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Cao G, Ning R, Zhao J, Yao J, Chang L, Mu H, Zhang R, Chen Z, Gong F, He S, Jiang M, Zhao W. Dihydro-β-agarofuran-type sesquiterpenoids from the seeds of Tripterygium wilfordii (Thunder God Vine) and evaluation of their anti-osteoclastogenesis and immunosuppressive activities. Bioorg Chem 2023; 141:106886. [PMID: 37778191 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioorg.2023.106886] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2023] [Revised: 09/11/2023] [Accepted: 09/24/2023] [Indexed: 10/03/2023]
Abstract
Extensive phytochemical investigation of the seeds of Tripterygium wilfordii led to the identification of 54 polyesterified dihydro-β-agarofuran-type sesquiterpenoids, including 27 previously undescribed ones, named Tripwilin I-XXVII (1-27). Comprehensive spectroscopic and single-crystal X-ray diffraction analyses, along with electronic circular dichroism (ECD) calculations were used for the structural elucidation of the new compounds. Biological assay revealed that 37 compounds among the isolates exhibited significant inhibition against osteoclastogenesis induced by receptor activator of nuclear factor-κB ligand (RANKL) at 10 µM. Further investigation indicated that Triptogelin C-3 (54), with the most potent osteoclastogenesis inhibitory activity, regulated the osteoclast marker genes (MMP-9, c-Fos, CTSK, and TRAP) and proteins in a dose-dependent manner in vitro. Besides, celaforin D-1 (28), 1α,6β,15-triacetoxy-8α,9α-dibenzoyloxy-2α-hydroxydihydro-β-agarofuran (34), triptogelin A-2 (37), and chiapen D (49) showed moderate suppressive effects on the proliferation of T and B lymphocytes with IC50 values ranging between 8.1 ± 0.8 and 19.0 ± 0.9 μM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guangchao Cao
- Natural Product Research Center, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, People's Republic of China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, People's Republic of China
| | - Ruonan Ning
- Department of Orthopaedics, Shanghai Key Laboratory for Prevention and Treatment of Bone and Joint Diseases, Shanghai Institute of Traumatology and Orthopaedics, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, People's Republic of China
| | - Jie Zhao
- Natural Product Research Center, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, People's Republic of China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, People's Republic of China
| | - Jiaying Yao
- Innovation Research Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 1200 Cailun Road, Shanghai 201203, People's Republic of China
| | - Linyue Chang
- Natural Product Research Center, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, People's Republic of China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, People's Republic of China
| | - Hongyan Mu
- Natural Product Research Center, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, People's Republic of China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, People's Republic of China
| | - Rujun Zhang
- Natural Product Research Center, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhenhua Chen
- Natural Product Research Center, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, People's Republic of China
| | - Fengbei Gong
- Natural Product Research Center, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, People's Republic of China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, People's Republic of China
| | - Shijun He
- Innovation Research Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 1200 Cailun Road, Shanghai 201203, People's Republic of China.
| | - Min Jiang
- Department of Orthopaedics, Shanghai Key Laboratory for Prevention and Treatment of Bone and Joint Diseases, Shanghai Institute of Traumatology and Orthopaedics, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, People's Republic of China.
| | - Weimin Zhao
- Natural Product Research Center, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, People's Republic of China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, People's Republic of China.
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Ai YF, Dong SH, Lin B, Huang XX, Song SJ. Acylated sucroses and butenolide analog from the leaves of Tripterygium wilfordii Hook. f. and their potential anti-tyrosinase effects. Fitoterapia 2022; 161:105250. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fitote.2022.105250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2022] [Revised: 06/30/2022] [Accepted: 06/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
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Ma N, Wang Y, Chen G, Meng C, Guo C, Lu Y, Dai S, Liu S, Li Y, Li C, Pei Y. Isosteroidal alkaloids from
Fritillaria verticillata
Willd. and their
NMR
spectroscopic characteristics. CHINESE J CHEM 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/cjoc.202200220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Nan Ma
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Natural Medicine Chemistry College of Pharmacy, Harbin Medical University Harbin 150081 People's Republic of China
| | - Ya‐Jing Wang
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Natural Medicine Chemistry College of Pharmacy, Harbin Medical University Harbin 150081 People's Republic of China
| | - Gang Chen
- Shenyang Pharmaceutical University Shenyang 110016 People's Republic of China
| | - Chu‐Ren Meng
- Shenyang Pharmaceutical University Shenyang 110016 People's Republic of China
| | - Chun‐Lin Guo
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Natural Medicine Chemistry College of Pharmacy, Harbin Medical University Harbin 150081 People's Republic of China
| | - Yong‐Fu Lu
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Natural Medicine Chemistry College of Pharmacy, Harbin Medical University Harbin 150081 People's Republic of China
| | - Si‐Yang Dai
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Natural Medicine Chemistry College of Pharmacy, Harbin Medical University Harbin 150081 People's Republic of China
| | - Si‐Xuan Liu
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Natural Medicine Chemistry College of Pharmacy, Harbin Medical University Harbin 150081 People's Republic of China
| | - Yong‐Fu Li
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Natural Medicine Chemistry College of Pharmacy, Harbin Medical University Harbin 150081 People's Republic of China
| | - Chang Li
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Natural Medicine Chemistry College of Pharmacy, Harbin Medical University Harbin 150081 People's Republic of China
| | - Yue‐Hu Pei
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Natural Medicine Chemistry College of Pharmacy, Harbin Medical University Harbin 150081 People's Republic of China
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Zhao WY, Yang CF, Han LJ, Zhou B, Li AJ, Liu LL, Zhang ZW, Wang ZY, Wu WJ, Zhang JW. Design, synthesis, and insecticidal activities of propargyloxy-naphthalene-sulfonamide derivatives. JOURNAL OF ASIAN NATURAL PRODUCTS RESEARCH 2022; 24:361-370. [PMID: 34042537 DOI: 10.1080/10286020.2021.1925254] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2021] [Accepted: 04/28/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
In our previous studies, a kind of novel benzenesulfonamides was found to be a candidate insecticidal compounds. It was shown that propargyloxy and sulfonamide groups are pharmacodynamic groups. One hundred and twenty-six (126) naphthalenesulfonamides derivatives with propargyloxy functionality were designed and synthesized, and their insecticidal activities were determined. Some of them showed outstanding activity, with LC50 values as low as 0.202 mg ml-1, much lower than that of the positive control celangulin V (23.9 mg ml-1). In addition, the structure-activity relationships were discussed, and molecular docking was used to verify the binding mode of the compound and the target receptor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wang-Yu Zhao
- College of Chemistry & Pharmacy, State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, China
- Key Laboratory of Botanical Pesticide R&D in Shaanxi Province, Yangling 712100, China
| | - Chao-Fu Yang
- Key Laboratory of Botanical Pesticide R&D in Shaanxi Province, Yangling 712100, China
- Department of Pharmacy, Changzhi Medical College, Changzhi 046000, China
| | - Li-Juan Han
- College of Chemistry & Pharmacy, State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, China
- Key Laboratory of Botanical Pesticide R&D in Shaanxi Province, Yangling 712100, China
| | - Bo Zhou
- College of Chemistry & Pharmacy, State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, China
- Key Laboratory of Botanical Pesticide R&D in Shaanxi Province, Yangling 712100, China
| | - Ai-Juan Li
- College of Chemistry & Pharmacy, State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, China
- Key Laboratory of Botanical Pesticide R&D in Shaanxi Province, Yangling 712100, China
| | - Lu-Lu Liu
- College of Chemistry & Pharmacy, State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, China
- Key Laboratory of Botanical Pesticide R&D in Shaanxi Province, Yangling 712100, China
| | - Zi-Wei Zhang
- College of Chemistry & Pharmacy, State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, China
- Key Laboratory of Botanical Pesticide R&D in Shaanxi Province, Yangling 712100, China
| | - Zi-Yu Wang
- College of Chemistry & Pharmacy, State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, China
- Key Laboratory of Botanical Pesticide R&D in Shaanxi Province, Yangling 712100, China
| | - Wen-Jun Wu
- Key Laboratory of Botanical Pesticide R&D in Shaanxi Province, Yangling 712100, China
| | - Ji-Wen Zhang
- College of Chemistry & Pharmacy, State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, China
- Key Laboratory of Botanical Pesticide R&D in Shaanxi Province, Yangling 712100, China
- State Key Laboratory of Bioorganic and Natural Products Chemistry, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200032, China
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Cao B, Guan P, Li M, Liu B, Xu Y, Zhang Z, Han L, Huang X. New dihydro-β-agarofuran sesquiterpenoids from Tripterygium wilfordii and their anti-inflammatory activity. Bioorg Chem 2021; 114:105140. [PMID: 34229200 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioorg.2021.105140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2021] [Revised: 05/31/2021] [Accepted: 06/27/2021] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Twenty seven dihydro-β-agarofuran sesquiterpenoids, including fifteen new congeners, wilforsinines I-W (1-9, 12-13, 24-27), and twelve known compounds were isolated from the dried root of Tripterygium wilfordii. The structures of the new sesquiterpenoids, wilforsinines I-W, were elucidated by extensive spectroscopic data analysis. The anti-inflammatory activity of isolates 1-27 were evaluated by examining their inhibitory effects on nitric oxide (NO) production in LPS-induced RAW 264.7 macrophage cells. Among them, wilforsinine K (3) and angulatin M (16) exerted optimal inhibitory effects on the production of NO in LPS-induced RAW 264.7 cells. Moreover, Western blot results revealed that their anti-inflammatory activities were correlated with the suppression of the expression of nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) and down-regulation of the level of NF-κB p65 phosphorylation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bixuan Cao
- Institute of Microbial Pharmaceuticals, College of Life and Health Sciences, Northeastern University, Shenyang 110819, People's Republic of China
| | - Peipei Guan
- Institute of Microbial Pharmaceuticals, College of Life and Health Sciences, Northeastern University, Shenyang 110819, People's Republic of China
| | - Minglei Li
- Institute of Microbial Pharmaceuticals, College of Life and Health Sciences, Northeastern University, Shenyang 110819, People's Republic of China
| | - Bo Liu
- Institute of Microbial Pharmaceuticals, College of Life and Health Sciences, Northeastern University, Shenyang 110819, People's Republic of China
| | - Yingying Xu
- Institute of Microbial Pharmaceuticals, College of Life and Health Sciences, Northeastern University, Shenyang 110819, People's Republic of China
| | - Zengguang Zhang
- Institute of Microbial Pharmaceuticals, College of Life and Health Sciences, Northeastern University, Shenyang 110819, People's Republic of China
| | - Li Han
- Institute of Microbial Pharmaceuticals, College of Life and Health Sciences, Northeastern University, Shenyang 110819, People's Republic of China.
| | - Xueshi Huang
- Institute of Microbial Pharmaceuticals, College of Life and Health Sciences, Northeastern University, Shenyang 110819, People's Republic of China.
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Lin J, Gao L, Lin Y, Wang S, Yang Z, Ren S, Chen M, Wu B. Pharmacokinetics-Based Chronoefficacy of Semen Strychni and Tripterygium Glycoside Tablet Against Rheumatoid Arthritis. Front Pharmacol 2021; 12:673263. [PMID: 34108880 PMCID: PMC8181759 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2021.673263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2021] [Accepted: 05/10/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Rheumatoid arthritis is a systemic autoimmune disease characterized by synovial inflammation and bone destruction. Identifying drugs with time-varying efficacy and toxicity, and elucidating the mechanisms would help to improve treatment efficacy and reduce adverse effects. Here, we aimed to determine the chronoefficacy of semen strychni (SS) and tripterygium glycoside tablet (TGT) against rheumatoid arthritis in mice, and to investigate a potential role of circadian pharmacokinetics in generating chronoefficacy. SS extract and TGT suspension were prepared with ultrasonication. Effects of SS and TGT on collagen-induced arthritis (CIA) were evaluated by measuring TNF-α and IL-6 levels. SS dosed at ZT18 was more effective in protecting against CIA than drug dosed at ZT6 (i.e., lower levels of key inflammatory factors at ZT18 than at ZT6). This was accompanied by higher systemic exposure levels of strychnine and brucine (two main putative active ingredients of SS) in ZT18-treated than in ZT6-treated CIA mice. TGT dosing at ZT2 showed a better efficacy against CIA as compared to herb doing at ZT14. Consistently, ZT2 dosing generated a higher exposure of triptolide (a main putative active ingredient of TGT) as compared to ZT14 dosing in CIA mice. Moreover, strychnine, brucine, and triptolide significantly inhibited the proliferation of fibroblast-like synoviocytes, and reduced the production of TNF-α and IL-6 and the mRNAs of TNF-α, IL-6, COX-2, and iNOS, suggesting that they possessed an anti-arthritis activity. In conclusion, SS and TGT display chronoefficacy against rheumatoid arthritis in mice, that is attributed to circadian pharmacokinetics of main active ingredients. Our findings have implications for improving treatment outcomes of SS and TGT via timed delivery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingpan Lin
- College of Pharmacy, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China.,Institute of Molecular Rhythm and Metabolism, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Lu Gao
- College of Pharmacy, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China.,Institute of Molecular Rhythm and Metabolism, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yanke Lin
- College of Pharmacy, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China.,Institute of Molecular Rhythm and Metabolism, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Shuai Wang
- College of Pharmacy, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China.,Institute of Molecular Rhythm and Metabolism, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zemin Yang
- College of Pharmacy, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China.,Institute of Molecular Rhythm and Metabolism, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Shujing Ren
- College of Pharmacy, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China.,Institute of Molecular Rhythm and Metabolism, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Min Chen
- College of Pharmacy, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China.,Institute of Molecular Rhythm and Metabolism, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Baojian Wu
- Institute of Molecular Rhythm and Metabolism, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
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Kour G, Haq SA, Bajaj BK, Gupta PN, Ahmed Z. Phytochemical add-on therapy to DMARDs therapy in rheumatoid arthritis: In vitro and in vivo bases, clinical evidence and future trends. Pharmacol Res 2021; 169:105618. [PMID: 33878447 DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2021.105618] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2021] [Revised: 03/25/2021] [Accepted: 04/13/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The use of biologically active compounds derived from plants i.e. phytochemicals, have been known for ages for their pharmacological activities in the treatment of autoimmune disorders like rheumatoid arthritis (RA). Besides enormous scientific evidence, the therapeutic potential of phytochemicals is often undervalued. The treatment in RA involves the use of synthetic and biological disease modifying anti-rheumatic drugs (DMARDs). However, the long-term treatment in RA is associated with the risk of gastrointestinal, liver, pulmonary and renal toxicities and serious infections including latent tuberculosis, pneumococcus influenza, herpes zoster and hepatitis. These adverse effects sometimes lead to discontinuation of the therapy. A relatively new vision based on the combination of DMARDs with phytochemicals exhibiting anti-inflammatory, anti-arthritic, anti-oxidant, hepatoprotective and nephroprotective properties for the treatment of RA has achieved substantial importance in the last decade. From this perspective, the present review focuses on the combination of DMARDs (primarily MTX) with phytochemicals that have shown synergistic therapeutic effects while decreasing the toxic repercussions of current RA therapy. The review covers recent evidences of such combination studies that have shown promising results both in experimental arthritic models and clinical arthritis. Few of the combinations including resveratrol, sinomenine, coenzyme Q10 exhibited considerable interest because of their efficacy as an adjuvant to the MTX/standard DMARDs therapy in clinical trials. Besides giving an overview of such combination studies the review also critically discusses the limitations with the use of phytochemicals (e.g. solubility, permeability and bioavailability) compromising their clinical application. Additionally, it stresses upon the need of novel delivery systems and pharmaceutical technologies to increase the therapeutic efficacy of the combination therapy. Overall, the review unveils the potential of phytochemicals in combination with DMARDs with increased tolerability and superior efficacy in further refining the future of the RA therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gurleen Kour
- Inflammation Pharmacology Division, CSIR, Indian Institute of Integrative Medicine, Canal Road, Jammu 180001, J&K, India; School of Biotechnology, University of Jammu, Baba Saheb Ambedkar Road, Jammu Tawi, 180006 J&K, India
| | - Syed Assim Haq
- Formulation & Drug Delivery Division, CSIR, Indian Institute of Integrative Medicine, Canal Road, Jammu 180001, J&K, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad 201002, India
| | - Bijender Kumar Bajaj
- School of Biotechnology, University of Jammu, Baba Saheb Ambedkar Road, Jammu Tawi, 180006 J&K, India
| | - Prem N Gupta
- Formulation & Drug Delivery Division, CSIR, Indian Institute of Integrative Medicine, Canal Road, Jammu 180001, J&K, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad 201002, India.
| | - Zabeer Ahmed
- Inflammation Pharmacology Division, CSIR, Indian Institute of Integrative Medicine, Canal Road, Jammu 180001, J&K, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad 201002, India.
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Mu H, Tang S, Zuo Q, Huang M, Zhao W. Dihydro-β-agarofuran-Type Sesquiterpenoids from the Seeds of Celastrus virens and Their Multidrug Resistance Reversal Activity against the KB/VCR Cell Line. JOURNAL OF NATURAL PRODUCTS 2021; 84:588-600. [PMID: 33683135 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jnatprod.0c01182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Twenty-nine dihydro-β-agarofuran-type sesquiterpenoids, including 17 new and 12 known compounds, were obtained from the seeds of Celastrus virens. The structures of the new isolates were characterized by spectroscopic methods and X-ray diffraction analysis. Among these, 20 sesquiterpenoids were evaluated for their multidrug resistance (MDR) reversal activity against the KB/VCR cell line. As a result, compounds 6 and 8 were found to exhibit MDR-reversal activity of more than 10-fold at a concentration of 2 μM, and the reversal fold (RF) ratios of compounds 19, 21, and 24 were >97.9 at a 20 μM nontoxic concentration level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongyan Mu
- Department of Natural Products Chemistry, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, People's Republic of China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, People's Republic of China
| | - Shuai Tang
- Division of Antitumor Pharmacology and State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, People's Republic of China
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210023, People's Republic of China
| | - Quan Zuo
- Department of Natural Products Chemistry, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, People's Republic of China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, People's Republic of China
| | - Min Huang
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, People's Republic of China
- Division of Antitumor Pharmacology and State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, People's Republic of China
| | - Weimin Zhao
- Department of Natural Products Chemistry, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, People's Republic of China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, People's Republic of China
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