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Deng Y, Ren H, Ye X, Xia L, Liu M, Liu Y, Yang M, Yang S, Ye X, Zhang J. Integrated Phytochemical Analysis Based on UPLC-Q-TOF-MS/MS, Network Pharmacology, and Experiment Verification to Explore the Potential Mechanism of Platycodon grandiflorum for Chronic Bronchitis. Front Pharmacol 2020; 11:564131. [PMID: 33013400 PMCID: PMC7506058 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2020.564131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2020] [Accepted: 08/12/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background and Aim Platycodon grandiflorum (PG) has been widely used for treating chronic bronchitis (CB). However, the material basis and underlying mechanism of action of PG against CB have not yet been elucidated. Methods To analyze the ingredients in PG, ultraperformance liquid chromatography-quadrupole-time-of-flight tandem mass (UPLC-Q-TOF-MS/MS) technology was performed. Subsequently, using data mining and network pharmacology methodology, combined with Discovery Studio 2016 (DS), Cytoscape v3.7.1, and other software, active ingredients, drug-disease targets, and key pathways of PG in the treatment of CB were evaluated. Finally, the reliability of the core targets was evaluated using molecular docking technology and in vitro studies. Results A total of 36 compounds were identified in PG. According to the basic properties of the compounds, 10 major active ingredients, including platycodin D, were obtained. Based on the data mining approach, the Traditional Chinese Medicine Systems Pharmacology Database, and the Analysis Platform (TCMSP), GeneCards, and other databases were used to obtain targets related to the active ingredients of PG and CB. Network analysis was performed on 144 overlapping gene symbols, and twenty core targets, including interleukin-6 (IL-6) and tumor necrosis factor (TNF), which indicated that the potential signaling pathway that was most relevant to the treatment of CB was the IL-17 signaling pathway. Conclusion In this study, ingredient analysis, network pharmacology analysis, and experiment verification were combined, and revealed that PG can be used to treat CB by reducing inflammation. Our findings provide novel insight into the mechanism of action of Chinese medicine. Furthermore, our data are of value for the research and development of novel drugs and the application thereof.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaling Deng
- Pharmacy College, Jiangxi University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Nanchang, China
| | - Hongmin Ren
- Pharmacy College, Jiangxi University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Nanchang, China
| | - Xianwen Ye
- Pharmacy College, Jiangxi University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Nanchang, China
| | - Lanting Xia
- Pharmacy College, Jiangxi University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Nanchang, China
| | - Minmin Liu
- Pharmacy College, Jiangxi University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Nanchang, China
| | - Ying Liu
- Pharmacy College, Jiangxi University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Nanchang, China
| | - Ming Yang
- Key Laboratory of Modern Preparation of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Ministry of Education, Jiangxi University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Nanchang, China
| | - Songhong Yang
- Pharmacy College, Jiangxi University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Nanchang, China
| | - Xide Ye
- Pharmacy College, Jiangxi University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Nanchang, China
| | - Jinlian Zhang
- Pharmacy College, Jiangxi University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Nanchang, China
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Detrimental Effects of UVB on Retinal Pigment Epithelial Cells and Its Role in Age-Related Macular Degeneration. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2020; 2020:1904178. [PMID: 32855763 PMCID: PMC7443017 DOI: 10.1155/2020/1904178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2020] [Revised: 07/03/2020] [Accepted: 07/08/2020] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Retinal pigment epithelial (RPE) cells are an essential part of the human eye because they not only mediate and control the transfer of fluids and solutes but also protect the retina against photooxidative damage and renew photoreceptor cells through phagocytosis. However, their function necessitates cumulative exposure to the sun resulting in UV damage, which may lead to the development of age-related macular degeneration (AMD). Several studies have shown that UVB induces direct DNA damage and oxidative stress in RPE cells by increasing ROS and dysregulating endogenous antioxidants. Activation of different signaling pathways connected to inflammation, cell cycle arrest, and intrinsic apoptosis was reported as well. Besides that, essential functions like phagocytosis, osmoregulation, and water permeability of RPE cells were also affected. Although the melanin within RPE cells can act as a photoprotectant, this photoprotection decreases with age. Nevertheless, the changes in lens epithelium-derived growth factor (LEDGF) and autophagic activity or application of bioactive compounds from natural products can reverse the detrimental effect of UVB. Additionally, in vivo studies on the whole retina demonstrated that UVB irradiation induces gene and protein level dysregulation, indicating cellular stress and aberrations in the chromosome level. Morphological changes like retinal depigmentation and drusen formation were noted as well which is similar to the etiology of AMD, suggesting the connection of UVB damage with AMD. Therefore, future studies, which include mechanism studies via in vitro or in vivo and other potential bioactive compounds, should be pursued for a better understanding of the involvement of UVB in AMD.
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Park M, Park SY, Lee HJ, Kim CE. A Systems-Level Analysis of Mechanisms of Platycodon grandiflorum Based on A Network Pharmacological Approach. Molecules 2018; 23:E2841. [PMID: 30388815 PMCID: PMC6278259 DOI: 10.3390/molecules23112841] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2018] [Revised: 10/23/2018] [Accepted: 10/29/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Platycodon grandiflorum (PG) is widely used in Asia for its various beneficial effects. Although many studies were conducted to understand the molecular mechanisms of PG, it is still unclear how the combinations of multiple ingredients work together to exert its therapeutic effects. The aim of the present study was to provide a comprehensive review of the systems-level mechanisms of PG by adopting network pharmacological analysis. We constructed a compound⁻target⁻disease network for PG using experimentally validated and machine-leaning-based prediction results. Each target of the network was analyzed based on previously known pharmacological activities of PG. Gene ontology analysis revealed that the majority of targets were related to cellular and metabolic processes, responses to stimuli, and biological regulation. In pathway enrichment analyses of targets, the terms related to cancer showed the most significant enrichment and formed distinct clusters. Degree matrix analysis for target⁻disease associations of PG suggested the therapeutic potential of PG in various cancers including hepatocellular carcinoma, gastric cancer, prostate cancer, small-cell lung cancer, and renal cell carcinoma. We expect that network pharmacological approaches will provide an understanding of the systems-level mechanisms of medicinal herbs and further develop their therapeutic potentials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Musun Park
- Department of Physiology, College of Korean Medicine, Gachon University, Seongnam 13120, Korea.
| | - Sa-Yoon Park
- Department of Physiology, College of Korean Medicine, Gachon University, Seongnam 13120, Korea.
| | - Hae-Jeung Lee
- Department of Food and Nutrition, College of BioNano Technology, Gachon University, Seongnam 13120, Korea.
| | - Chang-Eop Kim
- Department of Physiology, College of Korean Medicine, Gachon University, Seongnam 13120, Korea.
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Kawamura H, Mishima K, Sharmin T, Ito S, Kawakami R, Kato T, Misumi M, Suetsugu T, Orii H, Kawano H, Irie K, Sano K, Mishima K, Harada T, Mustofa S, Hasanah F, Siregar YDI, Zahroh H, Putri LSE, Salim A. Ultrasonically enhanced extraction of luteolin and apigenin from the leaves of Perilla frutescens (L.) Britt. using liquid carbon dioxide and ethanol. ULTRASONICS SONOCHEMISTRY 2016; 29:19-26. [PMID: 26584980 DOI: 10.1016/j.ultsonch.2015.08.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2015] [Revised: 08/24/2015] [Accepted: 08/24/2015] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
The present study reports on the ultrasonic enhancement of the liquid carbon dioxide (CO2) extraction of luteolin and apigenin from the leaves of Perilla frutescens (L.) Britt., to which ethanol is added as a cosolvent. The purpose of this research is also to investigate the effects of the particle size, temperature, pressure, irradiation power, irradiation time, and ethanol content in the liquid CO2 solution on the extraction yield using single-factor experiments. We qualitatively and quantitatively analyzed the yields in the extract using HPLC (high-performance liquid chromatography). The liquid CO2 mixed with ethanol was used at temperatures of 5, 20 and 25 °C with extraction pressures from 8 to 14 MPa. The yields of luteolin and apigenin in the extraction were clearly enhanced by the ultrasound irradiation, but the selectivity of the extract was not changed. The yields of luteolin and apigenin in the extract were also significantly improved by adjusting the operating temperature, the irradiation time, and the ethanol content in the liquid CO2 solution, but no change in the selectivity of the extract was observed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hirofumi Kawamura
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Fukuoka University, 8-19-1, Nanakuma Jonan-ku, Fukuoka 814-0180, Japan; Department of Seasoning and Foods Division, San-Ei Gen F.F.I., Inc., 1-1-11, Sanwa-cho, Toyonaka, Osaka 561-8588, Japan
| | - Kenji Mishima
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Fukuoka University, 8-19-1, Nanakuma Jonan-ku, Fukuoka 814-0180, Japan.
| | - Tanjina Sharmin
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Fukuoka University, 8-19-1, Nanakuma Jonan-ku, Fukuoka 814-0180, Japan
| | - Shota Ito
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Fukuoka University, 8-19-1, Nanakuma Jonan-ku, Fukuoka 814-0180, Japan
| | - Ryo Kawakami
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Fukuoka University, 8-19-1, Nanakuma Jonan-ku, Fukuoka 814-0180, Japan
| | - Takafumi Kato
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Fukuoka University, 8-19-1, Nanakuma Jonan-ku, Fukuoka 814-0180, Japan
| | - Makoto Misumi
- Department of Electronics Engineering and Computer Science, Faculty of Engineering, Fukuoka University, 8-19-1, Nanakuma Jonan-ku, Fukuoka 814-0180, Japan
| | - Tadashi Suetsugu
- Department of Electronics Engineering and Computer Science, Faculty of Engineering, Fukuoka University, 8-19-1, Nanakuma Jonan-ku, Fukuoka 814-0180, Japan
| | - Hideaki Orii
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Fukuoka University, 8-19-1, Nanakuma Jonan-ku, Fukuoka 814-0180, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Kawano
- Department of Neuropharmacology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Fukuoka University, 8-19-1, Nanakuma Jonan-ku, Fukuoka 814-0180, Japan
| | - Keiichi Irie
- Department of Neuropharmacology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Fukuoka University, 8-19-1, Nanakuma Jonan-ku, Fukuoka 814-0180, Japan
| | - Kazunori Sano
- Department of Neuropharmacology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Fukuoka University, 8-19-1, Nanakuma Jonan-ku, Fukuoka 814-0180, Japan
| | - Kenichi Mishima
- Department of Neuropharmacology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Fukuoka University, 8-19-1, Nanakuma Jonan-ku, Fukuoka 814-0180, Japan
| | - Takunori Harada
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Engineering, Oita University, 700 Dannoharu, Oita-shi 870-1192, Japan
| | - Salim Mustofa
- Research Center for Technology of Nuclear Industrial Material, Indonesia Nuclear Energy Agency, Gedung 42, Kawasan PUSPIPTEK Serpong, Tangerang Selatan, Banten 15419, Indonesia
| | - Fauziyah Hasanah
- Faculty of Science and Technology, Syarif Hidayatullah State Islamic University (UIN) Jakarta, JL.Ir.H.Juanda Ciputat, Tangerang, Indonesia
| | - Yusraini Dian Inayati Siregar
- Faculty of Science and Technology, Syarif Hidayatullah State Islamic University (UIN) Jakarta, JL.Ir.H.Juanda Ciputat, Tangerang, Indonesia
| | - Hilyatuz Zahroh
- Faculty of Science and Technology, Syarif Hidayatullah State Islamic University (UIN) Jakarta, JL.Ir.H.Juanda Ciputat, Tangerang, Indonesia
| | - Lily Surayya Eka Putri
- Faculty of Science and Technology, Syarif Hidayatullah State Islamic University (UIN) Jakarta, JL.Ir.H.Juanda Ciputat, Tangerang, Indonesia
| | - Agus Salim
- Faculty of Science and Technology, Syarif Hidayatullah State Islamic University (UIN) Jakarta, JL.Ir.H.Juanda Ciputat, Tangerang, Indonesia
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Microwave-assisted simultaneous extraction of luteolin and apigenin from tree peony pod and evaluation of its antioxidant activity. ScientificWorldJournal 2014; 2014:506971. [PMID: 25405227 PMCID: PMC4227382 DOI: 10.1155/2014/506971] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2014] [Accepted: 08/29/2014] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
An efficient microwave-assisted extraction (MAE) technique was employed in simultaneous extraction of luteolin and apigenin from tree peony pod. The MAE procedure was optimized using response surface methodology (RSM) and compared with other conventional extraction techniques of macerate extraction (ME) and heat reflux extraction (HRE). The optimal conditions of MAE were as follows: employing 70% ethanol volume fraction as solvent, soaking time of 4 h, liquid-solid ratio of 10 (mL/g), microwave irradiation power of 265 W, microwave irradiation time of 9.6 min, and 3 extraction cycles. Under the optimal conditions, 151 μg/g luteolin and 104 μg/g apigenin were extracted from the tree peony pod. Compared with ME and HRE, MAE gave the highest extraction efficiency. The antioxidant activities of the extracts obtained by MAE, ME, and HRE were evaluated using a 2,2-di(4-tert-octylphenyl)-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) free radical-scavenging assay, a ferric reducing antioxidant power assay (FRAP), and a reducing power assay. Meanwhile, the structural changes of the unprocessed and processed tree peony pod samples were analyzed by scanning electron microscopy.
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