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Giorgioni G, Bonifazi A, Botticelli L, Cifani C, Matteucci F, Micioni Di Bonaventura E, Micioni Di Bonaventura MV, Giannella M, Piergentili A, Piergentili A, Quaglia W, Del Bello F. Advances in drug design and therapeutic potential of selective or multitarget 5-HT1A receptor ligands. Med Res Rev 2024; 44:2640-2706. [PMID: 38808959 DOI: 10.1002/med.22049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2023] [Revised: 03/14/2024] [Accepted: 05/03/2024] [Indexed: 05/30/2024]
Abstract
5-HT1A receptor (5-HT1A-R) is a serotoninergic G-protein coupled receptor subtype which contributes to several physiological processes in both central nervous system and periphery. Despite being the first 5-HT-R identified, cloned and studied, it still represents a very attractive target in drug discovery and continues to be the focus of a myriad of drug discovery campaigns due to its involvement in numerous neuropsychiatric disorders. The structure-activity relationship studies (SAR) performed over the last years have been devoted to three main goals: (i) design and synthesis of 5-HT1A-R selective/preferential ligands; (ii) identification of 5-HT1A-R biased agonists, differentiating pre- versus post-synaptic agonism and signaling cellular mechanisms; (iii) development of multitarget compounds endowed with well-defined poly-pharmacological profiles targeting 5-HT1A-R along with other serotonin receptors, serotonin transporter (SERT), D2-like receptors and/or enzymes, such as acetylcholinesterase and phosphodiesterase, as a promising strategy for the management of complex psychiatric and neurodegenerative disorders. In this review, medicinal chemistry aspects of ligands acting as selective/preferential or multitarget 5-HT1A-R agonists and antagonists belonging to different chemotypes and developed in the last 7 years (2017-2023) have been discussed. The development of chemical and pharmacological 5-HT1A-R tools for molecular imaging have also been described. Finally, the pharmacological interest of 5-HT1A-R and the therapeutic potential of ligands targeting this receptor have been considered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gianfabio Giorgioni
- Medicinal Chemistry Unit, School of Pharmacy, University of Camerino, Camerino, Italy
| | - Alessandro Bonifazi
- Medicinal Chemistry Section, Molecular Targets and Medications Discovery Branch, National Institute on Drug Abuse - Intramural Research Program, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Luca Botticelli
- Pharmacology Unit, School of Pharmacy, University of Camerino, Camerino, Italy
| | - Carlo Cifani
- Pharmacology Unit, School of Pharmacy, University of Camerino, Camerino, Italy
| | - Federica Matteucci
- Medicinal Chemistry Unit, School of Pharmacy, University of Camerino, Camerino, Italy
| | | | | | - Mario Giannella
- Medicinal Chemistry Unit, School of Pharmacy, University of Camerino, Camerino, Italy
| | | | - Alessia Piergentili
- Medicinal Chemistry Unit, School of Pharmacy, University of Camerino, Camerino, Italy
| | - Wilma Quaglia
- Medicinal Chemistry Unit, School of Pharmacy, University of Camerino, Camerino, Italy
| | - Fabio Del Bello
- Medicinal Chemistry Unit, School of Pharmacy, University of Camerino, Camerino, Italy
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Tettevi EJ, Kuevi DNO, Sumabe BK, Simpong DL, Maina MB, Dongdem JT, Osei-Atweneboana MY, Ocloo A. In Silico Identification of a Potential TNF-Alpha Binder Using a Structural Similarity: A Potential Drug Repurposing Approach to the Management of Alzheimer's Disease. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2024; 2024:9985719. [PMID: 38221912 PMCID: PMC10787656 DOI: 10.1155/2024/9985719] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2023] [Revised: 11/25/2023] [Accepted: 12/13/2023] [Indexed: 01/16/2024]
Abstract
Introduction Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a neurodegenerative disorder with no conclusive remedy. Yohimbine, found in Rauwolfia vomitoria, may reduce brain inflammation by targeting tumour necrosis factor-alpha (TNFα), implicated in AD pathogenesis. Metoserpate, a synthetic compound, may inhibit TNFα. The study is aimed at assessing the potential utility of repurposing metoserpate for TNFα inhibition to reduce neuronal damage and inflammation in AD. The development of safe and effective treatments for AD is crucial to address the growing burden of the disease, which is projected to double over the next two decades. Methods Our study repurposed an FDA-approved drug as TNFα inhibitor for AD management using structural similarity studies, molecular docking, and molecular dynamics simulations. Yohimbine was used as a reference compound. Molecular docking used SeeSAR, and molecular dynamics simulation used GROMACS. Results Metoserpate was selected from 10 compounds similar to yohimbine based on pharmacokinetic properties and FDA approval status. Molecular docking and simulation studies showed a stable interaction between metoserpate and TNFα over 100 ns (100000 ps). This suggests a reliable and robust interaction between the protein and ligand, supporting the potential utility of repurposing metoserpate for TNFα inhibition in AD treatment. Conclusion Our study has identified metoserpate, a previously FDA-approved antihypertensive agent, as a promising candidate for inhibiting TNFα in the management of AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edward Jenner Tettevi
- Department of Biochemistry, Cell and Molecular Biology, School of Biological Science, University of Ghana, Legon, Accra, P.O. Box LG 25, Ghana
- West African Centre for Cell Biology of Infectious Pathogens, School of Biological Science, University of Ghana, Legon, Accra, P.O. Box LG 25, Ghana
- Biomedical and Public Health Research Unit, Council for Scientific and Industrial Research-Water Research Institute, Accra, P.O. Box M 32, Ghana
| | - Deryl Nii Okantey Kuevi
- Biomedical and Public Health Research Unit, Council for Scientific and Industrial Research-Water Research Institute, Accra, P.O. Box M 32, Ghana
| | - Balagra Kasim Sumabe
- Biomedical and Public Health Research Unit, Council for Scientific and Industrial Research-Water Research Institute, Accra, P.O. Box M 32, Ghana
| | - David Larbi Simpong
- Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, College of Health and Allied Sciences, University of Cape Coast, Cape Coast, Ghana
| | - Mahmoud B. Maina
- Serpell Laboratory, Sussex Neuroscience, School of Life Sciences, University of Sussex, UK
- Biomedical Science Research and Training Centre, College of Medical Sciences, Yobe State University, Damaturu, Nigeria
| | - Julius T. Dongdem
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, School of Medicine, University for Development Studies, Tamale Campus, Ghana
| | - Mike Y. Osei-Atweneboana
- Biomedical and Public Health Research Unit, Council for Scientific and Industrial Research-Water Research Institute, Accra, P.O. Box M 32, Ghana
- CSIR-College of Science and Technology, 2nd CSIR Close, Airport Residential Area, Behind Golden Tulip Hotel, Greater Accra Region, Ghana
| | - Augustine Ocloo
- Department of Biochemistry, Cell and Molecular Biology, School of Biological Science, University of Ghana, Legon, Accra, P.O. Box LG 25, Ghana
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Evaluation of In Vitro Distribution and Plasma Protein Binding of Selected Antiviral Drugs (Favipiravir, Molnupiravir and Imatinib) against SARS-CoV-2. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24032849. [PMID: 36769193 PMCID: PMC9917862 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24032849] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2022] [Revised: 01/17/2023] [Accepted: 01/29/2023] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
There are a number of uncertainties regarding plasma protein binding and blood distribution of the active drugs favipiravir (FAVI), molnupiravir (MOLNU) and imatinib (IMA), which were recently proposed as therapeutics for the treatment of COVID-19 disease. Therefore, proton dissociation processes, solubility, lipophilicity, and serum protein binding of these three substances were investigated in detail. The drugs display various degrees of lipophilicity at gastric (pH 2.0) and blood pH (pH 7.4). The determined pKa values explain well the changes in lipophilic character of the respective compounds. The serum protein binding was studied by membrane ultrafiltration, frontal analysis capillary electrophoresis, steady-state fluorometry, and fluorescence anisotropy techniques. The studies revealed that the ester bond in MOLNU is hydrolyzed by protein constituents of blood serum. Molnupiravir and its hydrolyzed form do not bind considerably to blood proteins. Likewise, FAVI does not bind to human serum albumin (HSA) and α1-acid glycoprotein (AGP) and shows relatively weak binding to the protein fraction of whole blood serum. Imatinib binds to AGP with high affinity (logK' = 5.8-6.0), while its binding to HSA is much weaker (logK' ≤ 4.0). The computed constants were used to model the distribution of IMA in blood plasma under physiological and 'acute-phase' conditions as well.
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Ostrowska K, Leśniak A, Gryczka W, Dobrzycki Ł, Bujalska-Zadrożny M, Trzaskowski B. New Piperazine Derivatives of 6-Acetyl-7-hydroxy-4-methylcoumarin as 5-HT 1A Receptor Agents. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24032779. [PMID: 36769117 PMCID: PMC9917830 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24032779] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2023] [Revised: 01/24/2023] [Accepted: 01/27/2023] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
A series of 15 new derivatives of 6-acetyl-7-hydroxy-4-methylcoumarin containing a piperazine group were designed with the help of computational methods and were synthesized to study their affinity for the serotonin 5-HT1A and 5-HT2A receptors. Among them, 6-acetyl-7-{4-[4-(3-bromophenyl)piperazin-1-yl]butoxy}-4-methylchromen-2-one (4) and 6-acetyl-7-{4-[4-(2-chlorophenyl)piperazin-1-yl]butoxy}-4-methylchromen-2-one (7) exhibited excellent activity for 5-HT1A receptors with Ki values 0.78 (0.4-1.4) nM and 0.57 (0.2-1.3) nM, respectively, comparable to the Ki values of 8-OH-DPAT (0.25 (0.097-0.66) nM). The equilibrium dissociation constant values of the tested compounds showed differential intrinsic activities of the agonist and antagonist modes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kinga Ostrowska
- Department of Organic and Physical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical University of Warsaw, 1 Banacha Str., 02-097 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Anna Leśniak
- Centre for Preclinical Research and Technology, Department of Pharmacodynamics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical University of Warsaw, 1 Banacha Str., 02-097 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Weronika Gryczka
- Department of Organic and Physical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical University of Warsaw, 1 Banacha Str., 02-097 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Łukasz Dobrzycki
- Crystallochemistry Laboratory, Chemistry Department, Warsaw University, 1 Pasteura Str., 02-093 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Magdalena Bujalska-Zadrożny
- Centre for Preclinical Research and Technology, Department of Pharmacodynamics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical University of Warsaw, 1 Banacha Str., 02-097 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Bartosz Trzaskowski
- Centre of New Technologies, University of Warsaw, 2C Banacha Str., 02-097 Warsaw, Poland
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In Silico Prediction of the Metabolic Resistance of Vitamin D Analogs against CYP3A4 Metabolizing Enzyme. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23147845. [PMID: 35887195 PMCID: PMC9322940 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23147845] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2022] [Revised: 07/11/2022] [Accepted: 07/14/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
The microsomal cytochrome P450 3A4 (CYP3A4) and mitochondrial cytochrome P450 24A1 (CYP24A1) hydroxylating enzymes both metabolize vitamin D and its analogs. The three-dimensional (3D) structure of the full-length native human CYP3A4 has been solved, but the respective structure of the main vitamin D hydroxylating CYP24A1 enzyme is unknown. The structures of recombinant CYP24A1 enzymes have been solved; however, from studies of the vitamin D receptor, the use of a truncated protein for docking studies of ligands led to incorrect results. As the structure of the native CYP3A4 protein is known, we performed rigid docking supported by molecular dynamic simulation using CYP3A4 to predict the metabolic conversion of analogs of 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D2 (1,25D2). This is highly important to the design of novel vitamin D-based drug candidates of reasonable metabolic stability as CYP3A4 metabolizes ca. 50% of the drug substances. The use of the 3D structure data of human CYP3A4 has allowed us to explain the substantial differences in the metabolic conversion of the side-chain geometric analogs of 1,25D2. The calculated free enthalpy of the binding of an analog of 1,25D2 to CYP3A4 agreed with the experimentally observed conversion of the analog by CYP24A1. The metabolic conversion of an analog of 1,25D2 to the main vitamin D hydroxylating enzyme CYP24A1, of unknown 3D structure, can be explained by the binding strength of the analog to the known 3D structure of the CYP3A4 enzyme.
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Żołek T, Dömötör O, Rezler M, Enyedy ÉA, Maciejewska D. Deposition of pentamidine analogues in the human body - spectroscopic and computational approaches. Eur J Pharm Sci 2021; 161:105779. [PMID: 33667666 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejps.2021.105779] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2021] [Revised: 02/23/2021] [Accepted: 02/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Bis-benzamidines are a diverse group of compounds with high potential in pharmacotherapy, and among them, pentamidine is a drug of great therapeutic significance in Pneumocystis jiroveci pneumonia (PJP) prophylaxis and therapy. Pharmacokinetic properties of these cationic species such as transport, acid/base equilibria, and interactions with potential target molecules are still of interest, especially for recently designed compounds. To broaden our knowledge drug-likeness, human serum albumin binding, and acidity constants (Ka) were experimentally and theoretically examined for five pentamidine analogues 1 - 5 with -NH-CO-chain-CO-NH-bridges of increasing length and O, N, and S atoms in the chain. The studied analogues display very marked activity against Pneumocystis carinii without cytotoxicity that inspired us to perform an in silico analysis of their mode of action based on the hypothesis that the small DNA groove of rich in adenine-thymine pairs is their molecular target. These studies allowed us to classify them as very promising lead molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Teresa Żołek
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical University of Warsaw, Banacha 1, 02-097 Warsaw, Poland.
| | - Orsolya Dömötör
- Department of Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry, Interdisciplinary Excellence Centre, University of Szeged, Dóm tér 7. H-6720 Szeged, Hungary; MTA-SZTE Lendület Functional Metal Complexes Research Group, University of Szeged, Dóm tér 7, H-6720 Szeged, Hungary
| | - Mateusz Rezler
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical University of Warsaw, Banacha 1, 02-097 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Éva A Enyedy
- Department of Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry, Interdisciplinary Excellence Centre, University of Szeged, Dóm tér 7. H-6720 Szeged, Hungary; MTA-SZTE Lendület Functional Metal Complexes Research Group, University of Szeged, Dóm tér 7, H-6720 Szeged, Hungary
| | - Dorota Maciejewska
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical University of Warsaw, Banacha 1, 02-097 Warsaw, Poland.
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Ostrowska K, Leśniak A, Czarnocka Z, Chmiel J, Bujalska-Zadrożny M, Trzaskowski B. Design, Synthesis, and Biological Evaluation of a Series of 5- and 7-Hydroxycoumarin Derivatives as 5-HT 1A Serotonin Receptor Antagonists. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2021; 14:ph14030179. [PMID: 33668396 PMCID: PMC7996328 DOI: 10.3390/ph14030179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2020] [Revised: 02/19/2021] [Accepted: 02/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
We have designed and synthesized a series of 60 new 5- and 7-hydroxycoumarin derivatives bearing the piperazine moiety with the expected binding to 5-HT1A and 5-HT2A receptors. Molecular docking of all investigated compounds revealed subnanomolar estimates of 5-HT1AR Ki for three ligands and 5-HT2AR Ki for one ligand as well as numerous low nanomolar estimates of Ki for both receptors. Intrigued by these results we synthesized all 60 new derivatives using microwave-assisted protocols. We show that three new compounds show a relatively high antagonistic activity against the 5HT1A receptor, although lower than the reference compound WAY-100635. These compounds also showed relatively low binding affinities to the 5-HT2A receptor. We also provide a detailed structure-activity analysis of this series of compounds and compare it with previously obtained results for an exhaustive series of coumarin derivatives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kinga Ostrowska
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical University of Warsaw, 1 Banacha Str., 02-097 Warsaw, Poland; (Z.C.); (J.C.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +48-22-572-0669
| | - Anna Leśniak
- Department of Pharmacodynamics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Centre for Preclinical Research and Technology, Medical University of Warsaw, 1 Banacha Str., 02-097 Warsaw, Poland; (A.L.); (M.B.-Z.)
| | - Zuzanna Czarnocka
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical University of Warsaw, 1 Banacha Str., 02-097 Warsaw, Poland; (Z.C.); (J.C.)
| | - Jagoda Chmiel
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical University of Warsaw, 1 Banacha Str., 02-097 Warsaw, Poland; (Z.C.); (J.C.)
| | - Magdalena Bujalska-Zadrożny
- Department of Pharmacodynamics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Centre for Preclinical Research and Technology, Medical University of Warsaw, 1 Banacha Str., 02-097 Warsaw, Poland; (A.L.); (M.B.-Z.)
| | - Bartosz Trzaskowski
- Centre of New Technologies, University of Warsaw, 2C Banacha Str., 02-097 Warsaw, Poland;
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Caruso ÍP, Vilegas W, Cristante de Oliveira L, Cornélio ML. Fluorescence spectroscopic and dynamics simulation studies on isoorientin binding with human serum albumin. SPECTROCHIMICA ACTA. PART A, MOLECULAR AND BIOMOLECULAR SPECTROSCOPY 2020; 228:117738. [PMID: 31718973 DOI: 10.1016/j.saa.2019.117738] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2019] [Revised: 10/29/2019] [Accepted: 10/31/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Isoorientin (ISOO) a glycosylated flavonoid found in acai berry exhibits relevant activities such as antidiabetic and antidepressant. However, its physicochemical action on any molecular target is scarcely known. In this work, we tackle the problem about the binding of ISOO to human serum albumin (HSA) applying fluorescence spectroscopy bimodal analysis aided by computational simulations. A static quenching process was detected having hypsochromic shift with implication in the polarizability around the endogenous probe (Trp 214) during complex formation. The binding mechanism reveals that all sites are equivalents and independents with binding constant value of 9.1 × 104 M-1 and, a total of six sites accessed whereas three of them were identified experimentally. The thermodynamic evaluation indicates that the complex formation is spontaneous (ΔG<0). The dynamics and docking simulations corroborated the experimental data by adding details of each site and its respective microenvironment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ícaro Putinhon Caruso
- Departamento de Física, Instituto de Biociências, Letras e Ciências Exatas (IBILCE), UNESP, Rua Cristovão Colombo 2265, CEP 15054-000, São José do Rio Preto, SP, Brazil; Centro Nacional de Ressonância Magnética Nuclear de Macromoléculas, Instituto de Bioquímica Média e Centro Nacional de Biologia Estrutural e Bioimagem (CENABIO), UFRJ, Ilha do Fundão, CEP 21941-590, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil.
| | - Wagner Vilegas
- Laboratório de Bioprospecção de Produtos Naturais (LBPN), Instituto de Biociências, UNESP, Praça Infante Dom Henrique, CEP 11380-972, São Vicente, SP, Brazil.
| | - Leandro Cristante de Oliveira
- Departamento de Física, Instituto de Biociências, Letras e Ciências Exatas (IBILCE), UNESP, Rua Cristovão Colombo 2265, CEP 15054-000, São José do Rio Preto, SP, Brazil.
| | - Marinônio Lopes Cornélio
- Departamento de Física, Instituto de Biociências, Letras e Ciências Exatas (IBILCE), UNESP, Rua Cristovão Colombo 2265, CEP 15054-000, São José do Rio Preto, SP, Brazil.
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Ostrowska K. Coumarin-piperazine derivatives as biologically active compounds. Saudi Pharm J 2020; 28:220-232. [PMID: 32042262 PMCID: PMC7000312 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsps.2019.11.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2019] [Accepted: 11/29/2019] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
A number of psychiatric disorders, including anxiety, schizophrenia, Parkinson's disease, depression and others CNS diseases are known to induce defects in the function of neural pathways sustained by the neurotransmitters, like dopamine and serotonin. N-arylpiperazine moiety is important for CNS-activity, particularly for serotonergic and dopaminergic activity. In the scientific literature there are many examples of coumarin-piperazine derivatives, particularly with arylpiperazines linked to a coumarin system via an alkyl liner, which can modulate serotonin, dopamine and adrenergic receptors. Numerous studies have revealed that the inclusion of a piperazine moiety could occasionally provide unexpected improvements in the bioactivity of various biologically active compounds. The piperazine analogs have been shown to have a potent antimicrobial activity and they can also act as BACE-1 inhibitors. On the other hand, arylpiperazines linked to coumarin derivatives have been shown to have antiproliferative activity against leukemia, lung, colon, breast, and prostate tumors. Recently, it has been reported that coumarin-piperazine derivatives exhibit a Fneuroprotective effect by their antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities and they also show activity as acetylcholinesterase inhibitors and antifilarial activity. In this work we provide a summary of the latest advances in coumarin-related chemistry relevant for biological activity.
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The malaria toxin hemozoin induces apoptosis in human neurons and astrocytes: Potential role in the pathogenesis of cerebral malaria. Brain Res 2019; 1720:146317. [PMID: 31276637 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2019.146317] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2019] [Revised: 06/11/2019] [Accepted: 07/01/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Malaria, caused by an intracellular protozoan parasite of the genus Plasmodium, is one of the most important infectious diseases worldwide. In 2017, a total of 219 millions cases were reported with 435,000 deaths related to malaria. A major complication of malaria infection is cerebral malaria (CM), characterized by enhanced blood-brain barrier permeability, leukocyte infiltration and/or activation, and neuronal dropout resulting in coma and death in significant numbers of individuals, especially children. Despite the high incidence and mortality, the pathogenesis of cerebral malaria is not well characterized. Hemozoin (HMZ) or "malaria pigment," a by-product of intraerythrocytic parasite-mediated hemoglobin catabolism, is released into the bloodstream after lysis of the host infected erythrocyte. The effects of HMZ on brain cells has not been studied due to the contamination/adhesion/aggregation of the HMZ with host and toxic parasitic factors. We now demonstrate that extracellular purified HMZ is taken up by human neurons and astrocytes, resulting in cellular dysfunction and toxicity. These findings contribute to a better understanding of the neuropathogenesis of CM and provide evidence that HMZ accumulation in the bloodstream could result in CNS compromise. Thus, alternative approaches to reducing circulating HMZ could serve as a potential treatment.
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