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Long Z, Zuo Y, Li R, Le Y, Dong Y, Yan L. Design, synthesis and biological evaluation of 4-arylamino-pyrimidine derivatives as focal adhesion kinase inhibitors. Bioorg Chem 2023; 140:106792. [PMID: 37633129 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioorg.2023.106792] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2023] [Revised: 07/28/2023] [Accepted: 08/14/2023] [Indexed: 08/28/2023]
Abstract
A novel series of 4-arylamino-pyrimidine derivatives were designed and synthesized as focal adhesion kinase (FAK) inhibitors under the strategy of structure-based drug design. Most compounds performed excellent anti-proliferative activity against U87-MG cells. Especially, compounds 8d and 9b revealed the highest activity with IC50 values of 0.975 μM and 1.033 μM, which was much potent than the positive control TAE-226 (IC50 = 2.659 μM). On the other hand, the total 27 compounds exhibited low inhibition against human normal 2BS cells. Moreover, compounds 8d and 9b showed outstanding activity against FAK with IC50 values of 0.2438 nM and 0.2691 nM, which was very close to TAE-226 (IC50 = 0.1390 nM). Further studies proved that compounds 8d and 9b could induce U87-MG cell early apoptosis and arrest the cell at G2/M phase. The action mechanism indicated that they could significantly inhibit U87-MG cell clone formation, cell migration, and FAK phosphorylation. Molecular docking and molecular dynamics simulation investigations suggested that compounds 8d and 9b could firmly occupy the ATP binding site of FAK. These findings supported the further researches of compounds 8d and 9b as FAK inhibitors for antitumor drug discovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiwu Long
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, China
| | - Yaqing Zuo
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, China
| | - Rongrong Li
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, China
| | - Yi Le
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, China; Guizhou Engineering Laboratory for Synthetic Drugs, Guiyang 550025, China
| | - Yawen Dong
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, China; National Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide, Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering, Ministry of Education, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, China
| | - Longjia Yan
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, China; Guizhou Engineering Laboratory for Synthetic Drugs, Guiyang 550025, China.
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2
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Beč A, Racané L, Tomić T, Persoons L, Daelemans D, Banjanac M, Radovanović V, Hranjec M. Novel hydroxy- and amidino-substituted benzimidazoles and benzothiazoles as antibacterial and antiproliferative agents. Future Med Chem 2023; 15:1251-1272. [PMID: 37551679 DOI: 10.4155/fmc-2023-0154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Aim: The aim was synthesis of novel benzazoles bearing amidino and 2-hydroxyphenyl substituents to explore their biological activity. Methods: Condensation of 5-substituted salicylaldehydes and intermediates gave new benzazoles by previously published and developed procedures, which were tested for antibacterial and antiproliferative activity in vitro. Results: The best antibacterial activity showed benzimidazole with 2-imidazolinyl group 27 and benzothiazole with an unsubstituted amidine 48 (minimum inhibitory concentration 8 μg/ml). Benzothiazole 53 proved most potent at inhibiting proliferation of all cancer cells (IC50: 1.2-2.0 μM). Conclusion: Most active compounds have been recognized as lead compounds for additional optimization to improve their biological activity. The type of amidine moiety markedly influenced the biological activity. Benzothiazoles showed improved antiproliferative activity in comparison to benzimidazoles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anja Beč
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Chemical Engineering and Technology, University of Zagreb, Zagreb, HR-10000, Croatia
| | - Livio Racané
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Textile Technology, University of Zagreb, Zagreb, HR-10000, Croatia
| | - Teo Tomić
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Chemical Engineering and Technology, University of Zagreb, Zagreb, HR-10000, Croatia
| | - Leentje Persoons
- KU Leuven, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Transplantation, Rega Institute, Leuven, 3000, Belgium
| | - Dirk Daelemans
- KU Leuven, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Transplantation, Rega Institute, Leuven, 3000, Belgium
| | | | | | - Marijana Hranjec
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Chemical Engineering and Technology, University of Zagreb, Zagreb, HR-10000, Croatia
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3
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Cruz CD, Wrigstedt P, Moslova K, Iashin V, Mäkkylä H, Ghemtio L, Heikkinen S, Tammela P, Perea-Buceta JE. Installation of an aryl boronic acid function into the external section of N-aryl-oxazolidinones: Synthesis and antimicrobial evaluation. Eur J Med Chem 2020; 211:113002. [PMID: 33223262 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2020.113002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2020] [Revised: 11/02/2020] [Accepted: 11/04/2020] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
N-aryl-oxazolidinones is a prominent family of antimicrobials used for treating infections caused by clinically prevalent Gram-positive bacteria. Recently, boron-containing compounds have displayed intriguing potential in the antibiotic discovery setting. Herein, we report the unprecedented introduction of a boron-containing moiety such as an aryl boronic acid in the external region of the oxazolidinone structure via a chemoselective acyl coupling reaction. As a result, we accessed a series of analogues with a distal aryl boronic pharmacophore on the oxazolidinone scaffold. We identified that a peripheric linear conformation coupled with freedom of rotation and no further substitution on the external aryl boronic ring, an amido linkage with hydrogen bonding character, in addition to a para-relative disposition between boronic group and linker, are the optimal combination of structural features in this series for antimicrobial activity. In comparison to linezolid, the analogue comprising all those features, compound 20b, displayed levels of antimicrobial activity augmented by an eight-fold to a thirty-two-fold against a panel of Gram-positive strains, and a near one hundred-fold against Escherichia coli JW5503, a Gram-negative mutant strain with a defective efflux capability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristina D Cruz
- Drug Research Program, Division of Pharmaceutical Biosciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Helsinki, P.O. Box 56, 00014, Finland
| | - Pauli Wrigstedt
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Helsinki, P.O. Box 55, 00014, Finland
| | - Karina Moslova
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Helsinki, P.O. Box 55, 00014, Finland
| | - Vladimir Iashin
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Helsinki, P.O. Box 55, 00014, Finland
| | - Heidi Mäkkylä
- Drug Research Program, Division of Pharmaceutical Biosciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Helsinki, P.O. Box 56, 00014, Finland
| | - Léo Ghemtio
- Drug Research Program, Division of Pharmaceutical Biosciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Helsinki, P.O. Box 56, 00014, Finland
| | - Sami Heikkinen
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Helsinki, P.O. Box 55, 00014, Finland
| | - Päivi Tammela
- Drug Research Program, Division of Pharmaceutical Biosciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Helsinki, P.O. Box 56, 00014, Finland
| | - Jesus E Perea-Buceta
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Helsinki, P.O. Box 55, 00014, Finland.
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4
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Baltina LA, Kondratenko RM, Bulgakov AK. Synthesis and Anti-Microbial Activity of Benzylidenhydrazides of Glycyrrethic Acid. RUSSIAN JOURNAL OF BIOORGANIC CHEMISTRY 2020. [DOI: 10.1134/s1068162020020065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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5
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New fluorescence-based high-throughput screening assay for small molecule inhibitors of tyrosyl-DNA phosphodiesterase 2 (TDP2). Eur J Pharm Sci 2018; 118:67-79. [PMID: 29574079 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejps.2018.03.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2018] [Revised: 03/16/2018] [Accepted: 03/20/2018] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Tyrosyl-DNA phosphodiesterase 2 (TDP2) repairs topoisomerase II (TOP2) mediated DNA damages and causes resistance to TOP2-targeted cancer therapy. Inhibiting TDP2 could sensitize cancer cells toward TOP2 inhibitors. However, potent TDP2 inhibitors with favorable physicochemical properties are not yet reported. Therefore, there is a need to search for novel molecular scaffolds capable of inhibiting TDP2. We report herein a new simple, robust, homogenous mix-and-read fluorescence biochemical assay based using humanized zebrafish TDP2 (14M_zTDP2), which provides biochemical and molecular structure basis for TDP2 inhibitor discovery. The assay was validated by screening a preselected library of 1600 compounds (Z' ≥ 0.72) in a 384-well format, and by running in parallel gel-based assays with fluorescent DNA substrates. This library was curated via virtual high throughput screening (vHTS) of 460,000 compounds from Chembridge Library, using the crystal structure of the novel surrogate protein 14M_zTDP2. From this primary screening, we selected the best 32 compounds (2% of the library) to further assess their TDP2 inhibition potential, leading to the IC50 determination of 10 compounds. Based on the dose-response curve profile, pan-assay interference compounds (PAINS) structure identification, physicochemical properties and efficiency parameters, two hit compounds, 11a and 19a, were tested using a novel secondary fluorescence gel-based assay. Preliminary structure-activity relationship (SAR) studies identified guanidine derivative 12a as an improved hit with a 6.4-fold increase in potency over the original HTS hit 11a. This study highlights the importance of the development of combination approaches (biochemistry, crystallography and high throughput screening) for the discovery of TDP2 inhibitors.
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6
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Khan R, Shah F, Salman M, Khan Z, Tavman A. Synthesis, In Vitro and In Silico Antibacterial Evaluation of 4,5-Dihydro-1 H
-Indazoles. ChemistrySelect 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/slct.201701244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Rasool Khan
- Institute of Chemical Sciences; University of Peshawar; Peshawar Pakistan 25000
| | - Faiza Shah
- Institute of Chemical Sciences; University of Peshawar; Peshawar Pakistan 25000
| | - Muhammad Salman
- Institute of Chemical Sciences; University of Peshawar; Peshawar Pakistan 25000
| | - Zahid Khan
- Institute of Chemical Sciences; University of Peshawar; Peshawar Pakistan 25000
| | - Aydin Tavman
- Department of Chemistry; Instanbul University; Istanbul Turkey
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7
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Heterocyclyl tetracyclines. 2. 7-Methoxy-8-pyrrolidinyltetracyclines: discovery of TP-2758, a potent, orally efficacious antimicrobial against Gram-negative pathogens. J Antibiot (Tokyo) 2017; 71:287-297. [DOI: 10.1038/ja.2017.86] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2017] [Revised: 06/07/2017] [Accepted: 06/19/2017] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
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8
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Ligand and Structure-Based Approaches for the Identification of Peptide Deformylase Inhibitors as Antibacterial Drugs. Int J Mol Sci 2016; 17:ijms17071141. [PMID: 27428963 PMCID: PMC4964514 DOI: 10.3390/ijms17071141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2016] [Revised: 06/29/2016] [Accepted: 07/09/2016] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Peptide deformylase (PDF) is a metalloprotease catalyzing the removal of a formyl group from newly synthesized proteins, which makes it an important antibacterial drug target. Given the importance of PDF inhibitors like actinonin in antibacterial drug discovery, several reported potent PDF inhibitors were used to develop pharmacophore models using the Galahad module of Sybyl 7.1 software. Generated pharmacophore models were composed of two donor atom centers, four acceptor atom centers and two hydrophobic groups. Model-1 was screened against the Zinc database and several compounds were retrieved as hits. Compounds with Qfit values of more than 60 were employed to perform a molecular docking study with the receptor Escherichia coli PDF, then compounds with docking score values of more than 6 were used to predict the in silico pharmacokinetic and toxicity risk via OSIRIS property explorer. Two known PDF inhibitors were also used to perform a molecular docking study with E. coli PDF as reference molecules. The results of the molecular docking study were validated by reproducing the crystal structure of actinonin. Molecular docking and in silico pharmacokinetic and toxicity prediction studies suggested that ZINC08740166 has a relatively high docking score of 7.44 and a drug score of 0.78.
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9
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Molecular Characterization and Computational Modelling of New Delhi Metallo-β-Lactamase-5 from an Escherichia coli Isolate (KOEC3) of Bovine Origin. Indian J Microbiol 2016; 56:182-189. [PMID: 27570310 DOI: 10.1007/s12088-016-0569-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2015] [Accepted: 02/04/2016] [Indexed: 10/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Emergence of antimicrobial resistance mediated through New Delhi metallo-β-lactamases (NDMs) is a serious therapeutic challenge. Till date, 16 different NDMs have been described. In this study, we report the molecular and structural characteristics of NDM-5 isolated from an Escherichia coli isolate (KOEC3) of bovine origin. Using PCR amplification, cloning and sequencing of full blaNDM gene, we identified the NDM type as NDM-5. Cloning of full gene in E. coli DH5α and subsequent assessment of antibiotic susceptibility of the transformed cells indicated possible role of native promoter in expression blaNDM-5. Translated amino acid sequence had two substitutions (Val88Leu and Met154Leu) compared to NDM-1. Theoretically deduced isoelectric pH of NDM-5 was 5.88 and instability index was 36.99, indicating a stable protein. From the amino acids sequence, a 3D model of the protein was computed. Analysis of the protein structure elucidated zinc coordination and also revealed a large binding cleft and flexible nature of the protein, which might be the reason for broad substrate range. Docking experiments revealed plausible binding poses for five carbapenem drugs in the vicinity of metal ions. In conclusion, results provided possible explanation for wide range of antibiotics catalyzed by NDM-5 and likely interaction modes with five carbapenem drugs.
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10
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Abstract
The practice of medicine was profoundly transformed by the introduction of the antibiotics (compounds isolated from Nature) and the antibacterials (compounds prepared by synthesis) for the control of bacterial infection. As a result of the extraordinary success of these compounds over decades of time, a timeless biological activity for these compounds has been presumed. This presumption is no longer. The inexorable acquisition of resistance mechanisms by bacteria is retransforming medical practice. Credible answers to this dilemma are far better recognized than they are being implemented. In this perspective we examine (and in key respects, reiterate) the chemical and biological strategies being used to address the challenge of bacterial resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jed F. Fisher
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame IN 46556–5670, USA
| | - Shahriar Mobashery
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame IN 46556–5670, USA
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11
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Stone VN, Parikh HI, El-rami F, Ge X, Chen W, Zhang Y, Kellogg GE, Xu P. Identification of Small-Molecule Inhibitors against Meso-2, 6-Diaminopimelate Dehydrogenase from Porphyromonas gingivalis. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0141126. [PMID: 26544875 PMCID: PMC4636305 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0141126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2015] [Accepted: 10/05/2015] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Species-specific antimicrobial therapy has the potential to combat the increasing threat of antibiotic resistance and alteration of the human microbiome. We therefore set out to demonstrate the beginning of a pathogen-selective drug discovery method using the periodontal pathogen Porphyromonas gingivalis as a model. Through our knowledge of metabolic networks and essential genes we identified a “druggable” essential target, meso-diaminopimelate dehydrogenase, which is found in a limited number of species. We adopted a high-throughput virtual screen method on the ZINC chemical library to select a group of potential small-molecule inhibitors. Meso-diaminopimelate dehydrogenase from P. gingivalis was first expressed and purified in Escherichia coli then characterized for enzymatic inhibitor screening studies. Several inhibitors with similar structural scaffolds containing a sulfonamide core and aromatic substituents showed dose-dependent inhibition. These compounds were further assayed showing reasonable whole-cell activity and the inhibition mechanism was determined. We conclude that the establishment of this target and screening strategy provides a model for the future development of new antimicrobials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victoria N. Stone
- Philips Institute for Oral Health Research, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia, United States of America
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia, United States of America
| | - Hardik I. Parikh
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia, United States of America
| | - Fadi El-rami
- Philips Institute for Oral Health Research, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia, United States of America
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia, United States of America
| | - Xiuchun Ge
- Philips Institute for Oral Health Research, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia, United States of America
| | - Weihau Chen
- Philips Institute for Oral Health Research, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia, United States of America
| | - Yan Zhang
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia, United States of America
| | - Glen E. Kellogg
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia, United States of America
- Center for the Study of Biological Complexity, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia, United States of America
| | - Ping Xu
- Philips Institute for Oral Health Research, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia, United States of America
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia, United States of America
- Center for the Study of Biological Complexity, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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12
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Wang T, Wu MB, Lin JP, Yang LR. Quantitative structure–activity relationship: promising advances in drug discovery platforms. Expert Opin Drug Discov 2015; 10:1283-300. [DOI: 10.1517/17460441.2015.1083006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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13
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Ekins S, Litterman NK, Lipinski CA, Bunin BA. Thermodynamic Proxies to Compensate for Biases in Drug Discovery Methods. Pharm Res 2015; 33:194-205. [DOI: 10.1007/s11095-015-1779-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2015] [Accepted: 08/13/2015] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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14
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Abdelhamid ME, Murdoch T, Greaves TL, O'Mullane AP, Snook GA. High-throughput approach for the identification of anilinium-based ionic liquids that are suitable for electropolymerisation. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2015; 17:17967-72. [PMID: 26096897 DOI: 10.1039/c5cp02294k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
We report the synthesis of new protic ionic liquids (PILs) based on aniline derivatives and the use of high-throughput (HT) techniques to screen possible candidates. In this work, a simple HT method was applied to rapidly screen different aniline derivatives against different acids in order to identify possible combinations that produce PILs. This was followed by repeating the HT process with a Chemspeed robotic synthesis platform for more accurate results. One of the successful combinations were then chosen to be synthesised on a larger scale for further analysis. The new PILs are of interest to the fields of ionic liquids, energy storage and especially, conducting polymers as they serve as solvents, electrolytes and monomers at the same time for possible electropolymerisation (i.e. a self-contained polymer precursor).
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad E Abdelhamid
- School of Applied Sciences, RMIT University, GPO Box 2476, Melbourne, VIC 3001, Australia
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15
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Greaves TL, Ha K, Muir BW, Howard SC, Weerawardena A, Kirby N, Drummond CJ. Protic ionic liquids (PILs) nanostructure and physicochemical properties: development of high-throughput methodology for PIL creation and property screens. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2014; 17:2357-65. [PMID: 25475718 DOI: 10.1039/c4cp04241g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
A high-throughput approach was developed in order to prepare and dry a series of protic ionic liquids (PILs) from 48 Brønsted acid-base combinations. Many combinations comprised an alkyl carboxylic acid paired with an alkyl amine. Visual screens were developed to identify which acid-base combinations formed PILs, and of those, which PILs were likely to have high surface tensions, low viscosities, and low melting points. The surface tension screen was validated through pendant drop surface tension measurements. Karl Fischer coulometric titration was used to obtain the water contents, and it was noted that there is a considerable difference in the drying rate throughout this series of PILs. It was observed that an octyl chain present on either the cation or anion was detrimental to the formation of a PIL with a low melting point, and instead increased the likelihood of a gel or solid forming. The nanostructure of the PILs was determined, using synchrotron small and wide angle X-ray scattering (SAXS/WAXS), to consist of polar and non-polar domains, with the alkyl chains on the cation and anion intercalating. The results indicate that both the alkyl chain on the cation and/or anion contribute to the correlation distance, for the intermediate range order, with the expectation that there is charge alternation of the ions in the polar region. The maximum correlation distance was observed when there was an alkyl chain present on only one ion. This correlation distance could be significantly reduced by varying the alkyl chain length present on the other ion, which was attributed to increased disorder and interdigitation of chains, and to toe-to-toe alignment of the chains. To the best of our knowledge this is the first PIL report into the effect of having an alkyl chain present on both the cation and the anion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tamar L Greaves
- School of Applied Sciences, College of Science, Engineering and Health, RMIT University, GPO Box 2476, Melbourne, Victoria 3001, Australia.
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