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Kailass K, Casalena D, Jenane L, McEdwards G, Auld DS, Sadovski O, Kaye EG, Hudson E, Nettleton D, Currie MA, Beharry AA. Tight-Binding Small-Molecule Carboxylesterase 2 Inhibitors Reduce Intracellular Irinotecan Activation. J Med Chem 2024; 67:2019-2030. [PMID: 38265364 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.3c01850] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2024]
Abstract
As the primary enzyme responsible for the activatable conversion of Irinotecan (CPT-11) to SN-38, carboxylesterase 2 (CES2) is a significant predictive biomarker toward CPT-11-based treatments for pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC). High SN-38 levels from high CES2 activity lead to harmful effects, including life-threatening diarrhea. While alternate strategies have been explored, CES2 inhibition presents an effective strategy to directly alter the pharmacokinetics of CPT-11 conversion, ultimately controlling the amount of SN-38 produced. To address this, we conducted a high-throughput screening to discover 18 small-molecule CES2 inhibitors. The inhibitors are validated by dose-response and counter-screening and 16 of these inhibitors demonstrate selectivity for CES2. These 16 inhibitors inhibit CES2 in cells, indicating cell permeability, and they show inhibition of CPT-11 conversion with the purified enzyme. The top five inhibitors prohibited cell death mediated by CPT-11 when preincubated in PDAC cells. Three of these inhibitors displayed a tight-binding mechanism of action with a strong binding affinity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karishma Kailass
- Department of Chemical and Physical Sciences, University of Toronto Mississauga, Mississauga, Ontario, Canada L5L 1C6
| | - Dominick Casalena
- Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Lina Jenane
- Department of Chemical and Physical Sciences, University of Toronto Mississauga, Mississauga, Ontario, Canada L5L 1C6
| | - Gregor McEdwards
- Department of Biology, University of Toronto Mississauga, Mississauga, Ontario, Canada, L5L 1C6
| | - Douglas S Auld
- Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Oleg Sadovski
- Department of Chemical and Physical Sciences, University of Toronto Mississauga, Mississauga, Ontario, Canada L5L 1C6
| | - Esther G Kaye
- Department of Chemical and Physical Sciences, University of Toronto Mississauga, Mississauga, Ontario, Canada L5L 1C6
| | - Elyse Hudson
- Department of Chemical and Physical Sciences, University of Toronto Mississauga, Mississauga, Ontario, Canada L5L 1C6
| | - David Nettleton
- Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Mark A Currie
- Department of Biology, University of Toronto Mississauga, Mississauga, Ontario, Canada, L5L 1C6
| | - Andrew A Beharry
- Department of Chemical and Physical Sciences, University of Toronto Mississauga, Mississauga, Ontario, Canada L5L 1C6
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2
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Sun ZG, Li ZN, Zhang JM, Hou XY, Yeh SM, Ming X. Recent Development of Flavonoids with Various Activities. Curr Top Med Chem 2022; 22:305-329. [PMID: 35040404 DOI: 10.2174/1568026622666220117111858] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2021] [Revised: 12/24/2021] [Accepted: 12/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Flavonoids, a series of compounds with C6-C3-C6 structure, mostly originate from plant metabolism. Flavonoids have shown beneficial effects on many aspects of human physiology and health. Recently, many flavonoids with various activities have been discovered, which has led to more and more studies focusing on their physiological and pharmacodynamic activities. The anti-cancer and anti-viral activities especially have attracted the attention of many researchers. Therefore, the discovery and development of flavonoids as anti-disease drugs has great potential and may make significant contribution to fighting diseases. This review focus on the discovery and development of flavonoids in medicinal chemistry in recent years.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhi-Gang Sun
- Central Laboratory, Linyi Central Hospital, No.17 Jiankang Road, Linyi 276400, China
- Departments of Cancer Biology and Biomedical Engineering, Comprehensive Cancer Center, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC 27157, USA
| | - Zhi-Na Li
- Central Laboratory, Linyi Central Hospital, No.17 Jiankang Road, Linyi 276400, China
| | - Jin-Mai Zhang
- Room 205, BIO-X white house, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, No.1954 Huashan Road, Shanghai 200030, P.R. China
| | - Xiao-Yan Hou
- Qilu Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd, 8888 Lvyou Road, High-tech Zone, Jinan, 250104, P.R. China
| | - Stacy Mary Yeh
- Departments of Cancer Biology and Biomedical Engineering, Comprehensive Cancer Center, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC 27157, USA
| | - Xin Ming
- Departments of Cancer Biology and Biomedical Engineering, Comprehensive Cancer Center, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC 27157, USA
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3
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Song YQ, Jin Q, Wang DD, Hou J, Zou LW, Ge GB. Carboxylesterase inhibitors from clinically available medicines and their impact on drug metabolism. Chem Biol Interact 2021; 345:109566. [PMID: 34174250 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbi.2021.109566] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2021] [Revised: 05/21/2021] [Accepted: 06/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Mammalian carboxylesterases (CES), the key members of the serine hydrolase superfamily, hydrolyze a wide range of endogenous substances and xenobiotics bearing ester or amide bond(s). In humans, most of identified CES are segregated into the CES1A and CES2A subfamilies. Strong inhibition on human CES (including hCES1A and hCES2A) may modulate pharmacokinetic profiles of CES-substrate drugs, thereby changing the pharmacological and toxicological responses of these drugs. This review covered recent advances in discovery of hCES inhibitors from clinically available medications, as well as their impact on CES-associated drug metabolism. Three comprehensive lists of hCES inhibitors deriving from clinically available medications including therapeutic drugs, pharmaceutical excipients and herbal medicines, alongside with their inhibition potentials and inhibition parameters, are summarized. Furthermore, the potential risks of hCES inhibitors to trigger drug/herb-drug interactions (DDIs/HDIs) and future concerns in this field are highlighted. Potent hCES inhibitors may trigger clinically relevant DDIs/HDIs, especially when these inhibitors are co-administrated with CES substrate-drugs with very narrow therapeutic windows. All data and knowledge presented here provide key information for the clinicians to assess the risks of clinically available hCES inhibitors on drug metabolism. In future, more practical and highly specific substrates for hCES1A/hCES2A should be developed and used for studies on CES-mediated DDIs/HDIs both in vitro and in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yun-Qing Song
- Institute of Interdisciplinary Integrative Medicine Research, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, 201203, China
| | - Qiang Jin
- Institute of Interdisciplinary Integrative Medicine Research, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, 201203, China
| | - Dan-Dan Wang
- Institute of Interdisciplinary Integrative Medicine Research, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, 201203, China
| | - Jie Hou
- Department of Biotechnology, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, 116044, China
| | - Li-Wei Zou
- Institute of Interdisciplinary Integrative Medicine Research, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, 201203, China.
| | - Guang-Bo Ge
- Institute of Interdisciplinary Integrative Medicine Research, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, 201203, China.
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4
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Li DW, Deng XP, He X, Han XY, Ma YF, Huang HL, Yu ZL, Feng L, Wang C, Ma XC. Eupholides A-H, abietane diterpenoids from the roots of Euphorbia fischeriana, and their bioactivities. PHYTOCHEMISTRY 2021; 183:112593. [PMID: 33341664 DOI: 10.1016/j.phytochem.2020.112593] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2020] [Revised: 11/14/2020] [Accepted: 11/15/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The roots of Euphorbia fischeriana known as "Langdu" in traditional Chinese medicine have been used for the treatment of tuberculosis in China. Through a bioactive phytochemical investigation of the roots of E. fischeriana, 15 diterpenoids were obtained by various chromatographic techniques. On the basis of wide spectroscopic data, including NMR, UV, IR, HR-ESI-MS, ECD and X-ray crystallography, all of the isolated compounds were elucidated to be ent-abietane diterpenoid analogs, including undescribed eupholides A-H and seven known diterpenoids. In the bioassay for anti-tuberculosis, eupholides F-H moderately inhibited the proliferation of Mycobacterium tuberculosis H37Ra, with the MIC determined to be 50 μM. Furthermore, eupholides G, ent-11α-hydroxyabieta-8(14), 13(15)-dien-16,12α-olide, and jolkinolide F significantly inhibited the lyase activity of human carboxylesterase 2 (HCE 2), with IC50 values of 7.3, 150, and 34.5 nM, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Da-Wei Li
- Dalian Key Laboratory of Metabolic Target Characterization and Traditional Chinese Medicine Intervention, College of Pharmacy, Academy of Integrative Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, 116044, People's Republic of China; State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substance and Function of Natural Medicines, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100050, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiao-Peng Deng
- Dalian Key Laboratory of Metabolic Target Characterization and Traditional Chinese Medicine Intervention, College of Pharmacy, Academy of Integrative Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, 116044, People's Republic of China
| | - Xin He
- Dalian Key Laboratory of Metabolic Target Characterization and Traditional Chinese Medicine Intervention, College of Pharmacy, Academy of Integrative Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, 116044, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiu-Yan Han
- Dalian Key Laboratory of Metabolic Target Characterization and Traditional Chinese Medicine Intervention, College of Pharmacy, Academy of Integrative Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, 116044, People's Republic of China
| | - Yu-Fang Ma
- Dalian Key Laboratory of Metabolic Target Characterization and Traditional Chinese Medicine Intervention, College of Pharmacy, Academy of Integrative Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, 116044, People's Republic of China
| | - Hui-Lian Huang
- Laboratory of Modern Preparation of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Ministry of Education, Jiangxi University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Nanchang, 330004, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhen-Long Yu
- Dalian Key Laboratory of Metabolic Target Characterization and Traditional Chinese Medicine Intervention, College of Pharmacy, Academy of Integrative Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, 116044, People's Republic of China
| | - Lei Feng
- Dalian Key Laboratory of Metabolic Target Characterization and Traditional Chinese Medicine Intervention, College of Pharmacy, Academy of Integrative Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, 116044, People's Republic of China
| | - Chao Wang
- Dalian Key Laboratory of Metabolic Target Characterization and Traditional Chinese Medicine Intervention, College of Pharmacy, Academy of Integrative Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, 116044, People's Republic of China.
| | - Xiao-Chi Ma
- Dalian Key Laboratory of Metabolic Target Characterization and Traditional Chinese Medicine Intervention, College of Pharmacy, Academy of Integrative Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, 116044, People's Republic of China; Jiangsu Key Laboratory of New Drug Research and Clinical Pharmacy, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, 221004, People's Republic of China.
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5
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Lv X, Bai R, Yan JK, Huang HL, Huo XK, Tian XG, Zhao XY, Zhang BJ, Zhao WY, Sun CP. Investigation of the inhibitory effect of protostanes on human carboxylesterase 2 and their interaction: Inhibition kinetics and molecular stimulations. Int J Biol Macromol 2020; 167:1262-1272. [PMID: 33189757 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2020.11.080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2020] [Revised: 10/31/2020] [Accepted: 11/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Carboxylesterase 2 (CES 2), plays a pivotal role in endobiotic homeostasis and xenobiotic metabolism. Protostanes, the major constituents of the genus Alisma, display a series of pharmacological activities. Despite the extensive studies of pharmacological activities, the investigation on inhibitory effects of protostanes against CES 2 is rarely reported. In this study, the inhibitory activities of a library of protostanes (1-25) against human CES 2 were investigated for the first time, using 6,8-dichloro-9,9-dimethyl-7-oxo-7,9-dihydroacridin-2-yl benzoate (DDAB) as the specific fluorescent probe for human CES 2. Compounds 1, 2, 7, 8, 12, 13, 18, 19, and 25 showed strong inhibitory effects towards CES 2. For the most potent compounds 1, 7, 13, and 25, the inhibition kinetics were further investigated, and these four protostanes were all uncompetitive inhibitors against human CES 2 with the inhibition constant (Ki) values ranging from 0.89 μM to 2.83 μM. In addition, molecular docking and molecular dynamics stimulation were employed to analyze the potential interactions between these protostanes and CES 2, and amino acid residue Gln422 was identified to play a crucial role in the strong inhibition of protostanes towards CES 2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xia Lv
- Dalian Key Laboratory of Metabolic Target Characterization and Traditional Chinese Medicine Intervention, College of Pharmacy, College of Integrative Medicine, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China
| | - Rong Bai
- Department of Pharmacy, Shanghai East Hospital, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jian-Kun Yan
- Analysis Center of College of Science & Technology, Hebei Agricultural University, Cangzhou, China
| | - Hui-Lian Huang
- Laboratory of Modern Preparation of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Nanchang Ministry of Education, Jiangxi University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Nanchang, China
| | - Xiao-Kui Huo
- Dalian Key Laboratory of Metabolic Target Characterization and Traditional Chinese Medicine Intervention, College of Pharmacy, College of Integrative Medicine, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China
| | - Xiang-Ge Tian
- Dalian Key Laboratory of Metabolic Target Characterization and Traditional Chinese Medicine Intervention, College of Pharmacy, College of Integrative Medicine, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China
| | - Xin-Yu Zhao
- Dalian Key Laboratory of Metabolic Target Characterization and Traditional Chinese Medicine Intervention, College of Pharmacy, College of Integrative Medicine, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China
| | - Bao-Jing Zhang
- Dalian Key Laboratory of Metabolic Target Characterization and Traditional Chinese Medicine Intervention, College of Pharmacy, College of Integrative Medicine, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China
| | - Wen-Yu Zhao
- Dalian Key Laboratory of Metabolic Target Characterization and Traditional Chinese Medicine Intervention, College of Pharmacy, College of Integrative Medicine, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China.
| | - Cheng-Peng Sun
- Dalian Key Laboratory of Metabolic Target Characterization and Traditional Chinese Medicine Intervention, College of Pharmacy, College of Integrative Medicine, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China.
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6
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Qi Y, Lu H, Zhao Y, Wang Z, Ji Y, Jin N, Ma Z. Screening and Analysis of Hypolipidemic Components from Shuangdan Capsule Based on Pancreatic Lipase. Curr Bioinform 2020. [DOI: 10.2174/1574893615666200106113910] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Background:
Some natural pancreatic lipase inhibitors with fewer side effects are proposed.
As a traditional Chinese medicine, Shuangdan Capsule (SDC) has been used for the treatment
of higher lipid in blood, which is mainly composed by Radix Salviae and Peony skin.
Objective:
This work is aimed to investigate the molecular mechanism of the constituents from this
SDC against metabolic disorders, the molecular flexibility and intermolecular interactional characteristics
of these components in the active sites.
Methods:
The small molecules were obtained from the Traditional Chinese Medicine Database
TCM database, the systems-level pharmacological database for Traditional Chinese Medicine
TCMSP server was used to calculate the ADME-related properties. Autodock Vina was used to
perform virtual screening of the selected molecules and to return energy values in several ligand
conformations. The network parameters were calculated using the network analyzer plug-in in Cytoscape.
Results:
The most active six molecules are all enclosed by amino acids ASP79, TYR114,
GLU175, PRO180, PHE215, GLY216 and LUE264, among which, hydrophobic interaction, hydrogen
bond and repulsive forces play extremely important roles. It is worth noting that most of
the local minima of molecular electrostatic potentials on van der Waals (vdW) surface are increased
while the maxima negative ones are decreased simultaneously, implying that the electrostatic
potential tends to be stable. From the topological analysis of the Protein-Protein Interaction
(PPI) network, PNLIP related genes are also proved to be pivotal targets for hyperlipidemia, such
as LPL, AGK, MGLL, LIPE, LIPF and PNPLA2. Further GO analysis indicated that lipophilic
terpenoid compounds may reduce the blood lipid by taking part in the lipid catabolic process, the
extracellular space and the cellular components of the extracellular region part and the triacylglycerol
lipase activity.
Conclusion:
This study provides some useful information for the development and application of
natural hypolipidemic medcines. Further pharmacologically active studies are still needed both in
vivo and in vitro.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y.J. Qi
- China-Malaysia National Joint Laboratory, Biomedical Research Center, Northwest Minzu University, Lanzhou, China
| | - H.N. Lu
- Department of Life Sciences and Biological Engineering, Northwest Minzu University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Y.M. Zhao
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Northwest Minzu University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Z. Wang
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zunyi Medical University, Zhuhai, China
| | - Y.J. Ji
- China-Malaysia National Joint Laboratory, Biomedical Research Center, Northwest Minzu University, Lanzhou, China
| | - N.Z. Jin
- Gansu Province Computing Center, Lanzhou, China
| | - Z.R. Ma
- China-Malaysia National Joint Laboratory, Biomedical Research Center, Northwest Minzu University, Lanzhou, China
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Chemoprotective effects of inositol hexaphosphate against cyclophosphamide-induced testicular damage in rats. Sci Rep 2020; 10:12599. [PMID: 32724173 PMCID: PMC7387554 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-68608-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2020] [Accepted: 06/22/2020] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Cyclophosphamide (CP) is commonly used as an anticancer agent but has been associated with high toxicity in several animal organs, including the testes. Inositol hexaphosphate (IP6) is a polyphosphorylated carbohydrate that is present in foods with high fibre contents and has a wide range of essential physiological and pathological activities. Thus, we estimated the defensive effects of IP6 against CP-related testicular toxicity in rats. Sperm counts, motilities, viabilities and abnormalities and levels of testosterone, luteinising hormone and follicle-stimulating hormone were evaluated. Testicle specimens were also processed for histological and biochemical analyses, including determinations of malondialdehyde, nitric oxide, total antioxidant capacity, alkaline phosphatase, acid phosphatase, gamma glutamyl transferase, ß-glucuronidase, c-reactive protein, monocyte chemoattractant protein and leukotriene-4 and in comet assays. CP treatments were associated with deleterious histopathological, biochemical and genetic changes in rat testicles, and these were ameliorated by IP6 supplements in drinking water.
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Zhang JC, Liao Q, Shen L, Wu J. Twenty-five limonoids from the Hainan mangrove, Xylocarpus granatum. Bioorg Chem 2020; 100:103903. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bioorg.2020.103903] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2020] [Revised: 04/06/2020] [Accepted: 04/29/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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A novel 15-spiro diterpenoid dimer from Andrographis paniculata with inhibitory potential against human carboxylesterase 2. Bioorg Chem 2020; 97:103680. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bioorg.2020.103680] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2019] [Revised: 02/01/2020] [Accepted: 02/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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Protostane-type triterpenoids as natural soluble epoxide hydrolase inhibitors: Inhibition potentials and molecular dynamics. Bioorg Chem 2020; 96:103637. [PMID: 32032849 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioorg.2020.103637] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2019] [Revised: 01/13/2020] [Accepted: 01/28/2020] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
The inhibition of soluble epoxide hydrolase (sEH) is a promising therapeutic approach to treat inflammation and other disorders. In our present investigation on searching for sEH inhibitors from traditional Chinese medicines, we found that Alisma orientale displayed inhibition of sEH. We constructed a small library of protostane-type triterpenoids (1-25) isolated from A. orientale, and screened their inhibitory activities. Alismanin B (1), 11-deoxy-25-anhydro alisol E (4), 11-deoxy alisol B (5), and 25-O-ethyl alisol A (15) displayed concentration-dependently inhibitory activities against sEH with IC50 values from 3.40 ± 0.57 μM to 9.57 ± 0.88 μM. 11-Deoxy-25-anhydro alisol E (4) and 11-deoxy alisol B (5) were defined as mixed-type competitive inhibitors with Ki values of 12.6 and 3.48 μM, respectively, based on the result of inhibition kinetics. The potential interaction mechanism of 11-deoxy alisol B (5) with sEH was analyzed by molecular docking and molecular dynamics, revealing that amino acid residues Trp336 and Tyr466 were vital for its inhibitory activity.
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Sun CP, Yan JK, Yi J, Zhang XY, Yu ZL, Huo XK, Liang JH, Ning J, Feng L, Wang C, Zhang BJ, Tian XG, Zhang L, Ma X. The study of inhibitory effect of natural flavonoids toward β-glucuronidase and interaction of flavonoids with β-glucuronidase. Int J Biol Macromol 2020; 143:349-358. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2019.12.057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2019] [Revised: 12/05/2019] [Accepted: 12/07/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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