Novel 1,5-diaryl pyrazole-3-carboxamides as selective COX-2/sEH inhibitors with analgesic, anti-inflammatory, and lower cardiotoxicity effects

COX-2 targeted therapy for diabetic foot ulcers using T7-enhanced CS-PVA membranes

Diabetic foot ulcers can lead to severe complications, including infection, gangrene, and even amputation, significantly impacting patients' quality of life. The application of anti-inflammatory compounds loaded into chitosan membranes offers targeted therapeutic effects, reducing inflammation and promoting tissue regeneration. This study evaluates the therapeutic efficacy of T7, a selective COX-2 inhibitor, incorporated into chitosan-polyvinylalcohol (CS-PVA) membranes for diabetic wound treatment. Cytotoxicity analysis showed high cell viability across various T7 concentrations, indicating minimal cytotoxicity. In silico pharmacology identified 98 potential inflammation-related targets for T7, further supported by GO and KEGG enrichment analyses. Developmental toxicity tests on zebrafish embryos indicated no significant toxicity up to 100 µM concentration. SEM and FTIR analyses confirmed the successful incorporation of T7 into the CS-PVA membrane, while XRD analysis indicated structural stability. The drug release assay demonstrated a sustained release profile, crucial for prolonged therapeutic efficacy. Antibacterial activity assays revealed significant inhibition of common pathogens. In vivo wound healing assays showed accelerated wound closure and enhanced collagen deposition, with histological and immunohistochemistry analyses supporting improved tissue architecture and reduced inflammation. Gene expression analysis confirmed reduced inflammatory markers. These findings suggest that T7-loaded CS-PVA membranes offer a promising, multifaceted approach to diabetic wound treatment, combining anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial, and collagen-promoting properties for effective wound healing.

Synthesis and pharmacological evaluation of heteroarylamide derivatives as potential analgesic, anti-inflammatory, antidiarrheal and cytotoxic agents

Six heteroarylamide derivatives were synthesized in good yields and screened for several biological activities. Compounds 1-5 demonstrated analgesic activity with percentage inhibition of writhing between 77.10 and 95.79 %, comparable to that of the standard aceclofenac having 91.12 % writhing inhibition. Evaluation of anti-inflammatory activity unveiled that compound 4 exhibited 36.9 %, 64.17 %, 82.9 % and 93.9 % inhibition of paw edema as compared to aceclofenac's inhibition of 35.5 %, 78.6 %, 79.3 % and 91.2 % at the 1st, 2nd, 3rd and 4th hours, respectively. Compounds 5 and 6 exerted considerable antidiarrheal effects with 85.00 % and 71.67 % inhibition of defecation at 25 mg/kg dose, respectively, whereas, the standard loperamide showed 85.00 % inhibition. Compounds 4-6 manifested promising activity in brine shrimp lethality bioassay as well as in trypan blue dye exclusion assay, resulting in 10-20 % cell viability on HeLa cell line and compound 5 was found to have the lowest IC50 of 281.96 μM in the MTT assay. Molecular docking analysis suggested that certain macromolecular targets such as cyclooxygenase-2, muscarinic M3 receptor and matrix metalloproteinase 9 (MMP9) might be involved for the observed activities. As predicted by in silico ADME/T analysis, the compounds also possessed good pharmacokinetic properties.

Selective COX-2 inhibitors as anticancer agents: a patent review (2018-2023)

INTRODUCTION

COX-2 is a crucial enzyme in the manufacture of prostaglandins. The enzyme's metabolites might have an important function as regulators of the inflammatory response and other medical conditions such as cancer. Selective COX-2 inhibitors are believed to enhance or reverse the response of cancer chemotherapeutics.

AREAS COVERED

This study addresses the chemical structures as well as the antitumor activity of new COX-2 inhibitors produced in the recent five years, aiming to provide an insight into the mechanism of COX-2 induced PGE2 powerful signal in cancer development.

EXPERT OPINION

The significance of selective COX-2 inhibitors as an efficient superfamily of compounds with anti-inflammatory, anti-Alzheimer's, anti-Parkinson's disease, and anticancer properties has piqued the passion of academics in the field of drug development. Long-term usage of selective COX-2 inhibitors, such as celecoxib has been proven in clinical trials to lower the incidence of several human malignancies. Furthermore, celecoxib has the potential to greatly increase the effectiveness of chemotherapy. Our extensive understanding of selective COX-2 inhibitor SAR may aid in the development of safer and more effective selective COX-2 inhibitors as cancer chemopreventive agents. This review focuses on the different structural classes of selective COX-2 inhibitors, with a particular emphasis on their SAR.

New Diaryl-1,2,4-triazolo[3,4-a]pyrimidine Hybrids as Selective COX-2/sEH Dual Inhibitors with Potent Analgesic/Anti-inflammatory and Cardioprotective Properties

COX-2-selective drugs were withdrawn from the market just a few years after their development due to cardiovascular side effects. As a result, developing a selective COX-2 inhibitor as an anti-inflammatory agent with cardioprotective characteristics has become a prominent objective in medicinal chemistry. New 15 diaryl-1,2,4-triazolo[3,4-a]pyrimidine hybrids 8a-o were synthesized and investigated in vitro as dual COX-2/sEH inhibitors. Compounds 8b, 8m, and 8o have the highest potency and selectivity as COX-2 inhibitors (IC50 = 15.20, 11.60, and 10.50 μM, respectively; selectivity index (COX-1/COX-2) = 13, 20, and 25, respectively), compared to celecoxib (COX-2; IC50 = 42 μM; SI = 8). The 5-LOX inhibitory activity of compounds 8b, 8m, and 8o was further examined in vitro. Compounds 8m and 8o, the most effective COX-2 selective inhibitors, demonstrated stronger 5-LOX inhibitory action than the reference quercetin, with IC50 values of 2.90 and 3.05 μM, respectively. Additionally, compounds 8b, 8m, and 8o were the most potent dual COX-2/sEH inhibitors, with IC50 values against sEH of 3.20, 2.95, and 2.20 nM, respectively, and were equivalent to AUDA (IC50 = 1.2 nM). In vivo investigations also demonstrated that these compounds were the most efficacious as analgesic/anti-inflammatory derivatives with a high cardioprotective profile against cardiac biomarkers and inflammatory cytokines. The docking data analysis inquiry helped better understand the binding mechanisms of the most active hybrids within the COX-2 active site and supported their COX-2 selectivity. Compounds 8b, 8m, and 8o exhibited a similar orientation to rofecoxib and celecoxib, with a larger proclivity to enter the selectivity side pocket than the reference compounds.

Design and synthesis of new dihydropyrimidine/sulphonamide hybrids as promising anti-inflammatory agents via dual mPGES-1/5-LOX inhibition

A novel series of dihydropyrimidine/sulphonamide hybrids 3a-j with anti-inflammatory properties have been developed and tested as dual mPGES-1/5-LOX inhibitors. In vitro assay, results showed that compounds 3c, 3e, 3h, and 3j were the most effective dual inhibitors of mPGES-1 and 5-LOX activities. Compound 3j was the most potent dual inhibitor with IC50 values of 0.92 µM and 1.98 µM, respectively. In vivo, anti-inflammatory studies demonstrated that compounds 3c, 3e, 3h, and 3e had considerable anti-inflammatory activity, with EI% ranging from 29% to 71%. Compounds 3e and 3j were equivalent to celecoxib after the first hour but exhibited stronger anti-inflammatory effects than celecoxib after the third and fifth hours. Moreover, compounds 3e and 3j significantly reduced the levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines (PGE2, TNF-α, and IL-6) with gastrointestinal safety profiles. Molecular docking simulations explored the most potent derivatives' binding affinities and interaction patterns within mPGES-1 and 5-LOX active sites. This study disclosed that compound 3j is a promising anti-inflammatory lead with dual mPGES-1/5-LOX inhibition that deserves further preclinical investigation.

Dual-target inhibitors based on COX-2: a review from medicinal chemistry perspectives

Inhibitors of COX-2 constitute a class of anti-inflammatory analgesics, showing potential against certain types of cancer. However, such inhibitors are associated with cardiovascular toxicity. Moreover, although single-target molecules possess specificity for particular targets, they often lead to poor safety, low efficacy and drug resistance due to compensatory mechanisms. A new generation of dual-target drugs that simultaneously inhibit COX-2 and another target is showing strong potential to treat cancer or reduce adverse cardiac effects. The present perspective focuses on the structure and functions of COX-2, and its role as a therapeutic target. It also explores the current state and future possibilities for dual-target strategies from a medicinal chemistry perspective.

A Comprehensive Review of Recent Advances in the Biological Activities of Quinazolines

Quinazoline heterocycles are critical in the development of medications. Quinazoline derivatives have been intensively researched, providing a wide range of compounds with diverse biological roles. The quinazoline nucleus has garnered a lot of attention in medical chemistry in recent years. It was assumed to be a pharmacophore component in the development of physiologically interesting drugs. This review is an attempt to increase the potential of quinazoline by highlighting a wide range of advancements demonstrated by numerous derivatives of the quinazoline moiety, as well as focusing on diverse pharmacological actions of the quinazoline moiety. This review compiles recent studies on the quinazoline moiety described in the literature by researchers.

A Review of the Recent Development in the Synthesis and Biological Evaluations of Pyrazole Derivatives

Pyrazoles are five-membered heterocyclic compounds that contain nitrogen. They are an important class of compounds for drug development; thus, they have attracted much attention. In the meantime, pyrazole derivatives have been synthesized as target structures and have demonstrated numerous biological activities such as antituberculosis, antimicrobial, antifungal, and anti-inflammatory. This review summarizes the results of published research on pyrazole derivatives synthesis and biological activities. The published research works on pyrazole derivatives synthesis and biological activities between January 2018 and December 2021 were retrieved from the Scopus database and reviewed accordingly.

A comprehensive review of recent advances in the biological activities of 1,2,4-oxadiazoles

Nitrogen heterocycles play an essential role in medication development. The 1,2,4-oxadiazole heterocycle has been extensively studied, yielding a large variety of molecules with varied biological functions. The 1,2,4-oxadiazole shows bioisosteric equivalency with ester and amide moieties. In recent years, the 1,2,4-oxadiazole nucleus has received a lot of attention in medicinal chemistry. It was thought to be a pharmacophore component in the production of biologically intriguing drugs. This review presents a comprehensive overview of the recent achievements in the biological activities of 1,2,4-oxadiazoles as potential antimicrobial, anticancer, anti-inflammatory, neuroprotective, and antidiabetic agents. The structure-activity relationship and mechanisms of action are also reviewed.

New 1,2,4-oxadiazole/pyrrolidine hybrids as topoisomerase IV and DNA gyrase inhibitors with promising antibacterial activity

A series of hybridized pyrrolidine compounds with a 1,2,4-oxadiazole moiety were synthesized to develop effective molecules against the enzymes DNA gyrase and topoisomerase IV (Topo IV). Compounds 8-20 were developed based on a previously disclosed series of compounds from our lab, but with small structural modifications in the hopes of increasing the compounds' biological activity. In comparison to novobiocin, with IC₅₀  = 170 nM, the findings of the DNA gyrase inhibitory assay revealed that compounds 16 and 17 were the most potent of all synthesized derivatives, with IC₅₀ values of 180 and 210 nM, respectively. Compound 17 had the strongest inhibitory effect against Escherichia coli Topo IV of all the synthesized compounds, with an IC₅₀ value of 13 µM, which was comparable to novobiocin (IC₅₀  = 11 µM). Therefore, hybrids 16 and 17 appeared to be potential dual-target inhibitors. In the minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) assays, compound 17 outperformed ciprofloxacin against E. coli, with an MIC of 55 ng/ml, compared to 60 ng/ml for ciprofloxacin. Finally, the docking study, along with the in vitro experiments, supports our promising approach to effectively develop potent leads for further optimization as dual DNA gyrase and Topo IV inhibitors.

Comprehensive Overview of Carboxamide Derivatives as Succinate Dehydrogenase Inhibitors

Up to now, a total of 24 succinate dehydrogenase inhibitors (SDHIs) fungicides have been commercialized, and SDHIs fungicides were also one of the most active fungicides developed in recent years. Carboxamide derivatives represented an important class of SDHIs with broad spectrum of antifungal activities. In this review, the development of carboxamide derivatives as SDHIs with great significances were summarized. In addition, the structure-activity relationships (SARs) of antifungal activities of carboxamide derivatives as SDHIs was also summarized based on the analysis of the structures of the commercial SDHIs and lead compounds. Moreover, the cause of resistance of SDHIs and some solutions were also introduced. Finally, the development trend of SDHIs fungicides was prospected. We hope this review will give a guide for the development of novel SDHIs fungicides in the future.