Design, synthesis and biological evaluation of novel fluoro-substituted benzimidazole derivatives with anti-hypertension activities

Design, Synthesis, and Biological Evaluation of New Oxadiazole Derivatives as Efficient Antihypertension Drugs

A series of novel oxadiazole derivatives were designed, synthesized, and evaluated for their pharmacological effects. All target compounds were subjected to analysis using 1H NMR, 13C NMR, and mass spectrometry. They showed a strong affinity to the AT1 receptor and effectively lowered blood pressure in spontaneously hypertensive rats at a nanomolar level. Compounds IV1 and IV2 were particularly effective, demonstrating comparable or greater potency in reducing blood pressure compared to Losartan. Therefore, compounds IV1 and IV2 have the potential to be developed as antihypertension medications.

Molecular modeling and synthesis of novel benzimidazole-derived thiazolidinone bearing chalcone derivatives: a promising approach to develop potential anti-diabetic agents

Diabetes mellitus (DM) is a disorder which is raised at the alarming level and it is characterized by the hyperglycemia results from the impaired action of insulin, production of insulin or both of these simultaneously. Consequently, it causes problems or failure of different body organs such as kidneys, heart, eyes, nerve system. Since this disease cannot be completely cured until now, we aimed to design series of enzymes inhibitors and tested them for DM treatment. In this series, benzimidazole-based thiazolidinone bearing chalcone derivatives completed in a four step reaction and their structures were confirmed through various spectroscopic techniques. A significant efficacy on antidiabetic enzymes was observed, with IC50 values ranging from 25.05 ± 0.04 to 56.08 ± 0.07 μM for α-amylase and 22.07 ± 0.02 to 53.06 ± 0.07 μM for α-glucosidase. The obtained results were compared to those of the standard glimepiride drug (IC50 = 18.05 ± 0.07 µM for α-amylase and IC50 = 15.02 ± 0 .03 µM for α-glucosidase). The synthesized compounds showed promising antidiabetic potency. Moreover, a molecular docking study was conducted on the most active analogs of the compounds to better understand their interactions with the active sites of the targeted enzymes.

Correlation analysis of structural and functional changes in the carotid artery in patients with H-type hypertension using ultrasound radiofrequency

OBJECTIVES

To perform a correlation analysis on the structural and functional changes of the carotid artery in patients with H-type hypertension.

METHODS

Outpatients and inpatients with hypertension in our hospital between 2017 and 2018 were selected and divided into the H-type hypertension group (primary hypertension + plasma homocysteine ≥ 10 umol/l) (n = 30) and the simple hypertension group (primary hypertension + plasma Hcy < 10 umol/l) (n = 30) based on the plasma homocysteine (Hcy), and 30 healthy people were included in the control group. Thickness and stiffness parameters of the intima of the carotid artery (compliance coefficient [CC], stiffness index [β], and pulse wave velocity [PWV]) were measured for all study participants using ultrasound radiofrequency signal-based quality intima-media thickness (QIMT) and quantitative arterial stiffness (QAS) for contrast analysis.

RESULTS

Indexes such as QIMT, β, and PWV of the carotid artery were significantly higher, and the CC was significantly lower in the H-type hypertension group and simple hypertension group than the control group (p < .05), and the difference was statistically significant; these indexes were significantly higher in the H-type hypertension group than in the simple hypertension group, and the CC was significantly lower than in the control group (p < .05), and the difference was statistically significant.

CONCLUSIONS

Hypertension can accelerate structural and functional changes of the carotid artery intima, with these changes being more significant in H-type hypertension. The ultrasound radiofrequency technique can be used to quantitatively evaluate the structure and function of the carotid artery in patients with H-type hypertension.

H-type Hypertension Status and Influencing Factors of the Elderly People Over 80 Years Old Based on Random Forest Model

Hypertension is a common chronic disease in elderly people over 80 years old. Clinically, H-type hypertension occurs when hypertension coexists with hyperhomocysteinemia level of ≥ 10 umol/L. Effective identification of risk factors for H-type hypertension in the elderly can greatly improve patient prognosis.Consecutively, 494 patients with hypertension admitted to the Fourth Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University from January 2019 to December 2021 were selected as the study population. They were divided into H-type hypertension (n = 197) and non-H-type hypertension groups (n = 297). Patient data were collected, including basic information, history, and clinical data. The random forest model and LASSO analysis were used to screen the influencing factors for H-type hypertension. Multiple stepwise regression analysis was used to analyze the selected variables.A total of 197 elderly people over 80 years old suffered from H-type hypertension, with an incidence rate of 39.88%. The random forest model and LASSO analysis results showed that the top 8 independent variables in importance ranking were ejection fraction (EF), fibrinogen, glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c), B-type natriuretic peptide, creatinine, fasting blood glucose, uric acid, and serum triiodothyronine levels. The results of multivariate analysis showed that EF was the protective factor, while fibrinogen, HbA1c, and creatinine were the risk factors for H-type hypertension in elderly people over 80 years old (P < 0.05).Healthcare professionals can indirectly assess the prevalence of H-type hypertension by focusing on EF, fibrinogen, creatinine, and HbA1c in elderly hypertensive patients. This provided proactive intervention and medical services to improve prognosis outcomes.

Synthesis, In Vitro Biological Evaluation and Molecular Modeling of Benzimidazole-Based Pyrrole/Piperidine Hybrids Derivatives as Potential Anti-Alzheimer Agents

Benzimidazole-based pyrrole/piperidine analogs (1-26) were synthesized and then screened for their acetylcholinesterase and butyrylcholinesterase activities. All the analogs showed good to moderate cholinesterase activities. Synthesized compounds (1-13) were screened in cholinesterase enzyme inhibition assays and showed AChE activities in the range of IC50 = 19.44 ± 0.60 µM to 36.05 ± 0.4 µM against allanzanthane (IC50 = 16.11 ± 0.33 µM) and galantamine (IC50 = 19.34 ± 0.62 µM) and varied BuChE inhibitory activities, with IC50 values in the range of 21.57 ± 0.61 µM to 39.55 ± 0.03 µM as compared with standard allanzanthane (IC50 = 18.14 ± 0.05 µM) and galantamine (IC50 = 21.45 ± 0.21 µM). Similarly, synthesized compounds (14-26) were also subjected to tests to determine their in vitro AChE inhibitory activities, and the results obtained corroborated that all the compounds showed varied activities in the range of IC50 = 22.07 ± 0.13 to 42.01 ± 0.02 µM as compared to allanzanthane (IC50 = 20.01 ± 0.12 µM) and galantamine (IC50 = 18.05 ± 0.31 µM) and varied BuChE inhibitory activities, with IC50 values in the range of 26.32 ± 0.13 to 47.03 ± 0.15 µM as compared to standard allanzanthane (IC50 = 18.14 ± 0.05 µM) and galantamine (IC50 = 21.45 ± 0.21 µM). Binding interactions of the most potent analogs were confirmed through molecular docking studies. The active analogs 2, 4, 10 and 13 established numerous interactions with the active sites of targeted enzymes, with docking scores of -10.50, -9.3, -7.73 and -7.8 for AChE and -8.97, -8.2, -8.20 and -7.6 for BuChE, respectively.

Benzimidazole-Based Schiff Base Hybrid Scaffolds: A Promising Approach to Develop Multi-Target Drugs for Alzheimer's Disease

A series of benzimidazole-based Schiff base derivatives (1-18) were synthesized and structurally elucidated through 1H NMR, 13C NMR and HREI-MS analysis. Subsequently, these synthetic derivatives were subjected to evaluation for their inhibitory capabilities against acetylcholinesterase (AChE) and butyrylcholinesterase (BuChE). All these derivatives showed significant inhibition against AChE with an IC50 value in the range of 123.9 ± 10.20 to 342.60 ± 10.60 µM and BuChE in the range of 131.30 ± 9.70 to 375.80 ± 12.80 µM in comparison with standard Donepezil, which has IC50 values of 243.76 ± 5.70 µM (AChE) and 276.60 ± 6.50 µM (BuChE), respectively. Compounds 3, 5 and 9 exhibited potent inhibition against both AChE and BuChE. Molecular docking studies were used to validate and establish the structure-activity relationship of the synthesized derivatives.

Microfluidics Biocatalysis System Applied for the Synthesis of N-Substituted Benzimidazole Derivatives by Aza-Michael Addition

Benzimidazole scaffolds became an attractive subject due to their broad spectrum of pharmacological activities. In this work, a methodology was developed for the synthesis of N-substituted benzimidazole derivatives from benzimidazoles and α, β-unsaturated compounds (acrylonitriles, acrylate esters, phenyl vinyl sulfone) catalyzed by lipase TL IM from Thermomyces lanuginosus in continuous-flow microreactors. Investigations were conducted on reaction parameters such as solvent, substrate ratio, reaction temperature, reactant donor/acceptor structures, and reaction time. The transformation is promoted by inexpensive and readily available lipase in methanol at 45 °C for 35 min. A wide range of β-amino sulfone, β-amino nitrile, and β-amino carbonyl compounds were efficiently and selectively synthesized in high yields (76–97%). All in all, a microfluidic biocatalysis system was applied to the synthesis of N-substituted benzimidazole derivatives, and could serve as a promising fast synthesis strategy for further research to develop novel and highly potent active drugs.

Effect of MTHFRC677 T Gene Polymorphism on Early Morning Blood Pressure in Elderly Female Patients with H-Type Hypertension

The distribution characteristics of Methylenetetrahydrofolate Reductase (MTHFR) gene C677 T polymorphism and its influence on early morning blood pressure in elderly female patients with H-type hypertension are investigated. A total of 220 elderly female patients with hypertension who received diagnosis and treatment in our hospital from March to September 2021 are selected. All patients received serum index detection in our hospital and are grouped according to blood homocysteine (Hcy) level. Patients with Hcy>10 μmol/L are classified as H-type hypertension and included in H-type hypertension group (n = 166). Patients with Hcy≤10 μmol/L are included in the non-H-type hypertension group (n = 54). Both groups underwent 24-hour ambulatory blood pressure monitoring. Base frequency and allele distribution of MTHFR gene C677 T locus are compared between the two groups, and the relationship between different bases of MTHFR gene C677 T locus and morning blood pressure and Hcy level is analyzed. The risk factors of morning hypertension in patients with H-type hypertension are analyzed by binary logistic regression. Binary logistic regression analysis shows that smoking history, drinking history, high-salt diet, MTHFR gene C677 T genotype, and abnormal 24 h systolic blood pressure are the risk factors for the occurrence of morning hypertension in H-type hypertension patients. The frequency of TT homozygous mutation at the C677 T site of the MTHFR gene is high in patients with H-type hypertension, and the mutation of the C677 T site of the MTHFR gene had an effect on systolic blood pressure and Hcy level.

An Overview of the Biological Evaluation of Selected Nitrogen-Containing Heterocycle Medicinal Chemistry Compounds

Heterocyclic compounds are a class of compounds of natural origin with favorable properties and hence have major pharmaceutical significance. They have an exceptional adroitness favoring their use as diverse smart biomimetics, in addition to possessing an active pharmacophore in a complex structure. This has made them an indispensable motif in the drug discovery field. Heterocyclic compounds are usually classified according to the ring size, type, and the number of heteroatoms present in the ring. Among different heterocyclic ring systems, nitrogen heterocyclic compounds are more abundant in nature. They also have considerable pharmacological significance. This review highlights recent pioneering studies in the biological assessment of nitrogen-containing compounds, namely: triazoles, tetrazoles, imidazole/benzimidazoles, pyrimidines, and quinolines. It explores publications between April 2020 and February 2022 and will benefit researchers in medicinal chemistry and pharmacology. The present work is organized based on the size of the heterocyclic ring.

A Comprehensive Account on Recent Progress in Pharmacological Activities of Benzimidazole Derivatives

Nowadays, nitrogenous heterocyclic molecules have attracted a great deal of interest among medicinal chemists. Among these potential heterocyclic drugs, benzimidazole scaffolds are considerably prevalent. Due to their isostructural pharmacophore of naturally occurring active biomolecules, benzimidazole derivatives have significant importance as chemotherapeutic agents in diverse clinical conditions. Researchers have synthesized plenty of benzimidazole derivatives in the last decades, amidst a large share of these compounds exerted excellent bioactivity against many ailments with outstanding bioavailability, safety, and stability profiles. In this comprehensive review, we have summarized the bioactivity of the benzimidazole derivatives reported in recent literature (2012-2021) with their available structure-activity relationship. Compounds bearing benzimidazole nucleus possess broad-spectrum pharmacological properties ranging from common antibacterial effects to the world's most virulent diseases. Several promising therapeutic candidates are undergoing human trials, and some of these are going to be approved for clinical use. However, notable challenges, such as drug resistance, costly and tedious synthetic methods, little structural information of receptors, lack of advanced software, and so on, are still viable to be overcome for further research.

Synthesis and Antibacterial Activity of New Azole, Diazole and Triazole Derivatives Based on p-Aminobenzoic Acid

The p-aminobenzoic acid was applied for the synthesis of substituted 1-phenyl-5-oxopyrrolidine derivatives containing benzimidazole, azole, oxadiazole, triazole, dihydrazone, and dithiosemicarbazide moieties in the structure. All the obtained compounds were evaluated for their in vitro antimicrobial activity against Staphylococcus aureus, Bacillus cereus, Listeria monocytogenes, Salmonella enteritidis, Escherichia coli, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa by using MIC and MBC assays. This study showed a good bactericidal activity of γ-amino acid and benzimidazoles derivatives. The antimicrobial activity of the most promising compounds was higher than ampicillin. Furthermore, two benzimidazoles demonstrated good antimicrobial activity against L. monocytogenes (MIC 15.62 µg/mL) that was four times more potent than ampicillin (MIC 65 µg/mL). Further studies are needed to better understand the mechanism of the antimicrobial activity as well as to generate antimicrobial compounds based on the 1-phenyl-5-oxopyrrolidine scaffold.

Simple and green synthesis of benzimidazoles and pyrrolo[1,2-a]quinoxalines via Mamedov heterocycle rearrangement

This method is metal and catalyst-free and only solvent (HOAc) is required with H₂O as the sole byproduct.

1H-Benzimidazole-5-carboxamidine derivatives: design, synthesis, molecular docking, DFT and antimicrobial studies

15 new 1H-benzimidazole-5-carboxamidine derivatives were synthesized, their antimicrobial effects were evaluated, and molecular docking and DFT studies were performed.