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Flori L, Brogi S, Sirous H, Calderone V. Disruption of Irisin Dimerization by FDA-Approved Drugs: A Computational Repurposing Approach for the Potential Treatment of Lipodystrophy Syndromes. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24087578. [PMID: 37108741 PMCID: PMC10145865 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24087578] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2023] [Revised: 04/12/2023] [Accepted: 04/18/2023] [Indexed: 04/29/2023] Open
Abstract
In this paper, we present the development of a computer-based repurposing approach to identify FDA-approved drugs that are potentially able to interfere with irisin dimerization. It has been established that altered levels of irisin dimers are a pure hallmark of lipodystrophy (LD) syndromes. Accordingly, the identification of compounds capable of slowing down or precluding the irisin dimers' formation could represent a valuable therapeutic strategy in LD. Combining several computational techniques, we identified five FDA-approved drugs with satisfactory computational scores (iohexol, XP score = -7.70 kcal/mol, SP score = -5.5 kcal/mol, ΔGbind = -61.47 kcal/mol, ΔGbind (average) = -60.71 kcal/mol; paromomycin, XP score = -7.23 kcal/mol, SP score = -6.18 kcal/mol, ΔGbind = -50.14 kcal/mol, ΔGbind (average) = -49.13 kcal/mol; zoledronate, XP score = -6.33 kcal/mol, SP score = -5.53 kcal/mol, ΔGbind = -32.38 kcal/mol, ΔGbind (average) = -29.42 kcal/mol; setmelanotide, XP score = -6.10 kcal/mol, SP score = -7.24 kcal/mol, ΔGbind = -56.87 kcal/mol, ΔGbind (average) = -62.41 kcal/mol; and theophylline, XP score = -5.17 kcal/mol, SP score = -5.55 kcal/mol, ΔGbind = -33.25 kcal/mol, ΔGbind (average) = -35.29 kcal/mol) that are potentially able to disrupt the dimerization of irisin. For this reason, they deserve further investigation to characterize them as irisin disruptors. Remarkably, the identification of drugs targeting this process can offer novel therapeutic opportunities for the treatment of LD. Furthermore, the identified drugs could provide a starting point for a repositioning approach, synthesizing novel analogs with improved efficacy and selectivity against the irisin dimerization process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lorenzo Flori
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Pisa, Via Bonanno 6, 56126 Pisa, Italy
| | - Simone Brogi
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Pisa, Via Bonanno 6, 56126 Pisa, Italy
- Bioinformatics Research Center, School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan 81746-73461, Iran
| | - Hajar Sirous
- Bioinformatics Research Center, School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan 81746-73461, Iran
| | - Vincenzo Calderone
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Pisa, Via Bonanno 6, 56126 Pisa, Italy
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Sarkar D, De Sarkar S, Gille L, Chatterjee M. Ascaridole exerts the leishmanicidal activity by inhibiting parasite glycolysis. PHYTOMEDICINE : INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PHYTOTHERAPY AND PHYTOPHARMACOLOGY 2022; 103:154221. [PMID: 35696799 DOI: 10.1016/j.phymed.2022.154221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2022] [Revised: 05/11/2022] [Accepted: 05/28/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The global burden of leishmaniasis is exacerbated by the limited repertoire of drugs, resulting in an urgent need to develop new therapeutic alternatives. Endoperoxides like ascaridole have emerged as promising anti-parasitic candidates, and its effectiveness was established in an animal model of cutaneous leishmaniasis (CL). However, its impact on Leishmania donovani parasites, causative of visceral leishmaniasis (VL) remains to be established. PURPOSE This study aimed to delineate the underlying mechanisms contributing towards the leishmanicidal effect of ascaridole in terms of its impact on the cellular redox status and metabolic bioenergetics of L. donovani parasites. METHODOLOGY The anti-promastigote activity of ascaridole was established by a cell viability assay in L. donovani [MHOM/IN/1983/AG83] and anti-amastigote activity by microscopy and ddPCR (droplet digital polymerase chain reaction). The cellular redox status, mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP), annexin V positivity and cell cycle arrest was evaluated by flow cytometry, while cellular and mitochondrial bioenergetics was assessed using Agilent XFp Analyzer, and the levels of ATP was measured by chemiluminescence. RESULTS Ascaridole demonstrated strong anti-promastigote and anti-amastigote activities in l. donovani, IC50 (half maximal Inhibitory concentration) being 2.47 ± 0.18 µM and 2.00±0.34 µM respectively, while in J774.A1 and murine peritoneal macrophages, the CC50 (half maximal cytotoxic concentration) was 41.47 ± 4.89 µM and 37.58 ± 5.75 µM respectively. Ascaridole disrupted the redox homeostasis via an enhanced generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS), lipid peroxidation and concomitant depletion of thiols. However, it failed to increase the generation of mitochondrial superoxide, which minimally impacted on mitochondrial respiration and was corroborated by energy metabolism studies. Instead, ascaridole inhibited glycolysis of promastigotes, caused a loss in MMP, which translated into ATP depletion. In promastigotes, ascaridole enhanced annexin-V positivity and caused a cell cycle arrest at sub- G0/G1 phase. CONCLUSION In summary, ascaridole displays its leishmanicidal activity possibly due to its ability to auto-generate free radicals following cleavage of its endoperoxide bridge that led to disruption of the redox homeostasis, inhibition of glycolysis and culminated in an apoptotic like cell death.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deblina Sarkar
- Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Post Graduate Medical Education and Research (IPGME&R), Kolkata, WB 700 020, India
| | - Sritama De Sarkar
- Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Post Graduate Medical Education and Research (IPGME&R), Kolkata, WB 700 020, India
| | - Lars Gille
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Veterinary Medicine, Vienna, Austria
| | - Mitali Chatterjee
- Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Post Graduate Medical Education and Research (IPGME&R), Kolkata, WB 700 020, India.
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Relitti N, Federico S, Pozzetti L, Butini S, Lamponi S, Taramelli D, D'Alessandro S, Martin RE, Shafik SH, Summers RL, Babij SK, Habluetzel A, Tapanelli S, Caldelari R, Gemma S, Campiani G. Synthesis and biological evaluation of benzhydryl-based antiplasmodial agents possessing Plasmodium falciparum chloroquine resistance transporter (PfCRT) inhibitory activity. Eur J Med Chem 2021; 215:113227. [PMID: 33601312 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2021.113227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2020] [Revised: 01/21/2021] [Accepted: 01/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Due to the surge in resistance to common therapies, malaria remains a significant concern to human health worldwide. In chloroquine (CQ)-resistant (CQ-R) strains of Plasmodium falciparum, CQ and related drugs are effluxed from the parasite's digestive vacuole (DV). This process is mediated by mutant isoforms of a protein called CQ resistance transporter (PfCRT). CQ-R strains can be partially re-sensitized to CQ by verapamil (VP), primaquine (PQ) and other compounds, and this has been shown to be due to the ability of these molecules to inhibit drug transport via PfCRT. We have previously developed a series of clotrimazole (CLT)-based antimalarial agents that possess inhibitory activity against PfCRT (4a,b). In our endeavor to develop novel PfCRT inhibitors, and to perform a structure-activity relationship analysis, we synthesized a new library of analogues. When the benzhydryl system was linked to a 4-aminoquinoline group (5a-f) the resulting compounds exhibited good cytotoxicity against both CQ-R and CQ-S strains of P. falciparum. The most potent inhibitory activity against the PfCRT-mediated transport of CQ was obtained with compound 5k. When compared to the reference compound, benzhydryl analogues of PQ (5i,j) showed a similar activity against blood-stage parasites, and a stronger in vitro potency against liver-stage parasites. Unfortunately, in the in vivo transmission blocking assays, 5i,j were inactive against gametocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicola Relitti
- Department of Biotechnology, Chemistry and Pharmacy (DoE 2018-2022), University of Siena, Via Aldo Moro 2, 53100 Siena, Italy; Centro Interuniversitario di Ricerche Sulla Malaria (CIRM), University of Milan, Milano, Italy
| | - Stefano Federico
- Department of Biotechnology, Chemistry and Pharmacy (DoE 2018-2022), University of Siena, Via Aldo Moro 2, 53100 Siena, Italy; Centro Interuniversitario di Ricerche Sulla Malaria (CIRM), University of Milan, Milano, Italy
| | - Luca Pozzetti
- Department of Biotechnology, Chemistry and Pharmacy (DoE 2018-2022), University of Siena, Via Aldo Moro 2, 53100 Siena, Italy; Centro Interuniversitario di Ricerche Sulla Malaria (CIRM), University of Milan, Milano, Italy
| | - Stefania Butini
- Department of Biotechnology, Chemistry and Pharmacy (DoE 2018-2022), University of Siena, Via Aldo Moro 2, 53100 Siena, Italy; Centro Interuniversitario di Ricerche Sulla Malaria (CIRM), University of Milan, Milano, Italy
| | - Stefania Lamponi
- Department of Biotechnology, Chemistry and Pharmacy (DoE 2018-2022), University of Siena, Via Aldo Moro 2, 53100 Siena, Italy; Centro Interuniversitario di Ricerche Sulla Malaria (CIRM), University of Milan, Milano, Italy
| | - Donatella Taramelli
- Department of Pharmacological and Biomolecular Sciences, University of Milan, Via Pascal 36, 20133, Milan, Italy; Centro Interuniversitario di Ricerche Sulla Malaria (CIRM), University of Milan, Milano, Italy
| | - Sarah D'Alessandro
- Department of Biomedical, Surgical and Dental Sciences, University of Milan, Via Pascal 36, 20133, Milan, Italy; Centro Interuniversitario di Ricerche Sulla Malaria (CIRM), University of Milan, Milano, Italy
| | - Rowena E Martin
- Research School of Biology, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, 2600, Australia
| | - Sarah H Shafik
- Research School of Biology, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, 2600, Australia
| | - Robert L Summers
- Research School of Biology, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, 2600, Australia
| | - Simone K Babij
- Research School of Biology, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, 2600, Australia
| | - Annette Habluetzel
- School of Pharmacy, University of Camerino, Piazza Cavour 19F, 62032, Camerino, Italy; Centro Interuniversitario di Ricerche Sulla Malaria (CIRM), University of Milan, Milano, Italy
| | - Sofia Tapanelli
- School of Pharmacy, University of Camerino, Piazza Cavour 19F, 62032, Camerino, Italy; Centro Interuniversitario di Ricerche Sulla Malaria (CIRM), University of Milan, Milano, Italy
| | - Reto Caldelari
- Institute of Cell Biology, University of Bern, Baltzerstrasse 4, 3012, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Sandra Gemma
- Department of Biotechnology, Chemistry and Pharmacy (DoE 2018-2022), University of Siena, Via Aldo Moro 2, 53100 Siena, Italy; Centro Interuniversitario di Ricerche Sulla Malaria (CIRM), University of Milan, Milano, Italy.
| | - Giuseppe Campiani
- Department of Biotechnology, Chemistry and Pharmacy (DoE 2018-2022), University of Siena, Via Aldo Moro 2, 53100 Siena, Italy; Centro Interuniversitario di Ricerche Sulla Malaria (CIRM), University of Milan, Milano, Italy
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Patel OPS, Beteck RM, Legoabe LJ. Exploration of artemisinin derivatives and synthetic peroxides in antimalarial drug discovery research. Eur J Med Chem 2021; 213:113193. [PMID: 33508479 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2021.113193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2020] [Revised: 12/04/2020] [Accepted: 01/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Malaria is a life-threatening infectious disease caused by protozoal parasites belonging to the genus Plasmodium. It caused an estimated 405,000 deaths and 228 million malaria cases globally in 2018 as per the World Malaria Report released by World Health Organization (WHO) in 2019. Artemisinin (ART), a "Nobel medicine" and its derivatives have proven potential application in antimalarial drug discovery programs. In this review, antimalarial activity of the most active artemisinin derivatives modified at C-10/C-11/C-16/C-6 positions and synthetic peroxides (endoperoxides, 1,2,4-trioxolanes, 1,2,4-trioxanes, and 1,2,4,5-tetraoxanes) are systematically summarized. The developmental trend of ART derivatives, and cyclic peroxides along with their antimalarial activity and how the activity is affected by structural variations on different sites of the compounds are discussed. This compilation would be very useful towards scaffold hopping aimed at avoiding the unnecessary complexity in cyclic peroxides, and ultimately act as a handy resource for the development of potential chemotherapeutics against Plasmodium species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Om P S Patel
- Centre of Excellence for Pharmaceutical Sciences, North-West University, Private Bag X6001, Potchefstroom, 2520, South Africa.
| | - Richard M Beteck
- Centre of Excellence for Pharmaceutical Sciences, North-West University, Private Bag X6001, Potchefstroom, 2520, South Africa
| | - Lesetja J Legoabe
- Centre of Excellence for Pharmaceutical Sciences, North-West University, Private Bag X6001, Potchefstroom, 2520, South Africa.
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Federico S, Pozzetti L, Papa A, Carullo G, Gemma S, Butini S, Campiani G, Relitti N. Modulation of the Innate Immune Response by Targeting Toll-like Receptors: A Perspective on Their Agonists and Antagonists. J Med Chem 2020; 63:13466-13513. [PMID: 32845153 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.0c01049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Toll-like receptors (TLRs) are a class of proteins that recognize pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) and damaged-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs), and they are involved in the regulation of innate immune system. These transmembrane receptors, localized at the cellular or endosomal membrane, trigger inflammatory processes through either myeloid differentiation primary response 88 (MyD88) or TIR-domain-containing adapter-inducing interferon-β (TRIF) signaling pathways. In the last decades, extensive research has been performed on TLR modulators and their therapeutic implication under several pathological conditions, spanning from infections to cancer, from metabolic disorders to neurodegeneration and autoimmune diseases. This Perspective will highlight the recent discoveries in this field, emphasizing the role of TLRs in different diseases and the therapeutic effect of their natural and synthetic modulators, and it will discuss insights for the future exploitation of TLR modulators in human health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefano Federico
- Department of Biotechnology, Chemistry and Pharmacy, Department of Excellence 2018-2022, University of Siena, via Aldo Moro 2, 53100, Siena, Italy
| | - Luca Pozzetti
- Department of Biotechnology, Chemistry and Pharmacy, Department of Excellence 2018-2022, University of Siena, via Aldo Moro 2, 53100, Siena, Italy
| | - Alessandro Papa
- Department of Biotechnology, Chemistry and Pharmacy, Department of Excellence 2018-2022, University of Siena, via Aldo Moro 2, 53100, Siena, Italy
| | - Gabriele Carullo
- Department of Biotechnology, Chemistry and Pharmacy, Department of Excellence 2018-2022, University of Siena, via Aldo Moro 2, 53100, Siena, Italy
| | - Sandra Gemma
- Department of Biotechnology, Chemistry and Pharmacy, Department of Excellence 2018-2022, University of Siena, via Aldo Moro 2, 53100, Siena, Italy
| | - Stefania Butini
- Department of Biotechnology, Chemistry and Pharmacy, Department of Excellence 2018-2022, University of Siena, via Aldo Moro 2, 53100, Siena, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Campiani
- Department of Biotechnology, Chemistry and Pharmacy, Department of Excellence 2018-2022, University of Siena, via Aldo Moro 2, 53100, Siena, Italy
| | - Nicola Relitti
- Department of Biotechnology, Chemistry and Pharmacy, Department of Excellence 2018-2022, University of Siena, via Aldo Moro 2, 53100, Siena, Italy
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Annand JR, Riehl PS, Schultz DM, Schindler CS. High-Throughput Approach toward the Development of a Mizoroki-Heck Reaction To Access Tricyclic Spirolactones. J Org Chem 2020; 85:9071-9079. [PMID: 32539398 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.0c00997] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The ent-kaurenes represent a class of naturally occurring diterpenes of biological importance. Several members of the ent-kaurenes contain a common, tricyclic spirolactone core as a key structural motif. This study details a concise approach toward the development of a Mizoroki-Heck reaction to access this spirolactone core. The strategy described herein was enabled in microscale high-throughput experiments to allow for the rapid identification and optimization of superior reaction conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- James R Annand
- Department of Chemistry, Willard Henry Dow Laboratory, University of Michigan, 930 North University Avenue, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
| | - Paul S Riehl
- Department of Chemistry, Willard Henry Dow Laboratory, University of Michigan, 930 North University Avenue, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
| | - Danielle M Schultz
- Process Research and Development, Merck & Co., Inc., Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States
| | - Corinna S Schindler
- Department of Chemistry, Willard Henry Dow Laboratory, University of Michigan, 930 North University Avenue, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
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A Repurposing Approach for Uncovering the Anti-Tubercular Activity of FDA-Approved Drugs with Potential Multi-Targeting Profiles. Molecules 2019; 24:molecules24234373. [PMID: 31795400 PMCID: PMC6930672 DOI: 10.3390/molecules24234373] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2019] [Revised: 11/23/2019] [Accepted: 11/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Tuberculosis (TB) is one of the top 10 causes of death worldwide. This scenario is further complicated by the insurgence of multidrug-resistant (MDR) and extensively drug-resistant (XDR) TB. The identification of appropriate drugs with multi-target affinity profiles is considered to be a widely accepted strategy to overcome the rapid development of resistance. The aim of this study was to discover Food and Drug Administration (FDA)-approved drugs possessing antimycobacterial activity, potentially coupled to an effective multi-target profile. An integrated screening platform was implemented based on computational procedures (high-throughput docking techniques on the target enzymes peptide deformylase and Zmp1) and in vitro phenotypic screening assays using two models to evaluate the activity of the selected drugs against Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb), namely, growth of Mtb H37Rv and of two clinical isolates in axenic media, and infection of peripheral blood mononuclear cells with Mtb. Starting from over 3000 FDA-approved drugs, we selected 29 marketed drugs for submission to biological evaluation. Out of 29 drugs selected, 20 showed antimycobacterial activity. Further characterization suggested that five drugs possessed promising profiles for further studies. Following a repurposing strategy, by combining computational and biological efforts, we identified marketed drugs with relevant antimycobacterial profiles.
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