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Han X, Zhang Q, He H, Zhao Q, Li G. Reflow-molded deep concave microwell arrays for robust and large-scale production of embryoid bodies. LAB ON A CHIP 2023; 23:4378-4389. [PMID: 37695312 DOI: 10.1039/d3lc00504f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/12/2023]
Abstract
Embryonic stem cell (ESC)-derived aggregates, called embryoid bodies (EBs), are powerful in vitro models used to study human development and disease. However, the cost-effective and large-scale production of homogeneous EBs still remains a challenge. Here, we report a rapid, straightforward method for fabricating closely arrayed deep concave microwells, enabling the mass production of uniform EBs from single cell suspensions. By simply combining micromilling, caramel replica molding, and thermal reflow, we generate convex micromolds with high aspect ratios and excellent surface smoothness. Benefitting from the nature of reflow, this method can produce rounded bottom polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) microwells, which are not easily achieved with standard soft lithography techniques but critical to producing spherical EBs. To achieve optimal concave microwells, we investigated the effect of thermal reflow temperature and time on the surface smoothness and roundness of the finished microwells. In addition, to further improve the utility of this method, we also investigated the effect of microwell aspect ratio (AR) on the loss of EBs during medium manipulation. The capability of this deep concave microwell system was validated by rapidly generating a large number of human embryonic stem cell (hESC)-derived EBs and then efficiently differentiating them into a cardiac lineage. The proposed fabrication method and deep concave microwell platform are highly practical, and thus will benefit the mass production of EBs for potential tissue regeneration and cell therapy applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xue Han
- Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Technology and Systems, Ministry of Education, Defense Key Disciplines Lab of Novel Micro-Nano Devices and System Technology, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400044, China.
| | - Qi Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Technology and Systems, Ministry of Education, Defense Key Disciplines Lab of Novel Micro-Nano Devices and System Technology, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400044, China.
| | - Hui He
- Institute of Neuroscience, Key Laboratory of Primate Neurobiology, CAS Center for Excellence in Brain Science and Intelligence Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China
| | - Qiang Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Technology and Systems, Ministry of Education, Defense Key Disciplines Lab of Novel Micro-Nano Devices and System Technology, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400044, China.
| | - Gang Li
- Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Technology and Systems, Ministry of Education, Defense Key Disciplines Lab of Novel Micro-Nano Devices and System Technology, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400044, China.
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Souralova T, Hulinova D, Jeseta M, Ventruba P, Hampl A, Koutna I. Truncated vitronectin with E-cadherin enables the xeno-free derivation of human embryonic stem cells. Sci Rep 2023; 13:15062. [PMID: 37700192 PMCID: PMC10497536 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-42236-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2023] [Accepted: 09/07/2023] [Indexed: 09/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Human embryonic stem cells (hESCs) have unique abilities that enable their use in cell therapy, disease modeling, and drug development. Their derivation is usually performed using a feeder layer, which is undefined and can potentially cause a contamination by xeno components, therefore there is a tendency to replace feeders with xeno-free defined substrates in recent years. Three hESC lines were successfully derived on the vitronectin with a truncated N-terminus (VTN-N) in combination with E-cadherin in xeno-free conditions for the first time, and their undifferentiated state, hESC morphology, and standard karyotypes together with their potential to differentiate into three germ layers were confirmed. These results support the conclusion that the VTN-N/E-cadherin is a suitable substrate for the xeno-free derivation of hESCs and can be used for the derivation of hESCs according to good manufacturing practices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tereza Souralova
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, Masaryk University, Kamenice 5, 625 00, Brno, Czech Republic
- International Clinical Research Center, Cell and Tissue Engineering Facility, St. Anne's University Hospital, Pekarska 53, 602 00, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Daniela Hulinova
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, Masaryk University, Kamenice 5, 625 00, Brno, Czech Republic
- International Clinical Research Center, Cell and Tissue Engineering Facility, St. Anne's University Hospital, Pekarska 53, 602 00, Brno, Czech Republic
- Department of Experimental Biology, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Kamenice 5, 625 00, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Michal Jeseta
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Faculty of Medicine, Center of Assisted Reproduction, Masaryk University Brno and University Hospital, Obilni Trh 11, 602 00, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Pavel Ventruba
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Faculty of Medicine, Center of Assisted Reproduction, Masaryk University Brno and University Hospital, Obilni Trh 11, 602 00, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Ales Hampl
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, Masaryk University, Kamenice 5, 625 00, Brno, Czech Republic
- International Clinical Research Center, Cell and Tissue Regeneration, St. Anne's University Hospital, Pekarska 53, 602 00, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Irena Koutna
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, Masaryk University, Kamenice 5, 625 00, Brno, Czech Republic.
- International Clinical Research Center, Cell and Tissue Engineering Facility, St. Anne's University Hospital, Pekarska 53, 602 00, Brno, Czech Republic.
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Guo W, Chen Z, Feng Z, Li H, Zhang M, Zhang H, Cui X. Fabrication of Concave Microwells and Their Applications in Micro-Tissue Engineering: A Review. MICROMACHINES 2022; 13:mi13091555. [PMID: 36144178 PMCID: PMC9505614 DOI: 10.3390/mi13091555] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2022] [Revised: 09/12/2022] [Accepted: 09/15/2022] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
At present, there is an increasing need to mimic the in vivo micro-environment in the culture of cells and tissues in micro-tissue engineering. Concave microwells are becoming increasingly popular since they can provide a micro-environment that is closer to the in vivo environment compared to traditional microwells, which can facilitate the culture of cells and tissues. Here, we will summarize the fabrication methods of concave microwells, as well as their applications in micro-tissue engineering. The fabrication methods of concave microwells include traditional methods, such as lithography and etching, thermal reflow of photoresist, laser ablation, precision-computerized numerical control (CNC) milling, and emerging technologies, such as surface tension methods, the deformation of soft membranes, 3D printing, the molding of microbeads, air bubbles, and frozen droplets. The fabrication of concave microwells is transferring from professional microfabrication labs to common biochemical labs to facilitate their applications and provide convenience for users. Concave microwells have mostly been used in organ-on-a-chip models, including the formation and culture of 3D cell aggregates (spheroids, organoids, and embryoids). Researchers have also used microwells to study the influence of substrate topology on cellular behaviors. We will briefly review their applications in different aspects of micro-tissue engineering and discuss the further applications of concave microwells. We believe that building multiorgan-on-a-chip by 3D cell aggregates of different cell lines will be a popular application of concave microwells, while integrating physiologically relevant molecular analyses with the 3D culture platform will be another popular application in the near future. Furthermore, 3D cell aggregates from these biosystems will find more applications in drug screening and xenogeneic implantation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weijin Guo
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Shantou University, Shantou 515063, China
| | - Zejingqiu Chen
- Department of Biology, Shantou University, Shantou 515063, China
| | - Zitao Feng
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Shantou University, Shantou 515063, China
| | - Haonan Li
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Shantou University, Shantou 515063, China
| | - Muyang Zhang
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Shantou University, Shantou 515063, China
| | - Huiru Zhang
- Guangdong Foshan Lianchuang Graduate School of Engineering, Foshan 528311, China
| | - Xin Cui
- Key Laboratory of Biomaterials of Guangdong Higher Education Institutes, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
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Choy Buentello D, Koch LS, Trujillo-de Santiago G, Alvarez MM, Broersen K. Use of standard U-bottom and V-bottom well plates to generate neuroepithelial embryoid bodies. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0262062. [PMID: 35536781 PMCID: PMC9089918 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0262062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2021] [Accepted: 04/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The use of organoids has become increasingly popular recently due to their self-organizing abilities, which facilitate developmental and disease modeling. Various methods have been described to create embryoid bodies (EBs) generated from embryonic or pluripotent stem cells but with varying levels of differentiation success and producing organoids of variable size. Commercial ultra-low attachment (ULA) V-bottom well plates are frequently used to generate EBs. These plates are relatively expensive and not as widely available as standard concave well plates. Here, we describe a cost-effective and low labor-intensive method that creates homogeneous EBs at high yield in standard V- and U-bottom well plates by applying an anti-adherence solution to reduce surface attachment, followed by centrifugation to enhance cellular aggregation. We also explore the effect of different seeding densities, in the range of 1 to 11 ×103 cells per well, for the fabrication of neuroepithelial EBs. Our results show that the use of V-bottom well plates briefly treated with anti-adherent solution (for 5 min at room temperature) consistently yields functional neural EBs in the range of seeding densities from 5 to 11×103 cells per well. A brief post-seeding centrifugation step further enhances EB establishment. EBs fabricated using centrifugation exhibited lower variability in their final size than their non-centrifuged counterparts, and centrifugation also improved EB yield. The span of conditions for reliable EB production is narrower in U-bottom wells than in V-bottom wells (i.e., seeding densities between 7×103 and 11×103 and using a centrifugation step). We show that EBs generated by the protocols introduced here successfully developed into neural organoids and expressed the relevant markers associated with their lineages. We anticipate that the cost-effective and easily implemented protocols presented here will greatly facilitate the generation of EBs, thereby further democratizing the worldwide ability to conduct organoid-based research.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Choy Buentello
- Centro de Biotecnología-FEMSA, Tecnologico de Monterrey, Monterrey, NL, México
- Departamento de Bioingeniería, Tecnologico de Monterrey, Monterrey, NL, México
- Department of Applied Stem Cell Technologies, TechMed Centre Enschede, University of Twente, Enschede, The Netherlands
| | - Lena Sophie Koch
- Department of Applied Stem Cell Technologies, TechMed Centre Enschede, University of Twente, Enschede, The Netherlands
| | - Grissel Trujillo-de Santiago
- Centro de Biotecnología-FEMSA, Tecnologico de Monterrey, Monterrey, NL, México
- Departamento de Ingeniería Mecatrónica y Eléctrica, Tecnologico de Monterrey, Monterrey, NL, México
| | - Mario Moisés Alvarez
- Centro de Biotecnología-FEMSA, Tecnologico de Monterrey, Monterrey, NL, México
- Departamento de Bioingeniería, Tecnologico de Monterrey, Monterrey, NL, México
- * E-mail: (MMA); (KB)
| | - Kerensa Broersen
- Department of Applied Stem Cell Technologies, TechMed Centre Enschede, University of Twente, Enschede, The Netherlands
- * E-mail: (MMA); (KB)
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Park SJ, Jung TH, Kim JH, Lee KY, Kim J, Ju J, Moon SH. In silico design and fabrication of an SFI chip-based microspheroid culture system. Biomater Sci 2022; 10:2991-3005. [PMID: 35521942 DOI: 10.1039/d2bm00250g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The emergence of microfluidic devices and computational fluid dynamics (CFD) has propelled the need for next-generation biomimetic cell culture platforms that are flexible for monitoring and regulation. Therefore, this study evaluated a CFD application in an in silico-designed and spheroid-based flow integration 3D cell culture chip (SFI chip) to illustrate cell culture, drug screening, cytokine delivery, and differentiation of cells in a platform that partially recapitulates the natural environment. Our results show that a flow rate of 0.05 mL h-1 or less induced no physical stress in the SFI chip (15 mm), and uniform cell spheroids (approximately 200 μm) were formed across the platform. The cultured cells were tested in several experimental contexts (co-culture, drug screening, cytokine delivery, and differentiation), demonstrating the usefulness of computational simulation in expediting discovery and simple and effective means to scale the production of standardized cell spheroids cultured under dynamic and natural conditions. Advanced cell culture technologies can be used to accelerate research and discovery and the preclinical and clinical development of cell and cell-free therapies for urgent medical needs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soon-Jung Park
- Department of Medicine, Konkuk University School of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea.,Stem Cell Research Institute, T&R Biofab Co. Ltd, Siheung, Republic of Korea.
| | - Taek-Hee Jung
- Department of Medicine, Konkuk University School of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea.,Stem Cell Research Institute, T&R Biofab Co. Ltd, Siheung, Republic of Korea.
| | - Jong Hyun Kim
- Department of Biological Science, Hyupsung University, Hwasung, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyoung-Yong Lee
- Carbon Neutral Technology R&D Department, Korea Institute of Industrial Technology (KITECH), Cheonan, Republic of Korea
| | - Jeongyun Kim
- Department of Physics, College of Science & Technology, Dankook University, Cheonan, Chungnam, 31116, Republic of Korea.
| | - Jongil Ju
- Department of Physics, College of Science & Technology, Dankook University, Cheonan, Chungnam, 31116, Republic of Korea. .,Department of R&D, ABM Scientific Co., Cheonan, Republic of Korea
| | - Sung-Hwan Moon
- Department of Medicine, Konkuk University School of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea.,Stem Cell Research Institute, T&R Biofab Co. Ltd, Siheung, Republic of Korea. .,Department of Animal Biotechnology, Sangji University, Wonju, Republic of Korea
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Piersma AH, Baker NC, Daston GP, Flick B, Fujiwara M, Knudsen TB, Spielmann H, Suzuki N, Tsaioun K, Kojima H. Pluripotent Stem Cell Assays: Modalities and Applications For Predictive Developmental Toxicity. Curr Res Toxicol 2022; 3:100074. [PMID: 35633891 PMCID: PMC9130094 DOI: 10.1016/j.crtox.2022.100074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2022] [Revised: 04/21/2022] [Accepted: 05/09/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
A systematic scoping review of the literature evaluated the embryonic stem cell test (EST). 1533 publications included 18 publications testing 10 or more compounds in human or mouse EST. Selected case examples included 5-fluorouracil, thalidomide, and caffeine. Applicability, limitations, and recommendations for further work are discussed.
This manuscript provides a review focused on embryonic stem cell-based models and their place within the landscape of alternative developmental toxicity assays. Against the background of the principles of developmental toxicology, the wide diversity of alternative methods using pluripotent stem cells developed in this area over the past half century is reviewed. In order to provide an overview of available models, a systematic scoping review was conducted following a published protocol with inclusion criteria, which were applied to select the assays. Critical aspects including biological domain, readout endpoint, availability of standardized protocols, chemical domain, reproducibility and predictive power of each assay are described in detail, in order to review the applicability and limitations of the platform in general and progress moving forward to implementation. The horizon of innovative routes of promoting regulatory implementation of alternative methods is scanned, and recommendations for further work are given.
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Elimination of Reprogramming Transgenes Facilitates the Differentiation of Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells into Hepatocyte-like Cells and Hepatic Organoids. BIOLOGY 2022; 11:biology11040493. [PMID: 35453693 PMCID: PMC9030920 DOI: 10.3390/biology11040493] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2022] [Revised: 03/11/2022] [Accepted: 03/21/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Simple Summary The elimination of reprogramming transgenes affects the differentiation potential of human induced pluripotent stem cells (hiPSCs) at the early embryonic development stage, but not during the late stage of development into hepatocytes and hepatic organoids. Using an excisable polycistronic lentiviral system (STEMCCA, Cre-loxP system), we generated both transgene-carrying and transgene-free hiPSCs from human fibroblasts and demonstrated that the elimination of transgenes enhances the differentiation potential of iPSCs toward hepatocyte-like cells and the generation of hepatic organoids, exhibiting efficient hepatic differentiation. Our findings thus provide significant insights into the characteristics of iPSC-derived hepatic organoids. Abstract Hepatocytes and hepatic organoids (HOs) derived from human induced pluripotent stem cells (hiPSCs) are promising cell-based therapies for liver diseases. The removal of reprogramming transgenes can affect hiPSC differentiation potential into the three germ layers but not into hepatocytes and hepatic organoids in the late developmental stage. Herein, we generated hiPSCs from normal human fibroblasts using an excisable polycistronic lentiviral vector based on the Cre recombinase-mediated removal of the loxP-flanked reprogramming cassette. Comparing the properties of transgene-carrying and transgene-free hiPSCs with the same genetic background, the pluripotent states of all hiPSCs were quite similar, as indicated by the expression of pluripotent markers, embryonic body formation, and tri-lineage differentiation in vitro. However, after in vitro differentiation into hepatocytes, transgene-free hiPSCs were superior to the transgene-residual hiPSCs. Interestingly, the generation and hepatic differentiation of human hepatic organoids (hHOs) were significantly enhanced by transgene elimination from hiPSCs, as observed by the upregulated fetal liver (CK19, SOX9, and ITGA6) and functional hepatocyte (albumin, ASGR1, HNF4α, CYP1A2, CYP3A4, and AAT) markers upon culture in differentiation media. Thus, the elimination of reprogramming transgenes facilitates hiPSC differentiation into hepatocyte-like cells and hepatic organoids with properties of liver progenitor cells. Our findings thus provide significant insights into the characteristics of iPSC-derived hepatic organoids.
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Eilenberger C, Rothbauer M, Brandauer K, Spitz S, Ehmoser EK, Küpcü S, Ertl P. Screening for Best Neuronal-Glial Differentiation Protocols of Neuralizing Agents Using a Multi-Sized Microfluidic Embryoid Body Array. Pharmaceutics 2022; 14:pharmaceutics14020339. [PMID: 35214071 PMCID: PMC8878393 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics14020339] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2021] [Revised: 01/27/2022] [Accepted: 01/29/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Stem cell technology and embryonic stem cell models are of great interest in biomedical research since they provide deeper insights into, e.g., neurogenesis and early mammalian brain development. Despite their great scientific potential, the reliable establishment of three-dimensional embryoid bodies (EBs) remains a major challenge, and the current lack of standardization and comparability is still limiting a broader application and translation of stem cell technology. Among others, a vital aspect for the reliable formation of EBs is optimizing differentiation protocols since organized differentiation is influenced by soluble inducers and EB size. A microfluidic biochip array was employed to automate cell loading and optimize directed neuronal and astrocytic differentiation protocols using murine P19 embryoid bodies to facilitate reliable embryonic stem cell differentiation. Our gravity-driven microfluidic size-controlled embryoid body-on-a-chip system allows (a) the robust operation and cultivation of up to 90 EBs in parallel and (b) the reproducible generation of five increasing sizes ranging from 300 µm to 1000 µm diameters. A comparative study adds two differentiation-inducers such as retinoic acid and EC23 to size-controlled embryoid bodies to identify the optimal differentiation protocol. Our study revealed a 1.4 to 1.9-fold higher neuron and astrocyte expression in larger embryoid bodies (above 750 µm) over smaller-sized EBs (below 450 µm), thus highlighting the importance of EB size in the establishment of robust neurodevelopmental in vitro models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christoph Eilenberger
- Faculty of Technical Chemistry, Vienna University of Technology, Getreidemarkt 9, 1060 Vienna, Austria; (K.B.); (S.S.); (P.E.)
- Correspondence: (C.E.); (M.R.)
| | - Mario Rothbauer
- Faculty of Technical Chemistry, Vienna University of Technology, Getreidemarkt 9, 1060 Vienna, Austria; (K.B.); (S.S.); (P.E.)
- Orthopedic Microsystems, Karl Chiari Lab for Orthopaedic Biology, Department of Orthopedics and Trauma Surgery, Medical University of Vienna, Währinger Gürtel 18-20, 1090 Vienna, Austria
- Correspondence: (C.E.); (M.R.)
| | - Konstanze Brandauer
- Faculty of Technical Chemistry, Vienna University of Technology, Getreidemarkt 9, 1060 Vienna, Austria; (K.B.); (S.S.); (P.E.)
| | - Sarah Spitz
- Faculty of Technical Chemistry, Vienna University of Technology, Getreidemarkt 9, 1060 Vienna, Austria; (K.B.); (S.S.); (P.E.)
| | - Eva-Kathrin Ehmoser
- Department of Nanobiotechnology, Institute of Synthetic Bioarchitectures, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Muthgasse 18, 1190 Vienna, Austria; (E.-K.E.); (S.K.)
| | - Seta Küpcü
- Department of Nanobiotechnology, Institute of Synthetic Bioarchitectures, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Muthgasse 18, 1190 Vienna, Austria; (E.-K.E.); (S.K.)
| | - Peter Ertl
- Faculty of Technical Chemistry, Vienna University of Technology, Getreidemarkt 9, 1060 Vienna, Austria; (K.B.); (S.S.); (P.E.)
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Eilenberger C, Rothbauer M, Selinger F, Gerhartl A, Jordan C, Harasek M, Schädl B, Grillari J, Weghuber J, Neuhaus W, Küpcü S, Ertl P. A Microfluidic Multisize Spheroid Array for Multiparametric Screening of Anticancer Drugs and Blood-Brain Barrier Transport Properties. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2021; 8:e2004856. [PMID: 34105271 PMCID: PMC8188192 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202004856] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2020] [Revised: 01/30/2021] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Physiological-relevant in vitro tissue models with their promise of better predictability have the potential to improve drug screening outcomes in preclinical studies. Despite the advances of spheroid models in pharmaceutical screening applications, variations in spheroid size and consequential altered cell responses often lead to nonreproducible and unpredictable results. Here, a microfluidic multisize spheroid array is established and characterized using liver, lung, colon, and skin cells as well as a triple-culture model of the blood-brain barrier (BBB) to assess the effects of spheroid size on (a) anticancer drug toxicity and (b) compound penetration across an advanced BBB model. The reproducible on-chip generation of 360 spheroids of five dimensions on a well-plate format using an integrated microlens technology is demonstrated. While spheroid size-related IC50 values vary up to 160% using the anticancer drugs cisplatin (CIS) or doxorubicin (DOX), reduced CIS:DOX drug dose combinations eliminate all lung microtumors independent of their sizes. A further application includes optimizing cell seeding ratios and size-dependent compound uptake studies in a perfused BBB model. Generally, smaller BBB-spheroids reveal an 80% higher compound penetration than larger spheroids while verifying the BBB opening effect of mannitol and a spheroid size-related modulation on paracellular transport properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christoph Eilenberger
- Faculty of Technical ChemistryVienna University of TechnologyGetreidemarkt 9Vienna1060Austria
| | - Mario Rothbauer
- Faculty of Technical ChemistryVienna University of TechnologyGetreidemarkt 9Vienna1060Austria
- Karl Chiari Lab for Orthopaedic BiologyDepartment of Orthopedics and Trauma SurgeryMedical University of ViennaWähringer Gürtel 18‐20Vienna1090Austria
| | - Florian Selinger
- Faculty of Technical ChemistryVienna University of TechnologyGetreidemarkt 9Vienna1060Austria
| | - Anna Gerhartl
- AIT Austrian Institute of Technology GmbHCenter Health and BioresourcesCompetence Unit Molecular DiagnosticsGiefinggasse 4Vienna1210Austria
| | - Christian Jordan
- Faculty of Technical ChemistryVienna University of TechnologyGetreidemarkt 9Vienna1060Austria
| | - Michael Harasek
- Faculty of Technical ChemistryVienna University of TechnologyGetreidemarkt 9Vienna1060Austria
| | - Barbara Schädl
- Ludwig‐Boltzmann‐Institute for Experimental and Clinical TraumatologyDonaueschingenstraße 13Vienna1200Austria
| | - Johannes Grillari
- Ludwig‐Boltzmann‐Institute for Experimental and Clinical TraumatologyDonaueschingenstraße 13Vienna1200Austria
- Institute for Molecular BiotechnologyDepartment of BiotechnologyUniversity of Natural Resources and Life SciencesMuthgasse 18Vienna1190Austria
| | - Julian Weghuber
- School of EngineeringUniversity of Applied Sciences Upper AustriaStelzhamerstraße 23Wels4600Austria
- FFoQSI GmbH‐Austrian Competence Centre for Feed and Food QualitySafety and InnovationTechnopark 1CTulln3430Austria
| | - Winfried Neuhaus
- AIT Austrian Institute of Technology GmbHCenter Health and BioresourcesCompetence Unit Molecular DiagnosticsGiefinggasse 4Vienna1210Austria
| | - Seta Küpcü
- Institute of Synthetic BioarchitecturesDepartment of NanobiotechnologyUniversity of Natural Resources and Life SciencesVienna, Muthgasse 11Vienna1190Austria
| | - Peter Ertl
- Faculty of Technical ChemistryVienna University of TechnologyGetreidemarkt 9Vienna1060Austria
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11
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Guo NN, Liu LP, Zheng YW, Li YM. Inducing human induced pluripotent stem cell differentiation through embryoid bodies: A practical and stable approach. World J Stem Cells 2020; 12:25-34. [PMID: 32110273 PMCID: PMC7031760 DOI: 10.4252/wjsc.v12.i1.25] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2019] [Revised: 09/30/2019] [Accepted: 12/15/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Human induced pluripotent stem cells (hiPSCs) are invaluable resources for producing high-quality differentiated cells in unlimited quantities for both basic research and clinical use. They are particularly useful for studying human disease mechanisms in vitro by making it possible to circumvent the ethical issues of human embryonic stem cell research. However, significant limitations exist when using conventional flat culturing methods especially concerning cell expansion, differentiation efficiency, stability maintenance and multicellular 3D structure establishment, differentiation prediction. Embryoid bodies (EBs), the multicellular aggregates spontaneously generated from iPSCs in the suspension system, might help to address these issues. Due to the unique microenvironment and cell communication in EB structure that a 2D culture system cannot achieve, EBs have been widely applied in hiPSC-derived differentiation and show significant advantages especially in scaling up culturing, differentiation efficiency enhancement, ex vivo simulation, and organoid establishment. EBs can potentially also be used in early prediction of iPSC differentiation capability. To improve the stability and feasibility of EB-mediated differentiation and generate high quality EBs, critical factors including iPSC pluripotency maintenance, generation of uniform morphology using micro-pattern 3D culture systems, proper cellular density inoculation, and EB size control are discussed on the basis of both published data and our own laboratory experiences. Collectively, the production of a large quantity of homogeneous EBs with high quality is important for the stability and feasibility of many PSCs related studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ning-Ning Guo
- Institute of Regenerative Medicine, Affiliated Hospital of Jiangsu University, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212001, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Li-Ping Liu
- Institute of Regenerative Medicine, Affiliated Hospital of Jiangsu University, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212001, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Yun-Wen Zheng
- Institute of Regenerative Medicine, Affiliated Hospital of Jiangsu University, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212001, Jiangsu Province, China
- Department of Gastrointestinal and Hepato-Biliary-Pancreatic Surgery, University of Tsukuba Faculty of Medicine, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8575, Japan
- Yokohama City University School of Medicine, Yokohama, Kanagawa 234-0006, Japan
- Division of Regenerative Medicine, Center for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, The Institute of Medical Science, the University of Tokyo, Tokyo 108-8639, Japan
| | - Yu-Mei Li
- Institute of Regenerative Medicine, Affiliated Hospital of Jiangsu University, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212001, Jiangsu Province, China
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12
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Suhito IR, Kang ES, Kim DS, Baek S, Park SJ, Moon SH, Luo Z, Lee D, Min J, Kim TH. High density gold nanostructure composites for precise electrochemical detection of human embryonic stem cells in cell mixture. Colloids Surf B Biointerfaces 2019; 180:384-392. [PMID: 31082776 DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfb.2019.04.059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2018] [Revised: 04/18/2019] [Accepted: 04/29/2019] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Precise detection of undifferentiated human pluripotent stem cells (hPSCs) and their entire subsequent elimination are incredibly important in preventing teratoma formations after transplantation. Recently, electrochemical sensing platforms have demonstrated immense potential as a new tool to detect remaining hPSCs in label-free and non-destructive manner. Nevertheless, one of the critical huddles of this electrochemical sensing approach is its low sensitivity since even low concentrations of remaining hPSCs were reported to form teratoma once transplanted. To address this issue, in this study, we report an engineering-based approach to improve the sensitivity of electrochemical sensing platform for hPSC detection. By optimizing the density of gold nanostructure and the matrigel concentration to improve both electro-catalytic property and biocompatibility, the sensitivity of the developed platform toward hESCs detection could reach 12,500 cells/chip, which is close to the known critical concentration of hPSCs (˜10,000 cells) that induce teratoma formation in vivo. Remarkably, the electrochemical signals were not detectable from other types of stem cell-derived endothelial cells (CB-EPCs) even at high concentrations of CB-EPCs (40,000 cells/chip), proving the high selectivity of the developed platform toward hPSC detection. Hence, the developed platform could be highly useful to solve the safety issues that are related with clinical application of hPSC-derived cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Intan Rosalina Suhito
- School of Integrative Engineering, Chung-Ang University, Seoul 06974, Republic of Korea
| | - Ee-Seul Kang
- School of Integrative Engineering, Chung-Ang University, Seoul 06974, Republic of Korea
| | - Da-Seul Kim
- School of Integrative Engineering, Chung-Ang University, Seoul 06974, Republic of Korea
| | - Seungho Baek
- School of Integrative Engineering, Chung-Ang University, Seoul 06974, Republic of Korea
| | - Soon-Jung Park
- Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Republic of Korea
| | - Sung-Hwan Moon
- Department of Stem Cell Biology, School of Medicine, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Republic of Korea
| | - Zhengtang Luo
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon 999077, Hong Kong, China
| | - Donghyun Lee
- School of Integrative Engineering, Chung-Ang University, Seoul 06974, Republic of Korea
| | - Junhong Min
- School of Integrative Engineering, Chung-Ang University, Seoul 06974, Republic of Korea.
| | - Tae-Hyung Kim
- School of Integrative Engineering, Chung-Ang University, Seoul 06974, Republic of Korea; Integrative Research Center for Two-Dimensional Functional Materials, Institute of Interdisciplinary Convergence Research, Chung-Ang University, Seoul 06974, Republic of Korea.
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13
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Park SJ, Lee JH, Lee SG, Lee JE, Seo J, Choi JJ, Jung TH, Chung EB, Kim HN, Ju J, Song YH, Chung HM, Lee DR, Moon SH. Functional Equivalency in Human Somatic Cell Nuclear Transfer-Derived Endothelial Cells. Stem Cells 2019; 37:623-630. [PMID: 30721559 DOI: 10.1002/stem.2986] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2018] [Revised: 12/24/2018] [Accepted: 01/05/2019] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
The derivation of human embryonic stem cells (hESCs) by somatic cell nuclear transfer (SCNT) has prompted a re-emerging interest in using such cells for therapeutic cloning. Despite recent advancements in derivation protocols, the functional potential of CHA-NT4 derived cells is yet to be elucidated. For this reason, this study sought to differentiate CHA-NT4 cells toward an endothelial lineage in order to evaluate in vitro and in vivo functionality. To initial differentiation, embryoid body formation of CHA-NT4 was mediated by concave microwell system which was optimized for hESC-endothelial cell (EC) differentiation. The isolated CD31+ cells exhibited hallmark endothelial characteristics in terms of morphology, tubule formation, and ac-LDL uptake. Furthermore, CHA-NT4-derived EC (human nuclear transfer [hNT]-ESC-EC) transplantation in hind limb ischemic mice rescued the hind limb and restored blood perfusion. These findings suggest that hNT-ESC-EC are functionally equivalent to hESC-ECs, warranting further study of CHA-NT4 derivatives in comparison to other well established pluripotent stem cell lines. This revival of human SCNT-ESC research may lead to interesting insights into cellular behavior in relation to donor profile, mitochondrial DNA, and oocyte quality. Stem Cells 2019;37:623-630.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soon-Jung Park
- Department of Stem Cell Biology, Konkuk University, School of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Ji-Heon Lee
- Department of Stem Cell Biology, Konkuk University, School of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Seul-Gi Lee
- Department of Stem Cell Biology, Konkuk University, School of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Jeoung Eun Lee
- CHA Stem Cell Institute, CHA University, Seongnam, Republic of Korea
| | - Joseph Seo
- Department of Stem Cell Biology, Konkuk University, School of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Jong Jin Choi
- Department of Stem Cell Biology, Konkuk University, School of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea.,Division of research, BYON Co. Ltd., Stem Cell Research Center, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Taek-Hee Jung
- Division of research, BYON Co. Ltd., Stem Cell Research Center, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Eun-Bin Chung
- Division of research, BYON Co. Ltd., Stem Cell Research Center, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Ha Na Kim
- Department of Stem Cell Biology, Konkuk University, School of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Jongil Ju
- Department of R&D, Advanced Bio Micro (ABM) Scientific Co., Cheonan, Republic of Korea
| | - Yun-Ho Song
- Department of Stem Cell Biology, Konkuk University, School of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyung-Min Chung
- Department of Stem Cell Biology, Konkuk University, School of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Dong Ryul Lee
- CHA Stem Cell Institute, CHA University, Seongnam, Republic of Korea.,Research Institute for Stem Cell Research, CHA Health Systems, Los Angeles, California, USA.,Department of Biomedical Science, CHA University, Seongnam, Republic of Korea
| | - Sung-Hwan Moon
- Department of Stem Cell Biology, Konkuk University, School of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea.,Department of Stem Cell Biology, Research Institute, T&R Biofab Co. Ltd., Siheung, Republic of Korea
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14
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Wang B, Tu X, Wei J, Wang L, Chen Y. Substrate elasticity dependent colony formation and cardiac differentiation of human induced pluripotent stem cells. Biofabrication 2018; 11:015005. [DOI: 10.1088/1758-5090/aae0a5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
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15
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Luz AL, Tokar EJ. Pluripotent Stem Cells in Developmental Toxicity Testing: A Review of Methodological Advances. Toxicol Sci 2018; 165:31-39. [PMID: 30169765 PMCID: PMC6111785 DOI: 10.1093/toxsci/kfy174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Millions of children are born each year with a birth defect. Many of these defects are caused by environmental factors, although the underlying etiology is often unknown. In vivo mammalian models are frequently used to determine if a chemical poses a risk to the developing fetus. However, there are over 80 000 chemicals registered for use in the United States, many of which have undergone little safety testing, necessitating the need for higher-throughput methods to assess developmental toxicity. Pluripotent stem cells (PSCs) are an ideal in vitro model to investigate developmental toxicity as they possess the capacity to differentiate into nearly any cell type in the human body. Indeed, a burst of research has occurred in the field of stem cell toxicology over the past decade, which has resulted in numerous methodological advances that utilize both mouse and human PSCs, as well as cutting-edge technology in the fields of metabolomics, transcriptomics, transgenics, and high-throughput imaging. Here, we review the wide array of approaches used to detect developmental toxicants, suggest areas for further research, and highlight critical aspects of stem cell biology that should be considered when utilizing PSCs in developmental toxicity testing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anthony L Luz
- Stem Cell Toxicology Group, National Toxicology Program Laboratory, Division of the National Toxicology Program, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27709
| | - Erik J Tokar
- Stem Cell Toxicology Group, National Toxicology Program Laboratory, Division of the National Toxicology Program, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27709
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16
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Lach MS, Kulcenty K, Jankowska K, Trzeciak T, Richter M, Suchorska WM. Effect of cellular mass on chondrogenic differentiation during embryoid body formation. Mol Med Rep 2018; 18:2705-2714. [PMID: 30015965 PMCID: PMC6102628 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2018.9272] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2018] [Accepted: 07/03/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
One approach to cell differentiation is to use the natural capacity of pluripotent stem cells to form three germ layers via embryoid bodies (EB). However, unification of this process during in vitro culture remains challenging and many microenvironmental factors including the number of cells in the culture can influence differentiation patterns. The number of cells serves a crucial role as it determines access to nutrients, the distribution of oxygen concentration and cellular interactions, all of which influence the fate of the differentiated cells. The influence of EBs derived from human pluripotent cells on the chondrogenic potential of such cells is not well understood. For this reason, the present study sought to determine the effect of varying amounts of cells on the properties of EBs derived from human embryonic stem cells (BG01V cell line). In the present study, 500–2,000 cells per well were cultivated from 5 to 15 days in suspension cell culture. Expression of pluripotency genes and germ layer markers were evaluated in order to determine the EBs with the greatest and least mesodermal properties. Genes associated with pluripotency and chondrogenesis were also evaluated to assess the influence of suspension culture duration and EB size on chondrogenic differentiation. Immunofluorescence staining for pluripotent and chondrocyte-associated proteins confirmed successful differentiation into chondrocyte-like cells. Alcian blue staining confirmed deposition of proteoglycans. These results suggested that EBs formed in 500-cell wells possess the highest mesodermal and prochondrogenic properties. Differentiation of EBs into chondrocytes on day 5 in 500-cell wells was more efficient than in that observed in larger and older EBs.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Tomasz Trzeciak
- Department of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, 61‑545 Poznan, Poland
| | - Magdalena Richter
- Department of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, 61‑545 Poznan, Poland
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17
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De Angelis MT, Parrotta EI, Santamaria G, Cuda G. Short-term retinoic acid treatment sustains pluripotency and suppresses differentiation of human induced pluripotent stem cells. Cell Death Dis 2018; 9:6. [PMID: 29305588 PMCID: PMC5849042 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-017-0028-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2017] [Revised: 09/08/2017] [Accepted: 10/04/2017] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Human pluripotent stem cells (hPSCs), including human embryonic stem cells (hESCs) derived from blastocyst and human induced pluripotent stem cells (hiPSCs) generated from somatic cells by ectopic expression of defined transcriptional factors, have both the ability to self-renew and to differentiate into all cell types. Here we explored the two antagonistic effects of retinoic acid (RA) on hiPSCs. Although RA has been widely described as a pharmacological agent with a critical role in initiating differentiation of pluripotent stem cells, we demonstrate that short-term RA exposure not only antagonizes cell differentiation and sustains pluripotency of hiPSCs, but it also boosts and improves their properties and characteristics. To shed light on the mechanistic insights involved in the resistance to differentiation of hiPSCs cultured in RA conditions, as well as their improved pluripotency state, we focused our attention on the Wnt pathway. Our findings show that RA inhibits the Wnt canonical pathway and positively modulates the Akt/mTOR signaling, explaining why such perturbations, under our experimental conditions, do not lead to hiPSCs differentiation. Altogether, these data uncover a novel role for RA in favouring the maintenance of ground-state pluripotency, supporting its bivalent role, dose- and time-dependent, for hiPSCs differentiation and self-renewal processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Teresa De Angelis
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, Stem Cell Laboratory, Research Center of Advanced Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University "Magna Graecia" of Catanzaro, Viale Europa, 88100, Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Elvira Immacolata Parrotta
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, Stem Cell Laboratory, Research Center of Advanced Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University "Magna Graecia" of Catanzaro, Viale Europa, 88100, Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Gianluca Santamaria
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, Stem Cell Laboratory, Research Center of Advanced Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University "Magna Graecia" of Catanzaro, Viale Europa, 88100, Catanzaro, Italy.,CIS (Centro Interdisciplinare Servizi), University "Magna Graecia" of Catanzaro, Viale Europa, 88100, Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Giovanni Cuda
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, Stem Cell Laboratory, Research Center of Advanced Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University "Magna Graecia" of Catanzaro, Viale Europa, 88100, Catanzaro, Italy.
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18
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Mechanotransduction of human pluripotent stem cells cultivated on tunable cell-derived extracellular matrix. Biomaterials 2018; 150:100-111. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2017.10.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2017] [Accepted: 10/07/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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19
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Li L, Zhu S, Li Y, Cao W, Qiao X. Downregulation of miR‑146a promotes proliferation and migration of AOB‑treated embryoid body via PDGFRA induction. Mol Med Rep 2017; 17:2586-2592. [PMID: 29207159 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2017.8133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2017] [Accepted: 08/24/2017] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Antioxidant of bamboo leaves (AOB) has been proven to have antioxidant activity and an inhibitory effect on free radicals that induce deterioration of macromolecules. The multi‑target regulation of microRNAs (miRs) in the complicated process of vasculogenesis and angiogenesis lead to the use of miRNA therapy in vascular development. In the present study, the role of miRNAs on early embryo vascular development upon AOB stimulation was investigated. For this purpose, mouse embryonic stem cells were spontaneously differentiated as embryoid bodies (EBs) and were examined by phase contrast microscopy. miR‑146a mimic and scramble control were transfected into EBs and potential targets of miR‑146a were predicted. Cell proliferation and migration were detected by cell viability and wound‑healing and migration assays, respectively. Angiogenesis was determined by the Spheroid sprouting assay. It was demonstrated that EBs transfected with miR‑146a mimic had an increased growth rate compared with the control cells. miR‑146a‑transfected cells were very susceptible to AOB treatment. Furthermore, among the predicted miR‑146a targets, platelet‑derived growth factor receptor alpha (PDGFRA) was identified as a bona fide target of miR‑146a. In conclusion, PDGFRA was demonstrated to participate in the modulation of cell migration and proliferation of mouse EBs. The present study expanded the current understanding of AOB biology and elucidated the mechanisms underlying early embryo vascular development upon AOB stimulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lejing Li
- Department of Acupuncture and Moxibustio, Linzi District People's Hospital, Linzi, Shandong 255400, P.R. China
| | - Shoulian Zhu
- Department of Neurology, Linzi District People's Hospital, Linzi, Shandong 255400, P.R. China
| | - Ying Li
- Department of Neurology, Linzi District People's Hospital, Linzi, Shandong 255400, P.R. China
| | - Wenyuan Cao
- Department of Neurology, Linzi District People's Hospital, Linzi, Shandong 255400, P.R. China
| | - Xiaoli Qiao
- Department of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Linzi District People's Hospital, Linzi, Shandong 255400, P.R. China
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20
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Dziedzicka D, Markouli C, Barbé L, Spits C, Sermon K, Geens M. A High Proliferation Rate is Critical for Reproducible and Standardized Embryoid Body Formation from Laminin-521-Based Human Pluripotent Stem Cell Cultures. Stem Cell Rev Rep 2017; 12:721-730. [PMID: 27544201 DOI: 10.1007/s12015-016-9679-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
When aiming for homogenous embryoid body (EB) differentiation, the use of equal-sized EBs is required to avoid a size-induced differentiation bias. In this study we developed an efficient and standardized EB formation protocol for human pluripotent stem cells (hPSC) cultured in a laminin-521-based xeno-free system. As the cell proliferation rate of the cells growing on laminin-521 strongly affected the efficiency of aggregate formation, we found that recently passaged cells, as well as the addition of ROCK inhibitor, were essential for reproducible EB formation from hPSC single-cell suspensions. EBs could be obtained in a variety of differentiation media, in 96-well round-bottom plates and in hanging drops. Gene expression studies on differentially sized EBs from three individual human embryonic stem cell lines demonstrated that the medium used for differentiation influenced the differentiation outcome to a much greater extent than the number of cells used for the initial EB formation. Our findings give a new insight into factors that influence the EB formation and differentiation process. This optimized method allows us to easily manipulate EB formation and provide an excellent starting point for downstream EB-based differentiation protocols.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dominika Dziedzicka
- Research Group Reproduction and Genetics, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Laarbeeklaan 103, 1090, Brussels, Belgium.
| | - Christina Markouli
- Research Group Reproduction and Genetics, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Laarbeeklaan 103, 1090, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Lise Barbé
- Research Group Reproduction and Genetics, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Laarbeeklaan 103, 1090, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Claudia Spits
- Research Group Reproduction and Genetics, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Laarbeeklaan 103, 1090, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Karen Sermon
- Research Group Reproduction and Genetics, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Laarbeeklaan 103, 1090, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Mieke Geens
- Research Group Reproduction and Genetics, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Laarbeeklaan 103, 1090, Brussels, Belgium
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21
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Chen IP, Luxmi R, Kanaujiya J, Hao Z, Reichenberger EJ. Craniometaphyseal Dysplasia Mutations in ANKH Negatively Affect Human Induced Pluripotent Stem Cell Differentiation into Osteoclasts. Stem Cell Reports 2017; 9:1369-1376. [PMID: 29056330 PMCID: PMC5830990 DOI: 10.1016/j.stemcr.2017.09.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2017] [Revised: 09/20/2017] [Accepted: 09/22/2017] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
We identified osteoclast defects in craniometaphyseal dysplasia (CMD) using an easy-to-use protocol for differentiating osteoclasts from human induced pluripotent stem cells (hiPSCs). CMD is a rare genetic bone disorder, characterized by life-long progressive thickening of craniofacial bones and abnormal shape of long bones. hiPSCs from CMD patients with an in-frame deletion of Phe377 or Ser375 in ANKH are more refractory to in vitro osteoclast differentiation than control hiPSCs. To exclude differentiation effects due to genetic variability, we generated isogenic hiPSCs, which have identical genetic background except for the ANKH mutation. Isogenic hiPSCs with ANKH mutations formed fewer osteoclasts, resorbed less bone, expressed lower levels of osteoclast marker genes, and showed decreased protein levels of ANKH and vacuolar proton pump v-ATP6v0d2. This proof-of-concept study demonstrates that efficient and reproducible differentiation of isogenic hiPSCs into osteoclasts is possible and a promising tool for investigating mechanisms of CMD or other osteoclast-related disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- I-Ping Chen
- Department of Oral Health and Diagnostic Sciences, School of Dental Medicine, University of Connecticut Health, 263 Farmington Avenue, Farmington, CT 06030, USA.
| | - Raj Luxmi
- Department of Oral Health and Diagnostic Sciences, School of Dental Medicine, University of Connecticut Health, 263 Farmington Avenue, Farmington, CT 06030, USA
| | - Jitendra Kanaujiya
- Center for Regenerative Medicine and Skeletal Development, Department of Reconstructive Sciences, University of Connecticut Health, Farmington, CT 06030, USA
| | - Zhifang Hao
- Department of Cell Biology, Center for Vascular Biology, University of Connecticut Health, Farmington, CT 06030, USA
| | - Ernst J Reichenberger
- Center for Regenerative Medicine and Skeletal Development, Department of Reconstructive Sciences, University of Connecticut Health, Farmington, CT 06030, USA
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22
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Zhu Y, Wang L, Yu H, Yin F, Wang Y, Liu H, Jiang L, Qin J. In situ generation of human brain organoids on a micropillar array. LAB ON A CHIP 2017; 17:2941-2950. [PMID: 28752164 DOI: 10.1039/c7lc00682a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Brain organoids derived from human induced pluripotent stem cells can recapitulate the early stages of brain development, representing a powerful in vitro system for modeling brain development and diseases. However, the existing methods for brain organoid formation often require time-consuming procedures, including the initial formation of embryoid bodies (EBs) from hiPSCs, and subsequent neural induction and differentiation companied by multi-steps of cell transfer and encapsulation in a 3D matrix. Herein, we propose a simple strategy to enable in situ formation of massive brain organoids from hiPSCs on a micropillar array without tedious manual procedures. The optimized micropillar configurations allow for controlled EB formation, neural induction and differentiation, and generation of functional human brain organoids in 3D culture on a single device. The generated brain organoids were examined to imitate brain organogenesis in vivo at early stages of gestation with specific features of neuronal differentiation, brain regionalization, and cortical organization. By combining microfabrication techniques with stem cells and developmental biology principles, the proposed method can greatly simplify brain organoid formation protocols as compared to conventional methods, overcoming the potential limitations of cell contamination, lower throughput and variance of organoid morphology. It can also provide a useful platform for the engineering of stem cell organoids with improved functions and extending their applications in developmental biology, drug testing and disease modeling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yujuan Zhu
- Division of Biotechnology, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, China.
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23
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Nath SC, Horie M, Nagamori E, Kino-Oka M. Size- and time-dependent growth properties of human induced pluripotent stem cells in the culture of single aggregate. J Biosci Bioeng 2017; 124:469-475. [PMID: 28601606 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiosc.2017.05.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2017] [Revised: 05/05/2017] [Accepted: 05/11/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Aggregate culture of human induced pluripotent stem cells (hiPSCs) is a promising method to obtain high number of cells for cell therapy applications. This study quantitatively evaluated the effects of initial cell number and culture time on the growth of hiPSCs in the culture of single aggregate. Small size aggregates ((1.1 ± 0.4) × 101-(2.8 ± 0.5) × 101 cells/aggregate) showed a lower growth rate in comparison to medium size aggregates ((8.8 ± 0.8) × 101-(6.8 ± 1.1) × 102 cells/aggregate) during early-stage of culture (24-72 h). However, when small size aggregates were cultured in conditioned medium, their growth rate increased significantly. On the other hand, large size aggregates ((1.1 ± 0.2) × 103-(3.5 ± 1.1) × 103 cells/aggregate) showed a lower growth rate and lower expression level of proliferation marker (ki-67) in the center region of aggregate in comparison to medium size aggregate during early-stage of culture. Medium size aggregates showed the highest growth rate during early-stage of culture. Furthermore, hiPSCs proliferation was dependent on culture time because the growth rate decreased significantly during late-stage of culture (72-120 h) at which point collagen type I accumulated on the periphery of aggregate, suggesting blockage of diffusive transport of nutrients, oxygen and metabolites into and out of the aggregates. Consideration of initial cell number and culture time are important to maintain balance between autocrine factors secretion and extracellular matrix accumulation on the aggregate periphery to achieve optimal growth of hiPSCs in the culture of single aggregate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suman C Nath
- Department of Biotechnology, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University, 2-1 Yamada-oka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Masanobu Horie
- Department of Biotechnology, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University, 2-1 Yamada-oka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Eiji Nagamori
- Department of Biotechnology, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University, 2-1 Yamada-oka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Masahiro Kino-Oka
- Department of Biotechnology, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University, 2-1 Yamada-oka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan.
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24
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Macklin BL, Gerecht S. Bridging the gap: induced pluripotent stem cell derived endothelial cells for 3D vascular assembly. Curr Opin Chem Eng 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.coche.2017.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
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25
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Strauss K, Chmielewski J. Advances in the design and higher-order assembly of collagen mimetic peptides for regenerative medicine. Curr Opin Biotechnol 2017; 46:34-41. [PMID: 28126669 DOI: 10.1016/j.copbio.2016.10.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2016] [Accepted: 10/24/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Regenerative medicine makes use of cell-supporting biomaterials to replace lost or damaged tissue. Collagen holds great potential in this regard caused by its biocompatibility and structural versatility. While natural collagen has shown promise for regenerative medicine, collagen mimetic peptides (CMPs) have emerged that allow far higher degrees of customization and ease of preparation. A wide range of two and three-dimensional assemblies have been generated from CMPs, many of which accommodate cellular adhesion and encapsulation, through careful sequence design and the exploitation of electrostatic and hydrophobic forces. But the methodology that has generated the greatest plethora of viable biomaterials is metal-promoted assembly of CMP triple helices-a rapid process that occurs under physiological conditions. Architectures generated in this manner promote cell growth, enable directed attachment of bioactive cargo, and produce living tissue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin Strauss
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, 560 Oval Drive, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
| | - Jean Chmielewski
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, 560 Oval Drive, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA.
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26
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Krishna L, Dhamodaran K, Jayadev C, Chatterjee K, Shetty R, Khora SS, Das D. Nanostructured scaffold as a determinant of stem cell fate. Stem Cell Res Ther 2016; 7:188. [PMID: 28038681 PMCID: PMC5203716 DOI: 10.1186/s13287-016-0440-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The functionality of stem cells is tightly regulated by cues from the niche, comprising both intrinsic and extrinsic cell signals. Besides chemical and growth factors, biophysical signals are important components of extrinsic signals that dictate the stem cell properties. The materials used in the fabrication of scaffolds provide the chemical cues whereas the shape of the scaffolds provides the biophysical cues. The effect of the chemical composition of the scaffolds on stem cell fate is well researched. Biophysical signals such as nanotopography, mechanical forces, stiffness of the matrix, and roughness of the biomaterial influence the fate of stem cells. However, not much is known about their role in signaling crosstalk, stem cell maintenance, and directed differentiation. Among the various techniques for scaffold design, nanotechnology has special significance. The role of nanoscale topography in scaffold design for the regulation of stem cell behavior has gained importance in regenerative medicine. Nanotechnology allows manipulation of highly advanced surfaces/scaffolds for optimal regulation of cellular behavior. Techniques such as electrospinning, soft lithography, microfluidics, carbon nanotubes, and nanostructured hydrogel are described in this review, along with their potential usage in regenerative medicine. We have also provided a brief insight into the potential signaling crosstalk that is triggered by nanomaterials that dictate a specific outcome of stem cells. This concise review compiles recent developments in nanoscale architecture and its importance in directing stem cell differentiation for prospective therapeutic applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lekshmi Krishna
- Stem Cell Research Lab, GROW Lab, Narayana Nethralaya Foundation, Bangalore, Karnataka, India.,School of Bioscience and Technology, VIT University, Vellore, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Kamesh Dhamodaran
- Stem Cell Research Lab, GROW Lab, Narayana Nethralaya Foundation, Bangalore, Karnataka, India.,School of Bioscience and Technology, VIT University, Vellore, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Chaitra Jayadev
- Vitreoretina Services, Narayana Nethralaya Eye Hospital, Bangalore, Karnataka, India
| | - Kaushik Chatterjee
- Department of Materials Engineering, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, Karnataka, India
| | - Rohit Shetty
- Department of Cornea and Refractive Surgery, Narayana Nethralaya Eye Hospital, Bangalore, Karnataka, India
| | - S S Khora
- School of Bioscience and Technology, VIT University, Vellore, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Debashish Das
- Stem Cell Research Lab, GROW Lab, Narayana Nethralaya Foundation, Bangalore, Karnataka, India.
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27
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Sharma VS, Khalife R, Tostoes R, Leung L, Kinsella R, Ruban L, Veraitch FS. Early retinal differentiation of human pluripotent stem cells in microwell suspension cultures. Biotechnol Lett 2016; 39:339-350. [PMID: 27812821 PMCID: PMC5247545 DOI: 10.1007/s10529-016-2244-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2016] [Accepted: 10/27/2016] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Objective To develop a microwell suspension platform for the adaption of attached stem cell differentiation protocols into mixed suspension culture. Results We adapted an adherent protocol for the retinal differentiation of human induced pluripotent stem cells (hiPSCs) using a two-step protocol. Establishing the optimum embryoid body (EB) starting size and shaking speed resulted in the translation of the original adherent process into suspension culture. Embryoid bodies expanded in size as the culture progressed resulting in the expression of characteristic markers of early (Rx, Six and Otx2) and late (Crx, Nrl and Rhodopsin) retinal differentiation. The new process also eliminated the use of matrigel, an animal-derived extracellular matrix coating. Conclusions Shaking microwells offer a fast and cost-effective method for proof-of-concept studies to establish whether pluripotent stem cell differentiation processes can be translated into mixed suspension culture. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1007/s10529-016-2244-7) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vishal S Sharma
- Department of Biochemical Engineering, University College London, Gower Street, London, WC1E 6BT, UK
| | - Rana Khalife
- Department of Biochemical Engineering, University College London, Gower Street, London, WC1E 6BT, UK
| | - Rui Tostoes
- Department of Biochemical Engineering, University College London, Gower Street, London, WC1E 6BT, UK
| | - Leonard Leung
- Department of Biochemical Engineering, University College London, Gower Street, London, WC1E 6BT, UK
| | - Rose Kinsella
- Department of Biochemical Engineering, University College London, Gower Street, London, WC1E 6BT, UK
| | - Ludmilla Ruban
- Department of Biochemical Engineering, University College London, Gower Street, London, WC1E 6BT, UK
| | - Farlan S Veraitch
- Department of Biochemical Engineering, University College London, Gower Street, London, WC1E 6BT, UK.
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28
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Aguado T, Gutiérrez FJ, Aix E, Schneider RP, Giovinazzo G, Blasco MA, Flores I. Telomere Length Defines the Cardiomyocyte Differentiation Potency of Mouse Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells. Stem Cells 2016; 35:362-373. [PMID: 27612935 DOI: 10.1002/stem.2497] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2016] [Revised: 07/26/2016] [Accepted: 08/16/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) can be differentiated in vitro and in vivo to all cardiovascular lineages and are therefore a promising cell source for cardiac regenerative therapy. However, iPSC lines do not all differentiate into cardiomyocytes (CMs) with the same efficiency. Here, we show that telomerase-competent iPSCs with relatively long telomeres and high expression of the shelterin-complex protein TRF1 (iPSChighT ) differentiate sooner and more efficiently into CMs than those with relatively short telomeres and low TRF1 expression (iPSClowT ). Ascorbic acid, an enhancer of cardiomyocyte differentiation, further increases the cardiomyocyte yield from iPSChighT but does not rescue the cardiomyogenic potential of iPSClowT . Interestingly, although iPSCslowT differentiate very poorly to the mesoderm and endoderm lineages, they differentiate very efficiently to the ectoderm lineage, indicating that cell fate can be determined by in vitro selection of iPSCs with different telomere content. Our findings highlight the importance of selecting iPSCs with ample telomere reserves in order to generate high numbers of CMs in a fast, reliable, and efficient way. Stem Cells 2017;35:362-373.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tania Aguado
- Regeneration and Aging Group, Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares (CNIC-ISCIII), Madrid, Spain
| | - Francisco J Gutiérrez
- Pluripotent Cell Technology Unit, Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares (CNIC-ISCIII), Madrid, Spain
| | - Esther Aix
- Regeneration and Aging Group, Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares (CNIC-ISCIII), Madrid, Spain
| | - Ralph P Schneider
- Telomeres and Telomerase Group, Molecular Oncology Program, Spanish National Cancer Research Centre (CNIO), Madrid, Spain
| | - Giovanna Giovinazzo
- Pluripotent Cell Technology Unit, Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares (CNIC-ISCIII), Madrid, Spain
| | - María A Blasco
- Telomeres and Telomerase Group, Molecular Oncology Program, Spanish National Cancer Research Centre (CNIO), Madrid, Spain
| | - Ignacio Flores
- Regeneration and Aging Group, Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares (CNIC-ISCIII), Madrid, Spain
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29
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Lee G, Lee J, Oh H, Lee S. Reproducible Construction of Surface Tension-Mediated Honeycomb Concave Microwell Arrays for Engineering of 3D Microtissues with Minimal Cell Loss. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0161026. [PMID: 27513567 PMCID: PMC4981302 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0161026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2016] [Accepted: 07/28/2016] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
The creation of engineered 3D microtissues has attracted prodigious interest because of the fact that this microtissue structure is able to mimic in vivo environments. Such microtissues can be applied extensively in the fields of regenerative medicine and tissue engineering, as well as in drug and toxicity screening. Here, we develop a novel method of fabricating a large number of dense honeycomb concave microwells via surface tension-mediated self-construction. More specifically, in order to control the curvature and shape of the concavity in a precise and reproducible manner, a custom-made jig system was designed and fabricated. By applying a pre-set force using the jig system, the shape of the honeycomb concave well was precisely and uniformly controlled, despite the fact that wells were densely packed. The thin wall between the honeycomb wells enables the minimization of cell loss during the cell-seeding process. To evaluate the performance of the honeycomb microwell array, rat hepatocytes were seeded, and spheroids were successfully formed with uniform shape and size. Liver-specific functions such as albumin secretion and cytochrome P450 were subsequently analyzed. The proposed method of fabricating honeycomb concave wells is cost-effective, simple, and reproducible. The honeycomb well array can produce multiple spheroids with minimal cell loss, and can lead to significant contributions in tissue engineering and organ regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- GeonHui Lee
- KU-KIST Graduate School of Converging Science and Technology, Korea University, Republic of Korea
| | - JaeSeo Lee
- KU-KIST Graduate School of Converging Science and Technology, Korea University, Republic of Korea
| | - HyunJik Oh
- School of Biomedical Engineering, College of Health Science, Korea University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- MicroFIT R&BD Institute, Dunchon-daero, Jungwon-gu, Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea
| | - SangHoon Lee
- KU-KIST Graduate School of Converging Science and Technology, Korea University, Republic of Korea
- School of Biomedical Engineering, College of Health Science, Korea University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Department of Bio-convergence Engineering, College of Health Science, Korea University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
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30
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Horiguchi I, Sakai Y. Serum replacement with albumin-associated lipids prevents excess aggregation and enhances growth of induced pluripotent stem cells in suspension culture. Biotechnol Prog 2016; 32:1009-16. [PMID: 27193385 DOI: 10.1002/btpr.2301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2016] [Revised: 05/10/2016] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Suspension culture systems are currently under investigation for the mass production of pluripotent stem (PS) cells for tissue engineering; however, the control of cell aggregation in suspension culture remains challenging. Existing methods to control aggregation such as microwell culture are difficult to scale up. To address this issue, in this study a novel method that incorporates the addition of KnockOut Serum Replacement (KSR) to the PS cell culture medium was described. The method regulated cellular aggregation and significantly improved cell growth (a 2- to 10-fold increase) without any influence on pluripotency. In addition, albumin-associated lipids as the major working ingredient of KSR responsible for this inhibition of aggregation were identified. This is one of the simplest methods described to date to control aggregation and requires only chemically synthesizable reagents. Thus, this method has the potential to simplify the mass production process of PS cells and thus lower their cost. © 2016 American Institute of Chemical Engineers Biotechnol. Prog., 32:1009-1016, 2016.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ikki Horiguchi
- Dept. of Chemical System Engineering, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yasuyuki Sakai
- Dept. of Chemical System Engineering, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan.,Center for International Research on Integrative Biomedical Systems, Inst. of Industrial Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
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31
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Li CW, Pan WT, Ju JC, Wang GJ. An endothelial cultured condition medium embedded porous PLGA scaffold for the enhancement of mouse embryonic stem cell differentiation. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016; 11:025015. [PMID: 27068738 DOI: 10.1088/1748-6041/11/2/025015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
In this study, we have developed a microporous poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid) (PLGA) scaffold that combines a continuous release property and a three-dimensional (3D) scaffolding technique for the precise and efficient formation of endothelial cell lineage from embryonic stem cells (ESCs). Eight PLGA scaffolds (14.29%, 16.67%, 20% and 25% concentrations of PLGA solutions) mixed with two crystal sizes of sodium chloride (NaCl) were fabricated by leaching. Then, vascular endothelial cell conditioned medium (ECCM) mixed with gelatin was embedded into the scaffold for culturing of mouse embryonic stem cells (mESCs). The 14.29% PLGA scaffolds fabricated using non-ground NaCl particles (NG-PLGA) and the 25% PLGA containing scaffolds fabricated using ground NaCl particles (G-PLGA) possessed minimum and maximum moisture content and bovine serum albumin (BSA) content properties, respectively. These two groups of scaffolds were used for future experiments in this study. Cell culture results demonstrated that the proposed porous scaffolds without growth factors were sufficient to induce mouse ESCs to differentiate into endothelial-like cells in the early culture stages, and combined with embedded ECCM could provide a long-term inducing system for ESC differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ching-Wen Li
- PhD Program in Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, National Chung-Hsing University, Taichung 40227, Taiwan
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32
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Levario TJ, Lim B, Shvartsman SY, Lu H. Microfluidics for High-Throughput Quantitative Studies of Early Development. Annu Rev Biomed Eng 2016; 18:285-309. [PMID: 26928208 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-bioeng-100515-013926] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Developmental biology has traditionally relied on qualitative analyses; recently, however, as in other fields of biology, researchers have become increasingly interested in acquiring quantitative knowledge about embryogenesis. Advances in fluorescence microscopy are enabling high-content imaging in live specimens. At the same time, microfluidics and automation technologies are increasing experimental throughput for studies of multicellular models of development. Furthermore, computer vision methods for processing and analyzing bioimage data are now leading the way toward quantitative biology. Here, we review advances in the areas of fluorescence microscopy, microfluidics, and data analysis that are instrumental to performing high-content, high-throughput studies in biology and specifically in development. We discuss a case study of how these techniques have allowed quantitative analysis and modeling of pattern formation in the Drosophila embryo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas J Levario
- School of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332;
| | - Bomyi Lim
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering and Lewis-Sigler Institute for Integrative Genomics, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey 08544;
| | - Stanislav Y Shvartsman
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering and Lewis-Sigler Institute for Integrative Genomics, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey 08544;
| | - Hang Lu
- School of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332;
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33
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Lee GH, Lee JS, Wang X, Hoon Lee S. Bottom-Up Engineering of Well-Defined 3D Microtissues Using Microplatforms and Biomedical Applications. Adv Healthc Mater 2016; 5:56-74. [PMID: 25880830 DOI: 10.1002/adhm.201500107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2015] [Revised: 03/17/2015] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
During the last decades, the engineering of well-defined 3D tissues has attracted great attention because it provides in vivo mimicking environment and can be a building block for the engineering of bioartificial organs. In this Review, diverse engineering methods of 3D tissues using microscale devices are introduced. Recent progress of microtechnologies has enabled the development of microplatforms for bottom-up assembly of diverse shaped 3D tissues consisting of various cells. Micro hanging-drop plates, microfluidic chips, and arrayed microwells are the typical examples. The encapsulation of cells in hydrogel microspheres and microfibers allows the engineering of 3D microtissues with diverse shapes. Applications of 3D microtissues in biomedical fields are described, and the future direction of microplatform-based engineering of 3D micro-tissues is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Geon Hui Lee
- KU-KIST Graduate School of Converging, Science and Technology; Korea University; Seoul 136-701 Republic of Korea
| | - Jae Seo Lee
- KU-KIST Graduate School of Converging, Science and Technology; Korea University; Seoul 136-701 Republic of Korea
| | - Xiaohong Wang
- Center of Organ Manufacturing; Department of Mechanical Engineering; Tsinghua University; Beijing 100084 P. R. China
| | - Sang Hoon Lee
- School of Biomedical Engineering; College of Health Science; Korea University; Seoul 136-701 Republic of Korea
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34
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Park D, Lim J, Park JY, Lee SH. Concise Review: Stem Cell Microenvironment on a Chip: Current Technologies for Tissue Engineering and Stem Cell Biology. Stem Cells Transl Med 2015; 4:1352-68. [PMID: 26450425 DOI: 10.5966/sctm.2015-0095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2015] [Accepted: 07/29/2015] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED Stem cells have huge potential in many therapeutic areas. With conventional cell culture methods, however, it is difficult to achieve in vivo-like microenvironments in which a number of well-controlled stimuli are provided for growing highly sensitive stem cells. In contrast, microtechnology-based platforms offer advantages of high precision, controllability, scalability, and reproducibility, enabling imitation of the complex physiological context of in vivo. This capability may fill the gap between the present knowledge about stem cells and that required for clinical stem cell-based therapies. We reviewed the various types of microplatforms on which stem cell microenvironments are mimicked. We have assigned the various microplatforms to four categories based on their practical uses to assist stem cell biologists in using them for research. In particular, many examples are given of microplatforms used for the production of embryoid bodies and aggregates of stem cells in vitro. We also categorized microplatforms based on the types of factors controlling the behaviors of stem cells. Finally, we outline possible future directions for microplatform-based stem cell research, such as research leading to the production of well-defined environments for stem cells to be used in scaled-up systems or organs-on-a-chip, the regulation of induced pluripotent stem cells, and the study of the genetic states of stem cells on microplatforms. SIGNIFICANCE Stem cells are highly sensitive to a variety of physicochemical cues, and their fate can be easily altered by a slight change of environment; therefore, systematic analysis and discrimination of the extracellular signals and intracellular pathways controlling the fate of cells and experimental realization of sensitive and controllable niche environments are critical. This review introduces diverse microplatforms to provide in vitro stem cell niches. Microplatforms could control microenvironments around cells and have recently attracted much attention in biology including stem cell research. These microplatforms and the future directions of stem cell microenvironment are described.
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Affiliation(s)
- DoYeun Park
- KU-KIST Graduate School of Converging Science and Technology, Korea University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Jaeho Lim
- School of Biomedical Engineering, College of Health Science, Korea University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Joong Yull Park
- School of Mechanical Engineering, College of Engineering, Chung-ang University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Sang-Hoon Lee
- KU-KIST Graduate School of Converging Science and Technology, Korea University, Seoul, Republic of Korea School of Biomedical Engineering, College of Health Science, Korea University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
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35
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Yamada M, Hori A, Sugaya S, Yajima Y, Utoh R, Yamato M, Seki M. Cell-sized condensed collagen microparticles for preparing microengineered composite spheroids of primary hepatocytes. LAB ON A CHIP 2015; 15:3941-51. [PMID: 26308935 DOI: 10.1039/c5lc00785b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
The reconstitution of extracellular matrix (ECM) components in three-dimensional (3D) cell culture environments with microscale precision is a challenging issue. ECM microparticles would potentially be useful as solid particulate scaffolds that can be incorporated into 3D cellular constructs, but technologies for transforming ECM proteins into cell-sized stable particles are currently lacking. Here, we describe new processes to produce highly condensed collagen microparticles by means of droplet microfluidics or membrane emulsification. Droplets of an aqueous solution of type I collagen were formed in a continuous phase of polar organic solvent followed by rapid dissolution of water molecules into the continuous phase because the droplets were in a non-equilibrium state. We obtained highly unique, disc-shaped condensed collagen microparticles with a final collagen concentration above 10% and examined factors affecting particle size and morphology. After testing the cell-adhesion properties on the collagen microparticles, composite multicellular spheroids comprising the particles and primary rat hepatocytes were formed using microfabricated hydrogel chambers. We found that the ratio of the cells and particles is critical in terms of improvement of hepatic functions in the composite spheroids. The presented methodology for incorporating particulate-form ECM components in multicellular spheroids would be advantageous because of the biochemical similarity with the microenvironments in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masumi Yamada
- Department of Applied Chemistry and Biotechnology, Graduate School of Engineering, Chiba University, 1-33 Yayoi-cho, Inage-ku, Chiba 263-8522, Japan.
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36
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Sebastiano V, Zhen HH, Haddad B, Derafshi BH, Bashkirova E, Melo SP, Wang P, Leung TL, Siprashvili Z, Tichy A, Li J, Ameen M, Hawkins J, Lee S, Li L, Schwertschkow A, Bauer G, Lisowski L, Kay MA, Kim SK, Lane AT, Wernig M, Oro AE. Human COL7A1-corrected induced pluripotent stem cells for the treatment of recessive dystrophic epidermolysis bullosa. Sci Transl Med 2015; 6:264ra163. [PMID: 25429056 DOI: 10.1126/scitranslmed.3009540] [Citation(s) in RCA: 151] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Patients with recessive dystrophic epidermolysis bullosa (RDEB) lack functional type VII collagen owing to mutations in the gene COL7A1 and suffer severe blistering and chronic wounds that ultimately lead to infection and development of lethal squamous cell carcinoma. The discovery of induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) and the ability to edit the genome bring the possibility to provide definitive genetic therapy through corrected autologous tissues. We generated patient-derived COL7A1-corrected epithelial keratinocyte sheets for autologous grafting. We demonstrate the utility of sequential reprogramming and adenovirus-associated viral genome editing to generate corrected iPSC banks. iPSC-derived keratinocytes were produced with minimal heterogeneity, and these cells secreted wild-type type VII collagen, resulting in stratified epidermis in vitro in organotypic cultures and in vivo in mice. Sequencing of corrected cell lines before tissue formation revealed heterogeneity of cancer-predisposing mutations, allowing us to select COL7A1-corrected banks with minimal mutational burden for downstream epidermis production. Our results provide a clinical platform to use iPSCs in the treatment of debilitating genodermatoses, such as RDEB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vittorio Sebastiano
- Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, and Department of Pathology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA. Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Hanson Hui Zhen
- Program in Epithelial Biology, Department of Dermatology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | | | - Bahareh Haddad Derafshi
- Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, and Department of Pathology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Elizaveta Bashkirova
- Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, and Department of Pathology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Sandra P Melo
- Program in Epithelial Biology, Department of Dermatology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Pei Wang
- Department of Developmental Biology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Thomas L Leung
- Department of Developmental Biology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Zurab Siprashvili
- Program in Epithelial Biology, Department of Dermatology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Andrea Tichy
- Program in Epithelial Biology, Department of Dermatology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Jiang Li
- Program in Epithelial Biology, Department of Dermatology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Mohammed Ameen
- Program in Epithelial Biology, Department of Dermatology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - John Hawkins
- Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, and Department of Pathology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Susie Lee
- Program in Epithelial Biology, Department of Dermatology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Lingjie Li
- Program in Epithelial Biology, Department of Dermatology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Aaron Schwertschkow
- Institute for Regenerative Cures, School of Medicine, University of California, Davis, Sacramento, CA 95817, USA
| | - Gerhard Bauer
- Institute for Regenerative Cures, School of Medicine, University of California, Davis, Sacramento, CA 95817, USA
| | - Leszek Lisowski
- Departments of Pediatrics and Genetics, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Mark A Kay
- Departments of Pediatrics and Genetics, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Seung K Kim
- Department of Developmental Biology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Alfred T Lane
- Program in Epithelial Biology, Department of Dermatology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Marius Wernig
- Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, and Department of Pathology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA.
| | - Anthony E Oro
- Program in Epithelial Biology, Department of Dermatology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA.
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37
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Cha JM, Bae H, Sadr N, Manoucheri S, Edalat F, Kim K, Kim SB, Kwon IK, Hwang YS, Khademhosseini A. Embryoid body size-mediated differential endodermal and mesodermal differentiation using polyethylene glycol (PEG) microwell array. Macromol Res 2015. [DOI: 10.1007/s13233-015-3034-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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38
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Gil CH, Lee JH, Seo J, Park SJ, Park Z, Kim J, Jung AR, Lee WY, Kim JS, Moon SH, Lee HT, Chung HM. Well-defined differentiation of hesc-derived hemangioblasts by embryoid body formation without enzymatic treatment. Biotechnol Lett 2015; 37:1315-22. [DOI: 10.1007/s10529-015-1786-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2014] [Accepted: 02/04/2015] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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39
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Xu X, Wang W, Kratz K, Fang L, Li Z, Kurtz A, Ma N, Lendlein A. Controlling major cellular processes of human mesenchymal stem cells using microwell structures. Adv Healthc Mater 2014; 3:1991-2003. [PMID: 25313500 DOI: 10.1002/adhm.201400415] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2014] [Revised: 09/02/2014] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Directing stem cells towards a desired location and function by utilizing the structural cues of biomaterials is a promising approach for inducing effective tissue regeneration. Here, the cellular response of human adipose-derived mesenchymal stem cells (hADSCs) to structural signals from microstructured substrates comprising arrays of square-shaped or round-shaped microwells is explored as a transitional model between 2D and 3D systems. Microwells with a side length/diameter of 50 μm show advantages over 10 μm and 25 μm microwells for accommodating hADSCs within single microwells rather than in the inter-microwell area. The cell morphologies are three-dimensionally modulated by the microwell structure due to differences in focal adhesion and consequent alterations of the cytoskeleton. In contrast to the substrate with 50 μm round-shaped microwells, the substrate with 50 μm square-shaped microwells promotes the proliferation and osteogenic differentiation potential of hADSCs but reduces the cell migration velocity and distance. Such microwell shape-dependent modulatory effects are highly associated with Rho/ROCK signaling. Following ROCK inhibition, the differences in migration, proliferation, and osteogenesis between cells on different substrates are diminished. These results highlight the possibility to control stem cell functions through the use of structured microwells combined with the manipulation of Rho/ROCK signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xun Xu
- Institute of Biomaterial Science and Berlin-Brandenburg Center for Regenerative Therapies; Helmholtz-Zentrum Geesthacht; Kantstraße 55 14513 Teltow Germany
- Institute of Chemistry and Biochemistry; Freie Universität Berlin; Takustraße 3 14195 Berlin Germany
| | - Weiwei Wang
- Institute of Biomaterial Science and Berlin-Brandenburg Center for Regenerative Therapies; Helmholtz-Zentrum Geesthacht; Kantstraße 55 14513 Teltow Germany
| | - Karl Kratz
- Institute of Biomaterial Science and Berlin-Brandenburg Center for Regenerative Therapies; Helmholtz-Zentrum Geesthacht; Kantstraße 55 14513 Teltow Germany
- Helmholtz Virtual Institute −Multifunctional Materials in Medicine; Berlin and Teltow; Kantstraße 55 14513 Teltow Germany
| | - Liang Fang
- Institute of Biomaterial Science and Berlin-Brandenburg Center for Regenerative Therapies; Helmholtz-Zentrum Geesthacht; Kantstraße 55 14513 Teltow Germany
| | - Zhengdong Li
- Institute of Biomaterial Science and Berlin-Brandenburg Center for Regenerative Therapies; Helmholtz-Zentrum Geesthacht; Kantstraße 55 14513 Teltow Germany
- Institute of Chemistry and Biochemistry; Freie Universität Berlin; Takustraße 3 14195 Berlin Germany
| | - Andreas Kurtz
- Berlin-Brandenburg Center for Regenerative Therapies; Charité - University Medicine Berlin; Augustenburger Platz 1 13353 Berlin Germany
- College of Veterinary Medicine and Research Institute for Veterinary Science; Seoul National University; Gwangk-ro 1 Gwanak-gu Seoul 151-747 Republic of Korea
| | - Nan Ma
- Institute of Biomaterial Science and Berlin-Brandenburg Center for Regenerative Therapies; Helmholtz-Zentrum Geesthacht; Kantstraße 55 14513 Teltow Germany
- Institute of Chemistry and Biochemistry; Freie Universität Berlin; Takustraße 3 14195 Berlin Germany
- Helmholtz Virtual Institute −Multifunctional Materials in Medicine; Berlin and Teltow; Kantstraße 55 14513 Teltow Germany
| | - Andreas Lendlein
- Institute of Biomaterial Science and Berlin-Brandenburg Center for Regenerative Therapies; Helmholtz-Zentrum Geesthacht; Kantstraße 55 14513 Teltow Germany
- Institute of Chemistry and Biochemistry; Freie Universität Berlin; Takustraße 3 14195 Berlin Germany
- Helmholtz Virtual Institute −Multifunctional Materials in Medicine; Berlin and Teltow; Kantstraße 55 14513 Teltow Germany
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