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Wu Y, Li Y, Hu Z, Li Y, Zhang S, Bao X, Zhou Y, Gao Y, Li Y, Zhang Z. Extracellular Matrix-Trapped Bioinspired Lipoprotein Prolongs Tumor Retention to Potentiate Antitumor Immunity. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2024; 36:e2310982. [PMID: 38216153 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202310982] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2023] [Revised: 12/28/2023] [Indexed: 01/14/2024]
Abstract
The immunomodulatory effects of many therapeutic agents are significantly challenged by their insufficient delivery efficiency and short retention time in tumors. Regarding the distinctively upregulated fibronectin (FN1) and tenascin C (TNC) in tumor stroma, herein a protease-activated FN1 and/or TNC binding peptide (FTF) is designed and an extracellular matrix (ECM)-trapped bioinspired lipoprotein (BL) (FTF-BL-CP) is proposed that can be preferentially captured by the TNC and/or FN1 for tumor retention, and then be responsively dissociated from the matrix to potentiate the antitumor immunity. The FTF-BL-CP treatment produces a 6.96-, 9.24-, 6.72-, 7.32-, and 6.73-fold increase of CD3+CD8+ T cells and their interferon-γ-, granzyme B-, perforin-, and Ki67-expressing subtypes versus the negative control, thereby profoundly eliciting the antitumor immunity. In orthotopic and lung metastatic breast cancer models, FTF-BL-CP produces notable therapeutic benefits of retarding tumor growth, extending survivals, and inhibiting lung metastasis. Therefore, this ECM-trapping strategy provides an encouraging possibility of prolonging tumor retention to potentiate the antitumor immunity for anticancer immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yao Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 201203, China
- School of Pharmacy, Fudan University, Shanghai, 201203, China
| | - Yongping Li
- Department of Breast Surgery, Shanghai Pudong Hospital, Fudan University Pudong Medical Center, Shanghai, 201399, China
| | - Zixin Hu
- Artificial Intelligence Innovation and Incubation Institute, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200433, China
| | - Yuan Li
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 201203, China
| | - Shixuan Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, School of Life Sciences & Human Phenome Institute, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200433, China
| | - Xinyue Bao
- School of Pharmacy, Fudan University, Shanghai, 201203, China
| | - Yu Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 201203, China
| | - Yuan Gao
- School of Pharmacy, Fudan University, Shanghai, 201203, China
| | - Yaping Li
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 201203, China
- Bohai Rim Advanced Research Institute for Drug Discovery, Yantai, Shandong, 264005, China
| | - Zhiwen Zhang
- School of Pharmacy, Fudan University, Shanghai, 201203, China
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Zhou Z, Zhang Y, Zeng Y, Yang D, Mo J, Zheng Z, Zhang Y, Xiao P, Zhong X, Yan W. Effects of Nanomaterials on Synthesis and Degradation of the Extracellular Matrix. ACS NANO 2024; 18:7688-7710. [PMID: 38436232 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.3c09954] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/05/2024]
Abstract
Extracellular matrix (ECM) remodeling is accompanied by the continuous synthesis and degradation of the ECM components. This dynamic process plays an important role in guiding cell adhesion, migration, proliferation, and differentiation, as well as in tissue development, body repair, and maintenance of homeostasis. Nanomaterials, due to their photoelectric and catalytic properties and special structure, have garnered much attention in biomedical fields for use in processes such as tissue engineering and disease treatment. Nanomaterials can reshape the cell microenvironment by changing the synthesis and degradation of ECM-related proteins, thereby indirectly changing the behavior of the surrounding cells. This review focuses on the regulatory role of nanomaterials in the process of cell synthesis of different ECM-related proteins and extracellular protease. We discuss influencing factors and possible related mechanisms of nanomaterials in ECM remodeling, which may provide different insights into the design and development of nanomaterials for the treatment of ECM disorder-related diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiyan Zhou
- Department of Stomatology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China
| | - Yanli Zhang
- Stomatological Hospital, School of Stomatology, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510260, China
| | - Yuting Zeng
- Department of Stomatology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China
| | - Dehong Yang
- Department of Orthopedics - Spinal Surgery, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China
| | - Jiayao Mo
- Department of Stomatology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China
| | - Ziting Zheng
- Department of Stomatology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China
| | - Yuxin Zhang
- Department of Stomatology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China
| | - Ping Xiao
- Department of Stomatology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China
| | - Xincen Zhong
- Department of Stomatology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China
| | - Wenjuan Yan
- Department of Stomatology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China
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3
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Wu J, Yi S, Cao Y, Zu M, Li B, Yang W, Shahbazi MA, Wan Y, Reis RL, Kundu SC, Shi X, Xiao B. Dual-driven nanomotors enable tumor penetration and hypoxia alleviation for calcium overload-photo-immunotherapy against colorectal cancer. Biomaterials 2023; 302:122332. [PMID: 37801790 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2023.122332] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2023] [Revised: 09/03/2023] [Accepted: 09/14/2023] [Indexed: 10/08/2023]
Abstract
The treatment efficacies of conventional medications against colorectal cancer (CRC) are restricted by a low penetrative, hypoxic, and immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment. To address these restrictions, we developed an innovative antitumor platform that employs calcium overload-phototherapy using mitochondrial N770-conjugated mesoporous silica nanoparticles loaded with CaO2 (CaO2-N770@MSNs). A loading level of 14.0 wt% for CaO2-N770@MSNs was measured, constituting an adequate therapeutic dosage. With the combination of oxygen generated from CaO2 and hyperthermia under near-infrared irradiation, CaO2-N770@MSNs penetrated through the dense mucus, accumulated in the colorectal tumor tissues, and inhibited tumor cell growth through endoplasmic reticulum stress and mitochondrial damage. The combination of calcium overload and phototherapy revealed high therapeutic efficacy against orthotopic colorectal tumors, alleviated the immunosuppressive microenvironment, elevated the abundance of beneficial microorganisms (e.g., Lactobacillaceae and Lachnospiraceae), and decreased harmful microorganisms (e.g., Bacteroidaceae and Muribaculaceae). Moreover, together with immune checkpoint blocker (αPD-L1), these nanoparticles showed an ability to eradicate both orthotopic and distant tumors, while potentiating systemic antitumor immunity. This treatment platform (CaO2-N770@MSNs plus αPD-L1) open a new horizon of synergistic treatment against hypoxic CRC with high killing power and safety.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiaxue Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, College of Sericulture, Textile, and Biomass Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400715, China
| | - Shixiong Yi
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, College of Sericulture, Textile, and Biomass Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400715, China
| | - Yingui Cao
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, College of Sericulture, Textile, and Biomass Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400715, China
| | - Menghang Zu
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, College of Sericulture, Textile, and Biomass Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400715, China
| | - Baoyi Li
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, College of Sericulture, Textile, and Biomass Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400715, China
| | - Wenjing Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, College of Sericulture, Textile, and Biomass Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400715, China
| | - Mohammad-Ali Shahbazi
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Antonius Deusinglaan 1, 9713 AV, Groningen, Netherlands; W.J. Kolff Institute for Biomedical Engineering and Materials Science, University of Groningen, Antonius Deusinglaan 1, 9713 AV, Groningen, Netherlands
| | - Ying Wan
- National Engineering Research Center for Nanomedicine, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430074, China.
| | - Rui L Reis
- 3Bs Research Group, I3Bs - Research Institute on Biomaterials, Biodegradables and Biomimetics, University of Minho, Headquarters of the European Institute of Excellence on Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, AvePark, Barco, 4805-017, Guimaraes, Portugal; ICVS/3B's-PT Government Associate Laboratory, Braga, Guimarães, Portugal
| | - Subhas C Kundu
- 3Bs Research Group, I3Bs - Research Institute on Biomaterials, Biodegradables and Biomimetics, University of Minho, Headquarters of the European Institute of Excellence on Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, AvePark, Barco, 4805-017, Guimaraes, Portugal; ICVS/3B's-PT Government Associate Laboratory, Braga, Guimarães, Portugal
| | - Xiaoxiao Shi
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, College of Sericulture, Textile, and Biomass Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400715, China.
| | - Bo Xiao
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, College of Sericulture, Textile, and Biomass Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400715, China.
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4
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Sun Q, Chen W, Wang M, Zheng P, Gao M, Song F, Li C. A "Chase and Block" Strategy for Enhanced Cancer Therapy with Hypoxia-Promoted Photodynamic Therapy and Autophagy Inhibition Based on Upconversion Nanocomposites. Adv Healthc Mater 2023; 12:e2301087. [PMID: 37248635 DOI: 10.1002/adhm.202301087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2023] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
The combination of hypoxia-promoted photodynamic therapy (PDT) and autophagy modulation has shown strong potential in the treatment of hypoxic tumors. Here, a novel design is put forward for synergistic PDT and autophagy inhibition to amplify the effect of cancer therapy by a "chase and block" strategy. Specifically, the organic photosensitive molecule (denoted FL) is encapsulated in a hydrophobic layer between multi-band emitted upconversion nanoparticles (UCNPs) and the amphiphilic polymer DSPE-PEG-COOH, allowing FL to fully exploit the luminescence spectrum of UCNPs under near-infrared (NIR) light irradiation. The FL is specifically activated by nitroreductase in the tumor microenvironment (TME), enabling hypoxia-promoted PDT and thus performing a "chase" strategy for cancer therapy. Additionally, the nanosystem is combined with an autophagy-inhibiting melittin pro-peptide (denoted as MEL), which could be triggered by the highly expressed legumain in tumor cells to inhibit the autophagy procedure by disrupting the lysosomal membrane, thus "blocking" the cancer cells from rescuing themselves and amplifying the killing effect of PDT. Both FL and MEL can be specifically activated by TME and the upconversion luminescence imaging of UCNPs offers a tracer function for the treatment. Therefore, UCNPs@FL-MEL might be an important reference for the design and development of future nanotherapeutic agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qianqian Sun
- Institute of Molecular Sciences and Engineering, Institute of Frontier and Interdisciplinary Science, Shandong University, Qingdao, Shandong, 266237, P. R. China
| | - Weilin Chen
- Institute of Molecular Sciences and Engineering, Institute of Frontier and Interdisciplinary Science, Shandong University, Qingdao, Shandong, 266237, P. R. China
| | - Man Wang
- Institute of Molecular Sciences and Engineering, Institute of Frontier and Interdisciplinary Science, Shandong University, Qingdao, Shandong, 266237, P. R. China
| | - Pan Zheng
- Institute of Molecular Sciences and Engineering, Institute of Frontier and Interdisciplinary Science, Shandong University, Qingdao, Shandong, 266237, P. R. China
| | - Minghong Gao
- Institute of Molecular Sciences and Engineering, Institute of Frontier and Interdisciplinary Science, Shandong University, Qingdao, Shandong, 266237, P. R. China
| | - Fengling Song
- Institute of Molecular Sciences and Engineering, Institute of Frontier and Interdisciplinary Science, Shandong University, Qingdao, Shandong, 266237, P. R. China
| | - Chunxia Li
- Institute of Molecular Sciences and Engineering, Institute of Frontier and Interdisciplinary Science, Shandong University, Qingdao, Shandong, 266237, P. R. China
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Wang X, Zhang H, Chen X, Wu C, Ding K, Sun G, Luo Y, Xiang D. Overcoming tumor microenvironment obstacles: Current approaches for boosting nanodrug delivery. Acta Biomater 2023; 166:42-68. [PMID: 37257574 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2023.05.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2023] [Revised: 05/12/2023] [Accepted: 05/24/2023] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
In order to achieve targeted delivery of anticancer drugs, efficacy improvement, and side effect reduction, various types of nanoparticles are employed. However, their therapeutic effects are not ideal. This phenomenon is caused by tumor microenvironment abnormalities such as abnormal blood vessels, elevated interstitial fluid pressure, and dense extracellular matrix that affect nanoparticle penetration into the tumor's interstitium. Furthermore, nanoparticle properties including size, charge, and shape affect nanoparticle transport into tumors. This review comprehensively goes over the factors hindering nanoparticle penetration into tumors and describes methods for improving nanoparticle distribution by remodeling the tumor microenvironment and optimizing nanoparticle physicochemical properties. Finally, a critical analysis of future development of nanodrug delivery in oncology is further discussed. STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE: This article reviews the factors that hinder the distribution of nanoparticles in tumors, and describes existing methods and approaches for improving the tumor accumulation from the aspects of remodeling the tumor microenvironment and optimizing the properties of nanoparticles. The description of the existing methods and approaches is followed by highlighting their advantages and disadvantages and put forward possible directions for the future researches. At last, the challenges of improving tumor accumulation in nanomedicines design were also discussed. This review will be of great interest to the broad readers who are committed to delivering nanomedicine for cancer treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaohui Wang
- Center of Smart Laboratory and Molecular Medicine, School of Medicine, Key Laboratory of Biorheological Science and Technology, Ministry of Education, College of Bioengineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing, 400044, China; Department of Oncology, Chongqing University Jiangjin Hospital, Chongqing 402260, China; Department of Oncology, Jiangjin Central Hospital of Chongqing, Chongqing 402260, China
| | - Hong Zhang
- Center of Smart Laboratory and Molecular Medicine, School of Medicine, Key Laboratory of Biorheological Science and Technology, Ministry of Education, College of Bioengineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing, 400044, China; Department of Clinical Laboratory, The Second Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, 250033, China
| | - Xiaohui Chen
- Center of Smart Laboratory and Molecular Medicine, School of Medicine, Key Laboratory of Biorheological Science and Technology, Ministry of Education, College of Bioengineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing, 400044, China
| | - Chunrong Wu
- Department of Oncology, Chongqing University Jiangjin Hospital, Chongqing 402260, China; Department of Oncology, Jiangjin Central Hospital of Chongqing, Chongqing 402260, China
| | - Ke Ding
- Department of Oncology, Chongqing University Jiangjin Hospital, Chongqing 402260, China; Department of Oncology, Jiangjin Central Hospital of Chongqing, Chongqing 402260, China
| | - Guiyin Sun
- Department of Oncology, Chongqing University Jiangjin Hospital, Chongqing 402260, China; Department of Oncology, Jiangjin Central Hospital of Chongqing, Chongqing 402260, China.
| | - Yang Luo
- Center of Smart Laboratory and Molecular Medicine, School of Medicine, Key Laboratory of Biorheological Science and Technology, Ministry of Education, College of Bioengineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing, 400044, China.
| | - Debing Xiang
- Department of Oncology, Chongqing University Jiangjin Hospital, Chongqing 402260, China; Department of Oncology, Jiangjin Central Hospital of Chongqing, Chongqing 402260, China.
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6
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Su Z, Xu H, Zhang Y, Zhang H, Zhang H, Bao Y, Wu X, Yan R, Tan G, Wang Z, Jin Y. A carbon dot-doped Cu-MOF-based smart nanoplatform for enhanced immune checkpoint blockade therapy and synergistic multimodal cancer therapy. J Mater Chem B 2023; 11:4211-4226. [PMID: 37114499 DOI: 10.1039/d3tb00384a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/29/2023]
Abstract
Immune checkpoint blockade (ICB) is a kind of promising anti-tumor immunotherapy that can block the negative immune regulatory pathways using a particular antibody. Weak immunogenicity in most patients is a key obstacle to ICB therapy. Photodynamic therapy (PDT) is a non-invasive treatment that can enhance the immunogenicity of the host and realize systemic anti-tumor immunotherapy; yet tumor microenvironment hypoxia and glutathione overexpression severely restrict the PDT effect. To overcome the above issues, we design a combination therapy based on PDT and ICB. We prepared red carbon dot (RCD)-doped Cu-metal-organic framework nanoparticles (Cu-MOF@RCD) as smart nano-reactors because their tumor microenvironment and near-infrared light responsive property can decompose tumor endogenous H2O2 through Fenton-like reactions. Cu-MOF@RCD also shows clear near-infrared photothermal therapy (PTT) effect and has an ability to deplete glutathione (DG), which together enhances decomposition of cellular H2O2 and amplifies reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels in cells, thus leading to enhanced PDT and chemodynamic therapy (CDT) effect. Moreover, programmed cell death-ligand 1 antibody (anti-PD-L1) is used together to enable combination therapy, as Cu-MOF@RCD can significantly enhance host immunogenicity. In summary, the combination of Cu-MOF@RCD with anti-PD-L1 antibody exerts a synergistic PDT/PTT/CDT/DG/ICB therapy and can be used to eradicate the primary tumors and inhibit the growth of untreated distant tumors and tumor metastasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhongping Su
- Key Laboratory for Photonic and Electronic Bandgap Materials, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering, Harbin Normal University, Harbin, 150025, China.
| | - Haiying Xu
- Key Laboratory for Photonic and Electronic Bandgap Materials, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering, Harbin Normal University, Harbin, 150025, China.
| | - Ying Zhang
- Key Laboratory for Photonic and Electronic Bandgap Materials, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering, Harbin Normal University, Harbin, 150025, China.
| | - Huanli Zhang
- Key Laboratory for Photonic and Electronic Bandgap Materials, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering, Harbin Normal University, Harbin, 150025, China.
| | - Hui Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Cytogenetics and Genetic Breeding of Heilongjiang Province, Harbin, College of Life Science and Technology, Harbin Normal University, Harbin 150025, China
| | - Yujun Bao
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Cytogenetics and Genetic Breeding of Heilongjiang Province, Harbin, College of Life Science and Technology, Harbin Normal University, Harbin 150025, China
| | - Xiaodan Wu
- Key Laboratory for Photonic and Electronic Bandgap Materials, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering, Harbin Normal University, Harbin, 150025, China.
| | - Rui Yan
- Key Laboratory for Photonic and Electronic Bandgap Materials, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering, Harbin Normal University, Harbin, 150025, China.
| | - Guanghui Tan
- Key Laboratory for Photonic and Electronic Bandgap Materials, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering, Harbin Normal University, Harbin, 150025, China.
| | - Zhiqiang Wang
- Key Laboratory for Photonic and Electronic Bandgap Materials, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering, Harbin Normal University, Harbin, 150025, China.
| | - Yingxue Jin
- Key Laboratory for Photonic and Electronic Bandgap Materials, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering, Harbin Normal University, Harbin, 150025, China.
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Li J, Wu Y, Wang J, Xu X, Zhang A, Li Y, Zhang Z. Macrophage Membrane-Coated Nano-Gemcitabine Promotes Lymphocyte Infiltration and Synergizes AntiPD-L1 to Restore the Tumoricidal Function. ACS NANO 2023; 17:322-336. [PMID: 36525314 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.2c07861] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
The limited lymphocyte infiltration and exhaustion of tumoricidal functions in solid tumors remain a formidable obstacle to cancer immunotherapy. Herein, we designed a macrophage membrane-coated nano-gemcitabine system (MNGs) to promote lymphocyte infiltration and then synergized anti-programmed death ligand 1 (antiPD-L1) to reinvigorate the exhausted lymphocytes. MNGs exhibited effective intratumor-permeating and responsive drug-releasing capacity, produced notable elimination of versatile immunosuppressive cells, and promoted lymphocyte infiltration into cancer cell regions in tumors, but over 50% of these infiltrated lymphocytes were in the exhausted state. Compared with MNG monotherapy, the MNGs+antiPD-L1 combination produced 31.77% and 30.63% reduction of exhausted CD3+CD8+ T cells and natural killer (NK) cells and 2.83- and 3.17-fold increases of interferon-γ (IFN-γ)-positive subtypes, respectively, thereby resulting in considerable therapeutic benefits in several tumor models. Thus, MNGs provide an encouraging strategy to promote lymphocyte infiltration and synergize antiPD-L1 to restore their tumoricidal function for cancer immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Li
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research & Center of Pharmaceutics, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, China
- Yantai Key Laboratory of Nanomedicine & Advanced Preparations, Yantai Institute of Materia Medica, Shandong 264000, China
| | - Yao Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research & Center of Pharmaceutics, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, China
- School of Pharmacy & Key Laboratory of Smart Drug Delivery (Ministry of Education), Fudan University, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Jiaoying Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research & Center of Pharmaceutics, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Xiaoxuan Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research & Center of Pharmaceutics, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Ao Zhang
- School of Pharmacy, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Yaping Li
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research & Center of Pharmaceutics, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, China
- Shandong Laboratory of Yantai Drug Discovery, Bohai Rim Advanced Research Institute for Drug Discovery, Yantai, Shandong 264117, China
| | - Zhiwen Zhang
- School of Pharmacy & Key Laboratory of Smart Drug Delivery (Ministry of Education), Fudan University, Shanghai 201203, China
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Imparato G, Urciuolo F, Mazio C, Netti PA. Capturing the spatial and temporal dynamics of tumor stroma for on-chip optimization of microenvironmental targeting nanomedicine. LAB ON A CHIP 2022; 23:25-43. [PMID: 36305728 DOI: 10.1039/d2lc00611a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Malignant cells grow in a complex microenvironment that plays a key role in cancer progression. The "dynamic reciprocity" existing between cancer cells and their microenvironment is involved in cancer differentiation, proliferation, invasion, metastasis, and drug response. Therefore, understanding the molecular mechanisms underlying the crosstalk between cancer cells and their surrounding tissue (i.e., tumor stroma) and how this interplay affects the disease progression is fundamental to design and validate novel nanotherapeutic approaches. As an important regulator of tumor progression, metastasis and therapy resistance, the extracellular matrix of tumors, the acellular component of the tumor microenvironment, has been identified as very promising target of anticancer treatment, revolutionizing the traditional therapeutic paradigm that sees the neoplastic cells as the preferential objective to fight cancer. To design and to validate such a target therapy, advanced 3D preclinical models are necessary to correctly mimic the complex, dynamic and heterogeneous tumor microenvironment. In addition, the recent advancement in microfluidic technology allows fine-tuning and controlling microenvironmental parameters in tissue-on-chip devices in order to emulate the in vivo conditions. In this review, after a brief description of the origin of tumor microenvironment heterogeneity, some examples of nanomedicine approaches targeting the tumor microenvironment have been reported. Further, how advanced 3D bioengineered tumor models coupled with a microfluidic device can improve the design and testing of anti-cancer nanomedicine targeting the tumor microenvironment has been discussed. We highlight that the presence of a dynamic extracellular matrix, able to capture the spatiotemporal heterogeneity of tumor stroma, is an indispensable requisite for tumor-on-chip model and nanomedicine testing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giorgia Imparato
- Center for Advanced Biomaterials for Health Care@CRIB Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Largo Barsanti e Matteucci n. 53, 80125 Napoli, Italy.
| | - Francesco Urciuolo
- Department of Chemical, Materials and Industrial Production Engineering (DICMAPI) and Interdisciplinary Research Centre on Biomaterials (CRIB), University of Napoli Federico II, P.le Tecchio 80, 80125 Napoli, Italy
| | - Claudia Mazio
- Center for Advanced Biomaterials for Health Care@CRIB Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Largo Barsanti e Matteucci n. 53, 80125 Napoli, Italy.
| | - Paolo A Netti
- Center for Advanced Biomaterials for Health Care@CRIB Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Largo Barsanti e Matteucci n. 53, 80125 Napoli, Italy.
- Department of Chemical, Materials and Industrial Production Engineering (DICMAPI) and Interdisciplinary Research Centre on Biomaterials (CRIB), University of Napoli Federico II, P.le Tecchio 80, 80125 Napoli, Italy
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9
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Yan WL, Lang TQ, Yuan WH, Yin Q, Li YP. Nanosized drug delivery systems modulate the immunosuppressive microenvironment to improve cancer immunotherapy. Acta Pharmacol Sin 2022; 43:3045-3054. [PMID: 36050519 PMCID: PMC9712392 DOI: 10.1038/s41401-022-00976-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2022] [Accepted: 08/04/2022] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Immunotherapy that activates immune systems for combating cancer has yielded considerable clinical benefits recently. However, the immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment (ITME) is a major hurdle to immunotherapy as it supports tumor to evade immune surveillance. Reversing ITME facilitates the recruitment and activation of antitumor immune cells, thereby promoting immunotherapy. Our group has developed various nanosized drug delivery systems (NDDSs) to modulate ITME with enhanced efficacy and safety. In the review we introduce the ITME-remodeling strategies for improving immunotherapy based on NDDSs including triggering tumor cells to undergo immunogenetic cell death (ICD), applying tumor vaccine, and directly regulating intratumoral immune components (immune cells or cytokines). In order to guide the design of NDDSs for amplified effects of antitumor immunotherapy, the contributions and future directions of this field are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen-Lu Yan
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research & Center of Pharmaceutics, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 501 Haike Road, Shanghai, 201203, China
- School of Pharmacy, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Tian-Qun Lang
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research & Center of Pharmaceutics, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 501 Haike Road, Shanghai, 201203, China
- Yantai Key Laboratory of Nanomedicine & Advanced Preparations, Yantai Institute of Materia Medica, Yantai, 264000, China
| | - Wen-Hui Yuan
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research & Center of Pharmaceutics, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 501 Haike Road, Shanghai, 201203, China
- School of Pharmacy, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Qi Yin
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research & Center of Pharmaceutics, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 501 Haike Road, Shanghai, 201203, China.
- School of Pharmacy, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China.
- Yantai Key Laboratory of Nanomedicine & Advanced Preparations, Yantai Institute of Materia Medica, Yantai, 264000, China.
| | - Ya-Ping Li
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research & Center of Pharmaceutics, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 501 Haike Road, Shanghai, 201203, China.
- School of Pharmacy, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China.
- Shandong Laboratory of Yantai Drug Discovery, Bohai Rim Advanced Research Institute for Drug Discovery, Yantai, 264117, China.
- School of Pharmacy, Yantai University, Yantai, 264005, China.
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10
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Gong X, Li J, Xu X, Wu Y, Lei Y, Liu H, Qian X, Li Y, Zhang Z. Microvesicle-inspired oxygen-delivering nanosystem potentiates radiotherapy-mediated modulation of tumor stroma and antitumor immunity. Biomaterials 2022; 290:121855. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2022.121855] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2022] [Revised: 09/24/2022] [Accepted: 10/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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11
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Wu G, Hui X, Hu L, Bai Y, Rahaman A, Yang XF, Chen C. Recent advancement of bioinspired nanomaterials and their applications: A review. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2022; 10:952523. [PMID: 36159672 PMCID: PMC9494199 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2022.952523] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2022] [Accepted: 07/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
With the advancement in the field of nanotechnology, different approaches for the synthesis of nanomaterials have been formulated, among which the bioinspired or biomimetic nanoplatforms have been utilized for different biomedical applications. In this context, bioinspired or biomimetic nanoparticles (NPs) have been synthesized in which the inspiration for synthesis is taken from nature or its components. Innovations in bioengineering tools and bio-conjugation chemistry have enabled scientists to develop novel types of such nanoplatforms. They have several advantages over normal synthesis protocols. In this review, we 1) summarized nanomaterial types and their advancements in bioinspired nanotechnology therapies; 2) discussed the major types, novel preparation methods, and synthesis progress of NPs in current biomedical fields; 3) gave a brief account of the need for synthesizing NPs via a bioinspired route rather than their common route; 4) highlighted the updated information on the biomimetic synthesis of different types of NPs; and 5) provided future perspectives in the synthesis of novel NPs for their potential applications in biomedical sciences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gang Wu
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Maoming People’s Hospital, Maoming, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Xiaodan Hui
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Maoming People’s Hospital, Maoming, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Linhui Hu
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Maoming People’s Hospital, Maoming, Guangdong Province, China
- Center of Scientific Research, Maoming People’s Hospital, Maoming, Guangdong Province, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Yunpeng Bai
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Maoming People’s Hospital, Maoming, Guangdong Province, China
- Center of Scientific Research, Maoming People’s Hospital, Maoming, Guangdong Province, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Abdul Rahaman
- School of Food Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xing-Fen Yang
- School of Public Health, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Chunbo Chen
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Maoming People’s Hospital, Maoming, Guangdong Province, China
- Department of Intensive Care Unit of Cardiovascular Surgery, Guangdong Cardiovascular Institute, Guangdong Provincial People’s Hospital, Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, Guangzhou, China
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Guangdong Provincial People’s Hospital, Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, Guangzhou, China
- The Second School of Clinical Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
- *Correspondence: Chunbo Chen,
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12
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Shi M, Zhang J, Wang Y, Han Y, Zhao X, Hu H, Qiao M, Chen D. Blockage of the IDO1 pathway by charge-switchable nanoparticles amplifies immunogenic cell death for enhanced cancer immunotherapy. Acta Biomater 2022; 150:353-366. [PMID: 35843594 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2022.07.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2022] [Revised: 06/15/2022] [Accepted: 07/10/2022] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment (ITM), poor immunogenicity and low tumor penetration markedly reduce the tumor immunotherapy capability. To address these hurdles, we successfully engineered acidity-triggered nanoparticles (NPs) with size-reduction and charge-switchable to boost tumor immunotherapy based on indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase 1 siRNA (IDO1 siRNA) and immunogenic cell death (ICD). The NPs significantly augmented tumor penetrating ability and improved cellular uptake via the detachment of 2,3-dimethylmaleic anhydride grafted poly(ethylene glycol)-poly(L-lysine) copolymer (mPEG-PLL-DMA, PLM) from large-sized NPs with a negative charge. Subsequently, the NPs with a positive charge and small size rapidly escaped from the lysosomes and released mitoxantrone (MIT) and IDO1 siRNA. The antitumor immune response of IDO1 siRNA and MIT provided good antitumor capability through enhancing DCs maturation, improving numbers of CTLs and downregulating the level of Tregs in tumor tissues. In summary, the results demonstrated that charge-switchable NPs based on blockage of the IDO1 pathway and ICD activation induce an efficient antitumor immune response, thus showing high potential for treating primary/distant tumor and reducing metastasis. STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE: Acidity-triggered nanoparticles (NPs) with size-reduction and charge-switchable to boost tumor immunotherapy based on indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase 1 siRNA (IDO1 siRNA) and immunogenic cell death (ICD) were engineered. NPs augmented tumor penetrating ability and improved cellular uptake via the detachment of mPEG-PLL-DMA (PLM) from large-sized MIT/siR-PLM/PPA NPs with negative charge to expose miniature and positively charged MIT/siR-PPA NPs. The NPs rapidly escaped from the lysosome and sequentially released mitoxantrone (MIT) and IDO1 siRNA. The antitumor immune synergistic effect of inhibiting the IDO1 pathway by IDO1 siRNA and inducting ICD by MIT provided dramatic antitumor capability through enhancing DCs maturation, improving numbers of CTLs and downregulating the level of Tregs in tumor tissues. And the NPs revealed a promising pathway against aggressive and difficult-to-treat cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Menghao Shi
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, No. 103 Wenhua Road, Shenyang, Liaoning 110016, PR China
| | - Jiulong Zhang
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, No. 103 Wenhua Road, Shenyang, Liaoning 110016, PR China
| | - Yu Wang
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, No. 103 Wenhua Road, Shenyang, Liaoning 110016, PR China
| | - Yanyan Han
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, No. 103 Wenhua Road, Shenyang, Liaoning 110016, PR China
| | - Xiuli Zhao
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, No. 103 Wenhua Road, Shenyang, Liaoning 110016, PR China
| | - Haiyang Hu
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, No. 103 Wenhua Road, Shenyang, Liaoning 110016, PR China
| | - Mingxi Qiao
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, No. 103 Wenhua Road, Shenyang, Liaoning 110016, PR China
| | - Dawei Chen
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, No. 103 Wenhua Road, Shenyang, Liaoning 110016, PR China.
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Haiyan C, Mengyuan Z, Yuteng Z, Ziyan L, Pan W, Han L. Recent advances on biomedical applications of bacterial outer membrane vesicles. J Mater Chem B 2022; 10:7384-7396. [DOI: 10.1039/d2tb00683a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Nanoscale and non-self-replicating outer membrane vesicles (OMVs) are naturally secreted by some bacteria with their structures and compositions similar to that of the outer membrane of parental bacteria. With some...
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Xu X, Wu Y, Qian X, Wang Y, Wang J, Li J, Li Y, Zhang Z. Nanomedicine Strategies to Circumvent Intratumor Extracellular Matrix Barriers for Cancer Therapy. Adv Healthc Mater 2022; 11:e2101428. [PMID: 34706400 DOI: 10.1002/adhm.202101428] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2021] [Revised: 10/14/2021] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
The dense and heterogeneous physical network of the extracellular matrix (ECM) in tumors represents a formidable barrier that limits intratumor drug delivery and the therapeutic efficacy of many anticancer therapies. Here, the two major nanomedicine strategies to circumvent intratumor ECM barriers: regulating the physiochemical properties of nanomedicines and remodeling the components and structure of the ECM are summarized. Nanomedicines can be rationally regulated by optimizing physiochemical properties or designed with biomimetic features to promote ECM permeation capability. Meanwhile, they can also be designed to remodel the ECM by modulating signaling pathways or destroying the components and architecture of the ECM via chemical, biological, or physical treatments. These efforts produce profound improvements in intratumor drug delivery and anticancer efficacy. Moreover, to aid in their anticancer efficacy, feasible approaches for improving ECM-circumventing nanomedicines are proposed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoxuan Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research & Center of Pharmaceutics Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica Chinese Academy of Sciences Shanghai 201203 China
- School of Pharmacy University of Chinese Academy of Sciences 19A Yuqian Road Beijing 100049 China
| | - Yao Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research & Center of Pharmaceutics Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica Chinese Academy of Sciences Shanghai 201203 China
| | - Xindi Qian
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research & Center of Pharmaceutics Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica Chinese Academy of Sciences Shanghai 201203 China
- School of Pharmacy University of Chinese Academy of Sciences 19A Yuqian Road Beijing 100049 China
| | - Yuqi Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research & Center of Pharmaceutics Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica Chinese Academy of Sciences Shanghai 201203 China
| | - Jiaoying Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research & Center of Pharmaceutics Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica Chinese Academy of Sciences Shanghai 201203 China
| | - Jie Li
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research & Center of Pharmaceutics Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica Chinese Academy of Sciences Shanghai 201203 China
| | - Yaping Li
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research & Center of Pharmaceutics Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica Chinese Academy of Sciences Shanghai 201203 China
- School of Pharmacy University of Chinese Academy of Sciences 19A Yuqian Road Beijing 100049 China
| | - Zhiwen Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research & Center of Pharmaceutics Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica Chinese Academy of Sciences Shanghai 201203 China
- School of Pharmacy University of Chinese Academy of Sciences 19A Yuqian Road Beijing 100049 China
- Yantai Key Laboratory of Nanomedicine & Advanced Preparations Yantai Institute of Materia Medica Shandong 264000 China
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15
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Huang Z, Chen Y, Zhang J, Li W, Shi M, Qiao M, Zhao X, Hu H, Chen D. Laser/GSH-Activatable Oxaliplatin/Phthalocyanine-Based Coordination Polymer Nanoparticles Combining Chemophotodynamic Therapy to Improve Cancer Immunotherapy. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2021; 13:39934-39948. [PMID: 34396771 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.1c11327] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
There are two severe obstacles in cancer immunotherapy. The first is that the low response rate challenges the immune response owing to the immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment (ITM) and poor immunogenicity of the tumor. The second obstacle is that the dense and intricate pathophysiology barrier seriously restricts deep drug delivery in solid tumors. A laser/glutathione (GSH)-activatable nanosystem with tumor penetration for achieving highly efficient immunotherapy is reported. The core of the nanosystem was synthesized by coordinating zinc ions with GSH-activatable oxaliplatin (OXA) prodrugs and carboxylated phthalocyanine. Such an OXA/phthalocyanine-based coordination polymer nanoparticle (OPCPN) was wrapped by a phospholipid bilayer and NTKPEG. NTKPEG is a PEGylated indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase 1 (IDO1) inhibitor prodrug containing a thioketal (TK) linker, which was modified on the OPCPN (OPCPN@NTKPEG). Upon the laser irradiation tumor site, ROS production of the OPCPN@NTKPEG triggers cleavage of NTKPEG by degradation of TK for promoted tumor penetration and uptake. OXA, phthalocyanine, and IDO1 inhibitor were released by the intracellular high-level GSH. OXA inhibits cell growth and is combined with photodynamic therapy (PDT) to induce immunogenic cell death (ICD). The IDO1 inhibitor reversed the ITM by suppressing IDO1-mediated Trp degradation and exhaustion of cytotoxic T cells. Laser/GSH-activatable drug delivery was more conducive to enhancing ICD and reversing ITM in deep tumors. Chemo-PDT with OPCPN@NTKPEG significantly regressed tumor growth and reduced metastasis by improved cancer immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ziyuan Huang
- School of Pharmacy, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, P.R. China
| | - Yuying Chen
- School of Pharmacy, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, P.R. China
| | - Jiulong Zhang
- School of Pharmacy, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, P.R. China
| | - Wenpan Li
- School of Pharmacy, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, P.R. China
| | - Menghao Shi
- School of Pharmacy, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, P.R. China
| | - Mingxi Qiao
- School of Pharmacy, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, P.R. China
| | - Xiuli Zhao
- School of Pharmacy, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, P.R. China
| | - Haiyang Hu
- School of Pharmacy, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, P.R. China
| | - Dawei Chen
- School of Pharmacy, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, P.R. China
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16
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Xie J, Wang Y, Choi W, Jangili P, Ge Y, Xu Y, Kang J, Liu L, Zhang B, Xie Z, He J, Xie N, Nie G, Zhang H, Kim JS. Overcoming barriers in photodynamic therapy harnessing nano-formulation strategies. Chem Soc Rev 2021; 50:9152-9201. [PMID: 34223847 DOI: 10.1039/d0cs01370f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 211] [Impact Index Per Article: 70.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Photodynamic therapy (PDT) has been extensively investigated for decades for tumor treatment because of its non-invasiveness, spatiotemporal selectivity, lower side-effects, and immune activation ability. It can be a promising treatment modality in several medical fields, including oncology, immunology, urology, dermatology, ophthalmology, cardiology, pneumology, and dentistry. Nevertheless, the clinical application of PDT is largely restricted by the drawbacks of traditional photosensitizers, limited tissue penetrability of light, inefficient induction of tumor cell death, tumor resistance to the therapy, and the severe pain induced by the therapy. Recently, various photosensitizer formulations and therapy strategies have been developed to overcome these barriers. Significantly, the introduction of nanomaterials in PDT, as carriers or photosensitizers, may overcome the drawbacks of traditional photosensitizers. Based on this, nanocomposites excited by various light sources are applied in the PDT of deep-seated tumors. Modulation of cell death pathways with co-delivered reagents promotes PDT induced tumor cell death. Relief of tumor resistance to PDT with combined therapy strategies further promotes tumor inhibition. Also, the optimization of photosensitizer formulations and therapy procedures reduces pain in PDT. Here, a systematic summary of recent advances in the fabrication of photosensitizers and the design of therapy strategies to overcome barriers in PDT is presented. Several aspects important for the clinical application of PDT in cancer treatment are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianlei Xie
- Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Devices and Systems of Ministry of Education and Guangdong Province, Institute of Microscale Optoelectronics, and Otolaryngology Department and Biobank of the First Affiliated Hospital, Shenzhen Second People's Hospital, Health Science Center, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, P. R. China.
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