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Hizlisoy H, Dishan A, Bekdik IK, Barel M, Koskeroglu K, Ozkaya Y, Aslan O, Yilmaz OT. Candida albicans in the oral cavities of pets: biofilm formation, putative virulence, antifungal resistance profiles and classification of the isolates. Int Microbiol 2024:10.1007/s10123-024-00552-4. [PMID: 38955904 DOI: 10.1007/s10123-024-00552-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2024] [Revised: 06/20/2024] [Accepted: 06/25/2024] [Indexed: 07/04/2024]
Abstract
The study aimed to investigate Candida albicans presence, antifungal resistance, biofilm formation, putative virulence genes, and molecular characterization in oral samples of dogs and cats. A total of 239 oral samples were collected from cats and dogs of various breeds and ages at Erciyes University, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine Clinics, between May 2017 and April 2018. Among 216 isolates obtained, 15 (6.95%) were identified as C. albicans, while 8 (3.7%) were non-albicans Candida species. Antifungal susceptibility testing revealed sensitivities to caspofungin, fluconazole, and flucytosine in varying proportions. Molecular analysis indicated the presence of fluconazole and caspofungin resistance genes in all C. albicans isolates. Additionally, virulence genes ALS1, HWP1, and HSP90 showed variable presence. Biofilm formation varied among isolates, with 46.7% strong, 33.3% moderate, and 20% weak producers. PCA analysis categorized isolates into two main clusters, with some dog isolates grouped separately. The findings underscore the significance of oral care and protective measures in pets due to C. albicans prevalence, biofilm formation, virulence factors, and antifungal resistance in their oral cavity, thereby aiding clinical diagnosis and treatment in veterinary medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harun Hizlisoy
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Veterinary Public Health, Erciye University, Kayseri, Türkiye.
| | - Adalet Dishan
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Food Hygiene and Technology, Bozok University, Yozgat, Türkiye
| | - Ilknur Karaca Bekdik
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Erciyes University, Kayseri, Türkiye
| | - Mukaddes Barel
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Veterinary Public Health, Erciye University, Kayseri, Türkiye
| | | | - Yasin Ozkaya
- Health Sciences Institute, Erciyes University, Kayseri, Türkiye
| | - Oznur Aslan
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Erciyes University, Kayseri, Türkiye
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Siswina T, Rustama MM, Sumiarsa D, Apriyanti E, Dohi H, Kurnia D. Antifungal Constituents of Piper crocatum and Their Activities as Ergosterol Biosynthesis Inhibitors Discovered via In Silico Study Using ADMET and Drug-Likeness Analysis. Molecules 2023; 28:7705. [PMID: 38067436 PMCID: PMC10708292 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28237705] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2023] [Revised: 11/14/2023] [Accepted: 11/16/2023] [Indexed: 12/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Along with the increasing resistance of Candida spp. to some antibiotics, it is necessary to find new antifungal drugs, one of which is from the medicinal plant Red Betel (Piper crocatum). The purpose of this research is to isolate antifungal constituents from P. crocatum and evaluate their activities as ergosterol biosynthesis inhibitors via an in silico study of ADMET and drug-likeness analysis. Two new active compounds 1 and 2 and a known compound 3 were isolated, and their structures were determined using spectroscopic methods, while their bioactivities were evaluated via in vitro and in silico studies, respectively. Antifungal compound 3 was the most active compared to 1 and 2 with zone inhibition values of 14.5, 11.9, and 13.0 mm, respectively, at a concentration of 10% w/v, together with MIC/MFC at 0.31/1.2% w/v. Further in silico study demonstrated that compound 3 had a stronger ΔG than the positive control and compounds 1 and 2 with -11.14, -12.78, -12.00, and -6.89 Kcal/mol against ERG1, ERG2, ERG11, and ERG24, respectively, and also that 3 had the best Ki with 6.8 × 10-3, 4 × 10-4, 1.6 × 10-3, and 8.88 μM. On the other hand, an ADMET analysis of 1-3 met five parameters, while 1 had one violation of Ro5. Based on the research data, the promising antifungal constituents of P. crocatum allow P. crocatum to be proposed as a new antifungal candidate to treat and cure infections due to C. albicans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tessa Siswina
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Universitas Padjadjaran, Sumedang 45363, Indonesia; (T.S.); (D.S.); (E.A.)
- Department of Midwifery, Poltekkes Kemenkes Pontianak, Pontianak 78124, Indonesia
| | - Mia Miranti Rustama
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Universitas Padjadjaran, Sumedang 45363, Indonesia;
| | - Dadan Sumiarsa
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Universitas Padjadjaran, Sumedang 45363, Indonesia; (T.S.); (D.S.); (E.A.)
| | - Eti Apriyanti
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Universitas Padjadjaran, Sumedang 45363, Indonesia; (T.S.); (D.S.); (E.A.)
| | - Hirofumi Dohi
- Graduate School of Horticulture, Chiba University, 1-33 Yayoi, Inage-ku, Chiba 263-8522, Japan;
| | - Dikdik Kurnia
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Universitas Padjadjaran, Sumedang 45363, Indonesia; (T.S.); (D.S.); (E.A.)
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Divyashree S, Shruthi B, Vanitha P, Sreenivasa M. Probiotics and their postbiotics for the control of opportunistic fungal pathogens: A review. BIOTECHNOLOGY REPORTS (AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS) 2023; 38:e00800. [PMID: 37215743 PMCID: PMC10196798 DOI: 10.1016/j.btre.2023.e00800] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2023] [Revised: 04/11/2023] [Accepted: 05/03/2023] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
During past twenty years the opportunistic fungal infections have been emerging, causing morbidity and mortality. The fungi belonging to Aspergillus, Mucor, Rhizopus, Candida, Fusarium, Penicillium, Dermatophytes and others cause severe opportunistic fungal infections. Among these Aspergillus and Candida spp cause majority of the diseases. The continuum of fungal infections will prolong to progress in the surroundings of the growing inhabitants of immunocompromised individuals. Presently many chemical-based drugs were used as prophylactic and therapeutic agents. Prolonged usage of antibiotics may lead to some severe effect on the human health. Also, one of the major threats is that the fungal pathogens are becoming the drug resistant. There are many physical, chemical, and mechanical methods to prevent the contamination or to control the disease. Owing to the limitations that are observed in such methods, biological methods are gaining more interest because of the use of natural products which have comparatively less side effects and environment friendly. In recent years, research on the possible use of natural products such as probiotics for clinical use is gaining importance. Probiotics, one of the well studied biological products, are safe upon consumption and are explored to treat various fungal infections. The antifungal potency of major groups of probiotic cultures such as Lactobacillus spp, Leuconostoc spp, Saccharomyces etc. and their metabolic byproducts which act as postbiotics like organic acids, short chain fatty acids, bacteriocin like metabolites, Hydrogen peroxide, cyclic dipeptides etc. to inhibit these opportunistic fungal pathogens have been discussed here.
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Dowdy H, Kumar RS, Almansour AI, Arumugam N, IbrahimAlaqeel S, Thangamani S. Discovery of spirooxindole-pyrrolidine heterocyclic hybrids with potent antifungal activity against fungal pathogens. Pathog Dis 2022; 80:6581313. [PMID: 35512603 DOI: 10.1093/femspd/ftac013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2022] [Revised: 04/24/2022] [Accepted: 05/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Fungal pathogens mainly Candida and Cryptococcus species causes serious life-threating infections to humans, especially in individuals who are immunocompromised. Increasing frequency of antifungal drug resistance along with paucity of FDA-approved drugs suggest a dire need for new antifungal drugs. Our screening of newly synthesized spirooxindole heterocyclic hybrid compounds revealed that the novel small molecule, DPA-3, has potent antifungal activity without inducing mammalian cell cytotoxicity. Furthermore, DPA-3 significantly reduced hyphal and biofilm formation of Candida albicans ATCC 10231 strain, out-competing two FDA approved antifungal drugs. The results of our study conclude that DPA-3 is a compelling candidate for further development as an antifungal drug.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hannah Dowdy
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Midwestern University, 19555 N. 59th Ave. Glendale, AZ 85308
| | - Raju Suresh Kumar
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, King Saud University, P.O. Box 2455, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Abdulrahman I Almansour
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, King Saud University, P.O. Box 2455, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Natarajan Arumugam
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, King Saud University, P.O. Box 2455, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Shatha IbrahimAlaqeel
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, King Saud University (034), Riyadh, 11495, Saudi Arabia
| | - Shankar Thangamani
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Midwestern University, 19555 N. 59th Ave. Glendale, AZ 85308.,Department of Comparative Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47906, USA.,Purdue Institute for Immunology, Inflammation and Infectious Diseases (PI4D), IN 47906, USA
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Antibiofilm Potential of Medicinal Plants against Candida spp. Oral Biofilms: A Review. Antibiotics (Basel) 2021; 10:antibiotics10091142. [PMID: 34572724 PMCID: PMC8464735 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics10091142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2021] [Revised: 09/15/2021] [Accepted: 09/20/2021] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The use of natural products to promote health is as old as human civilization. In recent years, the perception of natural products derived from plants as abundant sources of biologically active compounds has driven their exploitation towards the search for new chemical products that can lead to further pharmaceutical formulations. Candida fungi, being opportunistic pathogens, increase their virulence by acquiring resistance to conventional antimicrobials, triggering diseases, especially in immunosuppressed hosts. They are also pointed to as the main pathogens responsible for most fungal infections of the oral cavity. This increased resistance to conventional synthetic antimicrobials has driven the search for new molecules present in plant extracts, which have been widely explored as alternative agents in the prevention and treatment of infections. This review aims to provide a critical view and scope of the in vitro antimicrobial and antibiofilm activity of several medicinal plants, revealing species with inhibition/reduction effects on the biofilm formed by Candida spp. in the oral cavity. The most promising plant extracts in fighting oral biofilm, given their high capacity to reduce it to low concentrations were the essential oils extracted from Allium sativum L., Cinnamomum zeylanicum Blume. and Cymbopogon citratus (DC) Stapf.
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Quiroga ED, Cordero P, Mora SJ, Alvarez MG, Durantini EN. Mechanistic aspects in the photodynamic inactivation of Candida albicans sensitized by a dimethylaminopropoxy porphyrin and its equivalent with cationic intrinsic charges. Photodiagnosis Photodyn Ther 2020; 31:101877. [PMID: 32534247 DOI: 10.1016/j.pdpdt.2020.101877] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2020] [Revised: 06/05/2020] [Accepted: 06/08/2020] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Photocytotoxic effect induced by 5,10,15,20-tetrakis[4-(3-N,N-dimethylaminopropoxy)phenyl]porphyrin (TAPP) and 5,10,15,20-tetrakis[4-(3-N,N,N-trimethylaminepropoxy)phenyl]porphyrin (TAPP+4) was examined in Candida albicans to obtain information on the mechanism of photodynamic action and cell damage. For this purpose, the photokilling of the yeast was investigated under anoxic conditions and cell suspensions in D2O. Moreover, photoinactivation of C. albicans was evaluated in presence of reactive oxygen species scavengers, such as sodium azide and d-mannitol. The results indicated that singlet molecular oxygen was the main reactive species involved in cell damage. On the other hand, the binding and distribution of these porphyrins in the cells was observed by fluorescence microscopy. Morphological damage was studied by transmission electron microscopy (TEM), indicating modifications in the cell envelopment. Furthermore, deformed cells were observed after photoinactivation of C. albicans by toluidine blue staining. In addition, modifications in the cell envelope due to the photodynamic activity was found by scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Similar photodamage was observed with both porphyrin, which mainly produced alterations in the cell barriers that lead to the photoinactivation of C. albicans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ezequiel D Quiroga
- IDAS-CONICET, Departamento de Química, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Físico-Químicas y Naturales, Universidad Nacional de Río Cuarto, Ruta Nacional 36 Km 601, X5804BYA Río Cuarto, Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Paula Cordero
- IDAS-CONICET, Departamento de Química, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Físico-Químicas y Naturales, Universidad Nacional de Río Cuarto, Ruta Nacional 36 Km 601, X5804BYA Río Cuarto, Córdoba, Argentina
| | - S Jimena Mora
- IDAS-CONICET, Departamento de Química, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Físico-Químicas y Naturales, Universidad Nacional de Río Cuarto, Ruta Nacional 36 Km 601, X5804BYA Río Cuarto, Córdoba, Argentina
| | - M Gabriela Alvarez
- IDAS-CONICET, Departamento de Química, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Físico-Químicas y Naturales, Universidad Nacional de Río Cuarto, Ruta Nacional 36 Km 601, X5804BYA Río Cuarto, Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Edgardo N Durantini
- IDAS-CONICET, Departamento de Química, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Físico-Químicas y Naturales, Universidad Nacional de Río Cuarto, Ruta Nacional 36 Km 601, X5804BYA Río Cuarto, Córdoba, Argentina.
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Mba IE, Nweze EI. Mechanism of Candida pathogenesis: revisiting the vital drivers. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis 2020; 39:1797-1819. [PMID: 32372128 DOI: 10.1007/s10096-020-03912-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2020] [Accepted: 04/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Candida is the most implicated fungal pathogen in the clinical setting. Several factors play important roles in the pathogenesis of Candida spp. Multiple transcriptional circuits, morphological and phenotypic switching, biofilm formation, tissue damaging extracellular hydrolytic enzymes, metabolic flexibility, genome plasticity, adaptation to environmental pH fluctuation, robust nutrient acquisition system, adherence and invasions (mediated by adhesins and invasins), heat shock proteins (HSPs), cytolytic proteins, escape from phagocytosis, evasion from host immune system, synergistic coaggregation with resident microbiota, resistance to antifungal agents, and the ability to efficiently respond to multiple stresses are some of the major pathogenic determinants of Candida species. The existence of multiple connections, in addition to the interactions and associations among all of these factors, are distinctive features that play important roles in the establishment of Candida infections. This review describes all the underlying factors and mechanisms involved in Candida pathogenesis by evaluating pathogenic determinants of Candida species. It reinforces the already available pool of data on the pathogenesis of Candida species by providing a clear and simplified understanding of the most important factors implicated in the pathogenesis of Candida species. The Candida pathogenesis network, an illustration linking all the major determinants of Candida pathogenesis, is also presented. Taken together, they will further improve our current understanding of how these factors modulate virulence and consequent infection(s). Development of new antifungal drugs and better therapeutic approaches to candidiasis can be achieved in the near future with continuing progress in the understanding of the mechanisms of Candida pathogenesis.
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dos Santos KF, Sousa MS, Valverde JV, Olivati CA, Souto PC, Silva JR, de Souza NC. Fractal analysis and mathematical models for the investigation of photothermal inactivation of Candida albicans using carbon nanotubes. Colloids Surf B Biointerfaces 2019; 180:393-400. [DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfb.2019.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2019] [Revised: 05/02/2019] [Accepted: 05/04/2019] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
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Appna NR, Nagiri RK, Korupolu RB, Kanugala S, Chityal GK, Thipparapu G, Banda N. Design and synthesis of novel 4-hydrazone functionalized/1,2,4-triazole fused pyrido[2,3-d]pyrimidine derivatives, their evaluation for antifungal activity and docking studies. Med Chem Res 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/s00044-019-02390-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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Singla RK, Dubey AK. Molecules and Metabolites from Natural Products as Inhibitors of Biofilm in Candida spp. pathogens. Curr Top Med Chem 2019; 19:2567-2578. [PMID: 31654510 PMCID: PMC7403689 DOI: 10.2174/1568026619666191025154834] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2019] [Revised: 09/26/2019] [Accepted: 09/29/2019] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Biofilm is a critical virulence factor associated with the strains of Candida spp. pathogens as it confers significant resistance to the pathogen against antifungal drugs. METHODS A systematic review of the literature was undertaken by focusing on natural products, which have been reported to inhibit biofilms produced by Candida spp. The databases explored were from PubMed and Google Scholar. The abstracts and full text of the manuscripts from the literature were analyzed and included if found significant. RESULTS Medicinal plants from the order Lamiales, Apiales, Asterales, Myrtales, Sapindales, Acorales, Poales and Laurales were reported to inhibit the biofilms formed by Candida spp. From the microbiological sources, lactobacilli, Streptomyces chrestomyceticus and Streptococcus thermophilus B had shown the strong biofilm inhibition potential. Further, the diverse nature of the compounds from classes like terpenoids, phenylpropanoid, alkaloids, flavonoids, polyphenol, naphthoquinone and saponin was found to be significant in inhibiting the biofilm of Candida spp. CONCLUSION Natural products from both plant and microbial origins have proven themselves as a goldmine for isolating the potential biofilm inhibitors with a specific or multi-locus mechanism of action. Structural and functional characterization of the bioactive molecules from active extracts should be the next line of approach along with the thorough exploration of the mechanism of action for the already identified bioactive molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ashok K. Dubey
- Address correspondence to this author at the Drug Discovery Laboratory, Department of Biological Sciences and Engineering, Netaji Subhas University of Technology, New Delhi-110078, India; Emails: ;
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de Oliveira Santos GC, Vasconcelos CC, Lopes AJO, de Sousa Cartágenes MDS, Filho AKDB, do Nascimento FRF, Ramos RM, Pires ERRB, de Andrade MS, Rocha FMG, de Andrade Monteiro C. Candida Infections and Therapeutic Strategies: Mechanisms of Action for Traditional and Alternative Agents. Front Microbiol 2018; 9:1351. [PMID: 30018595 PMCID: PMC6038711 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2018.01351] [Citation(s) in RCA: 138] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2018] [Accepted: 06/05/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The Candida genus comprises opportunistic fungi that can become pathogenic when the immune system of the host fails. Candida albicans is the most important and prevalent species. Polyenes, fluoropyrimidines, echinocandins, and azoles are used as commercial antifungal agents to treat candidiasis. However, the presence of intrinsic and developed resistance against azole antifungals has been extensively documented among several Candida species. The advent of original and re-emergence of classical fungal diseases have occurred as a consequence of the development of the antifungal resistance phenomenon. In this way, the development of new satisfactory therapy for fungal diseases persists as a major challenge of present-day medicine. The design of original drugs from traditional medicines provides new promises in the modern clinic. The urgent need includes the development of alternative drugs that are more efficient and tolerant than those traditional already in use. The identification of new substances with potential antifungal effect at low concentrations or in combination is also a possibility. The present review briefly examines the infections caused by Candida species and focuses on the mechanisms of action associated with the traditional agents used to treat those infections, as well as the current understanding of the molecular basis of resistance development in these fungal species. In addition, this review describes some of the promising alternative molecules and/or substances that could be used as anticandidal agents, their mechanisms of action, and their use in combination with traditional drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giselle C. de Oliveira Santos
- Programa de Doutorado em Biotecnologia da Rede Nordeste de Biotecnologia (RENORBIO), Universidade Federal do Maranhão, São Luís, Brazil
| | - Cleydlenne C. Vasconcelos
- Programa de Doutorado em Biotecnologia da Rede Nordeste de Biotecnologia (RENORBIO), Universidade Federal do Maranhão, São Luís, Brazil
| | - Alberto J. O. Lopes
- Postgraduate Program in Health Sciences, Universidade Federal do Maranhão, São Luís, Brazil
| | | | - Allan K. D. B. Filho
- Departamento de Engenharia Elétrica, Programa de Doutorado em Biotecnologia da Rede Nordeste de Biotecnologia (RENORBIO), Universidade Federal do Maranhão, São Luís, Brazil
| | | | - Ricardo M. Ramos
- Department of Information, Environment, Health and Food Production, Laboratory of Information Systems, Federal Institute of Piauí, Teresina, Brazil
| | | | - Marcelo S. de Andrade
- Postgraduate Program in Health Sciences, Universidade Federal do Maranhão, São Luís, Brazil
| | - Flaviane M. G. Rocha
- Laboratório de Micologia Médica, Programa de Mestrado em Biologia Parasitária, Universidade Ceuma, São Luís, Brazil
| | - Cristina de Andrade Monteiro
- Laboratório de Micologia Médica, Programa de Mestrado em Biologia Parasitária, Universidade Ceuma, São Luís, Brazil
- Departmento de Biologia, Instituto Federal do Maranhão, São Luís, Brazil
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In Vitro Antifungal Activity of Hexahydropyrimidine Derivatives against the Causative Agents of Dermatomycosis. ScientificWorldJournal 2017; 2017:1207061. [PMID: 29226215 PMCID: PMC5684597 DOI: 10.1155/2017/1207061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2017] [Revised: 09/01/2017] [Accepted: 09/11/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Nitrogenated heterocyclic compounds are present in both natural and synthetic drugs, and hexahydropyrimidine derivatives may prove to be efficient in treating dermatomycosis causing fungi. This study evaluated the antifungal activity of four hexahydropyrimidine derivatives against the dermatomycosis causing fungi. These derivatives were synthesized, characterized, and assessed in terms of their activity against Trichophyton mentagrophytes, Microsporum canis, Microsporum gypseum, Trichophyton rubrum, Fusarium oxysporum, and Epidermophyton floccosum between concentrations 7.8 and 1,000 μg mL−1. Scanning electron micrographs were assessed for the active derivatives and reference drugs, and these micrographs revealed that new agents cause morphological changes in fungi. The derivatives HHP1, HHP3, and HHP4 revealed poor activity against the four fungal strains (MICs range 500–1000 μg mL−1). Compound HHP3 was found to be the best potential antifungal agent among those tested and was the most effective among all the active derivatives that caused morphological changes in the susceptible strains.
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Subramanya SH, Sharan NK, Baral BP, Hamal D, Nayak N, Prakash PY, Sathian B, Bairy I, Gokhale S. Diversity, in-vitro virulence traits and antifungal susceptibility pattern of gastrointestinal yeast flora of healthy poultry, Gallus gallus domesticus. BMC Microbiol 2017; 17:113. [PMID: 28506251 PMCID: PMC5433169 DOI: 10.1186/s12866-017-1024-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2017] [Accepted: 05/05/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Poultry farming and consumption of poultry (Gallus gallus domesticus) meat and eggs are common gastronomical practices worldwide. Till now, a detailed understanding about the gut colonisation of Gallus gallus domesticus by yeasts and their virulence properties and drug resistance patterns in available literature remain sparse. This study was undertaken to explore this prevalent issue. Results A total of 103 specimens of fresh droppings of broiler chickens (commercial G domesticus) and domesticated chickens (domesticated G domesticus) were collected from the breeding sites. The isolates comprised of 29 (33%) Debaryozyma hansenii (Candida famata), 12 (13.6%) Sporothrix catenata (C. ciferrii), 10 (11.4%) C. albicans, 8 (9.1%) Diutnia catenulata (C. catenulate), 6 (6.8%) C. tropicalis, 3 (3.4%) Candida acidothermophilum (C. krusei), 2 (2.3%) C. pintolopesii, 1 (1.1%) C. parapsilosis, 9 (10.2%) Trichosporon spp. (T. moniliiforme, T. asahii), 4 (4.5%) Geotrichum candidum, 3 (3.4%) Cryptococcus macerans and 1 (1%) Cystobasidium minuta (Rhodotorula minuta). Virulence factors, measured among different yeast species, showed wide variability. Biofilm cells exhibited higher Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) values (μg/ml) than planktonic cells against all antifungal compounds tested: (fluconazole, 8–512 vs 0.031–16; amphotericin B, 0.5–64 vs 0.031–16; voriconazole 0.062–16 vs 0.062–8; caspofungin, 0.062–4 vs 0.031–1). Conclusions The present work extends the current understanding of in vitro virulence factors and antifungal susceptibility pattern of gastrointestinal yeast flora of G domesticus. More studies with advanced techniques are needed to quantify the risk of spread of these potential pathogens to environment and human.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Indira Bairy
- Melaka-Manipal Medical College, Manipal University, Udupi, India
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14
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Prevalence and virulence factors of Candida spp. associated with blow flies. Asian Pac J Trop Biomed 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.apjtb.2017.01.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
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Hutnick MA, Ahsanuddin S, Guan L, Lam M, Baron ED, Pokorski JK. PEGylated Dendrimers as Drug Delivery Vehicles for the Photosensitizer Silicon Phthalocyanine Pc 4 for Candidal Infections. Biomacromolecules 2017; 18:379-385. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.biomac.6b01436] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Melanie A. Hutnick
- Department
of Macromolecular Science and Engineering, Case Western Reserve University, 2100 Adelbert Road, Cleveland, Ohio 44106, United States
| | - Sayeeda Ahsanuddin
- Department
of Dermatology, Case Skin Disease Research Center, Case Western Reserve University/University Hospitals Cleveland Medical Center, Cleveland, Ohio 44106, United States
| | - Linna Guan
- Department
of Dermatology, Case Skin Disease Research Center, Case Western Reserve University/University Hospitals Cleveland Medical Center, Cleveland, Ohio 44106, United States
| | - Minh Lam
- Department
of Dermatology, Case Skin Disease Research Center, Case Western Reserve University/University Hospitals Cleveland Medical Center, Cleveland, Ohio 44106, United States
| | - Elma D. Baron
- Department
of Dermatology, Case Skin Disease Research Center, Case Western Reserve University/University Hospitals Cleveland Medical Center, Cleveland, Ohio 44106, United States
| | - Jonathan K. Pokorski
- Department
of Macromolecular Science and Engineering, Case Western Reserve University, 2100 Adelbert Road, Cleveland, Ohio 44106, United States
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16
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Suchodolski J, Feder-Kubis J, Krasowska A. Antifungal activity of ionic liquids based on (-)-menthol: a mechanism study. Microbiol Res 2017; 197:56-64. [PMID: 28219526 DOI: 10.1016/j.micres.2016.12.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2016] [Revised: 11/21/2016] [Accepted: 12/27/2016] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
The mechanism of toxicity of chiral ionic liquids with (1R,2S,5R)-(-)-menthol [Cn-Am-Men][Cl] (n=10, 11 or 12) in the fungus Candida albicans is reported here. Ionic liquids were more toxic towards Candida strain lacking all identified multidrug resistance efflux pumps. Moreover, the compounds tested inhibited C. albicans filamentation at the concentration at which detached fungal cells also adhered to the plastic surface. Our results showed the high activity of all the tested chiral ionic liquids in the permeabilization of C. albicans' membranes and in the digestion and interruption of the cell wall. The investigated ionic liquids thus have potential as disinfectants because besides their antifungal and antiadhesive action these compounds do not cause hemolysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jakub Suchodolski
- Faculty of Biotechnology, University of Wroclaw, Joilot-Curie 14a, 50-383 Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Joanna Feder-Kubis
- Faculty of Chemistry, Wroclaw University of Science and Technology, Wybrzeże Wyspiańskiego 27, 50-370 Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Anna Krasowska
- Faculty of Biotechnology, University of Wroclaw, Joilot-Curie 14a, 50-383 Wroclaw, Poland.
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17
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Ahmed D, Fatima K, Saeed R, Masih R. Isolation and identification of bioactive compounds from chloroform fraction of methanolic extract of Carissa opaca roots. Nat Prod Res 2015; 30:2012-6. [PMID: 26539756 DOI: 10.1080/14786419.2015.1107058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Carissa opaca is a shrub known for its variety of medicinal applications. This study reports isolation and identification of four chemical compounds from its roots for the first time. The methanolic extract of the roots was fractionated into various solvents with increasing polarity. Chloroform fraction was subjected to column and thin layer chromatography to ultimately yield 2H-cyclopropanaphthalene-2-one, 7-hydroxy-6-methoxy-2H-1-benzopyran-2-one, 3-(4-methoxyphenyl)-2,6-dimethylbenzofuran and 5(1H)-azulenone, 2,4,6,7,8,8a-hexahydro-3,8-dimethyl-4-(1-methylethylidene)-,(8S-cis). They were identified by GC-MS analysis. The compounds exhibited considerable antimicrobial activities against Bacillus subtilis, Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Candida albicans and Aspergillus niger with zones of inhibition ranging from 10 to 13 mm as compared to the standard drug amoxicillin with zones of inhibition 13-17 mm under the similar conditions. In conclusion, the roots of C. opaca can provide new leads for future antimicrobial drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dildar Ahmed
- a Department of Chemistry , Forman Christian College (A Chartered University) , Lahore , Pakistan
| | - Khaizran Fatima
- a Department of Chemistry , Forman Christian College (A Chartered University) , Lahore , Pakistan
| | - Ramsha Saeed
- a Department of Chemistry , Forman Christian College (A Chartered University) , Lahore , Pakistan
| | - Rashid Masih
- a Department of Chemistry , Forman Christian College (A Chartered University) , Lahore , Pakistan
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18
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Abstract
The oxidant scavenging ability (OSA) of catalase-rich Candida albicans is markedly enhanced by chlorhexidine digluconate (CHX), polymyxin B, the bile salt ursodeoxycholate and by lysophosphatidylcholine, which all act as detergents facilitating the penetration of oxidants and their intracellular decomposition. Quantifications of the OSA of Candida albicans were measured by a highly sensitive luminol-dependent chemiluminescence assay and by the Thurman's assay, to quantify hydrogen peroxide (H2O2). The OSA enhancing activity by CHX depends to some extent on the media on which candida grew. The OSA of candida treated by CHX was modulated by whole human saliva, red blood cells, lysozyme, cationic peptides and by polyphenols. Concentrations of CHX, which killed over 95 % of Candida albicans cells, did not affect the cells' abilities to scavenge reactive oxygen species (ROS). The OSA of Candida cells treated by CHX is highly refractory to H2O2 (50 mM) but is strongly inhibited by hypochlorous acid, lecithin, trypan blue and by heparin. We speculate that similarly to catalase-rich red blood cells, Candida albicans and additional catalase-rich microbiota may also have the ability to scavenge oxidants and thus can protect catalase-negative anaerobes and facultative anaerobes cariogenic streptococci against peroxide and thus secure their survival in the oral cavity.
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19
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Di Palma MA, Alvarez MG, Durantini EN. Photodynamic Action Mechanism Mediated by Zinc(II) 2,9,16,23-Tetrakis[4-(N-methylpyridyloxy)]phthalocyanine inCandida albicansCells. Photochem Photobiol 2015; 91:1203-9. [DOI: 10.1111/php.12483] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2015] [Accepted: 06/18/2015] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- María Albana Di Palma
- Departamento de Química; Facultad de Ciencias Exactas; Físico-Químicas y Naturales; Universidad Nacional de Río Cuarto; Río Cuarto Córdoba Argentina
| | - María Gabriela Alvarez
- Departamento de Química; Facultad de Ciencias Exactas; Físico-Químicas y Naturales; Universidad Nacional de Río Cuarto; Río Cuarto Córdoba Argentina
| | - Edgardo N. Durantini
- Departamento de Química; Facultad de Ciencias Exactas; Físico-Químicas y Naturales; Universidad Nacional de Río Cuarto; Río Cuarto Córdoba Argentina
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20
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Staniszewska M, Bondaryk M, Ochal Z. Susceptibility ofCandida albicansto New Synthetic Sulfone Derivatives. Arch Pharm (Weinheim) 2015; 348:132-43. [DOI: 10.1002/ardp.201400360] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2014] [Revised: 11/13/2014] [Accepted: 11/14/2014] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Monika Staniszewska
- National Institute of Public Health - National Institute of Hygiene; Warsaw Poland
| | - Małgorzata Bondaryk
- National Institute of Public Health - National Institute of Hygiene; Warsaw Poland
| | - Zbigniew Ochal
- Faculty of Chemistry; Warsaw University of Technology; Warsaw Poland
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21
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New synthetic sulfone derivatives inhibit growth, adhesion and the leucine arylamidase APE2 gene expression of Candida albicans in vitro. Bioorg Med Chem 2015; 23:314-21. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2014.11.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2014] [Revised: 11/19/2014] [Accepted: 11/27/2014] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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22
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23
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Martins N, Ferreira ICFR, Barros L, Silva S, Henriques M. Candidiasis: Predisposing Factors, Prevention, Diagnosis and Alternative Treatment. Mycopathologia 2014; 177:223-40. [DOI: 10.1007/s11046-014-9749-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 123] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2014] [Accepted: 04/18/2014] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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24
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Tsai PW, Chen YT, Yang CY, Chen HF, Tan TS, Lin TW, Hsieh WP, Lan CY. The role of Mss11 in Candida albicans biofilm formation. Mol Genet Genomics 2014; 289:807-19. [PMID: 24752399 DOI: 10.1007/s00438-014-0846-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2013] [Accepted: 03/22/2014] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Candida albicans is an opportunistic human pathogen that can form a biofilm on biotic or inert surfaces such as epithelia and clinical devices. In this study, we examine the formation of C. albicans biofilm by establishing a key gene-centered network based on protein-protein interaction (PPI) and gene expression datasets. Starting from C. albicans Cph1 and Efg1, transcription factors associated with morphogenesis of biofilm formation, a network elucidates the complex cellular process and predicts potential unknown components related to biofilm formation. Subsequently, we analyzed the functions of Mss11 among these identified proteins to test the efficiency of the proposed computational approach. MSS11-deleted mutants were compared with a wild-type strain, indicating that the mutant is defective in forming a mature biofilm and partially attenuates the virulence of C. albicans in an infected mouse model. Finally, a DNA microarray analysis was conducted to identify the potential target genes of C. albicans Mss11. The findings of this study clarify complex gene or protein interaction during the biofilm formation process of C. albicans, supporting the application of a systems biology approach to study fungal pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pei-Wen Tsai
- Institute of Molecular and Cellular Biology, National Tsing Hua University, No. 101, Section 2, Kuang-Fu Road, Hsinchu, 30013, Taiwan, ROC
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25
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Ells R, Kilian W, Hugo A, Albertyn J, Kock JL, Pohl CH. Virulence of South African Candida albicans strains isolated from different clinical samples. Med Mycol 2014; 52:246-53. [DOI: 10.1093/mmy/myt013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
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26
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Di Palma MA, Alvarez MG, Ochoa AL, Milanesio ME, Durantini EN. Optimization of cellular uptake of zinc(II) 2,9,16,23-tetrakis[4-(N-methylpyridyloxy)]phthalocyanine for maximal photoinactivation of Candida albicans. Fungal Biol 2013; 117:744-51. [PMID: 24295913 DOI: 10.1016/j.funbio.2013.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2013] [Revised: 09/05/2013] [Accepted: 09/09/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Cellular uptake and photodynamic action of zinc(II) 2,9,16,23-tetrakis[4-(N-methylpyridyloxy)]phthalocyanine (ZnPPc⁴⁺) was examined in Candida albicans. In vitro investigations showed that ZnPPc⁴⁺ was rapidly bound to C. albicans cells. The binding of phthalocyanine to cells was dependent on ZnPPc⁴⁺ concentrations (1-10 μM) and cells densities (10⁶-10⁸ cells mL⁻¹). A high amount of ZnPPc⁴⁺ retained in the cells after two washing steps, indicating a strong interaction between the photosensitizer and C. albicans. The uptake was temperature dependent, although the difference between 37 °C and 4 °C was about 10 %. Also, the amount of ZnPPc bound to C. albicans was affected when the cells were incubated for a longer time with azide and 2,4-dinitrophenol (DNP) prior to treatment with ZnPP⁴⁺. Cell survival after irradiation was dependent on the irradiation period, ZnPPc⁴⁺ concentration and cells density. Photoinactivation of C. albicans cells was elevated even after two washing steps. The strong dependence of uptake on cell density reveals the strength and avidity of the binding of ZnPPc⁴⁺ to C. albicans cells. The accumulation behaviour of ZnPPc⁴⁺ suggests that mainly an affinity-mediated binding mechanism can be involved. Therefore, ZnPPc⁴⁺ is an interesting phthalocyanine for photodynamic inactivation (PDI) of yeasts in liquid suspensions.
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Affiliation(s)
- María A Di Palma
- Departamento de Química, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas Físico-Químicas y Naturales, Universidad Nacional de Río Cuarto, Agencia Postal Nro 3, X5804BYA Río Cuarto, Córdoba, Argentina
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