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Cheke RS, Kharkar PS. Covalent inhibitors: An ambitious approach for the discovery of newer oncotherapeutics. Drug Dev Res 2024; 85:e22132. [PMID: 38054744 DOI: 10.1002/ddr.22132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2023] [Revised: 10/04/2023] [Accepted: 10/29/2023] [Indexed: 12/07/2023]
Abstract
Covalent inhibitors have been used to treat several diseases for over a century. However, strategic approaches for the rational design of covalent drugs have taken a definitive shape in recent times. Since the first appearance of covalent inhibitors in the late 18th century, the field has grown tremendously and around 30% of marketed drugs are covalent inhibitors especially, for oncology indications. However, the off-target toxicity and safety concerns can be significant issues related to the covalent drugs. Covalent kinase inhibitor (CKI) targeted oncotherapeutics has advanced dramatically over the last two decades since the discovery of afatinib (Gilotrif®), an EGFR inhibitor. Since then, US FDA has approved 10 CKIs for diverse cancer targets. The present review broadly summarizes the ongoing development in the discovery of newer CKIs from 2016 till the end of 2022. We believe that these efforts will assist the modern medicinal chemist actively working in the field of CKI discovery for varied indications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rameshwar S Cheke
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technology, Institute of Chemical Technology, Mumbai, India
| | - Prashant S Kharkar
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technology, Institute of Chemical Technology, Mumbai, India
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2
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Xiao ZP, Liao M, Huang XJ, Wang YT, Lan XC, Wang XY, Li XT. Design, synthesis and evaluation of a series of potential prodrugs of a Bruton’s tyrosine kinase (BTK) inhibitor. Front Pharmacol 2023; 14:1162216. [PMID: 36969836 PMCID: PMC10031131 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2023.1162216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2023] [Accepted: 02/21/2023] [Indexed: 03/11/2023] Open
Abstract
BTK has become a particularly attractive therapeutic target in autoimmune diseases and B-cell malignancies, making BTK inhibitors a valuable and important therapeutic option. We present the design, synthesis, and evaluation of a series of prodrugs of a BTK inhibitor with an insoluble 2,5-diaminopyrimidine structure. Tails containing different solubilizing groups were added to the parent molecule via an ester linkage. Prodrug 5a showed good aqueous solubility and could be efficiently converted to the parent in a human plasma stability study. The rational prodrug design was supported by molecular studies and a dramatically reduced BTK kinase-inhibitory potential. Taken together, the chemical, biological, and molecular studies suggest that prodrug derivatization of the 2,5-diaminopyrimidine scaffold could be a potential strategy for advancing this series of BTK inhibitors into the therapeutic arena.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhou-Peng Xiao
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences (Shenzhen), Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Min Liao
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences (Shenzhen), Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Xue-Juan Huang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences (Shenzhen), Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Yu-Tong Wang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences (Shenzhen), Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Xiao-Cui Lan
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences (Shenzhen), Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Xue-Ying Wang
- BayRay Innovative Center, Shenzhen Bay Laboratory, Shenzhen, China
| | - Xi-Tao Li
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences (Shenzhen), Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen, China
- *Correspondence: Xi-Tao Li,
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Yang Y, Yang Y, Liu J, Zeng Y, Guo Q, Guo J, Guo L, Lu H, Liu W. Establishment and validation of a carbohydrate metabolism-related gene signature for prognostic model and immune response in acute myeloid leukemia. Front Immunol 2022; 13:1038570. [PMID: 36544784 PMCID: PMC9761472 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.1038570] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2022] [Accepted: 11/21/2022] [Indexed: 12/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction The heterogeneity of treatment response in acute myeloid leukemia (AML) patients poses great challenges for risk scoring and treatment stratification. Carbohydrate metabolism plays a crucial role in response to therapy in AML. In this multicohort study, we investigated whether carbohydrate metabolism related genes (CRGs) could improve prognostic classification and predict response of immunity and treatment in AML patients. Methods Using univariate regression and LASSO-Cox stepwise regression analysis, we developed a CRG prognostic signature that consists of 10 genes. Stratified by the median risk score, patients were divided into high-risk group and low-risk group. Using TCGA and GEO public data cohorts and our cohort (1031 non-M3 patients in total), we demonstrated the consistency and accuracy of the CRG score on the predictive performance of AML survival. Results The overall survival (OS) was significantly shorter in high-risk group. Differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were identified in the high-risk group compared to the low-risk group. GO and GSEA analysis showed that the DEGs were mainly involved in immune response signaling pathways. Analysis of tumor-infiltrating immune cells confirmed that the immune microenvironment was strongly suppressed in high-risk group. The results of potential drugs for risk groups showed that inhibitors of carbohydrate metabolism were effective. Discussion The CRG signature was involved in immune response in AML. A novel risk model based on CRGs proposed in our study is promising prognostic classifications in AML, which may provide novel insights for developing accurate targeted cancer therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- You Yang
- Department of Pediatrics (Children Hematological Oncology), Birth Defects and Childhood Hematological Oncology Laboratory, The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Sichuan Clinical Research Center for Birth Defects, Luzhou, Sichuan, China
| | - Yan Yang
- Department of Pediatrics (Children Hematological Oncology), Birth Defects and Childhood Hematological Oncology Laboratory, The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Sichuan Clinical Research Center for Birth Defects, Luzhou, Sichuan, China
| | - Jing Liu
- Department of Pediatrics (Children Hematological Oncology), Birth Defects and Childhood Hematological Oncology Laboratory, The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Sichuan Clinical Research Center for Birth Defects, Luzhou, Sichuan, China
| | - Yan Zeng
- Department of Pediatrics (Children Hematological Oncology), Birth Defects and Childhood Hematological Oncology Laboratory, The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Sichuan Clinical Research Center for Birth Defects, Luzhou, Sichuan, China
| | - Qulian Guo
- Department of Pediatrics (Children Hematological Oncology), Birth Defects and Childhood Hematological Oncology Laboratory, The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Sichuan Clinical Research Center for Birth Defects, Luzhou, Sichuan, China
| | - Jing Guo
- The Second Hospital, Center for Reproductive Medicine, Advanced Medical Research Institute, and Key Laboratory for Experimental Teratology of the Ministry of Education, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Ling Guo
- Department of Pediatrics (Children Hematological Oncology), Birth Defects and Childhood Hematological Oncology Laboratory, The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Sichuan Clinical Research Center for Birth Defects, Luzhou, Sichuan, China,*Correspondence: Ling Guo, ; Haiquan Lu, ; Wenjun Liu,
| | - Haiquan Lu
- Department of Hematology, The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University. Luzhou, Sichuan, China,*Correspondence: Ling Guo, ; Haiquan Lu, ; Wenjun Liu,
| | - Wenjun Liu
- Department of Pediatrics (Children Hematological Oncology), Birth Defects and Childhood Hematological Oncology Laboratory, The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Sichuan Clinical Research Center for Birth Defects, Luzhou, Sichuan, China,*Correspondence: Ling Guo, ; Haiquan Lu, ; Wenjun Liu,
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Anwar Z, Ali MS, Galvano A, Perez A, La Mantia M, Bukhari I, Swiatczak B. PROTACs: The Future of Leukemia Therapeutics. Front Cell Dev Biol 2022; 10:851087. [PMID: 36120561 PMCID: PMC9479449 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2022.851087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2022] [Accepted: 05/30/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The fight to find effective, long-lasting treatments for cancer has led many researchers to consider protein degrading entities. Recent developments in PROteolysis TArgeting Chimeras (PROTACs) have signified their potential as possible cancer therapies. PROTACs are small molecule, protein degraders that function by hijacking the built-in Ubiquitin-Proteasome pathway. This review mainly focuses on the general design and functioning of PROTACs as well as current advancements in the development of PROTACs as anticancer therapies. Particular emphasis is given to PROTACs designed against various types of Leukemia/Blood malignancies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zubair Anwar
- Department of Surgical, Oncological, and Oral Sciences, Section of Medical Oncology, Uiniversity of Palermo, Palermo, Italy
- *Correspondence: Zubair Anwar, ; Bartlomiej Swiatczak,
| | - Muhammad Shahzad Ali
- Department of Clinical and Biological Sciences, University of Turin, San Luigi Hospital, Turin, Italy
| | - Antonio Galvano
- Department of Surgical, Oncological, and Oral Sciences, Section of Medical Oncology, Uiniversity of Palermo, Palermo, Italy
| | - Alessandro Perez
- Department of Surgical, Oncological, and Oral Sciences, Section of Medical Oncology, Uiniversity of Palermo, Palermo, Italy
| | - Maria La Mantia
- Department of Surgical, Oncological, and Oral Sciences, Section of Medical Oncology, Uiniversity of Palermo, Palermo, Italy
| | - Ihtisham Bukhari
- The Fifth Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Bartlomiej Swiatczak
- Department of History of Science and Scientific Archeology, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China
- *Correspondence: Zubair Anwar, ; Bartlomiej Swiatczak,
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Ran F, Liu Y, Wang C, Xu Z, Zhang Y, Liu Y, Zhao G, Ling Y. Review of the development of BTK inhibitors in overcoming the clinical limitations of ibrutinib. Eur J Med Chem 2021; 229:114009. [PMID: 34839996 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2021.114009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2021] [Revised: 11/18/2021] [Accepted: 11/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Bruton's tyrosine kinase (BTK) regulates multiple important signaling pathways and plays a key role in the proliferation, survival, and differentiation of B-lineage cells and myeloid cells. BTK is a promising target for the treatment of hematologic malignancies. Ibrutinib, the first-generation BTK inhibitor, was approved to treat several B-cell malignancies. Despite the remarkable potency and efficacy of ibrutinib against various lymphomas and leukemias in the clinics, there are also some clinical limitations, such as off-target toxicities and primary/acquired drug resistance. As strategies to overcome these challenges, second- and third-generation BTK inhibitors, BTK-PROTACs, as well as combination therapies have been explored. In this review, we summarize clinical developments of the first-, second- and third-generation BTK inhibitors, as well as recent advances in BTK-PROTACs and ibrutinib-based combination therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fansheng Ran
- School of Pharmacy and Jiangsu Province Key Laboratory for Inflammation and Molecular Drug Target, Nantong University, Nantong, 226001, China; Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, 250012, PR China
| | - Yun Liu
- School of Pharmacy and Jiangsu Province Key Laboratory for Inflammation and Molecular Drug Target, Nantong University, Nantong, 226001, China
| | - Chen Wang
- School of Pharmacy and Jiangsu Province Key Laboratory for Inflammation and Molecular Drug Target, Nantong University, Nantong, 226001, China
| | - Zhongyuan Xu
- School of Pharmacy and Jiangsu Province Key Laboratory for Inflammation and Molecular Drug Target, Nantong University, Nantong, 226001, China
| | - Yanan Zhang
- School of Pharmacy and Jiangsu Province Key Laboratory for Inflammation and Molecular Drug Target, Nantong University, Nantong, 226001, China
| | - Yang Liu
- Department of Lymphoma and Myeloma, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, 77030, USA.
| | - Guisen Zhao
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, 250012, PR China.
| | - Yong Ling
- School of Pharmacy and Jiangsu Province Key Laboratory for Inflammation and Molecular Drug Target, Nantong University, Nantong, 226001, China.
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Progress in the development of small molecular inhibitors of the Bruton's tyrosine kinase (BTK) as a promising cancer therapy. Bioorg Med Chem 2021; 47:116358. [PMID: 34479103 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2021.116358] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2021] [Revised: 07/24/2021] [Accepted: 07/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Bruton tyrosine kinase (BTK) is a key kinase in the B cell antigen receptor signal transduction pathway, which is involved in the regulation of the proliferation, differentiation and apoptosis of B cells. BTK has become a significant target for the treatment of hematological malignancies and autoimmune diseases. Ibrutinib, the first-generation BTK inhibitor, has made a great contribution to the treatment of B cell malignant tumors, but there are still some problems such as resistance or miss target of site mutation. Therefore, there is an imperative need to develop novel BTK inhibitors to overcome these problems. Besides, proteolysis targeting chimera (PROTAC) technology has been successfully applied to the development of BTK degradation agents, which has opened a fresh way for the BTK targeted treatment. This paper reviews the biological function of BTK, the discovery and development of BTK targeted drugs as a promising cancer therapy. It mainly reviews the binding sites and structural characteristics of BTK, structure-activity relationships, activity and drug resistance of BTK inhibitors, as well as potential treatment strategies to overcome the resistance of BTK, which provides a reference for the rational design and development of new powerful BTK inhibitors.
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Wu B, Yang S, Deng T, Wang C, Jin Y, Yu J, Xu Y, Chen L, Li Y, Ma X. Design, synthesis, and biological evaluation of cyano-substituted 2,4-diarylaminopyrimidines as potent JAK3 inhibitors for the treatment of B-cell lymphoma. Bioorg Chem 2021; 116:105330. [PMID: 34547646 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioorg.2021.105330] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2021] [Revised: 08/26/2021] [Accepted: 09/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
A series of cyano-substituted 2,4-diarylaminopyrimidines was designed and synthesized as potent non-covalent JAK3 inhibitors. Among the derivatives synthesized, 9o (IC50 = 22.86 nM), 9 k (IC50 = 21.58 nM), and 9j (IC50 = 20.66 nM) demonstrated inhibitory potencies against JAK3 similar to the known JAK3 inhibitor tofacitinib (IC50 = 20.10 nM). Moreover, 9o displayed potent anti-proliferative activities against Raji and Ramos cells, with IC50 values of 0.9255 μM and 1.405 μM, respectively. In addition, 9o demonstrated low toxicity in normal HBE (human bronchial epithelial cells, IC50 > 10 μΜ) and L-02 (human liver cells, IC50 = 3.104 μΜ) cells. Analysis of the mode of action by flow cytometry indicated that 9o effectively arrested Raji cells at the G2/M phase. Taken together, these results suggested that 9o might be a promising candidate for development as a potential treatment for B-cell lymphoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bin Wu
- College of Pharmacy, Dalian Medical University, Dalian 116044, PR China
| | - Song Yang
- College of Pharmacy, Dalian Medical University, Dalian 116044, PR China
| | - Tuo Deng
- School of Pharmaceutical Engineering, and Key Laboratory of Structure-Based Drug Design & Discovery (Ministry of Education), Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, PR China
| | - Changyuan Wang
- College of Pharmacy, Dalian Medical University, Dalian 116044, PR China
| | - Yue Jin
- College of Pharmacy, Dalian Medical University, Dalian 116044, PR China
| | - Jiawen Yu
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Department of Haematology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian 116011, PR China
| | - Youjun Xu
- School of Pharmaceutical Engineering, and Key Laboratory of Structure-Based Drug Design & Discovery (Ministry of Education), Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, PR China
| | - Lixue Chen
- College of Pharmacy, Dalian Medical University, Dalian 116044, PR China.
| | - Yanxia Li
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Department of Haematology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian 116011, PR China.
| | - Xiaodong Ma
- College of Pharmacy, Dalian Medical University, Dalian 116044, PR China.
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Chen L, Zhang Y, Wang C, Tang Z, Meng Q, Sun H, Qi Y, Ma X, Li L, Li Y, Xu Y. Design, synthesis, and biological evaluation of hydroxamic acid-substituted 2,4-diaryl aminopyrimidines as potent EGFRT790M/L858R inhibitors for the treatment of NSCLC. Bioorg Chem 2021; 114:105045. [PMID: 34161879 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioorg.2021.105045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2021] [Revised: 05/15/2021] [Accepted: 05/26/2021] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
A series of 2,4-diarylaminopyrimidine derivatives bearing hydrophilic hydroxamic acids were designed and synthesized as potent EGFRT790M/L858R inhibitors. Among the derivatives synthesized, 10c (IC50 = 5.192 nM), 10j (IC50 = 10.35 nM), and 10o (IC50 = 0.3524 nM) exhibited higher potencies against EGFRT790/M/L858R compared to the known EGFR inhibitor AZD-9291 (IC50 = 20.80 nM). Moreover, 10j showed moderate activity against H1975 cells transfected with the EGFRT790M/L858R mutant, with an IC50 of 0.2113 μM over A431 (wild-type EGFR, SI = 47.3). In addition, 10j exhibited low toxicity in normal HBE cells (human bronchial epithelial cells, IC50 > 40 μΜ). Analysis of the mode of action indicated that 10j effectively induced apoptosis in H1975 cells by arresting the cells in the G2/M phase. Compound 10j also demonstrated efficacy in inhibiting tumor growth in a H1975 xenograft mouse model without losing body weight or killing the mice. Taken together, these results suggested that 10j might be a promising candidate for development as a potential treatment for NSCLC harboring the EGFRT790M/L858R mutation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lixue Chen
- College of Pharmacy, Dalian Medical University, Dalian 116044, PR China
| | - Yunhao Zhang
- College of Pharmacy, Dalian Medical University, Dalian 116044, PR China
| | - Changyuan Wang
- College of Pharmacy, Dalian Medical University, Dalian 116044, PR China
| | - Zeyao Tang
- College of Pharmacy, Dalian Medical University, Dalian 116044, PR China
| | - Qiang Meng
- College of Pharmacy, Dalian Medical University, Dalian 116044, PR China
| | - Hunjun Sun
- College of Pharmacy, Dalian Medical University, Dalian 116044, PR China
| | - Yan Qi
- College of Pharmacy, Dalian Medical University, Dalian 116044, PR China
| | - Xiaodong Ma
- College of Pharmacy, Dalian Medical University, Dalian 116044, PR China
| | - Lei Li
- College of Pharmacy, Dalian Medical University, Dalian 116044, PR China.
| | - Yanxia Li
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian, PR China.
| | - Youjun Xu
- School of Pharmaceutical Engineering, and Key Laboratory of Structure-Based Drug Design & Discovery (Ministry of Education), Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, PR China.
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Liu J, Chen C, Wang D, Zhang J, Zhang T. Emerging small-molecule inhibitors of the Bruton's tyrosine kinase (BTK): Current development. Eur J Med Chem 2021; 217:113329. [PMID: 33740548 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2021.113329] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2020] [Revised: 02/12/2021] [Accepted: 02/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Therapy based on Bruton's tyrosine kinase (BTK) inhibitors one of the major treatment options currently recommended for lymphoma patients. The first generation of BTK inhibitor, Ibrutinib, achieved remarkable progress in the treatment of B-cell malignancies, but still has problems with drug-resistance or off-target induced serious side effects. Therefore, numerous new BTK inhibitors were developed to address this unmet medical need. In parallel, the effect of BTK inhibitors against immune-related diseases has been evaluated in clinical trials. This review summarizes recent progress in the research and development of BTK inhibitors, with a focus on structural characteristics and structure-activity relationships. The structure-refinement process of representative pharmacophores as well as their effects on binding affinity, biological activity and pharmacokinetics profiles were analyzed. The advantages and disadvantages of reversible/irreversible BTK inhibitors and their potential implications were discussed to provide a reference for the rational design and development of novel potent BTK inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiakuo Liu
- Pharmaceutical Department, PLA Strategic Support Force Medical Center, No.9 Anxiangbeili Road, Chaoyang District, Beijing, 100101, PR China
| | - Chengjuan Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substance and Function of Natural Medicines, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100050, PR China
| | - Dongmei Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substance and Function of Natural Medicines, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100050, PR China
| | - Jie Zhang
- Pharmaceutical Department, PLA Strategic Support Force Medical Center, No.9 Anxiangbeili Road, Chaoyang District, Beijing, 100101, PR China.
| | - Tiantai Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substance and Function of Natural Medicines, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100050, PR China.
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