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Hülsmann J, Lindemann H, Wegener J, Kühne M, Godmann M, Koschella A, Coldewey SM, Heinze T, Heinzel T. Dually Modified Cellulose as a Non-Viral Vector for the Delivery and Uptake of HDAC3 siRNA. Pharmaceutics 2023; 15:2659. [PMID: 38140000 PMCID: PMC10747125 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics15122659] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2023] [Revised: 11/20/2023] [Accepted: 11/21/2023] [Indexed: 12/24/2023] Open
Abstract
RNA interference can be applied to different target genes for treating a variety of diseases, but an appropriate delivery system is necessary to ensure the transport of intact siRNAs to the site of action. In this study, cellulose was dually modified to create a non-viral vector for HDAC3 short interfering RNA (siRNA) transfer into cells. A guanidinium group introduced positive charges into the cellulose to allow complexation of negatively charged genetic material. Furthermore, a biotin group fixed by a polyethylene glycol (PEG) spacer was attached to the polymer to allow, if required, the binding of targeting ligands. The resulting polyplexes with HDAC3 siRNA had a size below 200 nm and a positive zeta potential of up to 15 mV. For N/P ratio 2 and higher, the polymer could efficiently complex siRNA. Nanoparticles, based on this dually modified derivative, revealed a low cytotoxicity. Only minor effects on the endothelial barrier integrity and a transfection efficiency in HEK293 cells higher than Lipofectamine 2000TM were found. The uptake and release of the polyplexes were confirmed by immunofluorescence imaging. This study indicates that the modified biopolymer is an auspicious biocompatible non-viral vector with biotin as a promising moiety.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juliana Hülsmann
- Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Center for Molecular Biomedicine, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Hans-Knöll-Straße 2, 07745 Jena, Germany; (J.H.); (M.K.); (M.G.)
| | - Henry Lindemann
- Institute for Organic Chemistry and Macromolecular Chemistry, Center of Excellence for Polysaccharide Research, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Humboldtstraße 10, 07743 Jena, Germany; (H.L.); (A.K.); (T.H.)
| | - Jamila Wegener
- Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, Jena University Hospital, Am Klinikum 1, 07747 Jena, Germany; (J.W.); (S.M.C.)
- Septomics Research Center, Jena University Hospital, Albert-Einstein-Straße 10, 07745 Jena, Germany
| | - Marie Kühne
- Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Center for Molecular Biomedicine, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Hans-Knöll-Straße 2, 07745 Jena, Germany; (J.H.); (M.K.); (M.G.)
| | - Maren Godmann
- Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Center for Molecular Biomedicine, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Hans-Knöll-Straße 2, 07745 Jena, Germany; (J.H.); (M.K.); (M.G.)
| | - Andreas Koschella
- Institute for Organic Chemistry and Macromolecular Chemistry, Center of Excellence for Polysaccharide Research, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Humboldtstraße 10, 07743 Jena, Germany; (H.L.); (A.K.); (T.H.)
| | - Sina M. Coldewey
- Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, Jena University Hospital, Am Klinikum 1, 07747 Jena, Germany; (J.W.); (S.M.C.)
- Septomics Research Center, Jena University Hospital, Albert-Einstein-Straße 10, 07745 Jena, Germany
- Center for Sepsis Control and Care, Jena University Hospital, Am Klinikum 1, 07747 Jena, Germany
| | - Thomas Heinze
- Institute for Organic Chemistry and Macromolecular Chemistry, Center of Excellence for Polysaccharide Research, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Humboldtstraße 10, 07743 Jena, Germany; (H.L.); (A.K.); (T.H.)
- Jena Center for Soft Matter (JCSM), Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Philosophenweg 7, 07743 Jena, Germany
| | - Thorsten Heinzel
- Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Center for Molecular Biomedicine, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Hans-Knöll-Straße 2, 07745 Jena, Germany; (J.H.); (M.K.); (M.G.)
- Jena Center for Soft Matter (JCSM), Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Philosophenweg 7, 07743 Jena, Germany
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2
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Gomes AR, Varela CL, Pires AS, Tavares-da-Silva EJ, Roleira FMF. Synthetic and natural guanidine derivatives as antitumor and antimicrobial agents: A review. Bioorg Chem 2023; 138:106600. [PMID: 37209561 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioorg.2023.106600] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2023] [Revised: 04/15/2023] [Accepted: 05/05/2023] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Guanidines are fascinating small nitrogen-rich organic compounds, which have been frequently associated with a wide range of biological activities. This is mainly due to their interesting chemical features. For these reasons, for the past decades, researchers have been synthesizing and evaluating guanidine derivatives. In fact, there are currently on the market several guanidine-bearing drugs. Given the broad panoply of pharmacological activities displayed by guanidine compounds, in this review, we chose to focus on antitumor, antibacterial, antiviral, antifungal, and antiprotozoal activities presented by several natural and synthetic guanidine derivatives, which are undergoing preclinical and clinical studies from January 2010 to January 2023. Moreover, we also present guanidine-containing drugs currently in the market for the treatment of cancer and several infectious diseases. In the preclinical and clinical setting, most of the synthesized and natural guanidine derivatives are being evaluated as antitumor and antibacterial agents. Even though DNA is the most known target of this type of compounds, their cytotoxicity also involves several other different mechanisms, such as interference with bacterial cell membranes, reactive oxygen species (ROS) formation, mitochondrial-mediated apoptosis, mediated-Rac1 inhibition, among others. As for the compounds already used as pharmacological drugs, their main application is in the treatment of different types of cancer, such as breast, lung, prostate, and leukemia. Guanidine-containing drugs are also being used for the treatment of bacterial, antiprotozoal, antiviral infections and, recently, have been proposed for the treatment of COVID-19. To conclude, the guanidine group is a privileged scaffold in drug design. Its remarkable cytotoxic activities, especially in the field of oncology, still make it suitable for a deeper investigation to afford more efficient and target-specific drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana R Gomes
- Univ Coimbra, CIEPQPF, Faculty of Pharmacy, Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Azinhaga de Santa Comba, Pólo III - Pólo das Ciências da Saúde, 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal; Univ Coimbra, Coimbra Institute for Clinical and Biomedical Research (iCBR) area of Environment Genetics and Oncobiology (CIMAGO), Institute of Biophysics, Faculty of Medicine, Azinhaga de Santa Comba, Pólo III - Pólo das Ciências da Saúde, 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Carla L Varela
- Clinical Academic Center of Coimbra (CACC), Praceta Professor Mota Pinto, 3004-561 Coimbra, Portugal; Univ Coimbra, Center for Innovative Biomedicine and Biotechnology (CIBB), Rua Larga, 3004-504 Coimbra, Portugal; Univ Coimbra, CIEPQPF, Faculty of Medicine, Azinhaga de Santa Comba, Pólo III - Pólo das Ciências da Saúde, 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Ana S Pires
- Univ Coimbra, Coimbra Institute for Clinical and Biomedical Research (iCBR) area of Environment Genetics and Oncobiology (CIMAGO), Institute of Biophysics, Faculty of Medicine, Azinhaga de Santa Comba, Pólo III - Pólo das Ciências da Saúde, 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal; Clinical Academic Center of Coimbra (CACC), Praceta Professor Mota Pinto, 3004-561 Coimbra, Portugal; Univ Coimbra, Center for Innovative Biomedicine and Biotechnology (CIBB), Rua Larga, 3004-504 Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Elisiário J Tavares-da-Silva
- Univ Coimbra, CIEPQPF, Faculty of Pharmacy, Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Azinhaga de Santa Comba, Pólo III - Pólo das Ciências da Saúde, 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal.
| | - Fernanda M F Roleira
- Univ Coimbra, CIEPQPF, Faculty of Pharmacy, Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Azinhaga de Santa Comba, Pólo III - Pólo das Ciências da Saúde, 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal.
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3
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Carrillo-Hermosilla F, Fernández-Galán R, Ramos A, Elorriaga D. Guanidinates as Alternative Ligands for Organometallic Complexes. Molecules 2022; 27:molecules27185962. [PMID: 36144698 PMCID: PMC9501388 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27185962] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2022] [Revised: 09/06/2022] [Accepted: 09/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
For decades, ligands such as phosphanes or cyclopentadienyl ring derivatives have dominated Coordination and Organometallic Chemistry. At the same time, alternative compounds have emerged that could compete either for a more practical and accessible synthesis or for greater control of steric and electronic properties. Guanidines, nitrogen-rich compounds, appear as one such potential alternatives as ligands or proligands. In addition to occurring in a plethora of natural compounds, and thus in compounds of pharmacological use, guanidines allow a wide variety of coordination modes to different metal centers along the periodic table, with their monoanionic chelate derivatives being the most common. In this review, we focused on the organometallic chemistry of guanidinato compounds, discussing selected examples of coordination modes, reactivity and uses in catalysis or materials science. We believe that these amazing ligands offer a new promise in Organometallic Chemistry.
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New Guanidinium and Aminoguanidinim Salts of 2-Hydroxypyridine-3-carboxylic acid: Preparation and Spectral, Structural, Thermal, ADMET, Biological, and Molecular Docking Studies. J Mol Struct 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molstruc.2022.133818] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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5
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Ovchinnikov DV, Ul’yanovskii NV, Falev DI, Kosyakov DS. Supercritical Fluid Chromatography–Mass-Spectrometry of Nitrogen-Containing Compounds: Atmospheric Pressure Ionization. JOURNAL OF ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY 2021. [DOI: 10.1134/s1061934821140070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Wan Y, Wu H, Ma N, Zhao J, Zhang Z, Gao W, Zhang G. De novo design and synthesis of dipyridopurinone derivatives as visible-light photocatalysts in productive guanylation reactions. Chem Sci 2021; 12:15988-15997. [PMID: 35024122 PMCID: PMC8672711 DOI: 10.1039/d1sc05294b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2021] [Accepted: 11/12/2021] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Described here is the de novo design and synthesis of a series of 6H-dipyrido[1,2-e:2',1'-i]purin-6-ones (DPs) as a new class of visible-light photoredox catalysts (PCs). The synthesized DP1-5 showed their λ Abs(max) values in 433-477 nm, excited state redox potentials in 1.15-0.69 eV and -1.41 to -1.77 eV (vs. SCE), respectively. As a representative, DP4 enables the productive guanylation of various amines, including 1°, 2°, and 3°-alkyl primary amines, secondary amines, aryl and heteroaryl amines, amino-nitrile, amino acids and peptides as well as propynylamines and α-amino esters giving diversities in biologically important guanidines and cyclic guanidines. The photocatalytic efficacy of DP4 in the guanylation overmatched commonly used Ir and Ru polypyridyl complexes, and some organic PCs. Other salient merits of this method include broad substrate scope and functional group tolerance, gram-scale synthesis, and versatile late-stage derivatizations that led to a derivative 81 exhibiting 60-fold better anticancer activity against Ramos cells with the IC50 of 0.086 μM than that of clinical drug ibrutinib (5.1 μM).
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Affiliation(s)
- Yameng Wan
- Key Laboratory of Green Chemical Media and Reactions, Ministry of Education, Collaborative Innovation Center of Henan Province for Green Manufacturing of Fine Chemicals, Henan Key Laboratory of Organic Functional Molecules and Drug Innovation, NMPA Key Laboratory for Research and Evaluation of Innovative Drug, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Henan Normal University 46 East of Construction Road Xinxiang Henan 453007 China
| | - Hao Wu
- Key Laboratory of Green Chemical Media and Reactions, Ministry of Education, Collaborative Innovation Center of Henan Province for Green Manufacturing of Fine Chemicals, Henan Key Laboratory of Organic Functional Molecules and Drug Innovation, NMPA Key Laboratory for Research and Evaluation of Innovative Drug, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Henan Normal University 46 East of Construction Road Xinxiang Henan 453007 China
| | - Nana Ma
- Key Laboratory of Green Chemical Media and Reactions, Ministry of Education, Collaborative Innovation Center of Henan Province for Green Manufacturing of Fine Chemicals, Henan Key Laboratory of Organic Functional Molecules and Drug Innovation, NMPA Key Laboratory for Research and Evaluation of Innovative Drug, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Henan Normal University 46 East of Construction Road Xinxiang Henan 453007 China
| | - Jie Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Green Chemical Media and Reactions, Ministry of Education, Collaborative Innovation Center of Henan Province for Green Manufacturing of Fine Chemicals, Henan Key Laboratory of Organic Functional Molecules and Drug Innovation, NMPA Key Laboratory for Research and Evaluation of Innovative Drug, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Henan Normal University 46 East of Construction Road Xinxiang Henan 453007 China
| | - Zhiguo Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Green Chemical Media and Reactions, Ministry of Education, Collaborative Innovation Center of Henan Province for Green Manufacturing of Fine Chemicals, Henan Key Laboratory of Organic Functional Molecules and Drug Innovation, NMPA Key Laboratory for Research and Evaluation of Innovative Drug, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Henan Normal University 46 East of Construction Road Xinxiang Henan 453007 China
| | - Wenjing Gao
- Key Laboratory of Green Chemical Media and Reactions, Ministry of Education, Collaborative Innovation Center of Henan Province for Green Manufacturing of Fine Chemicals, Henan Key Laboratory of Organic Functional Molecules and Drug Innovation, NMPA Key Laboratory for Research and Evaluation of Innovative Drug, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Henan Normal University 46 East of Construction Road Xinxiang Henan 453007 China
| | - Guisheng Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Green Chemical Media and Reactions, Ministry of Education, Collaborative Innovation Center of Henan Province for Green Manufacturing of Fine Chemicals, Henan Key Laboratory of Organic Functional Molecules and Drug Innovation, NMPA Key Laboratory for Research and Evaluation of Innovative Drug, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Henan Normal University 46 East of Construction Road Xinxiang Henan 453007 China
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7
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Effect of spiramycin versus aminoguanidine and their combined use in experimental toxoplasmosis. J Parasit Dis 2021; 45:1014-1025. [PMID: 34789985 DOI: 10.1007/s12639-021-01396-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2020] [Accepted: 04/17/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Toxoplasmosis is one of the widest spread parasitic infections which is caused by Toxoplasma gondii protozoon. Many experimental studies have evaluated the effect of aminoguanidine upon parasitic load and inflammatory process. However, few reports have illustrated the impact of combining aminoguanidine with spiramycin in the treatment of toxoplasmosis. Therefore, our study aimed to explore the possible effects of spiramycin used alone and combined with aminoguanidine against the avirulent (ME49) Toxoplasma gondii strain in experimental toxoplasmosis. Fifty-five Swiss albino mice were included in the study and were divided into five groups: (GI): non-infected control group; (GII): infected untreated control group; (GIII): infected- spiramycin treated group; (GIV): infected-aminoguanidine treated group; (GV): infected and received combination of spiramycin and aminoguanidine. Obtained results exhibited a significant increase in brain cysts numbers in aminoguanidine treated groups compared to infected untreated control groups. Histopathological studies denoted that combination between spiramycin and aminoguanidine improved the pathological features only in liver and heart tissues of the studied groups. Moreover, it was noticed that spiramycin administered alone had no effect on nitric oxide expression, whereas its combination with aminoguanidine had an inhibitory effect on inducible nitric oxide synthase enzyme in brain, liver and heart tissues of different study groups. In conclusion, the combination of spiramycin and aminoguanidine significantly reduced the parasitic burden, yet, it failed to resolve the pathological sequels in brain tissues of Toxoplasma gondii infected mice.
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8
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Said M, Rehman S, Ikram M, Khan H, Schulzke C. Synthesis and crystal structure analyses of tri-substituted guanidine-based copper(II) complexes. ZEITSCHRIFT FUR NATURFORSCHUNG SECTION B-A JOURNAL OF CHEMICAL SCIENCES 2021. [DOI: 10.1515/znb-2020-0155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Three guanidine-derived tri-substituted ligands viz. N-pivaloyl-N′,N″-bis-(2-methoxyphenyl)guanidine (L1), N-pivaloyl-N′-(2-methoxyphenyl)-N″-phenylguanidine (L2) and N-pivaloyl-N′-(2-methoxyphenyl)-N″-(2-tolyl)guanidine (L3) were reacted with Cu(II) acetate to produce the corresponding complexes. The significance of the substituent on N″ for the resulting molecular structures and their packing in the solid state has been studied with respect to the structural specifics of the corresponding Cu(II) complexes. The key characteristic of the guanidine-based metal complexation with Cu(II) is the formation of an essentially square planar core with an N2O2 donor set. As an exception, in the complex of L1, the substituent’s methoxy moiety also interacts with the Cu(II) center to generate a square-pyramidal geometry. The hydroxyl groups of the imidic acid tautomeric forms of L1–L3, in addition to N″, are also bonded to Cu(II) in all three complexes rather than the nitrogen donor of the guanidine motif.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Said
- Department of Chemistry , University of Malakand , Chakdara , 23050 , Pakistan
| | - Sadia Rehman
- Department of Chemistry , Abdul Wali Khan University , Mardan , 23200 , Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Ikram
- Department of Chemistry , Abdul Wali Khan University , Mardan , 23200 , Pakistan
| | - Hizbullah Khan
- Department of Chemistry , University of Science and Technology , Bannu , 28100 , Pakistan
| | - Carola Schulzke
- Institut für Biochemie , Universität Greifswald , Felix-Hausdorff-Straße 4 , 17489 Greifswald , Germany
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Rojas RS, Muñoz-Becerra K, Toro-Labbé A, Mesías-Salazar A, Martínez I, Antiñolo A, Carrillo-Hermosilla F, Fernández-Galán R, Ramos A, Daniliuc CG. New guanidine-borane adducts: An experimental and theoretical approach. Inorganica Chim Acta 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ica.2020.120217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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10
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Yu L, Wang F, Wang H, Wang S, Wu Y, Gu X. Synthesis, structure and catalytic activity of rare-earth metal amino complexes incorporating imino-functionalized indolyl ligand. J Organomet Chem 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jorganchem.2020.121661] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
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11
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Bokhtia RM, Panda SS, Girgis AS, Pillai GG, Ibrahim TS, Shalaby EM, Gigli L, Abdel‐Aal EH, Al‐Mahmoudy AMM. Efficient Synthesis and Computational Studies of Useful Guanylating Agents: 1
H
‐Benzotriazole‐1‐carboximidamides. ChemistrySelect 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/slct.202003796] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Riham M. Bokhtia
- Department of Chemistry & Physics Augusta University 1120 15th Street Augusta GA 30912 USA
- Department of Pharmaceutical Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy Zagazig University Zagazig, 44519 Egypt
| | - Siva S. Panda
- Department of Chemistry & Physics Augusta University 1120 15th Street Augusta GA 30912 USA
| | - Adel S. Girgis
- Department of Pesticide Chemistry National Research Centre Dokki Giza 12622 Egypt
| | | | - Tarek S. Ibrahim
- Department of Pharmaceutical Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy Zagazig University Zagazig, 44519 Egypt
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry King Abdulaziz University Jeddah 21589 Saudi Arabia
| | - ElSayed M. Shalaby
- X-Ray Crystallography Lab. Physics Division National Research Centre Dokki Giza 12622 Egypt
| | - Lara Gigli
- Elettra-Sincrotrone Trieste s.s. 14 Km 163.5 in Area Science Park, Basovizza Trieste 34149 Italy
| | - Eatedal H. Abdel‐Aal
- Department of Pharmaceutical Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy Zagazig University Zagazig, 44519 Egypt
| | - Amany M. M. Al‐Mahmoudy
- Department of Pharmaceutical Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy Zagazig University Zagazig, 44519 Egypt
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12
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Saetan T, Sukwattanasinitt M, Wacharasindhu S. A Mild Photocatalytic Synthesis of Guanidine from Thiourea under Visible Light. Org Lett 2020; 22:7864-7869. [PMID: 32986446 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.0c02770] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
In this work, we developed the catalytic guanylation of thiourea using Ru(bpy)3Cl2 as a photocatalyst under irradiation by visible light. The conversion of various thioureas to the corresponding guanidines was achieved using 1-5 mol % of photocatalyst in a mixture of water and ethanol at room temperature. Key benefits of this reaction include the use of photoredox catalyst, low-toxicity solvents/base, ambient temperature, and an open-flask environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Trin Saetan
- Nanotec-CU Center of Excellence on Food and Agriculture, Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand
| | - Mongkol Sukwattanasinitt
- Nanotec-CU Center of Excellence on Food and Agriculture, Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand
| | - Sumrit Wacharasindhu
- Nanotec-CU Center of Excellence on Food and Agriculture, Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand.,Green Chemistry for Fine Chemical Productions STAR, Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok10330, Thailand
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13
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Lim YM, Kim H, Lim SK, Yoo J, Lee JY, Eom IC, Yoon BI, Kim P, Yu SD, Shim I. In Vitro and In Vivo Evaluation of the Toxic Effects of Dodecylguanidine Hydrochloride. TOXICS 2020; 8:E76. [PMID: 32971939 PMCID: PMC7560342 DOI: 10.3390/toxics8030076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2020] [Revised: 09/18/2020] [Accepted: 09/21/2020] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The toxicity profiles of the widely used guanidine-based chemicals have not been fully elucidated. Herein, we evaluated the in vitro and in vivo toxicity of eight guanidine-based chemicals, focusing on inhalation toxicity. Among the eight chemicals, dodecylguanidine hydrochloride (DGH) was found to be the most cytotoxic (IC50: 0.39 μg/mL), as determined by the water soluble tetrazolium salts (WST) assay. An acute inhalation study for DGH was conducted using Sprague-Dawley rats at 8.6 ± 0.41, 21.3 ± 0.83, 68.0 ± 3.46 mg/m3 for low, middle, and high exposure groups, respectively. The levels of lactate dehydrogenase, polymorphonuclear leukocytes, and cytokines (MIP-2, TGF-β1, IL-1β, TNF-α, and IL-6) in the bronchoalveolar lavage fluid increased in a concentration-dependent manner. Histopathological examination revealed acute inflammation with necrosis in the nasal cavity and inflammation around terminal bronchioles and alveolar ducts in the lungs after DGH inhalation. The LC50 of DGH in rats after exposure for 4 h was estimated to be >68 mg/m3. Results from the inhalation studies showed that DGH was more toxic in male rats than in female rats. Overall, DGH was found to be the most cytotoxic chemical among guanidine-based chemicals. Exposure to aerosols of DGH could induce harmful pulmonary effects on human health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yeon-Mi Lim
- Environmental Health Research Department, National Institute of Environmental Research, Incheon 22689, Korea; (Y.-M.L.); (H.K.); (S.K.L.); (J.Y.); (J.-Y.L.); (I.-C.E.); (P.K.); (S.-D.Y.)
| | - Haewon Kim
- Environmental Health Research Department, National Institute of Environmental Research, Incheon 22689, Korea; (Y.-M.L.); (H.K.); (S.K.L.); (J.Y.); (J.-Y.L.); (I.-C.E.); (P.K.); (S.-D.Y.)
| | - Seong Kwang Lim
- Environmental Health Research Department, National Institute of Environmental Research, Incheon 22689, Korea; (Y.-M.L.); (H.K.); (S.K.L.); (J.Y.); (J.-Y.L.); (I.-C.E.); (P.K.); (S.-D.Y.)
| | - Jean Yoo
- Environmental Health Research Department, National Institute of Environmental Research, Incheon 22689, Korea; (Y.-M.L.); (H.K.); (S.K.L.); (J.Y.); (J.-Y.L.); (I.-C.E.); (P.K.); (S.-D.Y.)
| | - Ji-Young Lee
- Environmental Health Research Department, National Institute of Environmental Research, Incheon 22689, Korea; (Y.-M.L.); (H.K.); (S.K.L.); (J.Y.); (J.-Y.L.); (I.-C.E.); (P.K.); (S.-D.Y.)
| | - Ig-Chun Eom
- Environmental Health Research Department, National Institute of Environmental Research, Incheon 22689, Korea; (Y.-M.L.); (H.K.); (S.K.L.); (J.Y.); (J.-Y.L.); (I.-C.E.); (P.K.); (S.-D.Y.)
| | - Byung-Il Yoon
- College of Veterinary Medicine and Institute of Veterinary Science, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon 24341, Korea;
| | - Pilje Kim
- Environmental Health Research Department, National Institute of Environmental Research, Incheon 22689, Korea; (Y.-M.L.); (H.K.); (S.K.L.); (J.Y.); (J.-Y.L.); (I.-C.E.); (P.K.); (S.-D.Y.)
| | - Seung-Do Yu
- Environmental Health Research Department, National Institute of Environmental Research, Incheon 22689, Korea; (Y.-M.L.); (H.K.); (S.K.L.); (J.Y.); (J.-Y.L.); (I.-C.E.); (P.K.); (S.-D.Y.)
| | - Ilseob Shim
- Environmental Health Research Department, National Institute of Environmental Research, Incheon 22689, Korea; (Y.-M.L.); (H.K.); (S.K.L.); (J.Y.); (J.-Y.L.); (I.-C.E.); (P.K.); (S.-D.Y.)
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Blaszczyk R, Brzezinska J, Dymek B, Stanczak PS, Mazurkiewicz M, Olczak J, Nowicka J, Dzwonek K, Zagozdzon A, Golab J, Golebiowski A. Discovery and Pharmacokinetics of Sulfamides and Guanidines as Potent Human Arginase 1 Inhibitors. ACS Med Chem Lett 2020; 11:433-438. [PMID: 32292546 PMCID: PMC7153016 DOI: 10.1021/acsmedchemlett.9b00508] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2019] [Accepted: 03/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
We designed and synthesized a series of arginase inhibitors as derivatives of the well-known 2-(S)-amino-6-boronohexanoic acid (ABH) with basic and neutral side chains in the α-position relative to the amino acid group. In an effort to improve the pharmacokinetic profile of literature examples and retain potent enzymatic activity, sulfamido moieties were introduced to generate hydrogen bond interaction with the aspartic acid residue in the arginase active site. The compounds with basic guanidine-containing side chains were even more potent arginase inhibitors. Both groups of compounds, as designed, demonstrated low clearance in their pharmacokinetic profile. The most active inhibitor 15aa showed high nanomolar potency with IC50 = 32 nM toward human arginase 1 and demonstrated low clearance (4.2 mL/min/kg), long t 1/2, and moderate volume of distribution in rat pharmacokinetic studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roman Blaszczyk
- OncoArendi Therapeutics, Zwirki i Wigury 101, 02-089 Warsaw, Poland
| | | | - Barbara Dymek
- OncoArendi Therapeutics, Zwirki i Wigury 101, 02-089 Warsaw, Poland
| | | | | | - Jacek Olczak
- OncoArendi Therapeutics, Zwirki i Wigury 101, 02-089 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Julita Nowicka
- OncoArendi Therapeutics, Zwirki i Wigury 101, 02-089 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Karolina Dzwonek
- OncoArendi Therapeutics, Zwirki i Wigury 101, 02-089 Warsaw, Poland
| | | | - Jakub Golab
- Department of Immunology, Medical University of Warsaw, 02-097 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Adam Golebiowski
- OncoArendi Therapeutics, Zwirki i Wigury 101, 02-089 Warsaw, Poland
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15
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Yendapally R, Sikazwe D, Kim SS, Ramsinghani S, Fraser‐Spears R, Witte AP, La‐Viola B. A review of phenformin, metformin, and imeglimin. Drug Dev Res 2020; 81:390-401. [DOI: 10.1002/ddr.21636] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2019] [Revised: 12/05/2019] [Accepted: 12/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Donald Sikazwe
- Feik School of PharmacyUniversity of the Incarnate Word San Antonio Texas
| | - Subin S. Kim
- Feik School of PharmacyUniversity of the Incarnate Word San Antonio Texas
| | - Sushma Ramsinghani
- Feik School of PharmacyUniversity of the Incarnate Word San Antonio Texas
| | | | - Amy P. Witte
- Feik School of PharmacyUniversity of the Incarnate Word San Antonio Texas
| | - Brittany La‐Viola
- School of PharmacyUniversity of Maryland Eastern Shore Princess Anne Maryland
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16
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Rong HJ, Yang CF, Chen T, Xu ZG, Su TD, Wang YQ, Ning BK. Iodine-catalyzed guanylation of amines withN,N′-di-Boc-thiourea. Org Biomol Chem 2019; 17:9280-9283. [DOI: 10.1039/c9ob02014d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Iodine-catalyzed guanylation of amines withN,N′-di-Boc-thiourea is especially useful for both electronically and sterically deactivated primary anilines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao-Jie Rong
- Modern Chemistry Research Institute of Xi'an
- Xi'an 710065
- China
- Department of Chemistry & Materials Science
- Northwest University
| | - Cui-Feng Yang
- Modern Chemistry Research Institute of Xi'an
- Xi'an 710065
- China
| | - Tao Chen
- Modern Chemistry Research Institute of Xi'an
- Xi'an 710065
- China
| | - Ze-Gang Xu
- Modern Chemistry Research Institute of Xi'an
- Xi'an 710065
- China
| | - Tian-Duo Su
- Modern Chemistry Research Institute of Xi'an
- Xi'an 710065
- China
| | - Yong-Qiang Wang
- Department of Chemistry & Materials Science
- Northwest University
- Xi'an 710069
- China
| | - Bin-Ke Ning
- Modern Chemistry Research Institute of Xi'an
- Xi'an 710065
- China
- State Key Laboratory of Fluorine & Nitrogen Chemicals
- Xi'an 710065
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17
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Ishmetova RI, Ignatenko NK, Korotina AV, Ganebnykh IN, Slepukhin PA, Babkova VA, Gerasimova NA, Evstigneeva NP, Zilberberg NV, Kungurov NV, Rusinov GL, Spasov AA, Chupakhin ON. Synthesis and biological activity of 3-guanidino-6-R-imidazo[1,2-b]- and 6-guanidino-3-R-[1,2,4]triazolo[4,3-b][1,2,4,5]tetrazines. Russ Chem Bull 2018. [DOI: 10.1007/s11172-018-2332-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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18
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Parveen S, Velmurugan G, Sinn E, Venuvanalingam P, Govindarajan S. Water-soluble Cobalt(II) & Cobalt(III) complexes supported by new triazine Schiff base ligands: Synthesis, structure and biological evaluation. JOURNAL OF PHOTOCHEMISTRY AND PHOTOBIOLOGY B-BIOLOGY 2018; 189:152-164. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jphotobiol.2018.10.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2018] [Revised: 08/14/2018] [Accepted: 10/07/2018] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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19
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Fujita M, Furusho Y. Ultrasound-assisted synthesis of substituted guanidines using 1H-pyrazole-1-carboxamidine and S-methylisothiouronium sulfate under solvent-free conditions. Tetrahedron 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2018.06.057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
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20
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Demjén A, Angyal A, Wölfling J, Puskás LG, Kanizsai I. One-pot synthesis of diverseN,N′-disubstituted guanidines fromN-chlorophthalimide, isocyanides and aminesvia N-phthaloyl-guanidines. Org Biomol Chem 2018. [DOI: 10.1039/c7ob03109b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
A sequential one-pot approach towardsN,N′-disubstituted guanidines fromN-chlorophthalimide, isocyanides and amines is reported.
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Affiliation(s)
- András Demjén
- AVIDIN Ltd
- Szeged
- Hungary
- Department of Organic Chemistry
- University of Szeged
| | - Anikó Angyal
- AVIDIN Ltd
- Szeged
- Hungary
- Department of Organic Chemistry
- University of Szeged
| | - János Wölfling
- Department of Organic Chemistry
- University of Szeged
- Szeged
- Hungary
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21
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Vass V, Dehmel M, Lehni F, Kretschmer R. A Facile One-Pot Synthesis of 1,2,3-Tri- and 1,1,2,3-Tetrasubstituted Bis(guanidine)s from Bis(thiourea)s. European J Org Chem 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.201700782] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Valentin Vass
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie; Universtität Regensburg; Universitätsstrasse 31 93053 Regensburg Germany
| | - Maximilian Dehmel
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie; Universtität Regensburg; Universitätsstrasse 31 93053 Regensburg Germany
| | - Florian Lehni
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie; Universtität Regensburg; Universitätsstrasse 31 93053 Regensburg Germany
| | - Robert Kretschmer
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie; Universtität Regensburg; Universitätsstrasse 31 93053 Regensburg Germany
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22
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Wangngae S, Pattarawarapan M, Phakhodee W. Ph3P/I2-Mediated Synthesis of N,N′,N″-Substituted Guanidines and 2-Iminoimidazolin-4-ones from Aryl Isothiocyanates. J Org Chem 2017; 82:10331-10340. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.7b01794] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sirilak Wangngae
- Department
of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, ‡Graduate School, §Center of Excellence in Materials
Science and Technology, and ∥Center of Excellence for Innovation in Chemistry,
Faculty of Science, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand
| | - Mookda Pattarawarapan
- Department
of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, ‡Graduate School, §Center of Excellence in Materials
Science and Technology, and ∥Center of Excellence for Innovation in Chemistry,
Faculty of Science, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand
| | - Wong Phakhodee
- Department
of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, ‡Graduate School, §Center of Excellence in Materials
Science and Technology, and ∥Center of Excellence for Innovation in Chemistry,
Faculty of Science, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand
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23
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Esteves H, Brito TO, Ribeiro-Viana R, de Fátima Â, Macedo F. Tert
-butyl hydroperoxide-promoted guanylation of amines with benzoylthioureas: Mechanistic insights by HRMS and 1
H NMR. J PHYS ORG CHEM 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/poc.3698] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Henrique Esteves
- Departamento de Química; Universidade Estadual de Londrina; Rod. Celso Garcia Cid, km. 380, Londrina Paraná 86057-970 Brazil
| | - Tiago Oliveira Brito
- Departamento de Química; Universidade Estadual de Londrina; Rod. Celso Garcia Cid, km. 380, Londrina Paraná 86057-970 Brazil
| | - Renato Ribeiro-Viana
- Departamento de Química; Universidade Estadual de Londrina; Rod. Celso Garcia Cid, km. 380, Londrina Paraná 86057-970 Brazil
| | - Ângelo de Fátima
- Departamento de Química; Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais; Av. Pres. Antônio Carlos, 6627, Belo Horizonte Minas Gerais 31270-901 Brazil
| | - Fernando Macedo
- Departamento de Química; Universidade Estadual de Londrina; Rod. Celso Garcia Cid, km. 380, Londrina Paraná 86057-970 Brazil
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24
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Novel guanidinium salts of biologically active (het)arylchalcogenylacetic acids. MENDELEEV COMMUNICATIONS 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mencom.2017.01.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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25
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Antiñolo A, Carrillo-Hermosilla F, Fernández-Galán R, Martínez-Ferrer J, Alonso-Moreno C, Bravo I, Moreno-Blázquez S, Salgado M, Villaseñor E, Albaladejo J. Tris(pentafluorophenyl)borane as an efficient catalyst in the guanylation reaction of amines. Dalton Trans 2016; 45:10717-29. [PMID: 27278089 DOI: 10.1039/c6dt01237j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Tris(pentafluorophenyl)borane, [B(C6F5)3], has been used as an efficient catalyst in the guanylation reaction of amines with carbodiimide under mild conditions. A combined approach involving NMR spectroscopy and DFT calculations was employed to gain a better insight into the mechanistic features of this process. The results allowed us to propose a new Lewis acid-assisted Brønsted acidic pathway for the guanylation reaction. The process starts with the interaction of tris(pentafluorphenyl)borane and the amine to form the corresponding adduct, [(C6F5)3B-NRH2] , followed by a straightforward proton transfer to one of the nitrogen atoms of the carbodiimide, (i)PrN[double bond, length as m-dash]C[double bond, length as m-dash]N(i)Pr, to produce, in two consequent steps, a guanidine-borane adduct, [(C6F5)3B-NRC(N(i)PrH)2] . The rupture of this adduct liberates the guanidine product RNC(N(i)PrH)2 and interaction with additional amine restarts the catalytic cycle. DFT studies have been carried out in order to study the thermodynamic characteristics of the proposed pathway. Significant borane adducts with amines and guanidines have been isolated and characterized by multinuclear NMR in order to study the N-B interaction and to propose the existence of possible Frustrated Lewis Pairs. Additionally, the molecular structures of significant components of the catalytic cycle, namely 4-tert-butylaniline-[B(C6F5)3] adduct and both free and [B(C6F5)3]-bonded 1-(phenyl)-2,3-diisopropylguanidine, and respectively, have been established by X-ray diffraction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonio Antiñolo
- Centro de Innovación en Química Avanzada (ORFEO-CINQA), Departamento de Química Inorgánica, Orgánica y Bioquímica, Facultad de Ciencias y Tecnologías Químicas, Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha, Campus Universitario, E-13071 Ciudad Real, Spain.
| | - Fernando Carrillo-Hermosilla
- Centro de Innovación en Química Avanzada (ORFEO-CINQA), Departamento de Química Inorgánica, Orgánica y Bioquímica, Facultad de Ciencias y Tecnologías Químicas, Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha, Campus Universitario, E-13071 Ciudad Real, Spain.
| | - Rafael Fernández-Galán
- Centro de Innovación en Química Avanzada (ORFEO-CINQA), Departamento de Química Inorgánica, Orgánica y Bioquímica, Facultad de Ciencias y Tecnologías Químicas, Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha, Campus Universitario, E-13071 Ciudad Real, Spain.
| | - Jaime Martínez-Ferrer
- Centro de Innovación en Química Avanzada (ORFEO-CINQA), Departamento de Química Inorgánica, Orgánica y Bioquímica, Facultad de Ciencias y Tecnologías Químicas, Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha, Campus Universitario, E-13071 Ciudad Real, Spain.
| | - Carlos Alonso-Moreno
- Centro de Innovación en Química Avanzada (ORFEO-CINQA), Departamento de Química Inorgánica, Orgánica y Bioquímica, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha, Campus Universitario de Albacete, 02071-Albacete, Spain
| | - Iván Bravo
- Departamento de Química-Física, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha, Campus Universitario de Albacete, 02071-Albacete, Spain
| | - Sonia Moreno-Blázquez
- Centro de Innovación en Química Avanzada (ORFEO-CINQA), Departamento de Química Inorgánica, Orgánica y Bioquímica, Facultad de Ciencias y Tecnologías Químicas, Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha, Campus Universitario, E-13071 Ciudad Real, Spain.
| | - Manuel Salgado
- Centro de Innovación en Química Avanzada (ORFEO-CINQA), Departamento de Química Inorgánica, Orgánica y Bioquímica, Facultad de Ciencias y Tecnologías Químicas, Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha, Campus Universitario, E-13071 Ciudad Real, Spain.
| | - Elena Villaseñor
- Centro de Innovación en Química Avanzada (ORFEO-CINQA), Departamento de Química Inorgánica, Orgánica y Bioquímica, Facultad de Ciencias y Tecnologías Químicas, Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha, Campus Universitario, E-13071 Ciudad Real, Spain.
| | - José Albaladejo
- Departamento de Química-Física, Facultad de Ciencias y Tecnologías Químicas, Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha, Campus Universitario, E-13071 Ciudad Real, Spain
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26
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Costa MV, de Sequeira Aguiar LC, Malta LFB, Viana GM, Costa BB. Simple and efficient methodology to prepare guanidines from 1,3-disubstituted thioureas. Tetrahedron Lett 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetlet.2016.02.107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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27
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Pattarawarapan M, Jaita S, Wangngae S, Phakhodee W. Ultrasound-assisted synthesis of substituted guanidines from thioureas. Tetrahedron Lett 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetlet.2016.02.050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
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28
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Francos J, González-Liste PJ, Menéndez-Rodríguez L, Crochet P, Cadierno V, Borge J, Antiñolo A, Fernández-Galán R, Carrillo-Hermosilla F. Half-Sandwich Guanidinate-Osmium(II) Complexes: Synthesis and Application in the Selective Dehydration of Aldoximes. Eur J Inorg Chem 2015. [DOI: 10.1002/ejic.201501221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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