
| | | | - Maria Luísa Cordeiro Santos
- Universidade Federal da Bahia, Instituto Multidisciplinar em Saúde, Vitória da Conquista 45029-094, Bahia, Brazil
| | - Marcel Silva Luz
- Universidade Federal da Bahia, Instituto Multidisciplinar em Saúde, Vitória da Conquista 45029-094, Bahia, Brazil
| | - João Victor Silva Souza
- Universidade Estadual do Sudoeste da Bahia, Campus Vitória da Conquista, Vitória da Conquista 45083-900, Bahia, Brazil
| | - Samuel Luca Rocha Pinheiro
- Universidade Federal da Bahia, Instituto Multidisciplinar em Saúde, Vitória da Conquista 45029-094, Bahia, Brazil
| | - Wedja Rafaela de Souza
- Universidade Federal da Bahia, Instituto Multidisciplinar em Saúde, Vitória da Conquista 45029-094, Bahia, Brazil
| | - Matheus Sande Loureiro
- Universidade Federal da Bahia, Instituto Multidisciplinar em Saúde, Vitória da Conquista 45029-094, Bahia, Brazil
| | - Fabrício Freire de Melo
- Universidade Federal da Bahia, Instituto Multidisciplinar em Saúde, Vitória da Conquista 45029-094, Bahia, Brazil
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Kasala D, Hong J, Yun CO. Overcoming the barriers to optimization of adenovirus delivery using biomaterials: Current status and future perspective. J Control Release 2021; 332:285-300. [PMID: 33626335 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2021.02.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2020] [Revised: 01/28/2021] [Accepted: 02/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Adenovirus (Ad) is emerging as a promising modality for cancer gene therapy due to its ability to induce high level of therapeutic transgene expression with no risk of insertional mutagenesis, ability to be facilely produced at a high titer, and capacity to induce robust antitumor immune response. Despite these excellent attributes of human serotype 5 Ad, poor systemic administration capability, coxsackie and adenovirus receptor (CAR)-dependent endocytic mechanism limiting potentially targetable cell types, nonspecific shedding to normal organs, and poor viral persistence in tumor tissues are major hindrances toward maximizing the therapeutic benefit of Ad in clinical setting. To address the abovementioned shortcomings, various non-immunogenic nanomaterials have been explored to modify Ad surface via physical or chemical interactions. In this review, we summarize the recent developments of different types of nanomaterials that had been utilized for modification of Ad and how tumor-targeted local and system delivery can be achieved with these nanocomplexes. Finally, we conclude by highlighting the key features of various nanomaterials-coated Ads and their prospects to optimize the delivery of virus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dayananda Kasala
- Department of Bioengineering, College of Engineering, Hanyang University, 222 Wangsimni-ro, Seongdong-gu, Seoul 04763, Republic of Korea
| | - JinWoo Hong
- GeneMedicine Co., Ltd, Seoul 04763, Republic of Korea
| | - Chae-Ok Yun
- Department of Bioengineering, College of Engineering, Hanyang University, 222 Wangsimni-ro, Seongdong-gu, Seoul 04763, Republic of Korea; Institute of Nano Science and Technology (INST), Hanyang University, Seoul 04763, Republic of Korea; GeneMedicine Co., Ltd, Seoul 04763, Republic of Korea.
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11
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Abstract
Therapeutic viral gene delivery is an emerging technology which aims to correct genetic mutations by introducing new genetic information to cells either to correct a faulty gene or to initiate cell death in oncolytic treatments. In recent years, significant scientific progress has led to several clinical trials resulting in the approval of gene therapies for human treatment. However, successful therapies remain limited due to a number of challenges such as inefficient cell uptake, low transduction efficiency (TE), limited tropism, liver toxicity and immune response. To adress these issues and increase the number of available therapies, additives from a broad range of materials like polymers, peptides, lipids, nanoparticles, and small molecules have been applied so far. The scope of this review is to highlight these selected delivery systems from a materials perspective.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kübra Kaygisiz
- Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research, Ackermannweg 10, 55128 Mainz, Germany.
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12
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Hamada M, Yura Y. Efficient Delivery and Replication of Oncolytic Virus for Successful Treatment of Head and Neck Cancer. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:E7073. [PMID: 32992948 PMCID: PMC7582277 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21197073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2020] [Revised: 09/18/2020] [Accepted: 09/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Head and neck cancer has been treated by a combination of surgery, radiation, and chemotherapy. In recent years, the development of immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) has made immunotherapy a new treatment method. Oncolytic virus (OV) therapy selectively infects tumor cells with a low-pathogenic virus, lyses tumor cells by the cytopathic effects of the virus, and induces anti-tumor immunity to destroy tumors by the action of immune cells. In OV therapy for head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC), viruses, such as herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1), vaccinia virus, adenovirus, reovirus, measles virus, and vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV), are mainly used. As the combined use of mutant HSV-1 and ICI was successful for the treatment of melanoma, studies are underway to combine OV therapy with radiation, chemotherapy, and other types of immunotherapy. In such therapy, it is important for the virus to selectively replicate in tumor cells, and to express the viral gene and the introduced foreign gene in the tumor cells. In OV therapy for HNSCC, it may be useful to combine systemic and local treatments that improve the delivery and replication of the inoculated oncolytic virus in the tumor cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masakazu Hamada
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Osaka University Graduate School of Dentistry, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan;
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13
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Nishida F, Zanuzzi CN, Sisti MS, Falomir Lockhart E, Camiña AE, Hereñú CB, Bellini MJ, Portiansky EL. Intracisternal IGF-1 gene therapy abrogates kainic acid-induced excitotoxic damage of the rat spinal cord. Eur J Neurosci 2020; 52:3339-3352. [PMID: 32573850 DOI: 10.1111/ejn.14876] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2020] [Revised: 06/15/2020] [Accepted: 06/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Development of alternative therapies for treating functional deficits after different neurological damages is a challenge in neuroscience. Insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1) is a potent neurotrophic factor exerting neuroprotective actions in brain and spinal cord. It is used to prevent or treat injuries of the central nervous system using different administration routes in different animal models. In this study, we evaluated whether intracisternal (IC) route for IGF-1 gene therapy may abrogate or at least reduce the structural and behavioral damages induced by the intraparenchymal injection of kainic acid (KA) into the rat spinal cord. Experimental (Rad-IGF-1) and control (Rad-DsRed-KA) rats were evaluated using a battery of motor and sensory tests before the injection of the recombinant adenovector (day -3), before KA injection (day 0) and at every post-injection (pi) time point (days 1, 2, 3 and 7 pi). Histopathological changes and neuronal and glial counting were assessed. Pretreatment using IC delivery of RAd-IGF-1 improved animal's general condition and motor and sensory functions as compared to Rad-DsRed-KA-injected rats. Besides, IC Rad-IGF-1 therapy abrogated later spinal cord damage and reduced the glial response induced by KA as observed in Rad-DsRed-KA rats. We conclude that the IC route for delivering RAd-IGF-1 prevents KA-induced excitotoxicity in the spinal cord.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabián Nishida
- Image Analysis Laboratory, School of Veterinary Sciences, National University of La Plata (UNLP), La Plata, Argentina.,National Research Council of Science and Technology (CONICET), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Carolina N Zanuzzi
- Image Analysis Laboratory, School of Veterinary Sciences, National University of La Plata (UNLP), La Plata, Argentina.,National Research Council of Science and Technology (CONICET), Buenos Aires, Argentina.,Department of Histology and Embryology, School of Veterinary Sciences, National University of La Plata (UNLP), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - María S Sisti
- Image Analysis Laboratory, School of Veterinary Sciences, National University of La Plata (UNLP), La Plata, Argentina.,National Research Council of Science and Technology (CONICET), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Eugenia Falomir Lockhart
- National Research Council of Science and Technology (CONICET), Buenos Aires, Argentina.,INIBIOLP-Histology B, School of Medicine, National University of La Plata (UNLP), La Plata, Argentina
| | - Agustina E Camiña
- Image Analysis Laboratory, School of Veterinary Sciences, National University of La Plata (UNLP), La Plata, Argentina
| | - Claudia B Hereñú
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Chemistry, National University of Córdoba (UNC), Córdoba, Argentina.,Institute for Experimental Pharmacology, Córdoba, Argentina
| | - María J Bellini
- National Research Council of Science and Technology (CONICET), Buenos Aires, Argentina.,INIBIOLP-Histology B, School of Medicine, National University of La Plata (UNLP), La Plata, Argentina
| | - Enrique L Portiansky
- Image Analysis Laboratory, School of Veterinary Sciences, National University of La Plata (UNLP), La Plata, Argentina.,National Research Council of Science and Technology (CONICET), Buenos Aires, Argentina
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14
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Patel MR, Jacobson BA, Ji Y, Hebbel RP, Kratzke RA. Blood Outgrowth Endothelial Cells as a Cellular Carrier for Oncolytic Vesicular Stomatitis Virus Expressing Interferon-β in Preclinical Models of Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer. Transl Oncol 2020; 13:100782. [PMID: 32422574 PMCID: PMC7231872 DOI: 10.1016/j.tranon.2020.100782] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/29/2020] [Revised: 04/10/2020] [Accepted: 04/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Oncolytic viruses have demonstrated efficacy in numerous tumor models including non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). One limitation of viral therapy for metastatic lung cancer is that systemic administration can be hindered by complement and antiviral immunity. Thus, we investigated whether ex vivo-infected blood outgrowth endothelial cells (BOECs) could be used to deliver VSV-IFNβ in preclinical models of NSCLC. BOECs were obtained from human donors or C57/Bl6 mice. VSV was engineered to produce GFP or IFNβ. Human and murine BOECs could be infected by VSV-GFP and VSV-IFNβ. Infected BOECs resulted in killing of NSCLC cells in vitro and shielded VSV-IFNβ from antibody neutralization. Mouse BOECs localized to lungs of mice bearing syngeneic LM2 lung tumors, and infected murine BOECs reduced tumor burden in this model. In an immune-deficient A549 xenograft model, mice treated with VSV-IFNβ-infected human BOECs exhibited superior antitumor activity and survival of mice (n = 10, P < .05 compared to VSV-IFNβ alone). We conclude that BOECs can be used as a carrier for delivery of oncolytic VSV-IFNβ. This may be an effective strategy for clinical translation of oncolytic virotherapy for patients with metastatic NSCLC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manish R Patel
- University of Minnesota, Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology, Oncology, and Transplantation, Minneapolis, MN, USA.
| | - Blake A Jacobson
- University of Minnesota, Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology, Oncology, and Transplantation, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Yan Ji
- Health Partners Regions Cancer Care Center, St. Paul, MN, USA
| | - Robert P Hebbel
- University of Minnesota, Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology, Oncology, and Transplantation, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Robert A Kratzke
- University of Minnesota, Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology, Oncology, and Transplantation, Minneapolis, MN, USA
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15
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Zheng M, Huang J, Tong A, Yang H. Oncolytic Viruses for Cancer Therapy: Barriers and Recent Advances. MOLECULAR THERAPY-ONCOLYTICS 2019; 15:234-247. [PMID: 31872046 PMCID: PMC6911943 DOI: 10.1016/j.omto.2019.10.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 171] [Impact Index Per Article: 34.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Oncolytic viruses (OVs) are powerful new therapeutic agents in cancer therapy. With the first OV (talimogene laherparepvec [T-vec]) obtaining US Food and Drug Administration approval, interest in OVs has been boosted greatly. Nevertheless, despite extensive research, oncolytic virotherapy has shown limited efficacy against solid tumors. Recent advances in viral retargeting, genetic editing, viral delivery platforms, tracking strategies, OV-based gene therapy, and combination strategies have the potential to broaden the applications of oncolytic virotherapy in oncology. In this review, we present several insights into the limitations and challenges of oncolytic virotherapy, describe the strategies mentioned above, provide a summary of recent preclinical and clinical trials in the field of oncolytic virotherapy, and highlight the need to optimize current strategies to improve clinical outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meijun Zheng
- Department of Otolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, West China Hospital, West China Medical School, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan Province, P.R. China
| | - Jianhan Huang
- Department of Neurosurgery, West China Hospital, West China Medical School, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan Province, P.R. China
| | - Aiping Tong
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Medical School, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan Province, P.R. China
| | - Hui Yang
- Department of Otolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, West China Hospital, West China Medical School, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan Province, P.R. China
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16
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Overcoming the limitations of locally administered oncolytic virotherapy. BMC Biomed Eng 2019; 1:17. [PMID: 32903299 PMCID: PMC7422506 DOI: 10.1186/s42490-019-0016-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2019] [Accepted: 06/06/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Adenovirus (Ad) has been most extensively evaluated gene transfer vector in clinical trials due to facile production in high viral titer, highly efficient transduction, and proven safety record. Similarly, an oncolytic Ad, which replicates selectively in cancer cells through genetic modifications, is actively being evaluated in various phases of clinical trials as a promising next generation therapeutic against cancer. Most of these trials with oncolytic Ads to date have employed intratumoral injection as the standard administration route. Although these locally administered oncolytic Ads have shown promising outcomes, the therapeutic efficacy is not yet optimal due to poor intratumoral virion retention, nonspecific shedding of virion to normal organs, variable infection efficacy due to heterogeneity of tumor cells, adverse antiviral immune response, and short biological activity of oncolytic viruses in situ. These inherent problems associated with locally administered Ad also holds true for other oncolytic viral vectors. Thus, this review will aim to discuss various nanomaterial-based delivery strategies to improve the intratumoral administration efficacy of oncolytic Ad as well as other types of oncolytic viruses.
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17
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Fabrication and characterization of triple-responsive composite hydrogel for targeted and controlled drug delivery system. J Mol Liq 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molliq.2018.02.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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18
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Kurena B, Vežāne A, Skrastiņa D, Trofimova O, Zajakina A. Magnetic nanoparticles for efficient cell transduction with Semliki Forest virus. J Virol Methods 2017; 245:28-34. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jviromet.2017.03.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2017] [Revised: 03/12/2017] [Accepted: 03/12/2017] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
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19
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Liao ZX, Kempson IM, Fa YC, Liu MC, Hsieh LC, Huang KY, Wang LF. Magnetically Guided Viral Transduction of Gene-Based Sensitization for Localized Photodynamic Therapy To Overcome Multidrug Resistance in Breast Cancer Cells. Bioconjug Chem 2017; 28:1702-1708. [PMID: 28482158 DOI: 10.1021/acs.bioconjchem.7b00162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Chemotherapy represents a conventional treatment for many cancers at different stages and is either solely prescribed or concomitant to surgery, radiotherapy, or both. However, treatment is tempered in instances of acquired drug resistance in response to either chemotherapy or targeted therapy, leading to therapeutic failure. To overcome this challenge, many studies focus on how cancer cells manipulate their genomes and metabolism to prevent drug influx and facilitate the efflux of accumulated chemotherapy drugs. Herein, we demonstrate magnetic adeno-associated virus serotype 2 (ironized AAV2) has an ability to be magnetically guided and transduce the photosensitive KillerRed protein to enable photodynamic therapy irrespective of drug resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zi-Xian Liao
- Institute of Medical Science and Technology, National Sun Yat-sen University , Kaohsiung, 80424, Taiwan
| | - Ivan M Kempson
- Future Industries Institute, University of South Australia , Mawson Lakes, South Australia 5095, Australia
| | - Yu-Chen Fa
- Institute of Medical Science and Technology, National Sun Yat-sen University , Kaohsiung, 80424, Taiwan
| | - Meng-Chia Liu
- Institute of Medical Science and Technology, National Sun Yat-sen University , Kaohsiung, 80424, Taiwan
| | - Li-Chen Hsieh
- Institute of Medical Science and Technology, National Sun Yat-sen University , Kaohsiung, 80424, Taiwan
| | - Kuo-Yen Huang
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Academia Sinica , Taipei 11529, Taiwan.,Graduate Institute of Health Industry Technology and Research Center for Industry of Human Ecology, Chang Gung University of Science and Technology , Taoyuan 33303, Taiwan
| | - Li-Feng Wang
- Department of Medicinal and Applied Chemistry, Kaohsiung Medical University , Kaohsiung, 80708, Taiwan
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20
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Abstract
The transgenic process allows for obtaining genetically modified animals for divers biomedical applications. A number of transgenic animals for xenotransplantation have been generated with the somatic cell nuclear transfer (SCNT) method. Thereby, efficient nucleic acid delivery to donor cells such as fibroblasts is of particular importance. The objective of this study was to establish stable transgene expressing porcine fetal fibroblast cell lines using magnetic nanoparticle-based gene delivery vectors under a gradient magnetic field. Magnetic transfection complexes prepared by self-assembly of suitable magnetic nanoparticles, plasmid DNA, and an enhancer under an inhomogeneous magnetic field enabled the rapid and efficient delivery of a gene construct (pCD59-GFPBsd) into porcine fetal fibroblasts. The applied vector dose was magnetically sedimented on the cell surface within 30 min as visualized by fluorescence microscopy. The PCR and RT-PCR analysis confirmed not only the presence but also the expression of transgene in all magnetofected transgenic fibroblast cell lines which survived antibiotic selection. The cells were characterized by high survival rates and proliferative activities as well as correct chromosome number. The developed nanomagnetic gene delivery formulation proved to be an effective tool for the production of genetically engineered fibroblasts and may be used in future in SCNT techniques for breeding new transgenic animals for the purpose of xenotransplantation.
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21
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Tseng SJ, Huang KY, Kempson IM, Kao SH, Liu MC, Yang SC, Liao ZX, Yang PC. Remote Control of Light-Triggered Virotherapy. ACS NANO 2016; 10:10339-10346. [PMID: 27934080 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.6b06051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Clinical virotherapy has been successfully approved for use in cancer treatment by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration; however, a number of improvements are still sought to more broadly develop virotherapy. A particular challenge is to administer viral therapy systemically and overcome limitations in intratumoral injection, especially for complex tumors within sensitive organs. To achieve this, however, a technique is required that delivers the virus to the tumor before the body's natural self-defense eradicates the virus prematurely. Here we show that recombinant adeno-associated virus serotype 2 (AAV2) chemically conjugated with iron oxide nanoparticles (∼5 nm) has a remarkable ability to be remotely guided under a magnetic field. Transduction is achieved with microscale precision. Furthermore, a gene for production of the photosensitive protein KillerRed was introduced into the AAV2 genome to enable photodynamic therapy (PDT), or light-triggered virotherapy. In vivo experiments revealed that magnetic guidance of "ironized" AAV2-KillerRed injected by tail vein in conjunction with PDT significantly decreases the tumor growth via apoptosis. This proof-of-principle demonstrates guided and highly localized microscale, light-triggered virotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- S-Ja Tseng
- National Taiwan University Cancer Center (YongLin Scholar) , Taipei 10051, Taiwan
| | - Kuo-Yen Huang
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Academia Sinica , Taipei 11529, Taiwan
| | - Ivan M Kempson
- Future Industries Institute, University of South Australia , Mawson Lakes, S.A. 5095, Australia
| | - Shih-Han Kao
- Research Center for Tumor Medical Science, China Medical University , Taichung 40402, Taiwan
| | - Meng-Chia Liu
- Institute of Medical Science and Technology, National Sun Yat-sen University , Kaohsiung 80424, Taiwan
| | - Shuenn-Chen Yang
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Academia Sinica , Taipei 11529, Taiwan
| | - Zi-Xian Liao
- Institute of Medical Science and Technology, National Sun Yat-sen University , Kaohsiung 80424, Taiwan
| | - Pan-Chyr Yang
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Academia Sinica , Taipei 11529, Taiwan
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22
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Kasala D, Yoon AR, Hong J, Kim SW, Yun CO. Evolving lessons on nanomaterial-coated viral vectors for local and systemic gene therapy. Nanomedicine (Lond) 2016; 11:1689-713. [PMID: 27348247 DOI: 10.2217/nnm-2016-0060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Viral vectors are promising gene carriers for cancer therapy. However, virus-mediated gene therapies have demonstrated insufficient therapeutic efficacy in clinical trials due to rapid dissemination to nontarget tissues and to the immunogenicity of viral vectors, resulting in poor retention at the disease locus and induction of adverse inflammatory responses in patients. Further, the limited tropism of viral vectors prevents efficient gene delivery to target tissues. In this regard, modification of the viral surface with nanomaterials is a promising strategy to augment vector accumulation at the target tissue, circumvent the host immune response, and avoid nonspecific interactions with the reticuloendothelial system or serum complement. In the present review, we discuss various chemical modification strategies to enhance the therapeutic efficacy of viral vectors delivered either locally or systemically. We conclude by highlighting the salient features of various nanomaterial-coated viral vectors and their prospects and directions for future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dayananda Kasala
- Department of Bioengineering, College of Engineering, Hanyang University, 222 Wangsimni-ro, Seongdong-gu, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - A-Rum Yoon
- Department of Bioengineering, College of Engineering, Hanyang University, 222 Wangsimni-ro, Seongdong-gu, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Jinwoo Hong
- Department of Bioengineering, College of Engineering, Hanyang University, 222 Wangsimni-ro, Seongdong-gu, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Sung Wan Kim
- Department of Bioengineering, College of Engineering, Hanyang University, 222 Wangsimni-ro, Seongdong-gu, Seoul, Republic of Korea.,Department of Pharmaceutics & Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Center for Controlled Chemical Delivery, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA
| | - Chae-Ok Yun
- Department of Bioengineering, College of Engineering, Hanyang University, 222 Wangsimni-ro, Seongdong-gu, Seoul, Republic of Korea
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23
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Pereyra AS, Mykhaylyk O, Lockhart EF, Taylor JR, Delbono O, Goya RG, Plank C, Hereñu CB. Magnetofection Enhances Adenoviral Vector-based Gene Delivery in Skeletal Muscle Cells. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016; 7. [PMID: 27274908 PMCID: PMC4888903 DOI: 10.4172/2157-7439.1000364] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
The goal of magnetic field-assisted gene transfer is to enhance internalization of exogenous nucleic acids by association with magnetic nanoparticles (MNPs). This technique named magnetofection is particularly useful in difficult-to-transfect cells. It is well known that human, mouse, and rat skeletal muscle cells suffer a maturation-dependent loss of susceptibility to Recombinant Adenoviral vector (RAd) uptake. In postnatal, fully differentiated myofibers, the expression of the primary Coxsackie and Adenoviral membrane receptor (CAR) is severely downregulated representing a main hurdle for the use of these vectors in gene transfer/therapy. Here we demonstrate that assembling of Recombinant Adenoviral vectors with suitable iron oxide MNPs into magneto-adenovectors (RAd-MNP) and further exposure to a gradient magnetic field enables to efficiently overcome transduction resistance in skeletal muscle cells. Expression of Green Fluorescent Protein and Insulin-like Growth Factor 1 was significantly enhanced after magnetofection with RAd-MNPs complexes in C2C12 myotubes in vitro and mouse skeletal muscle in vivo when compared to transduction with naked virus. These results provide evidence that magnetofection, mainly due to its membrane-receptor independent mechanism, constitutes a simple and effective alternative to current methods for gene transfer into traditionally hard-to-transfect biological models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Soledad Pereyra
- Biochemistry Research Institute of La Plata (INIBIOLP)/National Scientific and Technical Research Council (CONICET), School of Medicine, National University of La Plata, La Plata, BA, Argentina (ZC 1900)
| | - Olga Mykhaylyk
- Ismaninger Street 22, Institute of Immunology and Experimental Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany (ZC 81675)
| | - Eugenia Falomir Lockhart
- Biochemistry Research Institute of La Plata (INIBIOLP)/National Scientific and Technical Research Council (CONICET), School of Medicine, National University of La Plata, La Plata, BA, Argentina (ZC 1900)
| | - Jackson Richard Taylor
- Department of Internal Medicine, Section on Gerontology and Geriatric Medicine, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, USA (ZC 27157)
| | - Osvaldo Delbono
- Department of Internal Medicine, Section on Gerontology and Geriatric Medicine, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, USA (ZC 27157)
| | - Rodolfo Gustavo Goya
- Biochemistry Research Institute of La Plata (INIBIOLP)/National Scientific and Technical Research Council (CONICET), School of Medicine, National University of La Plata, La Plata, BA, Argentina (ZC 1900)
| | - Christian Plank
- Ismaninger Street 22, Institute of Immunology and Experimental Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany (ZC 81675)
| | - Claudia Beatriz Hereñu
- Biochemistry Research Institute of La Plata (INIBIOLP)/National Scientific and Technical Research Council (CONICET), School of Medicine, National University of La Plata, La Plata, BA, Argentina (ZC 1900); IFEC-CONICET, Farmacology Department, School of Chemistry, National University of Cordoba, (ZC 5000) Córdoba, Argentina
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24
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Keasberry NA, Bañobre-López M, Wood C, Stasiuk GJ, Gallo J, Long NJ. Tuning the relaxation rates of dual-mode T(1)/T(2) nanoparticle contrast agents: a study into the ideal system. NANOSCALE 2015; 7:16119-28. [PMID: 26371437 DOI: 10.1039/c5nr04400f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is an excellent imaging modality. However the low sensitivity of the technique poses a challenge to achieving an accurate image of function at the molecular level. To overcome this, contrast agents are used; typically gadolinium based agents for T1 weighted imaging, or iron oxide based agents for T2 imaging. Traditionally, only one imaging mode is used per diagnosis although several physiological situations are known to interfere with the signal induced by the contrast agents in each individual imaging mode acquisition. Recently, the combination of both T1 and T2 imaging capabilities into a single platform has emerged as a tool to reduce uncertainties in MR image analysis. To date, contradicting reports on the effect on the contrast of the coupling of a T1 and T2 agent have hampered the application of these specialised probes. Herein, we present a systematic experimental study on a range of gadolinium-labelled magnetite nanoparticles envisioned to bring some light into the mechanism of interaction between T1 and T2 components, and advance towards the design of efficient (dual) T1 and T2 MRI probes. Unexpected behaviours observed in some of the constructs will be discussed. In this study, we demonstrate that the relaxivity of such multimodal probes can be rationally tuned to obtain unmatched potentials in MR imaging, exemplified by preparation of the magnetite-based nanoparticle with the highest T2 relaxivity described to date.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natasha A Keasberry
- Department of Chemistry, Imperial College London, South Kensington, London, SW7 2AZ, UK.
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25
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Almstätter I, Mykhaylyk O, Settles M, Altomonte J, Aichler M, Walch A, Rummeny EJ, Ebert O, Plank C, Braren R. Characterization of magnetic viral complexes for targeted delivery in oncology. Theranostics 2015; 5:667-85. [PMID: 25897333 PMCID: PMC4402492 DOI: 10.7150/thno.10438] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2014] [Accepted: 01/07/2015] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Oncolytic viruses are promising new agents in cancer therapy. Success of tumor lysis is often hampered by low intra-tumoral titers due to a strong anti-viral host immune response and insufficient tumor targeting. Previous work on the co-assembly of oncolytic virus particles (VPs) with magnetic nanoparticles (MNPs) was shown to provide shielding from inactivating immune response and improve targeting by external field gradients. In addition, MNPs are detected by magnet resonance imaging (MRI) enabling non-invasive therapy monitoring. In this study two selected core-shell type iron oxide MNPs were assembled with adenovirus (Ad) or vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV). The selected MNPs were characterized by high r2 and r2* relaxivities and thus could be quantified non-invasively by 1.5 and 3.0 tesla MRI with a detection limit below 0.001 mM iron in tissue-mimicking phantoms. Assembly and cell internalization of MNP-VP complexes resulted in 81 - 97 % reduction of r2 and 35 - 82 % increase of r2* compared to free MNPs. The relaxivity changes could be attributed to the clusterization of particles and complexes shown by transmission electron microscopy (TEM). In a proof-of-principle study the non-invasive detection of MNP-VPs by MRI was shown in vivo in an orthotopic rat hepatocellular carcinoma model. In conclusion, MNP assembly and compartmentalization have a major impact on relaxivities, therefore calibration measurements are required for the correct quantification in biodistribution studies. Furthermore, our study provides first evidence of the in vivo applicability of selected MNP-VPs in cancer therapy.
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26
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Wang X, Zhu L, Hou X, Wang L, Yin S. Polyethylenimine mediated magnetic nanoparticles for combined intracellular imaging, siRNA delivery and anti-tumor therapy. RSC Adv 2015. [DOI: 10.1039/c5ra18464a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
PEI–magnetic γ-Fe2O3nanoparticles (MNPs) were modified with fluorescent FITC for intracellular imaging and were also used for survivin siRNA delivery. The results suggested that the fabricated PEI–MNPs are a promising nanovehicle for efficient anti-tumor therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xueqin Wang
- College of Bioengineering
- Henan University of Technology
- Zhengzhou
- P. R. China
| | - Liang Zhu
- College of Bioengineering
- Henan University of Technology
- Zhengzhou
- P. R. China
| | - Xuandi Hou
- College of Bioengineering
- Henan University of Technology
- Zhengzhou
- P. R. China
| | - Liang Wang
- College of Bioengineering
- Henan University of Technology
- Zhengzhou
- P. R. China
| | - Shijiao Yin
- College of Bioengineering
- Henan University of Technology
- Zhengzhou
- P. R. China
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27
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Grześkowiak BF, Sánchez-Antequera Y, Hammerschmid E, Döblinger M, Eberbeck D, Woźniak A, Słomski R, Plank C, Mykhaylyk O. Nanomagnetic Activation as a Way to Control the Efficacy of Nucleic Acid Delivery. Pharm Res 2014; 32:103-21. [DOI: 10.1007/s11095-014-1448-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2014] [Accepted: 07/02/2014] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
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28
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Singh D, McMillan JM, Liu XM, Vishwasrao HM, Kabanov AV, Sokolsky-Papkov M, Gendelman HE. Formulation design facilitates magnetic nanoparticle delivery to diseased cells and tissues. Nanomedicine (Lond) 2014; 9:469-85. [PMID: 24646020 DOI: 10.2217/nnm.14.4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Magnetic nanoparticles (MNPs) accumulate at disease sites with the aid of magnetic fields; biodegradable MNPs can be designed to facilitate drug delivery, influence disease diagnostics, facilitate tissue regeneration and permit protein purification. Because of their limited toxicity, MNPs are widely used in theranostics, simultaneously facilitating diagnostics and therapeutics. To realize therapeutic end points, iron oxide nanoparticle cores (5-30 nm) are encapsulated in a biocompatible polymer shell with drug cargos. Although limited, the toxic potential of MNPs parallels magnetite composition, along with shape, size and surface chemistry. Clearance is hastened by the reticuloendothelial system. To surmount translational barriers, the crystal structure, particle surface and magnetic properties of MNPs need to be optimized. With this in mind, we provide a comprehensive evaluation of advancements in MNP synthesis, functionalization and design, with an eye towards bench-to-bedside translation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dhirender Singh
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA
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Xue Y, Pan Y, Xiao H, Zhao Y. Novel quaternary phosphonium-type cationic polyacrylamide and elucidation of dual-functional antibacterial/antiviral activity. RSC Adv 2014. [DOI: 10.1039/c4ra08634a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
A novel quaternary phosphonium-type cationic polyacrylamide, which can kill bacteria by destroying the cell membrane, as well as inactivate adenovirus by blocking the viral entry, is developed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Xue
- Department of Chemical Engineering
- University of New Brunswick
- Fredericton, Canada
| | - Yuanfeng Pan
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Guangxi University
- Nanning, China
| | - Huining Xiao
- Department of Chemical Engineering
- University of New Brunswick
- Fredericton, Canada
| | - Yi Zhao
- School of Environmental Sci & Eng
- North China Electric Power University
- Baoding, China
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Chorny M, Fishbein I, Tengood JE, Adamo RF, Alferiev IS, Levy RJ. Site-specific gene delivery to stented arteries using magnetically guided zinc oleate-based nanoparticles loaded with adenoviral vectors. FASEB J 2013; 27:2198-206. [PMID: 23407712 DOI: 10.1096/fj.12-224659] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Gene therapeutic strategies have shown promise in treating vascular disease. However, their translation into clinical use requires pharmaceutical carriers enabling effective, site-specific delivery as well as providing sustained transgene expression in blood vessels. While replication-deficient adenovirus (Ad) offers several important advantages as a vector for vascular gene therapy, its clinical applicability is limited by rapid inactivation, suboptimal transduction efficiency in vascular cells, and serious systemic adverse effects. We hypothesized that novel zinc oleate-based magnetic nanoparticles (MNPs) loaded with Ad would enable effective arterial cell transduction by shifting vector processing to an alternative pathway, protect Ad from inactivation by neutralizing factors, and allow site-specific gene transfer to arteries treated with stent angioplasty using a 2-source magnetic guidance strategy. Ad-loaded MNPs effectively transduced cultured endothelial and smooth muscle cells under magnetic conditions compared to controls and retained capacity for gene transfer after exposure to neutralizing antibodies and lithium iodide, a lytic agent causing disruption of free Ad. Localized arterial gene expression significantly stronger than in control animal groups was demonstrated after magnetically guided MNP delivery in a rat stenting model 2 and 9 d post-treatment, confirming feasibility of using Ad-loaded MNPs to achieve site-specific transduction in stented blood vessels. In conclusion, Ad-loaded MNPs formed by controlled precipitation of zinc oleate represent a novel delivery system, well-suited for efficient, magnetically targeted vascular gene transfer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Chorny
- Division of Cardiology, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA 19104-4318, USA.
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31
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Singh RK, Kim TH, Kim JJ, Lee EJ, Knowles JC, Kim HW. Mesoporous silica tubular nanocarriers for the delivery of therapeutic molecules. RSC Adv 2013. [DOI: 10.1039/c3ra22975k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
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Svyatchenko VA, Tarasova MV, Netesov SV, Chumakov PM. Oncolytic adenoviruses in anticancer therapy: Current status and prospects. Mol Biol 2012. [DOI: 10.1134/s0026893312040103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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Sailor MJ, Park JH. Hybrid nanoparticles for detection and treatment of cancer. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2012; 24:3779-802. [PMID: 22610698 PMCID: PMC3517011 DOI: 10.1002/adma.201200653] [Citation(s) in RCA: 301] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2012] [Revised: 04/05/2012] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
There is currently considerable effort to incorporate both diagnostic and therapeutic functions into a single nanoscale system for the more effective treatment of cancer. Nanoparticles have great potential to achieve such dual functions, particularly if more than one type of nanostructure can be incorporated in a nanoassembly, referred to in this review as a hybrid nanoparticle. Here we review recent developments in the synthesis and evaluation of such hybrid nanoparticles based on two design strategies (barge vs. tanker), in which liposomal, micellar, porous silica, polymeric, viral, noble metal, and nanotube systems are incorporated either within (barge) or at the surface of (tanker) a nanoparticle. We highlight the design factors that should be considered to obtain effective nanodevices for cancer detection and treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael J Sailor
- Materials Science and Engineering Program, Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA.
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Trueck C, Zimmermann K, Mykhaylyk O, Anton M, Vosen S, Wenzel D, Fleischmann BK, Pfeifer A. Optimization of magnetic nanoparticle-assisted lentiviral gene transfer. Pharm Res 2012; 29:1255-69. [PMID: 22274554 DOI: 10.1007/s11095-011-0660-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2011] [Accepted: 12/19/2011] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Targeting of specific cells and tissues is of great interest for clinical relevant gene- and cell-based therapies. We use magnetic nanoparticles (MNPs) with a ferrimagnetic core (Fe(3)O(4)) with different coatings to optimize MNP-assisted lentiviral gene transfer with focus on different endothelial cell lines. METHODS Lentiviral vector (LV)/MNP binding was characterized for various MNPs by different methods (e.g. magnetic responsiveness measurement). Transduced cells were analyzed by flow cytometry, fluorescence microscopy and iron recovery. Cell transduction and cell positioning under physiological flow conditions were performed using different in vitro and ex vivo systems. RESULTS Analysis of diverse MNPs with different coatings resulted in identification of nanoparticles with improved LV association and enhanced transduction properties of complexes in several endothelial cell lines. The magnetic moments of LV/MNP complexes are high enough to achieve local gene targeting of perfused endothelial cells. Perfusion of a mouse aorta with LV/MNP transduced cells under clinically relevant flow conditions led to local cell attachment at the intima of the vessel. CONCLUSION MNP-guided lentiviral transduction of endothelial cells can be significantly enhanced and localized by using optimized MNPs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christina Trueck
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Biomedical Center, University of Bonn, Sigmund-Freud-Strasse 25, 53105 Bonn, Germany
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Formulation and in vitro characterization of composite biodegradable magnetic nanoparticles for magnetically guided cell delivery. Pharm Res 2012; 29:1232-41. [PMID: 22274555 DOI: 10.1007/s11095-012-0675-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2011] [Accepted: 01/04/2012] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Cells modified with magnetically responsive nanoparticles (MNP) can provide the basis for novel targeted therapeutic strategies. However, improvements are required in the MNP design and cell treatment protocols to provide adequate magnetic properties in balance with acceptable cell viability and function. This study focused on select variables controlling the uptake and cell compatibility of biodegradable polymer-based MNP in cultured endothelial cells. METHODS Fluorescent-labeled MNP were formed using magnetite and polylactide as structural components. Their magnetically driven sedimentation and uptake were studied fluorimetrically relative to cell viability in comparison to non-magnetic control conditions. The utility of surface-activated MNP forming affinity complexes with replication-deficient adenovirus (Ad) for transduction achieved concomitantly with magnetic cell loading was examined using the green fluorescent protein reporter. RESULTS A high-gradient magnetic field was essential for sedimentation and cell binding of albumin-stabilized MNP, the latter being rate-limiting in the MNP loading process. Cell loading up to 160 pg iron oxide per cell was achievable with cell viability >90%. Magnetically driven uptake of MNP-Ad complexes can provide high levels of transgene expression potentially useful for a combined cell/gene therapy. CONCLUSIONS Magnetically responsive endothelial cells for targeted delivery applications can be obtained rapidly and efficiently using composite biodegradable MNP.
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Silica-iron oxide magnetic nanoparticles modified for gene delivery: a search for optimum and quantitative criteria. Pharm Res 2012; 29:1344-65. [PMID: 22222384 DOI: 10.1007/s11095-011-0661-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2011] [Accepted: 12/19/2011] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE To optimize silica-iron oxide magnetic nanoparticles with surface phosphonate groups decorated with 25-kD branched polyethylenimine (PEI) for gene delivery. METHODS Surface composition, charge, colloidal stabilities, associations with adenovirus, magneto-tranduction efficiencies, cell internalizations, in vitro toxicities and MRI relaxivities were tested for the particles decorated with varying amounts of PEI. RESULTS Moderate PEI-decoration of MNPs results in charge reversal and destabilization. Analysis of space and time resolved concentration changes during centrifugation clearly revealed that at >5% PEI loading flocculation gradually decreases and sufficient stabilization is achieved at >10%. The association with adenovirus occurred efficiently at levels over 5% PEI, resulting in the complexes stable in 50% FCS at a PEI-to-iron w/w ratio of ≥7%; the maximum magneto-transduction efficiency was achieved at 9-12% PEI. Primary silica iron oxide nanoparticles and those with 11.5% PEI demonstrated excellent r(2)* relaxivity values (>600 s(-1)(mM Fe)(-1)) for the free and cell-internalized particles. CONCLUSIONS Surface decoration of the silica-iron oxide nanoparticles with a PEI-to-iron w/w ratio of 10-12% yields stable aqueous suspensions, allows for efficient viral gene delivery and labeled cell detection by MRI.
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Anton M, Wolf A, Mykhaylyk O, Koch C, Gansbacher B, Plank C. Optimizing adenoviral transduction of endothelial cells under flow conditions. Pharm Res 2011; 29:1219-31. [PMID: 22207207 DOI: 10.1007/s11095-011-0631-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2011] [Accepted: 11/16/2011] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To target adenoviral vectors to cells of the vasculature and shielding vectors from inactivation by the immune system. METHODS Complexes of reporter gene expressing adenoviral vectors with positively charged magnetic nanoparticles were formed by electrostatic interaction in presence or absence of additional negatively charged poly(ethylene glycol)-based polymer. Transduction of HUVEC was analyzed in vitro under flow. Protection from inactivation by the immune system was analyzed by pre-incubation of AdV and complexes with neutralizing antibodies and subsequent reporter protein analysis of infected cells. RESULTS Physical association of AdV with MNP and polymers was demonstrated by radioactive labelling of components and co-sedimentation in a magnetic field. Ad-MNP+/-polymer resulted in efficient transduction of HUVEC, depending on MOI and flow rate in presence of magnetic field, whereas no transduction was observed without complex formation with MNP or in absence of magnetic field. Association with MNP did result in protection from neutralizing antibodies, with slightly increased protection provided by the polymer. CONCLUSIONS Complex formation of AdV with MNP is a viable means for targeting of vectors to areas of magnetic field gradient. Additional coating with polymer might proof useful in protection from inactivation by the immune system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martina Anton
- Institute of Experimental Oncology and Therapy Research, Klinikum rechts der Isar der Technischen Universität München, Munich, Germany.
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