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Hu Y, Liu Z, Tang H. Tryptophan 2,3-dioxygenase may be a potential prognostic biomarker and immunotherapy target in cancer: A meta-analysis and bioinformatics analysis. Front Oncol 2022; 12:977640. [PMID: 36263228 PMCID: PMC9574363 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2022.977640] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2022] [Accepted: 09/14/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Tryptophan 2,3-dioxygenase (TDO2) is one of the emerging immune checkpoints. Meanwhile, TDO2 is also a key enzyme in the tryptophan (Trp)–kynurenine (Kyn) signaling pathway. Many studies have evaluated that TDO2 is highly expressed in various malignant tumor patients and plays a prognostic role. However, the sample size of a single prognostic study was small, and the results were still controversial. Methods We used Stata software and referenced the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-analysis (PRISMA) statement to conduct a meta-analysis on TDO2 and its clinical features and prognosis. We searched the PubMed, Cochrane Library, and Web of Science databases to find publications concerning TDO2 expression in malignant tumor patients up to June 2021. We used the Newcastle–Ottawa Scale (NOS) to evaluate the bias risk of the included literature. Risk ratios (RRs) and hazard ratios (HRs) were used for clinical outcomes, specifically overall survival (OS) and progression-free survival (PFS). In addition, we used data from The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) to verify our conclusions. Results Nine studies including 667 patients with malignant tumors were identified. Our results suggested that overexpression of TDO2 was statistically correlated with poor OS and poor PFS (HR = 2.58, 95% CI = 1.52–4.40, p = 0.0005; HR = 2.38, 95% CI = 0.99–5.73, p = 0.05). In terms of clinicopathological characteristics, the overexpression level of TDO2 was statistically correlated with TNM (tumor–node–metastasis) stage (RR = 0.65, 95% CI = 0.48–0.89, p = 0.002) and regional lymph node metastasis (RR = 0.76, 95% CI = 0.59–0.99, p = 0.04). Subgroup analysis revealed the potential sources of heterogeneity. In addition, bioinformatics studies suggested that the level of TDO2 was high in malignant tumors and higher in cancer tissue than in matched paracarcinoma tissue. Gene enrichment analysis showed that TDO2 was closely related to immune response. Conclusion Overall, TDO2 may be a biomarker for the survival and prognosis of patients with malignant tumors and a potential therapeutic target in the future. Systematic Review Registration https://www.crd.york.ac.uk/prospero/display_record.php?RecordID=260442, identifier (CRD42021260442)
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanyan Hu
- Department of Gastroenterology, The First People’s Hospital of Yunnan Province, The Affiliated Hospital of Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, China
- Medical School, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, China
| | - Zhongjian Liu
- Department of Gastroenterology, The First People’s Hospital of Yunnan Province, The Affiliated Hospital of Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, China
- Medical School, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, China
| | - Hui Tang
- Department of Gastroenterology, The First People’s Hospital of Yunnan Province, The Affiliated Hospital of Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, China
- Medical School, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, China
- *Correspondence: Hui Tang,
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Qian M, Xia Y, Zhang G, Yu H, Cui Y. Research progress on microRNA-1258 in the development of human cancer. Front Oncol 2022; 12:1024234. [PMID: 36249037 PMCID: PMC9556982 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2022.1024234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2022] [Accepted: 09/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
microRNAs (miRNAs) are small endogenous RNAs composed of 20-22 nucleotides that do not encode proteins, which regulate the expression of downstream genes by targeting the 3' untranslated region of mRNA. Plentiful research has demonstrated that miRNAs participate in the initiation and development of diverse diseases and malignant tumors. miR-1258 exerts great influence on tumors, including tumor growth, distant metastasis, migration, invasion, chemosensitivity, cell glycolysis, apoptosis, and stemness. Interestingly, miR-1258 is a miRNA with explicit functions and has been investigated to act as a tumor suppressor in studies on various types of tumors. With accumulating research on miR-1258, it has been found to be used as a biomarker in the early diagnosis and prognosis prediction of tumor patients. In this review, we outline the development of miR-1258 research, describe its regulatory network, and discuss its roles in cancer. Additionally, we generalize the potential clinical applications of miR-1258. This review offers emerging perspectives and orientations for further comprehending the function of miR-1258 as a diagnostic and prognostic biomarker and potent therapeutic target in cancer.
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Ai Y, Luo S, Wang B, Xiao S, Wang Y. MiR-126-5p Promotes Tumor Cell Proliferation, Metastasis and Invasion by Targeting TDO2 in Hepatocellular Carcinoma. Molecules 2022; 27:443. [PMID: 35056756 PMCID: PMC8779717 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27020443] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2021] [Revised: 12/31/2021] [Accepted: 01/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
TDO2 is a key enzyme in the kynurenine metabolic pathway, which is the most important pathway of tryptophan metabolism. It has been shown that miRNAs are involved in cell metastasis through interaction with target mRNAs. In this study, we found 645 miRNAs that could be immunoprecipitated with TDO2 through the RNA-immunoprecipitation experiment. miR-126-5p was selected as the research target, which was also confirmed by dual-luciferase reporter assay. Through qRT-PCR analysis, it was verified that the overexpression of miR-126-5p promoted the expression of TDO2, PI3K/AKT and WNT1. Meanwhile, it was verified that overexpression of miR-126-5p can promote intracellular tryptophan metabolism by HPLC. We also verified the effects of miR-126-5p on cell proliferation, migration, and invasion by cck-8, cell colony formation and trans-well assay in both HCCLM3 cells and HepG2 cells. In vivo experiments were also conducted to verify that miR-126-5p promoted tumor formation and growth via immunohistochemical detection of cell infiltration and proliferation to generate markers Ki-67, BAX, and VEGF. In conclusion, our results suggest that miR-126-5p is a biomarker and a potential new treatment target in the progression of HCC via promoting the expression of TDO2.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Yefu Wang
- The State Key Laboratory of Virology, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, 299 BaYi Road, Wuhan 430065, China; (Y.A.); (S.L.); (B.W.); (S.X.)
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Jin T, Cheng D, Jiang G, Xing W, Liu P, Wang B, Zhu W, Sun H, Sun Z, Xu Y, Qian X. Engineering naphthalimide-cyanine integrated near-infrared dye into ROS-responsive nanohybrids for tumor PDT/PTT/chemotherapy. Bioact Mater 2021; 14:42-51. [PMID: 35310343 PMCID: PMC8892148 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioactmat.2021.12.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2021] [Revised: 11/26/2021] [Accepted: 12/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Photodynamic (PDT) and photothermal therapies (PTT) are emerging treatments for tumour ablation. Organic dyes such as porphyrin, chlorin, phthalocyanine, boron-dipyrromethene and cyanine are the clinically or preclinically used photosensitizer or photothermal agents. Development of structurally diverse near-infrared dyes with long absorption wavelength is of great significance for PDT and PTT. Herein, we report a novel near-infrared dye ML880 with naphthalimide modified cyanine skeleton. The introduction of naphthalimide moiety results in stronger electron delocalization and larger redshift in emission compared with IR820. Furthermore, ML880 is co-loaded with chemotherapeutic drug into ROS-responsive mesoporous organosilica (RMON) to construct nanomedicine NBD&ML@RMON, which exhibits remarkable tumor inhibition effects through PDT/PTT/chemotherapy in vivo. The structure of the near-infrared dye ML880 was first reported. ML880 showed potential to be an excellent phototherapy agent activated by NIR laser. ML880 and chemodrug were co-loaded into ROS-degradable mesoporous organosilica to prepare NBD&ML@RMON. NBD&ML@RMON showed ROS- and NIR-responsible drug release behaviors. The remarkably tumor inhibition was achieved by the combined PDT/PTT/chemotherapy under 880 nm laser.
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Ala M. The footprint of kynurenine pathway in every cancer: a new target for chemotherapy. Eur J Pharmacol 2021; 896:173921. [PMID: 33529725 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2021.173921] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2020] [Revised: 01/08/2021] [Accepted: 01/26/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Treatment of cancers has always been a challenge for physicians. Typically, several groups of anti-cancer medications are needed for effective management of an invasive and metastatic cancer. Recently, therapeutic potentiation of immune system markedly improved treatment of cancers. Kynurenine pathway has an interwoven correlation with immune system. Kynurenine promotes T Reg (regulatory) differentiation, which leads to increased production of anti-inflammatory cytokines and suppression of cytotoxic activity of T cells. Overactivation of kynurenine pathway in cancers provides an immunologically susceptible microenvironment for mutant cells to survive and invade surrounding tissues. Interestingly, kynurenine pathway vigorously interacts with other molecular pathways involved in tumorigenesis. For instance, kynurenine pathway interacts with phospoinosisitide-3 kinase (PI3K), extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK), Wnt/β-catenin, P53, bridging integrator 1 (BIN-1), cyclooxygenase 2 (COX-2), cyclin-dependent kinase (CDK) and collagen type XII α1 chain (COL12A1). Overactivation of kynurenine pathway, particularly overactivation of indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase (IDO) predicts poor prognosis of several cancers such as gastrointestinal cancers, gynecological cancers, hematologic malignancies, breast cancer, lung cancer, glioma, melanoma, prostate cancer and pancreatic cancer. Furthermore, kynurenine increases the invasion, metastasis and chemoresistance of cancer cells. Recently, IDO inhibitors entered clinical trials and successfully passed their safety tests and showed promising therapeutic efficacy for cancers such as melanoma, brain cancer, renal cell carcinoma, prostate cancer and pancreatic cancer. However, a phase III trial of epacadostat, an IDO inhibitor, could not increase the efficacy of treatment with pembrolizumab for melanoma. In this review the expanding knowledge towards kynurenine pathway and its application in each cancer is discussed separately.
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Affiliation(s)
- Moein Ala
- School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences (TUMS), Tehran, Iran.
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Zhou Q, Shi Y, Chen C, Wu F, Chen Z. A narrative review of the roles of indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase and tryptophan-2,3-dioxygenase in liver diseases. ANNALS OF TRANSLATIONAL MEDICINE 2021; 9:174. [PMID: 33569476 PMCID: PMC7867903 DOI: 10.21037/atm-20-3594] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase (IDO) and tryptophan-2,3-dioxygenase (TDO) are induced by several immune factors, such as interferon-γ, and act as intracellular enzymes that catabolize essential amino acid tryptophan into kynurenine and other downstream metabolites, including kynurenic acid (KYNA), xanthurenic acid (XA) and so on. IDO and TDO work as a double-edge sword. On one hand, they exert the immunomodulatory effects, especially immunosuppressive effects on the microenvironment including infections, pregnancy, tumor cells escape and transplantation. TDO plays the major role under basal conditions, while IDO comes into play under different circumstances of immune activation, thus IDO has a wider spectrum of immune regulation. On the other hand, these enzymes also inhibit pathogens such as Chlamydia pneumoniae, Staphylococcus aureus, Toxoplasma gondii and so on. Moreover, IDO regulates metabolic health through shaping intestinal microbiota. Recently, these enzymes have attracted more and more attention in liver diseases. Several studies have indicated that IDO and TDO can modulate viral hepatitis, autoimmune liver diseases, non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), liver cirrhosis, liver cancer even liver transplantation. Targeting them or their antagonists may provide novel therapeutic treatments for liver diseases. In this review, we will discuss the exact roles that IDO and TDO play in diverse hepatic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qihui Zhou
- Department of Infectious Diseases, State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Diseases, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, the First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yu Shi
- Department of Infectious Diseases, State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Diseases, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, the First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Chao Chen
- Department of Infectious Diseases, State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Diseases, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, the First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Fengtian Wu
- Department of Infectious Diseases, State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Diseases, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, the First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Zhi Chen
- Department of Infectious Diseases, State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Diseases, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, the First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
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Li S, Li L, Wu J, Song F, Qin Z, Hou L, Xiao C, Weng J, Qin X, Xu J. TDO Promotes Hepatocellular Carcinoma Progression. Onco Targets Ther 2020; 13:5845-5855. [PMID: 32606795 PMCID: PMC7311207 DOI: 10.2147/ott.s252929] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2020] [Accepted: 05/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose Tryptophan 2,3-dioxygenase (TDO), encoded by the gene TDO2, is an enzyme that catalyses the first and rate-limiting step of tryptophan (Try) degradation in the kynurenine (Kyn) pathway in the liver. Recently, TDO has been demonstrated to be expressed in various human tumours, especially hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). However, the role of TDO in HCC is still not very clear. Here, we studied the role of TDO in HCC. Methods We demonstrated that TDO is overexpressed in human HCC tissues and is significantly correlated with malignant phenotype characteristics, including tumour size, tumour differentiation, vascular invasion, etc. Kaplan–Meier analysis showed a poor overall survival rate in patients with TDO-overexpressing tumours. In addition, the effects of TDO on HCC tumour growth and metastasis were detected both in vivo and in vitro. TDO overexpression facilitated HCC cell growth, invasion and migration. Conclusion Our results suggest that TDO positively regulates HCC proliferation and invasion and acts as a new prognostic biomarker of HCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shanbao Li
- Department of General Surgery, Shanghai General Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai 200080, People's Republic of China.,Department of General Surgery, Jiading District Central Hospital Affiliated Shanghai University of Medicine & Health Sciences, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Lei Li
- Department of General Surgery, Shanghai General Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai 200080, People's Republic of China
| | - Junyi Wu
- Department of General Surgery, Shanghai General Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai 200080, People's Republic of China
| | - Fangbin Song
- Department of General Surgery, Shanghai General Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai 200080, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhiwei Qin
- Department of General Surgery, Shanghai General Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai 200080, People's Republic of China
| | - Lei Hou
- Department of General Surgery, Jiading District Central Hospital Affiliated Shanghai University of Medicine & Health Sciences, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Chao Xiao
- Department of General Surgery, Shanghai General Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai 200080, People's Republic of China
| | - Junyong Weng
- Department of General Surgery, Shanghai General Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai 200080, People's Republic of China
| | - Xuebin Qin
- Division of Pathology, Tulane National Primate Research Center, Health Sciences Campus, Covington, LA 70433, USA
| | - Junming Xu
- Department of General Surgery, Shanghai General Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai 200080, People's Republic of China
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