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Hecko S, Schiefer A, Badenhorst CPS, Fink MJ, Mihovilovic MD, Bornscheuer UT, Rudroff F. Enlightening the Path to Protein Engineering: Chemoselective Turn-On Probes for High-Throughput Screening of Enzymatic Activity. Chem Rev 2023; 123:2832-2901. [PMID: 36853077 PMCID: PMC10037340 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.2c00304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/01/2023]
Abstract
Many successful stories in enzyme engineering are based on the creation of randomized diversity in large mutant libraries, containing millions to billions of enzyme variants. Methods that enabled their evaluation with high throughput are dominated by spectroscopic techniques due to their high speed and sensitivity. A large proportion of studies relies on fluorogenic substrates that mimic the chemical properties of the target or coupled enzymatic assays with an optical read-out that assesses the desired catalytic efficiency indirectly. The most reliable hits, however, are achieved by screening for conversions of the starting material to the desired product. For this purpose, functional group assays offer a general approach to achieve a fast, optical read-out. They use the chemoselectivity, differences in electronic and steric properties of various functional groups, to reduce the number of false-positive results and the analytical noise stemming from enzymatic background activities. This review summarizes the developments and use of functional group probes for chemoselective derivatizations, with a clear focus on screening for enzymatic activity in protein engineering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sebastian Hecko
- Institute of Applied Synthetic Chemistry, OC-163, TU Wien, Getreidemarkt 9, 1060 Vienna, Austria
| | - Astrid Schiefer
- Institute of Applied Synthetic Chemistry, OC-163, TU Wien, Getreidemarkt 9, 1060 Vienna, Austria
| | - Christoffel P S Badenhorst
- Institute of Biochemistry, Dept. of Biotechnology & Enzyme Catalysis, University of Greifswald, Felix-Hausdorff-Str. 4, 17489 Greifswald, Germany
| | - Michael J Fink
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Harvard University, 12 Oxford St, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, United States
| | - Marko D Mihovilovic
- Institute of Applied Synthetic Chemistry, OC-163, TU Wien, Getreidemarkt 9, 1060 Vienna, Austria
| | - Uwe T Bornscheuer
- Institute of Biochemistry, Dept. of Biotechnology & Enzyme Catalysis, University of Greifswald, Felix-Hausdorff-Str. 4, 17489 Greifswald, Germany
| | - Florian Rudroff
- Institute of Applied Synthetic Chemistry, OC-163, TU Wien, Getreidemarkt 9, 1060 Vienna, Austria
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Wang ZR, Zhang TJ, Wang QY, Xu EY, Zhang X, Zhang ZH, Lu PF, Zhao HY, Wang L, Meng FH. (E)-2-styrylanthracene-9,10-dione derivatives as novel fluorescent probes: synthesis, photophysical properties and application in mitochondria imaging. SPECTROCHIMICA ACTA. PART A, MOLECULAR AND BIOMOLECULAR SPECTROSCOPY 2023; 286:121988. [PMID: 36308828 DOI: 10.1016/j.saa.2022.121988] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2022] [Revised: 10/05/2022] [Accepted: 10/10/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Our previous work firstly reported that (E)-2-styrylanthracene-9,10-dione is a novel fluorescent core (EK01) with the ability of specific mitochondria imaging. In this effort, we mainly focused our attention on the structure-photophysical property relationship and application in cells imaging of this new fluorescent chemotype. A series of the structural derivatives (TZ series) were designed and synthesized by introducing some substituents onto the 2-styryl moiety. The structure-photophysical property relationship analysis suggested that TZ03 is an excellent fluorescent molecular building block with the property of fluorescent "turn-on" effect after the modification of acylation, and TZ07 is an excellent fluorescent dye with a series of advantages such as high fluorescence intensity (Fmax = 4049.0 in CH2Cl2, 25.80 μM), moderate molar extinction coefficients (3.77 × 103-5.93 × 103 mol-1∙L∙cm-1), strong fluorescence quantum yield (Φmax = 0.739 in CH2Cl2), large Stokes shift (99.0 nm-161.8 nm) and well biological tolerance. As a classical D-π-A structure, the ICT characteristic of TZ07 was analyzed through spectroscopy verification and DFT calculations. Furthermore, optimized compound TZ07 was successfully applied in the living cells imaging with the excellent selectivity to mitochondria in a green fluorescent form. It was also suggested that the mechanism of TZ07 targeting mitochondria is independent of mitochondrial membrane potential, but probably related to the mitochondrial complex I. These findings may provide some insights into the development of novel mitochondria-targeted fluorescent probes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhao-Ran Wang
- School of Pharmacy, China Medical University, 77 Puhe Road, North New Area, Shenyang 110122, China
| | - Ting-Jian Zhang
- School of Pharmacy, China Medical University, 77 Puhe Road, North New Area, Shenyang 110122, China
| | - Qiu-Yin Wang
- School of Pharmacy, China Medical University, 77 Puhe Road, North New Area, Shenyang 110122, China
| | - En-Yu Xu
- School of Forensic Medicine, China Medical University, Shenyang 110122, China
| | - Xu Zhang
- School of Pharmacy, China Medical University, 77 Puhe Road, North New Area, Shenyang 110122, China
| | - Zhen-Hao Zhang
- School of Pharmacy, China Medical University, 77 Puhe Road, North New Area, Shenyang 110122, China
| | - Peng-Fei Lu
- School of Pharmacy, China Medical University, 77 Puhe Road, North New Area, Shenyang 110122, China
| | - Hai-Yang Zhao
- Teaching Center for Basic Medical Experiment, China Medical University, 77 Puhe Road, North New Area, Shenyang 110122, China
| | - Lin Wang
- School of Pharmacy, China Medical University, 77 Puhe Road, North New Area, Shenyang 110122, China.
| | - Fan-Hao Meng
- School of Pharmacy, China Medical University, 77 Puhe Road, North New Area, Shenyang 110122, China.
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Wang Y, Shi GJ, Xue XL, Zhang Q, Wang KP, Chen S, Tang L, Hu ZQ. A hemicyanine-based near-infrared fluorescent probe for visualizing biothiols fluctuations induced by Ag+ in mitochondria. J Photochem Photobiol A Chem 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jphotochem.2022.114174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
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Ma J, Xu Y, Kong X, Wei Y, Meng D, Zhang Z. Fluorescence probe for selectively monitoring biothiols within cells and mouse depression diagnosis. Biomed Pharmacother 2022; 154:113647. [PMID: 36067570 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2022.113647] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2022] [Revised: 08/20/2022] [Accepted: 09/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/02/2022] Open
Abstract
As a global mental disorder, depression is associated with oxidative stress in the brain. Cysteine, a reductive biothiols, regulates the oxidative situation in many biological events including the stress that occurs in the tissues. Exploring the pathology and physiology of depression is still a challenge and always in an urgent need. Thus, developing a new method that could track Cys level without the interferes from other competing substances is of great importance. Herein, we developed a fluorescence probe that could selectively sensing Cys over other biothiols. Besides, we have demonstrated its desirable performance in cellular applications and mouse brain. This work provides a new method for Cys imaging and understanding pathogenesis of depression. We hope the work described here could be used as a potential chemical approach for the diagnosis of Cys associated diseases in clinical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junyan Ma
- State Key Laboratory of New Optoelectronic Functional Materials, Anyang Normal University, Anyang, Henan 455000, China; Department of Chemistry, Clemson University, Clemson 29634, SC, United States.
| | - Yaoyu Xu
- McKusick-Nathans Institute of Genetic Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, United States
| | - Xiangtao Kong
- State Key Laboratory of New Optoelectronic Functional Materials, Anyang Normal University, Anyang, Henan 455000, China
| | - Yuying Wei
- State Key Laboratory of New Optoelectronic Functional Materials, Anyang Normal University, Anyang, Henan 455000, China
| | - Dan Meng
- Department of Energy and Resources Engineering, College of Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Zhenxing Zhang
- Department of Energy and Resources Engineering, College of Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China.
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Deep-Red Emissive Fluorescent Probe for Sensitive Detection of Cysteine in Milk and Living Cells. FOOD ANAL METHOD 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s12161-022-02280-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
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Ma J, Chen Y, Xu Y, Wei Y, Meng D, Wang B, Zhang Z. Monitoring thiophenols in both environmental water samples and bio-samples: A method based on a fluorescent probe with broad pH adaptation. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2022; 233:113340. [PMID: 35228029 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2022.113340] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2021] [Revised: 02/19/2022] [Accepted: 02/20/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Thiophenol, which is a highly toxic sulfhydryl compound widely used in chemical industry, is an environmental pollutant that threatens human health significantly. It is of great importance to detect highly toxic thiophenols in both environmental and biological system. Thus, the need to develop rapid response, selective and sensitive probes is urgent. In this study, a novel probe was presented for the detection of thiophenols based on an intramolecular charge transfer (ICT) mechanism. This probe exhibits rapid response, broad pH adaptation (2-10), highly selectivity, a large Stokes shift (131 nm) and 40-fold enhancement in fluorescence. Besides, this probe showed low toxicity towards human cell HEK293 and could be applied to detect thiophenol both in living cells, zebrafish and environmental water samples with good recovery (over 94%). All the results indicated that this probe could be a promising sensor for applications for thiophenol derivatives detection in both environmental and biological sciences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junyan Ma
- State Key Laboratory of New Optoelectronic Functional Materials, Anyang Normal University, Anyang, Henan 455000, China; Department of Chemistry, Clemson University, Clemson 29634, SC, United States.
| | - Yufei Chen
- State Key Laboratory of New Optoelectronic Functional Materials, Anyang Normal University, Anyang, Henan 455000, China
| | - Yaoyu Xu
- McKusick-Nathans Institute of Genetic Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, United States
| | - Yuying Wei
- State Key Laboratory of New Optoelectronic Functional Materials, Anyang Normal University, Anyang, Henan 455000, China
| | - Dan Meng
- State Key Laboratory of New Optoelectronic Functional Materials, Anyang Normal University, Anyang, Henan 455000, China
| | - Beibei Wang
- Department of Energy and Resources Engineering, College of Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Zhenxing Zhang
- Department of Energy and Resources Engineering, College of Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China.
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Dong J, Lu G, Tu Y, Fan C. Recent Research Progress of Red-Emitting/Near-Infrared Fluorescent Probes for Biothiols. NEW J CHEM 2022. [DOI: 10.1039/d1nj06244a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Small-molecule biological thiols, including cysteine (Cys), homocysteine (Hcy) and glutathione (GSH), occupy a vital position in physiological and pathological activities. Abnormal fluctuations of their concentrations are often closely connected with...
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Xue WZ, Han XF, Zhao XL, Wu WN, Wang Y, Xu ZQ, Fan YC, Xu ZH. An AIRE-active far-red ratiometric fluorescent chemosensor for specifically sensing Zn 2+ and resultant Zn 2+ complex for subsequent pyrophosphate detection in almost pure aqueous media. SPECTROCHIMICA ACTA. PART A, MOLECULAR AND BIOMOLECULAR SPECTROSCOPY 2021; 263:120169. [PMID: 34273894 DOI: 10.1016/j.saa.2021.120169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2021] [Revised: 07/05/2021] [Accepted: 07/06/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
A simple Schiff-base fluorescent chemosensor (1) was synthesized by the reaction of 3-amino-pyrazine-2-carbohydrazide and 7-diethylamino-3-formylcoumarin; the sensor 1 displayed a notable green emission at 524 nm in DMSO and an aggregation-induced ratiometric emission (AIRE) at 555 nm in an almost buffered aqueous media (0.5% DMSO content). The AIRE of 1 was quenched following binding to Zn2+ ions, while the fluorescence emission in the far-red region was evidently enhanced at 628 nm. Notably, the ratiometric signal output could be utilized to specifically distinguish Zn2+ among various metal ions. Moreover, the 1-Zn2+ complex was effectively employed as a fluorescent ratiometric chemosensor for pyrophosphate (PPi) detection. The detection limit was 3.52 μM and 2.45 μM for Zn2+ and PPi, respectively. The binding mechanism was evaluated by 1H NMR, ESI-MS, single-crystal X-ray diffraction, TEM, time-resolved fluorescence spectrophotometry, and density functional theory studies. Overall, owing to its sensitive fluorescence behavior, cell imaging studies demonstrated that this sensor is capable of sensing Zn2+ and PPi in living cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen-Zhao Xue
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Henan Polytechnic University, Jiaozuo 454000, PR China
| | - Xue-Feng Han
- College of Safety Science and Engineering, Henan Polytechnic University, Jiaozuo 454000, PR China
| | - Xiao-Lei Zhao
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Henan Polytechnic University, Jiaozuo 454000, PR China
| | - Wei-Na Wu
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Henan Polytechnic University, Jiaozuo 454000, PR China.
| | - Yuan Wang
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Henan Polytechnic University, Jiaozuo 454000, PR China.
| | - Zhou-Qing Xu
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Henan Polytechnic University, Jiaozuo 454000, PR China
| | - Yun-Chang Fan
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Henan Polytechnic University, Jiaozuo 454000, PR China
| | - Zhi-Hong Xu
- Key Laboratory of Chemo/Biosensing and Detection, College of Chemical and Materials Engineering, Xuchang University, 461000, PR China; College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450052, PR China.
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Ma J, Xu Y, Wang Y, Li J, Liu L, Si W, Hou J, Zhang Z. Piperazine-Coumarin based fluorescence probe with enhanced brightness and solubility for bio-thiol detection and esophageal carcinoma diagnosis. Bioorg Chem 2021; 116:105391. [PMID: 34607279 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioorg.2021.105391] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2021] [Revised: 08/21/2021] [Accepted: 09/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
The development of novel fluorescent dyes for bio-thiol is of great importance in biological, clinical and pharmaceutical sciences. Given the importance of bio-thiol anticipating in numerous physiological processes, there is a great need to construct fluorescent biosensors with high quality to detect them. Fluorophores, especially those used in bio-system, usually require high-quality properties such as high brightness, good water solubility, bio-compatible and photostability. Herein, we reported a novel fluorescent probe based on piperazine-coumarin scaffold with enhanced brightness and solubility. To further demonstrate the potential clinical applications, we performed living cell fluorescence image and human esophageal carcinoma diagnosis. The result indicated that we were able to distinguish pathological tissue from normal tissue by applying this probe. Thus, we hope this design will be helpful to develop high-quality fluorophores for clinical diagnosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junyan Ma
- State Key Laboratory of New Optoelectronic Functional Materials, Anyang Normal University, Anyang, Henan 455000, China; Department of Chemistry, Clemson University, Clemson 29634, SC, United States.
| | - Yaoyu Xu
- State Key Laboratory of New Optoelectronic Functional Materials, Anyang Normal University, Anyang, Henan 455000, China
| | - Yaxin Wang
- State Key Laboratory of New Optoelectronic Functional Materials, Anyang Normal University, Anyang, Henan 455000, China
| | - Junkuo Li
- Fourth Affiliated Hospital of Henan University of Science and Technology, Anyang, Henan 455000, China
| | - Lin Liu
- State Key Laboratory of New Optoelectronic Functional Materials, Anyang Normal University, Anyang, Henan 455000, China
| | - Weijie Si
- State Key Laboratory of New Optoelectronic Functional Materials, Anyang Normal University, Anyang, Henan 455000, China
| | - Jingli Hou
- Tianjin Key Laboratory on Technologies Enabling Development of Clinical Therapeutics and Diagnostics, School of Pharmacy, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin 300070, China
| | - Zhenxing Zhang
- Department of Energy and Resources Engineering, College of Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China.
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