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Baranoski A, Semprebon SC, Biazi BI, Zanetti TA, Corveloni AC, Areal Marques L, Lepri SR, Coatti GC, Mantovani MS. Piperlongumine inhibits antioxidant enzymes, increases ROS levels, induces DNA damage and G2/M cell cycle arrest in breast cell lines. JOURNAL OF TOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH. PART A 2024; 87:294-309. [PMID: 38279841 DOI: 10.1080/15287394.2024.2308801] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2024]
Abstract
Piperlongumine (PLN) is a biologically active alkaloid/amide derived from Piper longum, with known promising anticancer activity. The aim of this study was to compare the antiproliferative activity of PLN in human breast MCF-7 adenocarcinoma cell line with effects in HB4a normal mammary epithelial non-tumor cell line. The parameters examined were cell growth, viability, reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels and DNA damage, as well as the effects on the modulating targets responsible through regulation of these pathways. PLN increased ROS levels and expression of the SOD1 antioxidant enzyme. PLN inhibited the expression of the antioxidant enzymes catalase, TRx1, and PRx2. The ability of PLN to inhibit antioxidant enzyme expression was associated with the oxidative stress response. PLN induced genotoxicity in both cell lines and upregulated the levels of GADD45A mRNA and p21 protein. The DNA damage response ATR protein was downregulated in both cell lines and contributed to an enhanced PLN genotoxicity. In HB4a cells, Chk1 protein, and mRNA levels were also decreased. In response to elevated ROS levels and DNA damage induction, the cells were arrested at the G2/M phase, probably in an attempt to promote cell survival. Although cell viability was reduced in both cell lines, only HB4a cells underwent apoptotic cell death, whereas other types of cellular death may be involved in MCF-7 cells. Taken together, these data provide insight into the anticancer mechanisms attributed to PLN effects, which acts as an inhibitor of DNA damage response (DDR) proteins and antioxidant enzymes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adrivanio Baranoski
- Centro de Ciências Biológicas, Departamento de Biologia Geral, Universidade Estadual de Londrina, Londrina, Brazil
| | - Simone Cristine Semprebon
- Centro de Ciências Biológicas, Departamento de Biologia Geral, Universidade Estadual de Londrina, Londrina, Brazil
| | - Bruna Isabela Biazi
- Centro de Ciências Biológicas, Departamento de Biologia Geral, Universidade Estadual de Londrina, Londrina, Brazil
| | - Thalita Alves Zanetti
- Centro de Ciências Biológicas, Departamento de Biologia Geral, Universidade Estadual de Londrina, Londrina, Brazil
| | - Amanda Cristina Corveloni
- Centro de Ciências Biológicas, Departamento de Biologia Geral, Universidade Estadual de Londrina, Londrina, Brazil
| | - Lilian Areal Marques
- Centro de Ciências Biológicas, Departamento de Biologia Geral, Universidade Estadual de Londrina, Londrina, Brazil
| | - Sandra R Lepri
- Centro de Ciências Biológicas, Departamento de Biologia Geral, Universidade Estadual de Londrina, Londrina, Brazil
| | - Giuliana Castello Coatti
- Centro de Pesquisa Sobre o Genoma Humano e Células Tronco, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Mário Sérgio Mantovani
- Centro de Ciências Biológicas, Departamento de Biologia Geral, Universidade Estadual de Londrina, Londrina, Brazil
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Cao PR, Ren X, Lin J, Mu YL, Shan YQ, Zhu JT, Xu RY, Zhang XX, Hu WG, Lu XH. Angucyclinones with IDO and TDO inhibitory activities isolated from the actinomycetes Umezawaea beigongshangensis. Fitoterapia 2024; 172:105716. [PMID: 37926399 DOI: 10.1016/j.fitote.2023.105716] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2023] [Revised: 10/31/2023] [Accepted: 11/01/2023] [Indexed: 11/07/2023]
Abstract
Four previously undescribed angucyclinones umezawaones A-D (1-4) were isolated from the liquid cultures of Umezawaea beigongshangensis. Their structures were determined by spectroscopic analyses, single crystal X-ray diffraction, quantum chemical 13C NMR and electronic circular dichroism calculations. All compounds displayed strong inhibitory activities against indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase and tryptophan-2,3-dioxygenase in enzymatic assay, especially compound 2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peng-Ran Cao
- New Drug Research and Development Center, North China Pharmaceutical Group Corporation, National Microbial Medicine Engineering and Research Center, Hebei Industry Microbial Metabolic Engineering & Technology Research Center, Shijiazhuang Microbial Drug Technology Innovation Center, Shijiazhuang 050015, PR China
| | - Xiao Ren
- New Drug Research and Development Center, North China Pharmaceutical Group Corporation, National Microbial Medicine Engineering and Research Center, Hebei Industry Microbial Metabolic Engineering & Technology Research Center, Shijiazhuang Microbial Drug Technology Innovation Center, Shijiazhuang 050015, PR China
| | - Jie Lin
- New Drug Research and Development Center, North China Pharmaceutical Group Corporation, National Microbial Medicine Engineering and Research Center, Hebei Industry Microbial Metabolic Engineering & Technology Research Center, Shijiazhuang Microbial Drug Technology Innovation Center, Shijiazhuang 050015, PR China
| | - Yun-Long Mu
- New Drug Research and Development Center, North China Pharmaceutical Group Corporation, National Microbial Medicine Engineering and Research Center, Hebei Industry Microbial Metabolic Engineering & Technology Research Center, Shijiazhuang Microbial Drug Technology Innovation Center, Shijiazhuang 050015, PR China
| | - Yue-Qi Shan
- New Drug Research and Development Center, North China Pharmaceutical Group Corporation, National Microbial Medicine Engineering and Research Center, Hebei Industry Microbial Metabolic Engineering & Technology Research Center, Shijiazhuang Microbial Drug Technology Innovation Center, Shijiazhuang 050015, PR China
| | - Jing-Tong Zhu
- New Drug Research and Development Center, North China Pharmaceutical Group Corporation, National Microbial Medicine Engineering and Research Center, Hebei Industry Microbial Metabolic Engineering & Technology Research Center, Shijiazhuang Microbial Drug Technology Innovation Center, Shijiazhuang 050015, PR China
| | - Rong-Yi Xu
- New Drug Research and Development Center, North China Pharmaceutical Group Corporation, National Microbial Medicine Engineering and Research Center, Hebei Industry Microbial Metabolic Engineering & Technology Research Center, Shijiazhuang Microbial Drug Technology Innovation Center, Shijiazhuang 050015, PR China
| | - Xue-Xia Zhang
- New Drug Research and Development Center, North China Pharmaceutical Group Corporation, National Microbial Medicine Engineering and Research Center, Hebei Industry Microbial Metabolic Engineering & Technology Research Center, Shijiazhuang Microbial Drug Technology Innovation Center, Shijiazhuang 050015, PR China
| | - Wei-Guo Hu
- New Drug Research and Development Center, North China Pharmaceutical Group Corporation, National Microbial Medicine Engineering and Research Center, Hebei Industry Microbial Metabolic Engineering & Technology Research Center, Shijiazhuang Microbial Drug Technology Innovation Center, Shijiazhuang 050015, PR China
| | - Xin-Hua Lu
- New Drug Research and Development Center, North China Pharmaceutical Group Corporation, National Microbial Medicine Engineering and Research Center, Hebei Industry Microbial Metabolic Engineering & Technology Research Center, Shijiazhuang Microbial Drug Technology Innovation Center, Shijiazhuang 050015, PR China.
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Zhong M, Chen L, Tao Y, Zhao J, Chang B, Zhang F, Tu J, Cai W, Zhang B. Synthesis and evaluation of Piperine analogs as thioredoxin reductase inhibitors to cause oxidative stress-induced cancer cell apoptosis. Bioorg Chem 2023; 138:106589. [PMID: 37320912 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioorg.2023.106589] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2023] [Revised: 04/18/2023] [Accepted: 05/01/2023] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Inhibiting thioredoxin reductase (TrxR) to disrupt the redox equilibrium and induce tumor cell apoptosis is a significant tumor therapeutic strategy. Piperine, a natural product from black pepper, has been demonstrated to suppress tumor cell proliferation by enhancing reactive oxygen species (ROS), subsequently leading to cell death. However, the development of Piperine as an active molecule is hampered by its weak cytotoxicity. To develop a compound with higher activity, we synthesized 22 Piperine analogs and evaluated their pharmacological properties. Ultimately, B5 was screened by the results of cytotoxicity and inhibition of TrxR activity. In contrast to Piperine, B5 had significant cytotoxicity with a 4-fold increase. The structure-activity relationship demonstrated that the introduction of an electron-withdrawing group into the benzene ring adjacent to the amino group, particularly in the meta-position, was positive and that shortening the olefin double bond had no appreciable impact on cytotoxicity. Further investigating the physiological activity of B5 in HeLa cells, we found that B5 selectively inhibits the activity of TrxR by binding to Sec residues on TrxR. B5 then induces cellular oxidative stress and finally leads to apoptosis. As a result, the study of B5 paved the way for further investigation into the modification and function of Piperine analogs as TrxR inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miao Zhong
- The State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry and College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, Gansu 730000, China
| | - Lingzhen Chen
- The State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry and College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, Gansu 730000, China
| | - Yue Tao
- The State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry and College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, Gansu 730000, China
| | - Jintao Zhao
- The State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry and College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, Gansu 730000, China
| | - Bingbing Chang
- The State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry and College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, Gansu 730000, China
| | - Fang Zhang
- The State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry and College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, Gansu 730000, China
| | - Jingwen Tu
- The State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry and College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, Gansu 730000, China
| | - Wenqing Cai
- Regor Therapeutics Inc, 1206 Zhangjiang Road, Building C, Pu Dong New District, Shanghai 201210, China.
| | - Baoxin Zhang
- The State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry and College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, Gansu 730000, China.
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Song Z, Fan C, Zhao J, Wang L, Duan D, Shen T, Li X. Fluorescent Probes for Mammalian Thioredoxin Reductase: Mechanistic Analysis, Construction Strategies, and Future Perspectives. BIOSENSORS 2023; 13:811. [PMID: 37622897 PMCID: PMC10452626 DOI: 10.3390/bios13080811] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2023] [Revised: 08/06/2023] [Accepted: 08/07/2023] [Indexed: 08/26/2023]
Abstract
The modulation of numerous signaling pathways is orchestrated by redox regulation of cellular environments. Maintaining dynamic redox homeostasis is of utmost importance for human health, given the common occurrence of altered redox status in various pathological conditions. The cardinal component of the thioredoxin system, mammalian thioredoxin reductase (TrxR) plays a vital role in supporting various physiological functions; however, its malfunction, disrupting redox balance, is intimately associated with the pathogenesis of multiple diseases. Accordingly, the dynamic monitoring of TrxR of live organisms represents a powerful direction to facilitate the comprehensive understanding and exploration of the profound significance of redox biology in cellular processes. A number of classic assays have been developed for the determination of TrxR activity in biological samples, yet their application is constrained when exploring the real-time dynamics of TrxR activity in live organisms. Fluorescent probes offer several advantages for in situ imaging and the quantification of biological targets, such as non-destructiveness, real-time analysis, and high spatiotemporal resolution. These benefits facilitate the transition from a poise to a flux understanding of cellular targets, further advancing scientific studies in related fields. This review aims to introduce the progress in the development and application of TrxR fluorescent probes in the past years, and it mainly focuses on analyzing their reaction mechanisms, construction strategies, and potential drawbacks. Finally, this study discusses the critical challenges and issues encountered during the development of selective TrxR probes and proposes future directions for their advancement. We anticipate the comprehensive analysis of the present TrxR probes will offer some glitters of enlightenment, and we also expect that this review may shed light on the design and development of novel TrxR probes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zilong Song
- Natural Medicine Research & Development Center, Lanzhou Jiaotong University, Lanzhou 730070, China; (Z.S.); (C.F.); (L.W.)
| | - Chengwu Fan
- Natural Medicine Research & Development Center, Lanzhou Jiaotong University, Lanzhou 730070, China; (Z.S.); (C.F.); (L.W.)
| | - Jintao Zhao
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University of Science & Technology, Nanjing 210094, China; (J.Z.); (X.L.)
| | - Lei Wang
- Natural Medicine Research & Development Center, Lanzhou Jiaotong University, Lanzhou 730070, China; (Z.S.); (C.F.); (L.W.)
| | - Dongzhu Duan
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Baoji University of Arts and Sciences, Baoji 721013, China;
| | - Tong Shen
- Natural Medicine Research & Development Center, Lanzhou Jiaotong University, Lanzhou 730070, China; (Z.S.); (C.F.); (L.W.)
| | - Xinming Li
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University of Science & Technology, Nanjing 210094, China; (J.Z.); (X.L.)
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Stone TW, Williams RO. Modulation of T cells by tryptophan metabolites in the kynurenine pathway. Trends Pharmacol Sci 2023; 44:442-456. [PMID: 37248103 DOI: 10.1016/j.tips.2023.04.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 34.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2023] [Revised: 04/26/2023] [Accepted: 04/26/2023] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Lymphocytes maturing in the thymus (T cells) are key factors in adaptive immunity and the regulation of inflammation. The kynurenine pathway of tryptophan metabolism includes several enzymes and compounds that can modulate T cell function, but manipulating these pharmacologically has not achieved the expected therapeutic activity for the treatment of autoimmune disorders and cancer. With increasing knowledge of other pathways interacting with kynurenines, the expansion of screening methods, and the application of virtual techniques to understanding enzyme structures and mechanisms, details of interactions between kynurenines and other pathways are being revealed. This review surveys some of these alternative approaches to influence T cell function indirectly via the kynurenine pathway and summarizes the most recent work on the development of compounds acting directly on the kynurenine pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Trevor W Stone
- The Kennedy Institute of Rheumatology, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7FY, UK
| | - Richard O Williams
- The Kennedy Institute of Rheumatology, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7FY, UK.
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He YL, Zhong M, Song ZL, Shen YK, Zhao L, Fang J. Synthesis and discovery of Baylis-Hillman adducts as potent and selective thioredoxin reductase inhibitors for cancer treatment. Bioorg Med Chem 2023; 79:117169. [PMID: 36657375 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2023.117169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2022] [Revised: 12/15/2022] [Accepted: 01/09/2023] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
The selenoprotein thioredoxin reductase (TrxR) is of paramount importance in maintaining cellular redox homeostasis, and aberrant upregulation of TrxR is frequently observed in various cancers due to their elevated oxidative stress in cells. Thus, it seems promising and feasible to target the ablation of intracellular TrxR for the treatment of cancers. We report herein the design and synthesis of a series of Baylis-Hillman adducts, and identified a typical adduct that possesses the superior cytotoxicity against HepG2 cells over other types of cancer cells. The biological investigation shows the selected typical adduct selectively targets TrxR in HepG2 cells, which thereafter results in the collapse of intracellular redox homeostasis. Further mechanistic studies reveal that the selected typical adduct arrests the cell cycle in G1/G0 phase. Importantly, the malignant metastasis of HepG2 cells is significantly restrained by the selected typical adduct. With well-defined molecular target and mechanism of action, the selected typical adduct, even other Baylis-Hillman skeleton-bearing compounds, merits further development as candidate or ancillary agent for the treatment of various cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi-Lin He
- Natural Medicine Research & Development Center, Lanzhou Jiaotong University, Lanzhou, Gansu 730070, China; State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, Gansu 730000, China
| | - Miao Zhong
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, Gansu 730000, China
| | - Zi-Long Song
- Natural Medicine Research & Development Center, Lanzhou Jiaotong University, Lanzhou, Gansu 730070, China; State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, Gansu 730000, China
| | - Yu-Kai Shen
- Lizhi College, Xi'an Jiaotong University, No. 28, Xianning West Road, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710049, China
| | - Lanning Zhao
- School of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, Hangzhou Institute for Advanced Study, University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hangzhou 310024, China.
| | - Jianguo Fang
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, Gansu 730000, China
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Wu Y, Yang Z, Cheng K, Bi H, Chen J. Small molecule-based immunomodulators for cancer therapy. Acta Pharm Sin B 2022; 12:4287-4308. [PMID: 36562003 PMCID: PMC9764074 DOI: 10.1016/j.apsb.2022.11.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2022] [Revised: 10/31/2022] [Accepted: 11/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Immunotherapy has led to a paradigm shift in the treatment of cancer. Current cancer immunotherapies are mostly antibody-based, thus possessing advantages in regard to pharmacodynamics (e.g., specificity and efficacy). However, they have limitations in terms of pharmacokinetics including long half-lives, poor tissue/tumor penetration, and little/no oral bioavailability. In addition, therapeutic antibodies are immunogenic, thus may cause unwanted adverse effects. Therefore, researchers have shifted their efforts towards the development of small molecule-based cancer immunotherapy, as small molecules may overcome the above disadvantages associated with antibodies. Further, small molecule-based immunomodulators and therapeutic antibodies are complementary modalities for cancer treatment, and may be combined to elicit synergistic effects. Recent years have witnessed the rapid development of small molecule-based cancer immunotherapy. In this review, we describe the current progress in small molecule-based immunomodulators (inhibitors/agonists/degraders) for cancer therapy, including those targeting PD-1/PD-L1, chemokine receptors, stimulator of interferon genes (STING), Toll-like receptor (TLR), etc. The tumorigenesis mechanism of various targets and their respective modulators that have entered clinical trials are also summarized.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Kui Cheng
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of New Drug Screening, NMPA Key Laboratory for Research and Evaluation of Drug Metabolism, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China
| | - Huichang Bi
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of New Drug Screening, NMPA Key Laboratory for Research and Evaluation of Drug Metabolism, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China
| | - Jianjun Chen
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of New Drug Screening, NMPA Key Laboratory for Research and Evaluation of Drug Metabolism, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China
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Zhou J, Yu LZ, Fan YL, Guo CH, Lv XM, Zhou ZY, Huang HD, Miao DD, Zhang SP, Li XY, Zhao PP, Liu XP, Hu WH, Zhang C. Discovery of novel hydroxyamidine based indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase 1 (IDO1) and thioredoxin reductase 1 (TrxR1) dual inhibitors. Eur J Med Chem 2022; 245:114860. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2022.114860] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2022] [Revised: 10/08/2022] [Accepted: 10/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Xu Q, Zhang J, Zhao Z, Chu Y, Fang J. Revealing PACMA 31 as a new chemical type TrxR inhibitor to promote cancer cell apoptosis. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA. MOLECULAR CELL RESEARCH 2022; 1869:119323. [PMID: 35793738 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamcr.2022.119323] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2022] [Revised: 06/05/2022] [Accepted: 06/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Thioredoxin reductase (TrxR) is a pivotal regulator of redox homeostasis, while dysregulation of redox homeostasis is a hallmark for cancer cells. Thus, there is considerable potential to inhibit the aberrantly upregulated TrxR in cancer cells to discover selective cancer therapeutic agents. Nevertheless, the structural types of TrxR inhibitors presented currently are still relatively limited. We herein report that PACMA 31, previously reported to inhibit protein disulfide isomerase (PDI), is a potent TrxR inhibitor. PACMA 31 possesses a pharmacophore scaffold that is structurally different from the announced TrxR inhibitors and exhibits effective cytotoxicity against cervical cancer cells. Our results reveal that PACMA 31 selectively inhibits TrxR over the related glutathione reductase (GR) and in the presence of reduced glutathione (GSH). Further studies with mutant enzyme and molecular docking suggest that the propynamide fragment of PACMA 31 interacts covalently with the selenocysteine residue of TrxR. Moreover, PACMA 31 effectively and selectively curbs TrxR activity in cells and further stimulates the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) at low micromolar concentrations, which in turn triggers the accumulation of oxidized thioredoxin (Trx) and GSSG in cells. Follow-up studies demonstrate that PACMA 31 targets TrxR in cells to induce oxidative stress-mediated cancer cell apoptosis. Our results provide a new structural type of TrxR inhibitor that may serve as a useful probe for investigating the biology of TrxR-implicated pathways, and uncover a new target of PACMA 31 that contributes to it becoming a candidate for cancer treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qianhe Xu
- School of Pharmacy, State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Junmin Zhang
- School of Pharmacy, State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China..
| | - Zhengjia Zhao
- School of Pharmacy, State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Yajun Chu
- School of Pharmacy, State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Jianguo Fang
- School of Pharmacy, State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China..
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Dual-target inhibitors of indoleamine 2, 3 dioxygenase 1 (Ido1): A promising direction in cancer immunotherapy. Eur J Med Chem 2022; 238:114524. [PMID: 35696861 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2022.114524] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2022] [Revised: 05/26/2022] [Accepted: 05/27/2022] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Indoleamine 2, 3-dioxygenase 1 (IDO1) is a rate-limiting enzyme that catalyzes the kynurenine (Kyn) pathway of tryptophan metabolism in the first step, and the kynurenine pathway plays a fundamental role in immunosuppression in the tumor microenvironment. Therefore, researchers are vigorously developing IDO1 inhibitors, hoping to apply them to cancer immunotherapy. Nowadays, there have been 11 kinds of IDO1 inhibitors entering clinical trials, among which many inhibitors have shown good tumor inhibitory effect in phase I/II clinical trials. But the phase III study of the most promising IDO1 inhibitor compound 29 (Epacadostat) failed in 2018, which may be caused by the compensation effect offered by tryptophan 2,3-dioxygenase (TDO), the mismatched drug combination strategies, or other reasons. Luckily, dual-target inhibitors show great potential and advantages in solving these problems. In recent years, many studies have linked IDO1 to popular targets and selected many IDO1 dual-target inhibitors through pharmacophore fusion strategy and library construction, which enhance the tumor inhibitory effect and reduce side effects. Currently, three kinds of IDO1/TDO dual-target inhibitors have entered clinical trials, and extensive studies have been developing on IDO1 dual-target inhibitors. In this review, we summarize the IDO1 dual-target inhibitors developed in recent years and focus on the structure optimization process, structure-activity relationship, and the efficacy of in vitro and in vivo experiments, shedding a light on the pivotal significance of IDO1 dual-target inhibitors in the treatment of cancer, providing inspiration for the development of new IDO1 dual-target inhibitors.
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吕 晓, 周 知, 朱 丽, 周 吉, 黄 慧, 张 超, 刘 晓. [Construction and identification of a HEK293 cell line with stable TrxR1 overexpression]. NAN FANG YI KE DA XUE XUE BAO = JOURNAL OF SOUTHERN MEDICAL UNIVERSITY 2022; 42:554-560. [PMID: 35527491 PMCID: PMC9085581 DOI: 10.12122/j.issn.1673-4254.2022.04.11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To construct a HEK293 cell line stably overexpressing TrxR1 as a cell model for functional study of TrxR1 and screening of TrxR1-targeting drugs. METHODS TrxR1 gene was amplified by PCR and ligated with the lentivirus expression vector pLVX-Puro, which was transformed into Escherichia coli and identified by Sanger dideoxy sequencing. HEK293 cells were infected with the recombinant lentivirus vector (pLVX-Puro-TXNRD1) and screened with Puromycin for cell clones with stable TrxR1 overexpression (HEK293-TrxR1-OE cells). HEK293-TrxR1-OE cells, along with HEK293 cells infected with pLVX-Puro vector (HEK293-NC) and normal HEK293 cells, were tested for mRNA and protein expression levels of TrxR1 using RT-qPCR and Western blotting. TrxR1 enzyme activity in the cells was evaluated with insulin endpoint assay and TRFS-green probe imaging. The sensitivity of the cells to auranofin, a specific TrxR1 inhibitor, was determined with CCK8 assay. RESULTS TrxR1 gene was successfully inserted into the lentiviral vector pLVX-Puro as confirmed by DNA sequencing. The enzyme activity and mRNA and protein expression levels of TrxR1 were significantly higher in HEK293-TrxR1-OE cells than in HEK293 and HEK293-NC cells (P < 0.005). The inhibitory effects of auranofin on proliferation and cellular TrxR1 enzyme activity were significantly attenuated in HEK293-TrxR1-OE cells as compared with HEK293 and HEK293-NC cells (P < 0.005). CONCLUSION We successfully obtained a HEK293 cell line with stable TrxR1 overexpression, which shows resistance to auranofin and can be used for screening TrxR1 targeting drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- 晓梅 吕
- 皖南医学院药物筛选与评价研究所,安徽 芜湖 241000Center of Drug Screening and Evaluation, Wannan Medical College, Wuhu 241000, China
| | - 知音 周
- 皖南医学院药物筛选与评价研究所,安徽 芜湖 241000Center of Drug Screening and Evaluation, Wannan Medical College, Wuhu 241000, China
| | - 丽 朱
- 皖南医学院药物筛选与评价研究所,安徽 芜湖 241000Center of Drug Screening and Evaluation, Wannan Medical College, Wuhu 241000, China
| | - 吉 周
- 附属弋矶山医院生殖医学中心,安徽 芜湖 241000Center for Reproductive Medicine, First Affiliated Hospital of Wannan Medical College, Wuhu 241000, China
| | - 慧丹 黄
- 皖南医学院药物筛选与评价研究所,安徽 芜湖 241000Center of Drug Screening and Evaluation, Wannan Medical College, Wuhu 241000, China
| | - 超 张
- 皖南医学院药物筛选与评价研究所,安徽 芜湖 241000Center of Drug Screening and Evaluation, Wannan Medical College, Wuhu 241000, China
| | - 晓平 刘
- 皖南医学院药物筛选与评价研究所,安徽 芜湖 241000Center of Drug Screening and Evaluation, Wannan Medical College, Wuhu 241000, China
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12
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Song ZL, Zhang J, Xu Q, Shi D, Yao X, Fang J. Structural Modification of Aminophenylarsenoxides Generates Candidates for Leukemia Treatment via Thioredoxin Reductase Inhibition. J Med Chem 2021; 64:16132-16146. [PMID: 34704769 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.1c01441] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Upregulation of the selenoprotein thioredoxin reductase (TrxR) is of pathological significance in maintaining tumor phenotypes. Thus, TrxR inhibitors are promising cancer therapeutic agents. We prepared different amino-substituted phenylarsine oxides and evaluated their cytotoxicity and inhibition of TrxR. Compared with our reported p-substituted molecule (8), the o-substituted molecule (10) shows improved efficacy (nearly a fourfold increase) to kill leukemia HL-60 cells. Although the compounds 8 and 10 display similar potency to inhibit the purified TrxR, the o-substitution 10 exhibits higher potency than the p-substitution 8 to inhibit the cellular TrxR activity. Molecular docking results demonstrate the favorable weak interactions of the o-amino group with the TrxR C-terminal active site. Efficient inhibition of TrxR consequently induces the oxidative stress-mediated apoptosis of cancer cells. Silence of the TrxR expression sensitizes the cells to the arsenic compound treatment, further supporting the critical involvement of TrxR in the cellular actions of compound 10.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zi-Long Song
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, and College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China.,Botanical Agrochemicals Research & Development Center, Lanzhou Jiaotong University, Lanzhou 730070, China
| | - Junmin Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, and College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China.,State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Macau University of Science and Technology, Macau 999078, China
| | - Qianhe Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, and College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Danfeng Shi
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, and College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Xiaojun Yao
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, and College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China.,State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Macau University of Science and Technology, Macau 999078, China
| | - Jianguo Fang
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, and College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China
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13
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Zhang SP, Zhou J, Fan QZ, Lv XM, Wang T, Wang F, Chen Y, Hong SY, Liu XP, Xu BS, Hu L, Zhang C, Zhang YM. Discovery of hydroxytyrosol as thioredoxin reductase 1 inhibitor to induce apoptosis and G 1/S cell cycle arrest in human colorectal cancer cells via ROS generation. Exp Ther Med 2021; 22:829. [PMID: 34149875 PMCID: PMC8200807 DOI: 10.3892/etm.2021.10261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2020] [Accepted: 04/30/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Colorectal cancer (CRC) is one of the most common cancer types and a leading cause of cancer-associated mortality in China. Increased thioredoxin reductase 1 (TrxR1) levels have been previously identified as possible target for CRC. The present study revealed that the natural product hydroxytyrosol (HT), which exhibits a polyphenol scaffold, is a potent inhibitor of TrxR1. Inhibition of TrxR1 was indicated to result in accumulation of reactive oxygen species, inhibit proliferation and induce apoptosis and G1/S cell cycle arrest of CRC cells. Using a C-terminal mutant TrxR1 enzyme activity assay, TrxR1 RNA interference assay and HT binding model assay, the present study demonstrated the core character of the selenocysteine residue in the interaction between HT and TrxR1. HT can serve as polyphenol scaffold to develop novel TrxR1 inhibitors for CRC treatment in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sheng-Peng Zhang
- Center of Drug Screening and Evaluation, Wannan Medical College, Wuhu, Anhui 241000, P.R. China
| | - Ji Zhou
- Center for Reproductive Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital, Wannan Medical College, Wuhu, Anhui 241000, P.R. China
| | - Qing-Zhu Fan
- Center of Drug Screening and Evaluation, Wannan Medical College, Wuhu, Anhui 241000, P.R. China
| | - Xiao-Mei Lv
- Center of Drug Screening and Evaluation, Wannan Medical College, Wuhu, Anhui 241000, P.R. China
| | - Tian Wang
- School of Pharmacy, Wannan Medical College, Wuhu, Anhui 241000, P.R. China
| | - Fan Wang
- School of Pharmacy, Wannan Medical College, Wuhu, Anhui 241000, P.R. China
| | - Yang Chen
- School of Pharmacy, Wannan Medical College, Wuhu, Anhui 241000, P.R. China
| | - Sen-Yan Hong
- School of Pharmacy, Wannan Medical College, Wuhu, Anhui 241000, P.R. China
| | - Xiao-Ping Liu
- Center of Drug Screening and Evaluation, Wannan Medical College, Wuhu, Anhui 241000, P.R. China
| | - Bing-Song Xu
- School of Pharmacy, Wannan Medical College, Wuhu, Anhui 241000, P.R. China
| | - Lei Hu
- School of Pharmacy, Wannan Medical College, Wuhu, Anhui 241000, P.R. China
| | - Chao Zhang
- Center of Drug Screening and Evaluation, Wannan Medical College, Wuhu, Anhui 241000, P.R. China
| | - Ye-Ming Zhang
- School of Pharmacy, Wannan Medical College, Wuhu, Anhui 241000, P.R. China
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14
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Chupakhin E, Krasavin M. Thioredoxin reductase inhibitors: updated patent review (2017-present). Expert Opin Ther Pat 2021; 31:745-758. [PMID: 33666133 DOI: 10.1080/13543776.2021.1899160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Introduction: Thioredoxin reductase (TrxR) is a selenocysteine-containing enzyme which is responsible - as a part of the thioredoxin system - for maintaining redox homeostasis in cells. It is upregulated in cancerous state as a defense against oxidative stress. TrxR has been mostly considered an anticancer drug target although it has applications in other therapeutic areas such as neurodegeneration, inflammation, microbial infections, and neonatal hyperoxic lung injury.Areas covered: The present review covers the patent literature that appeared in the period 2017-2020, i.e. since the publication of the previous expert opinion patent review on TrxR inhibitors. The recent additions to the following traditional classes of inhibitors are discussed: metal complexes, Michael acceptors as well as arsenic and selenium compounds. At the same time, a novel group of nitro (hetero)aromatic compounds have emerged which likely acts via covalent inhibition mechanism. Several miscellaneous chemotypes are grouped under Miscellaneous subsection.Expert opinion: While specificity over glutathione reductase is achieved easily, TrxR is still moving toward the later stages of development at a very slow rate. Michael acceptors, particularly based on TRXR substrate-mimicking scaffolds, are gaining impetus and so are dual and hybrid compounds. The development prospects of the emerging nitro (hetero)aromatic chemotypes remain uncertain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evgeny Chupakhin
- Institute of Chemistry, Saint Petersburg State University, Saint Petersburg Russian Federation.,Institute for Living Systems, Immanuel Kant Baltic Federal University, Kaliningrad Russian Federation
| | - Mikhail Krasavin
- Institute of Chemistry, Saint Petersburg State University, Saint Petersburg Russian Federation.,Institute for Living Systems, Immanuel Kant Baltic Federal University, Kaliningrad Russian Federation
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