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Megantara S, Rusdin A, Budiman A, Shamsuddin S, Mohtar N, Muchtaridi M. Revolutionizing Antiviral Therapeutics: Unveiling Innovative Approaches for Enhanced Drug Efficacy. Int J Nanomedicine 2024; 19:2889-2915. [PMID: 38525012 PMCID: PMC10961067 DOI: 10.2147/ijn.s447721] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2023] [Accepted: 02/29/2024] [Indexed: 03/26/2024] Open
Abstract
Since the beginning of the coronavirus pandemic in late 2019, viral infections have become one of the top three causes of mortality worldwide. Immunization and the use of immunomodulatory drugs are effective ways to prevent and treat viral infections. However, the primary therapy for managing viral infections remains antiviral and antiretroviral medication. Unfortunately, these drugs are often limited by physicochemical constraints such as low target selectivity and poor aqueous solubility. Although several modifications have been made to enhance the physicochemical characteristics and efficacy of these drugs, there are few published studies that summarize and compare these modifications. Our review systematically synthesized and discussed antiviral drug modification reports from publications indexed in Scopus, PubMed, and Google Scholar databases. We examined various approaches that were investigated to address physicochemical issues and increase activity, including liposomes, cocrystals, solid dispersions, salt modifications, and nanoparticle drug delivery systems. We were impressed by how well each strategy addressed physicochemical issues and improved antiviral activity. In conclusion, these modifications represent a promising way to improve the physicochemical characteristics, functionality, and effectiveness of antivirals in clinical therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandra Megantara
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis and Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universitas Padjadjaran, Sumedang, 45363, Indonesia
- Research Collaboration Centre for Theranostic Radio Pharmaceuticals, National Research and Innovation Agency (BRIN), Sumedang, 45363, Indonesia
| | - Agus Rusdin
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universitas Padjadjaran, Sumedang, 45363, Indonesia
| | - Arif Budiman
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universitas Padjadjaran, Sumedang, 45363, Indonesia
| | | | - Noratiqah Mohtar
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Penang, 11800, Malaysia
| | - Muchtaridi Muchtaridi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis and Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universitas Padjadjaran, Sumedang, 45363, Indonesia
- Research Collaboration Centre for Theranostic Radio Pharmaceuticals, National Research and Innovation Agency (BRIN), Sumedang, 45363, Indonesia
- Functional Nano Powder University Center of Excellence (FiNder U CoE), Universitas Padjadjaran, Sumedang, 45363, Indonesia
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Viçozzi GP, de Oliveira Pereira FS, da Silva RS, Leal JG, Sarturi JM, Nogara PA, Rodrigues OED, Teixeira da Rocha JB, Ávila DS. In silico evidences of Mpro inhibition by a series of organochalcogen-AZT derivatives and their safety in Caenorhabditis elegans. J Trace Elem Med Biol 2023; 80:127297. [PMID: 37716209 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtemb.2023.127297] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2023] [Revised: 08/02/2023] [Accepted: 08/29/2023] [Indexed: 09/18/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The new coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2) pandemic emerged in 2019 causing millions of deaths. Vaccines were quickly developed and made available in 2021. Despite the availability of vaccines, some subjects refuse to take the immunizing or present comorbities, therefore developing serious cases of COVID-19, which makes necessary the development of antiviral drugs. Previous studies have demonstrated that ebselen, a selenium-containing molecule, can inhibit SARS-CoV-2 Mpro. In addition, selenium is a trace element that has antiviral and anti-inflammatory properties. Zidovudine (AZT) has been widely used against HIV infections and its action against SARS-CoV-2 may be altered by the structural modification with organochalcogen moieties, but this hypothesis still needs to be tested. METHODS In the present work we evaluated the Mpro inhibition capacity (in silico), the safety and antioxidant effect of six organochalcogen AZT-derivatives using the free-living nematode Caenorhabditis elegans, through acute (30 min) and chronic (48) exposure protocols. RESULTS We observed that the molecules were safe at a concentration range of 1-500 µM and did not alter any toxicological endpoint evaluated. Furthermore, the molecules are capable to decrease the ROS formation stimulated by hydrogen peroxide, to modulate the expression of important antioxidant enzymes such superoxide-dismutase-3 and glutathione S-transferese-4 and to stimulate the translocation of the DAF-16 to the cell nucleus. In addition, the molecules did not deplete thiol groups, which reinforces their safety and contribution to oxidative stress resistance. CONCLUSIONS We have found that compounds S116l (a Tellurium AZT-derivative) and S116h (a Selenium-AZT derivative) presented more promising effects both in silico and in vivo, being strong candidates for further in vivo studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriel Pedroso Viçozzi
- Grupo de Pesquisa em Bioquímica e Toxicologia em Caenorhabditis elegans (GBToxCE), Universidade Federal do Pampa - UNIPAMPA, CEP 97500-970 Uruguaiana, RS, Brazil; Departamento de Bioquímica e Biologia Molecular, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria (UFSM), Av. Roraima 1000, 97105-900 Santa Maria, RS, Brazil
| | - Flávia Suelen de Oliveira Pereira
- Grupo de Pesquisa em Bioquímica e Toxicologia em Caenorhabditis elegans (GBToxCE), Universidade Federal do Pampa - UNIPAMPA, CEP 97500-970 Uruguaiana, RS, Brazil
| | - Rafael Santos da Silva
- LabSelen-NanoBio - Departamento de Química, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Santa Maria, Brazil
| | - Julliano Guerin Leal
- LabSelen-NanoBio - Departamento de Química, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Santa Maria, Brazil
| | - Joelma Menegazzi Sarturi
- LabSelen-NanoBio - Departamento de Química, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Santa Maria, Brazil
| | - Pablo Andrei Nogara
- Departamento de Bioquímica e Biologia Molecular, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria (UFSM), Av. Roraima 1000, 97105-900 Santa Maria, RS, Brazil; Instituto Federal de Educação, Ciência e Tecnologia Sul-rio-grandense (IFSul), Av. Leonel de Moura Brizola, 2501, 96418-400 Bagé, RS, Brazil
| | | | - João Batista Teixeira da Rocha
- Departamento de Bioquímica e Biologia Molecular, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria (UFSM), Av. Roraima 1000, 97105-900 Santa Maria, RS, Brazil
| | - Daiana Silva Ávila
- Grupo de Pesquisa em Bioquímica e Toxicologia em Caenorhabditis elegans (GBToxCE), Universidade Federal do Pampa - UNIPAMPA, CEP 97500-970 Uruguaiana, RS, Brazil; Departamento de Bioquímica e Biologia Molecular, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria (UFSM), Av. Roraima 1000, 97105-900 Santa Maria, RS, Brazil.
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Li X, Song Y. Structure and function of SARS-CoV and SARS-CoV-2 main proteases and their inhibition: A comprehensive review. Eur J Med Chem 2023; 260:115772. [PMID: 37659195 PMCID: PMC10529944 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2023.115772] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2023] [Revised: 08/24/2023] [Accepted: 08/26/2023] [Indexed: 09/04/2023]
Abstract
Severe acute respiratory syndrome-associated coronavirus (SARS-CoV) identified in 2003 infected ∼8000 people in 26 countries with 800 deaths, which was soon contained and eradicated by syndromic surveillance and enhanced quarantine. A closely related coronavirus SARS-CoV-2, the causative agent of COVID-19 identified in 2019, has been dramatically more contagious and catastrophic. It has infected and caused various flu-like symptoms of billions of people in >200 countries, including >6 million people died of or with the virus. Despite the availability of several vaccines and antiviral drugs against SARS-CoV-2, finding new therapeutics is needed because of viral evolution and a possible emerging coronavirus in the future. The main protease (Mpro) of these coronaviruses plays important roles in their life cycle and is essential for the viral replication. This article represents a comprehensive review of the function, structure and inhibition of SARS-CoV and -CoV-2 Mpro, including structure-activity relationships, protein-inhibitor interactions and clinical trial status.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Li
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, 1 Baylor Plaza, Houston, TX, 77030, USA; Dan L. Duncan Comprehensive Cancer Center, Baylor College of Medicine, 1 Baylor Plaza, Houston, TX, 77030, USA.
| | - Yongcheng Song
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, 1 Baylor Plaza, Houston, TX, 77030, USA; Dan L. Duncan Comprehensive Cancer Center, Baylor College of Medicine, 1 Baylor Plaza, Houston, TX, 77030, USA.
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Ganegamage SK, Zou Y, Heagy MD. Dual and Panchromatic Emission from N-Aryl-phenanthridinones: Extension of the Seesaw Photophysical Model with a Slight Twist. J Org Chem 2023; 88:11424-11433. [PMID: 37399167 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.2c03063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/05/2023]
Abstract
White-light emission from a single organic molecule, known as a single white-light emitter, is a rare phenomenon and desirable property for a class of materials with potential future applications in white lighting. Since N-aryl-naphthalimides (NANs) have been shown to follow excited state behavior and unique dual or panchromatic emission through a substituent pattern prescribed via a seesaw photophysical model, this study investigates the substituent effects on the fluorescence emission of structurally related N-aryl-phenanthridinones (NAPs) dyes. Following a similar placement prescription of an electron-releasing group (ERG) and electron-withdrawing group (EWG) at the phenanthridinone core and N-aryl moiety, we discovered from time-dependent density functional theory (TD-DFT) results that NAPs show a substitution pattern opposite to NANs in order to promote S2 and higher excited states. Interestingly, 2-methoxy-5-[4-nitro-3(trifluoromethyl)phenyl]phenanthridin-6(5H)-one 6e displayed a pronounced dual and panchromatic fluorescence dye depending on the solvent. For the six dyes included in the study, full spectral information in a variety of solvents, as well as fluorescence quantum yield and lifetime are reported. TD-DFT calculations support the predicted optical behavior via mixing of S2 and S6 excited states via anti-Kasha type of emission behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susantha K Ganegamage
- Department of Chemistry, The New Mexico Institute of Mining and Technology, Socorro, New Mexico 87801, United States
| | - Yan Zou
- Department of Chemistry, The New Mexico Institute of Mining and Technology, Socorro, New Mexico 87801, United States
| | - Michael D Heagy
- School of Chemistry and Materials Science, Rochester Institute of Technology, Rochester, New York 14623, United States
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Wildner G, Tucci AR, Prestes ADS, Muller T, Rosa ADS, Borba NRR, Ferreira VN, Rocha JBT, Miranda MD, Barbosa NV. Ebselen and Diphenyl Diselenide Inhibit SARS-CoV-2 Replication at Non-Toxic Concentrations to Human Cell Lines. Vaccines (Basel) 2023; 11:1222. [PMID: 37515038 PMCID: PMC10384302 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines11071222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2023] [Revised: 06/18/2023] [Accepted: 06/25/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
The novel severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) was the causative agent of the COVID-19 pandemic, a global public health problem. Despite the numerous studies for drug repurposing, there are only two FDA-approved antiviral agents (Remdesivir and Nirmatrelvir) for non-hospitalized patients with mild-to-moderate COVID-19 symptoms. Consequently, it is pivotal to search for new molecules with anti-SARS-CoV-2 activity and to study their effects in the human immune system. Ebselen (Eb) is an organoselenium compound that is safe for humans and has antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and antimicrobial properties. Diphenyl diselenide ((PhSe)2) shares several pharmacological properties with Eb and is of low toxicity to mammals. Herein, we investigated Eb and (PhSe)2 anti-SARS-CoV-2 activity in a human pneumocytes cell model (Calu-3) and analyzed their toxic effects on human peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs). Both compounds significantly inhibited the SARS-CoV-2 replication in Calu-3 cells. The EC50 values for Eb and (PhSe)2 after 24 h post-infection (hpi) were 3.8 µM and 3.9 µM, respectively, and after 48 hpi were 2.6 µM and 3.4 µM. These concentrations are safe for non-infected cells, since the CC50 values found for Eb and (PhSe)2 on Calu-3 were greater than 200 µM. Importantly, the concentration rates tested on viral replication were not toxic to human PBMCs. Therefore, our findings reinforce the efficacy of Eb and demonstrate (PhSe)2 as a new candidate to be tested in future trials against SARS-CoV-2 infection/inflammation conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guilherme Wildner
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Bioquímica Toxicológica, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Santa Maria 97105-900, RS, Brazil
| | - Amanda Resende Tucci
- Laboratório de Morfologia e Morfogênese Viral, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro 21041-250, RJ, Brazil
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biologia Celular e Molecular, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro 21041-250, RJ, Brazil
| | - Alessandro de Souza Prestes
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Bioquímica Toxicológica, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Santa Maria 97105-900, RS, Brazil
| | - Talise Muller
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Bioquímica Toxicológica, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Santa Maria 97105-900, RS, Brazil
| | - Alice Dos Santos Rosa
- Laboratório de Morfologia e Morfogênese Viral, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro 21041-250, RJ, Brazil
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biologia Celular e Molecular, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro 21041-250, RJ, Brazil
| | - Nathalia Roberto R Borba
- Laboratório de Morfologia e Morfogênese Viral, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro 21041-250, RJ, Brazil
| | - Vivian Neuza Ferreira
- Laboratório de Morfologia e Morfogênese Viral, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro 21041-250, RJ, Brazil
| | - João Batista Teixeira Rocha
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Bioquímica Toxicológica, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Santa Maria 97105-900, RS, Brazil
| | - Milene Dias Miranda
- Laboratório de Morfologia e Morfogênese Viral, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro 21041-250, RJ, Brazil
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biologia Celular e Molecular, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro 21041-250, RJ, Brazil
| | - Nilda Vargas Barbosa
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Bioquímica Toxicológica, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Santa Maria 97105-900, RS, Brazil
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Zmudzinski M, Rut W, Olech K, Granda J, Giurg M, Burda-Grabowska M, Kaleta R, Zgarbova M, Kasprzyk R, Zhang L, Sun X, Lv Z, Nayak D, Kesik-Brodacka M, Olsen SK, Weber J, Hilgenfeld R, Jemielity J, Drag M. Ebselen derivatives inhibit SARS-CoV-2 replication by inhibition of its essential proteins: PL pro and M pro proteases, and nsp14 guanine N7-methyltransferase. Sci Rep 2023; 13:9161. [PMID: 37280236 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-35907-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2022] [Accepted: 05/25/2023] [Indexed: 06/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Proteases encoded by SARS-CoV-2 constitute a promising target for new therapies against COVID-19. SARS-CoV-2 main protease (Mpro, 3CLpro) and papain-like protease (PLpro) are responsible for viral polyprotein cleavage-a process crucial for viral survival and replication. Recently it was shown that 2-phenylbenzisoselenazol-3(2H)-one (ebselen), an organoselenium anti-inflammatory small-molecule drug, is a potent, covalent inhibitor of both the proteases and its potency was evaluated in enzymatic and antiviral assays. In this study, we screened a collection of 34 ebselen and ebselen diselenide derivatives for SARS-CoV-2 PLpro and Mpro inhibitors. Our studies revealed that ebselen derivatives are potent inhibitors of both the proteases. We identified three PLpro and four Mpro inhibitors superior to ebselen. Independently, ebselen was shown to inhibit the N7-methyltransferase activity of SARS-CoV-2 nsp14 protein involved in viral RNA cap modification. Hence, selected compounds were also evaluated as nsp14 inhibitors. In the second part of our work, we employed 11 ebselen analogues-bis(2-carbamoylaryl)phenyl diselenides-in biological assays to evaluate their anti-SARS-CoV-2 activity in Vero E6 cells. We present their antiviral and cytoprotective activity and also low cytotoxicity. Our work shows that ebselen, its derivatives, and diselenide analogues constitute a promising platform for development of new antivirals targeting the SARS-CoV-2 virus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mikolaj Zmudzinski
- Department of Chemical Biology and Bioimaging, Wroclaw University of Science and Technology, Wyb. Wyspianskiego 27, 50-370, Wroclaw, Poland.
| | - Wioletta Rut
- Department of Chemical Biology and Bioimaging, Wroclaw University of Science and Technology, Wyb. Wyspianskiego 27, 50-370, Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Kamila Olech
- Department of Organic and Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Wroclaw University of Science and Technology, Wyb. Wyspianskiego 27, 50-370, Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Jarosław Granda
- Department of Organic and Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Wroclaw University of Science and Technology, Wyb. Wyspianskiego 27, 50-370, Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Mirosław Giurg
- Department of Organic and Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Wroclaw University of Science and Technology, Wyb. Wyspianskiego 27, 50-370, Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Małgorzata Burda-Grabowska
- Department of Organic and Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Wroclaw University of Science and Technology, Wyb. Wyspianskiego 27, 50-370, Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Rafał Kaleta
- Department of Organic and Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Wroclaw University of Science and Technology, Wyb. Wyspianskiego 27, 50-370, Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Michala Zgarbova
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Czech Academy of Sciences, Flemingovo Nám. 2, 16610, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Renata Kasprzyk
- Centre of New Technologies, University of Warsaw, Banacha 2C, 02-097, Warsaw, Poland
- College of Inter-Faculty Individual Studies in Mathematics and Natural Sciences, University of Warsaw, Banacha 2C, 02-097, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Linlin Zhang
- Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Lübeck, Ratzeburger Allee 160, 23562, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Xinyuanyuan Sun
- Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Lübeck, Ratzeburger Allee 160, 23562, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Zongyang Lv
- Department of Biochemistry and Structural Biology, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, 78229, USA
| | - Digant Nayak
- Department of Biochemistry and Structural Biology, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, 78229, USA
| | | | - Shaun K Olsen
- Department of Biochemistry and Structural Biology, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, 78229, USA
| | - Jan Weber
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Czech Academy of Sciences, Flemingovo Nám. 2, 16610, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Rolf Hilgenfeld
- Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Lübeck, Ratzeburger Allee 160, 23562, Lübeck, Germany
- German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Hamburg-Lübeck-Borstel-Riems Site, University of Lübeck, 23562, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Jacek Jemielity
- Centre of New Technologies, University of Warsaw, Banacha 2C, 02-097, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Marcin Drag
- Department of Chemical Biology and Bioimaging, Wroclaw University of Science and Technology, Wyb. Wyspianskiego 27, 50-370, Wroclaw, Poland.
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Pang X, Xu W, Liu Y, Li H, Chen L. The research progress of SARS-CoV-2 main protease inhibitors from 2020 to 2022. Eur J Med Chem 2023; 257:115491. [PMID: 37244162 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2023.115491] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2023] [Revised: 05/06/2023] [Accepted: 05/14/2023] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
The novel coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) has spread worldwide. The main protease (Mpro) of SARS-CoV-2 plays a central role in viral replication and transcription and represents an attractive drug target for fighting COVID-19. Many SARS-CoV-2 Mpro inhibitors have been reported, including covalent and noncovalent inhibitors. The SARS-CoV-2 Mpro inhibitor PF-07321332 (Nirmatrelvir) designed by Pfizer has been put on the market. This paper briefly introduces the structural characteristics of SARS-CoV-2 Mpro and summarizes the research progress of SARS-CoV-2 Mpro inhibitors from the aspects of drug repurposing and drug design. These information will provide a basis for the drug development of treating the infection of SARS-CoV-2 and even other coronaviruses in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaojing Pang
- Wuya College of Innovation, Key Laboratory of Structure-Based Drug Design & Discovery, Ministry of Education, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, 110016, China
| | - Wei Xu
- Institute of Structural Pharmacology & TCM Chemical Biology, College of Pharmacy, Fujian University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Fuzhou, 350122, China
| | - Yang Liu
- Wuya College of Innovation, Key Laboratory of Structure-Based Drug Design & Discovery, Ministry of Education, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, 110016, China
| | - Hua Li
- Wuya College of Innovation, Key Laboratory of Structure-Based Drug Design & Discovery, Ministry of Education, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, 110016, China; Institute of Structural Pharmacology & TCM Chemical Biology, College of Pharmacy, Fujian University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Fuzhou, 350122, China.
| | - Lixia Chen
- Wuya College of Innovation, Key Laboratory of Structure-Based Drug Design & Discovery, Ministry of Education, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, 110016, China.
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Kronenberger T, Laufer SA, Pillaiyar T. COVID-19 therapeutics: small-molecule drug development targeting SARS-CoV-2 main protease. Drug Discov Today 2023; 28:103579. [PMID: 37028502 PMCID: PMC10074736 DOI: 10.1016/j.drudis.2023.103579] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2022] [Revised: 03/14/2023] [Accepted: 03/28/2023] [Indexed: 04/09/2023]
Abstract
The severe acute respiratory syndrome-coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) is the causative factor behind the 2019 global coronavirus pandemic (COVID-19). The main protease, known as Mpro, is encoded by the viral genome and is essential for viral replication. It has also been an effective target for drug development. In this review, we discuss the rationale for inhibitors that specifically target SARS-CoV-2 Mpro. Small molecules and peptidomimetic inhibitors are two types of inhibitor with various modes of action and we focus here on novel inhibitors that were only discovered during the COVID-19 pandemic highlighting their binding modes and structures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thales Kronenberger
- Institute of Pharmacy, Pharmaceutical/Medicinal Chemistry and Tuebingen Center for Academic Drug Discovery, Eberhard Karls University Tübingen, Auf der Morgenstelle 8, 72076 Tübingen, Germany; School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, PO Box 1627, FI-70211 Kuopio, Finland; Cluster of Excellence iFIT (EXC 2180) 'Image-Guided and Functionally Instructed Tumor Therapies', University of Tübingen, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Stefan A Laufer
- Institute of Pharmacy, Pharmaceutical/Medicinal Chemistry and Tuebingen Center for Academic Drug Discovery, Eberhard Karls University Tübingen, Auf der Morgenstelle 8, 72076 Tübingen, Germany; Cluster of Excellence iFIT (EXC 2180) 'Image-Guided and Functionally Instructed Tumor Therapies', University of Tübingen, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Thanigaimalai Pillaiyar
- Institute of Pharmacy, Pharmaceutical/Medicinal Chemistry and Tuebingen Center for Academic Drug Discovery, Eberhard Karls University Tübingen, Auf der Morgenstelle 8, 72076 Tübingen, Germany.
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9
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Roldán-Peña JM, Puerta A, Dinić J, Jovanović Stojanov S, González-Bakker A, Hicke FJ, Mishra A, Piyasaengthong A, Maya I, Walton JW, Pešić M, Padrón JM, Fernández-Bolaños JG, López Ó. Biotinylated selenocyanates: Potent and selective cytostatic agents. Bioorg Chem 2023; 133:106410. [PMID: 36822000 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioorg.2023.106410] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2022] [Revised: 01/26/2023] [Accepted: 02/02/2023] [Indexed: 02/10/2023]
Abstract
Most of the currently available cytotoxic agents for tackling cancer are devoid of selectivity, thus causing severe side-effects. This situation stimulated us to develop new antiproliferative agents with enhanced affinity towards tumour cells. We focused our attention on novel chalcogen-containing compounds (thiosemicarbazones, disulfides, selenoureas, thio- and selenocyanates), and particularly on selenium derivatives, as it has been documented that this kind of compounds might act as prodrugs releasing selenium-based reactive species on tumour cells. Particularly interesting in terms of potency and selectivity was a pharmacophore comprised by a selenocyanato-alkyl fragment connected to a p-phenylenediamine residue, where the nature of the second amino moiety (free, Boc-protected, enamine-protected) provided a wide variety of antiproliferative activities, ranging from the low micromolar to the nanomolar values. The optimized structure was in turn conjugated through a peptide linkage with biotin (vitamin B7), a cellular growth promoter, whose receptor is overexpressed in numerous cancer cells; the purpose was to develop a selective vector towards malignant cells. Such biotinylated derivative behaved as a very strong antiproliferative agent, achieving GI50 values in the low nM range for most of the tested cancer cells; moreover, it was featured with an outstanding selectivity, with GI50 > 100 µM against human fibroblasts. Mechanistic studies on the mode of inhibition of the biotinylated selenocyanate revealed (Annexin-V assay) a remarkable increase in the number of apoptotic cells compared to the control experiment; moreover, depolarization of the mitochondrial membrane was detected by flow cytometry analysis, and with fluorescent microscopy, what supports the apoptotic cell death. Prior to the apoptotic events, cytostatic effects were observed against SW1573 cells using label-free cell-living imaging; therefore, tumour cell division was prevented. Multidrug resistant cell lines exhibited a reduced sensitivity towards the biotinylated selenocyanate, probably due to its P-gp-mediated efflux. Remarkably, antiproliferative levels could be restored by co-administration with tariquidar, a P-gp inhibitor; this approach can, therefore, overcome multidrug resistance mediated by the P-gp efflux system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jesús M Roldán-Peña
- Organic Chemistry Department, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Seville, PO box 1203, E-41071 Seville, Spain
| | - Adrián Puerta
- BioLab, Instituto Universitario de Bio-Orgánica "Antonio González" (IUBO-AG), Universidad de La Laguna, Astrofísico Francisco Sánchez 2, E-38206 La Laguna, Spain
| | - Jelena Dinić
- Institute for Biological Research "Siniša Stanković", National Institute of the Republic of Serbia, University of Belgrade, Despota Stefana 142, 11060 Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Sofija Jovanović Stojanov
- Institute for Biological Research "Siniša Stanković", National Institute of the Republic of Serbia, University of Belgrade, Despota Stefana 142, 11060 Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Aday González-Bakker
- BioLab, Instituto Universitario de Bio-Orgánica "Antonio González" (IUBO-AG), Universidad de La Laguna, Astrofísico Francisco Sánchez 2, E-38206 La Laguna, Spain
| | - Francisco J Hicke
- Organic Chemistry Department, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Seville, PO box 1203, E-41071 Seville, Spain
| | - Atreyee Mishra
- Department of Chemistry, Durham University, Lower Mountjoy, South Road, Durham DH1 3LE, UK
| | - Akkharadet Piyasaengthong
- Department of Chemistry, Durham University, Lower Mountjoy, South Road, Durham DH1 3LE, UK; Bioscience Program, Faculty of Science, Kasetsart University, Bangkok 10900, Chatuchak, Thailand
| | - Inés Maya
- Organic Chemistry Department, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Seville, PO box 1203, E-41071 Seville, Spain
| | - James W Walton
- Department of Chemistry, Durham University, Lower Mountjoy, South Road, Durham DH1 3LE, UK
| | - Milica Pešić
- Institute for Biological Research "Siniša Stanković", National Institute of the Republic of Serbia, University of Belgrade, Despota Stefana 142, 11060 Belgrade, Serbia.
| | - José M Padrón
- BioLab, Instituto Universitario de Bio-Orgánica "Antonio González" (IUBO-AG), Universidad de La Laguna, Astrofísico Francisco Sánchez 2, E-38206 La Laguna, Spain.
| | - José G Fernández-Bolaños
- Organic Chemistry Department, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Seville, PO box 1203, E-41071 Seville, Spain.
| | - Óscar López
- Organic Chemistry Department, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Seville, PO box 1203, E-41071 Seville, Spain.
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10
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Macegoniuk K, Tabor W, Mazzei L, Cianci M, Giurg M, Olech K, Burda-Grabowska M, Kaleta R, Grabowiecka A, Mucha A, Ciurli S, Berlicki Ł. Optimized Ebselen-Based Inhibitors of Bacterial Ureases with Nontypical Mode of Action. J Med Chem 2023; 66:2054-2063. [PMID: 36661843 PMCID: PMC9923736 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.2c01799] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Screening of 25 analogs of Ebselen, diversified at the N-aromatic residue, led to the identification of the most potent inhibitors of Sporosarcina pasteurii urease reported to date. The presence of a dihalogenated phenyl ring caused exceptional activity of these 1,2-benzisoselenazol-3(2H)-ones, with Ki value in a low picomolar range (<20 pM). The affinity was attributed to the increased π-π and π-cation interactions of the dihalogenated phenyl ring with αHis323 and αArg339 during the initial step of binding. Complementary biological studies with selected compounds on the inhibition of ureolysis in whole Proteus mirabilis cells showed a very good potency (IC50 < 25 nM in phosphate-buffered saline (PBS) buffer and IC90 < 50 nM in a urine model) for monosubstituted N-phenyl derivatives. The crystal structure of S. pasteurii urease inhibited by one of the most active analogs revealed the recurrent selenation of the Cys322 thiolate, yielding an unprecedented Cys322-S-Se-Se chemical moiety.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katarzyna Macegoniuk
- Department
of Bioorganic Chemistry, Wrocław University
of Science and Technology, Wybrzeże Wyspiańskiego 27, 50-370 Wrocław, Poland
| | - Wojciech Tabor
- Department
of Bioorganic Chemistry, Wrocław University
of Science and Technology, Wybrzeże Wyspiańskiego 27, 50-370 Wrocław, Poland
| | - Luca Mazzei
- Laboratory
of Bioinorganic Chemistry, Department of Pharmacy and Biotechnology
(FaBiT), University of Bologna, Viale Giuseppe Fanin 40, 40138 Bologna, Italy
| | - Michele Cianci
- Department
of Agricultural, Food and Environmental Sciences, Polytechnic University of Marche, Via Brecce Bianche 10, 60131 Ancona, Italy
| | - Mirosław Giurg
- Department
of Organic and Medicinal Chemistry, Wrocław
University of Science and Technology, Wybrzeże Wyspiańskiego 27, 50-370 Wrocław, Poland
| | - Kamila Olech
- Department
of Organic and Medicinal Chemistry, Wrocław
University of Science and Technology, Wybrzeże Wyspiańskiego 27, 50-370 Wrocław, Poland
| | - Małgorzata Burda-Grabowska
- Department
of Organic and Medicinal Chemistry, Wrocław
University of Science and Technology, Wybrzeże Wyspiańskiego 27, 50-370 Wrocław, Poland
| | - Rafał Kaleta
- Department
of Organic and Medicinal Chemistry, Wrocław
University of Science and Technology, Wybrzeże Wyspiańskiego 27, 50-370 Wrocław, Poland
| | - Agnieszka Grabowiecka
- Department
of Bioorganic Chemistry, Wrocław University
of Science and Technology, Wybrzeże Wyspiańskiego 27, 50-370 Wrocław, Poland
| | - Artur Mucha
- Department
of Bioorganic Chemistry, Wrocław University
of Science and Technology, Wybrzeże Wyspiańskiego 27, 50-370 Wrocław, Poland
| | - Stefano Ciurli
- Laboratory
of Bioinorganic Chemistry, Department of Pharmacy and Biotechnology
(FaBiT), University of Bologna, Viale Giuseppe Fanin 40, 40138 Bologna, Italy
| | - Łukasz Berlicki
- Department
of Bioorganic Chemistry, Wrocław University
of Science and Technology, Wybrzeże Wyspiańskiego 27, 50-370 Wrocław, Poland,. Phone: +48 71 320
3344. Fax: +48 71 320 2427
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11
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Sahoo P, Lenka DR, Batabyal M, Pain PK, Kumar S, Manna D, Kumar A. Detailed Insights into the Inhibitory Mechanism of New Ebselen Derivatives against Main Protease (M pro) of Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2). ACS Pharmacol Transl Sci 2022; 6:171-180. [PMID: 36650888 PMCID: PMC9797022 DOI: 10.1021/acsptsci.2c00203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
SARS-CoV-2 main protease (Mpro/3CLpro) is a crucial target for therapeutics, which is responsible for viral polyprotein cleavage and plays a vital role in virus replication and survival. Recent studies suggest that 2-phenylbenzisoselenazol-3(2H)-one (ebselen) is a potent covalent inhibitor of Mpro, which affects its enzymatic activity and virus survival. Herein, we synthesized various ebselen derivatives to understand the mechanism of Mpro inhibition by ebselen. Using ebselen derivatives, we characterized the detailed interaction mechanism with Mpro. We discovered that modification of the parent ebselen inhibitor with an electron-withdrawing group (NO2) increases the inhibition efficacy by 2-fold. We also solved the structure of an Mpro complex with an ebselen derivative showing the mechanism of inhibition by blocking the catalytic Cys145 of Mpro. Using a combination of crystal structures and LC-MS data, we showed that Mpro hydrolyzes the new ebselen derivative and leaves behind selenium (Se) bound with Cys145 of the catalytic dyad of Mpro. We also described the binding profile of ebselen-based inhibitors using molecular modeling predictions supported by binding and inhibition assays. Furthermore, we have also solved the crystal structure of catalytically inactive mutant H41N-Mpro, which represents the inactive state of the protein where the substrate binding pocket is blocked. The inhibited structure of H41N-Mpro shows gatekeeper residues in the substrate binding pocket responsible for blocking the substrate binding; mutation of these gatekeeper residues leads to hyperactive Mpro.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pritiranjan Sahoo
- Department
of Biological Sciences, Indian Institute
of Science Education and Research (IISER) Bhopal, Bhopal, Madhya Pradesh 462066, India
| | - Dipti Ranjan Lenka
- Department
of Biological Sciences, Indian Institute
of Science Education and Research (IISER) Bhopal, Bhopal, Madhya Pradesh 462066, India
| | - Monojit Batabyal
- Department
of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Science
Education and Research (IISER) Bhopal, Bhopal, Madhya Pradesh 462066, India
| | - Pritam Kumar Pain
- Department
of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Science
Education and Research (IISER) Bhopal, Bhopal, Madhya Pradesh 462066, India
| | - Sangit Kumar
- Department
of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Science
Education and Research (IISER) Bhopal, Bhopal, Madhya Pradesh 462066, India
| | - Debasish Manna
- Department
of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Science
Education and Research (IISER) Bhopal, Bhopal, Madhya Pradesh 462066, India
| | - Atul Kumar
- Department
of Biological Sciences, Indian Institute
of Science Education and Research (IISER) Bhopal, Bhopal, Madhya Pradesh 462066, India,
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12
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Hu Q, Xiong Y, Zhu GH, Zhang YN, Zhang YW, Huang P, Ge GB. The SARS-CoV-2 main protease (M pro): Structure, function, and emerging therapies for COVID-19. MedComm (Beijing) 2022; 3:e151. [PMID: 35845352 PMCID: PMC9283855 DOI: 10.1002/mco2.151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2022] [Revised: 06/06/2022] [Accepted: 06/06/2022] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The main proteases (Mpro), also termed 3‐chymotrypsin‐like proteases (3CLpro), are a class of highly conserved cysteine hydrolases in β‐coronaviruses. Increasing evidence has demonstrated that 3CLpros play an indispensable role in viral replication and have been recognized as key targets for preventing and treating coronavirus‐caused infectious diseases, including COVID‐19. This review is focused on the structural features and biological function of the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS‐CoV‐2) main protease Mpro (also known as 3CLpro), as well as recent advances in discovering and developing SARS‐CoV‐2 3CLpro inhibitors. To better understand the characteristics of SARS‐CoV‐2 3CLpro inhibitors, the inhibition activities, inhibitory mechanisms, and key structural features of various 3CLpro inhibitors (including marketed drugs, peptidomimetic, and non‐peptidomimetic synthetic compounds, as well as natural compounds and their derivatives) are summarized comprehensively. Meanwhile, the challenges in this field are highlighted, while future directions for designing and developing efficacious 3CLpro inhibitors as novel anti‐coronavirus therapies are also proposed. Collectively, all information and knowledge presented here are very helpful for understanding the structural features and inhibitory mechanisms of SARS‐CoV‐2 3CLpro inhibitors, which offers new insights or inspiration to medicinal chemists for designing and developing more efficacious 3CLpro inhibitors as novel anti‐coronavirus agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qing Hu
- Shanghai Frontiers Science Center of TCM Chemical Biology Institute of Interdisciplinary Integrative Medicine Research Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine Shanghai China.,Clinical Pharmacy Center Cancer Center Department of Pharmacy Zhejiang Provincial People's Hospital Affiliated People's Hospital Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou Zhejiang China
| | - Yuan Xiong
- Shanghai Frontiers Science Center of TCM Chemical Biology Institute of Interdisciplinary Integrative Medicine Research Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine Shanghai China
| | - Guang-Hao Zhu
- Shanghai Frontiers Science Center of TCM Chemical Biology Institute of Interdisciplinary Integrative Medicine Research Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine Shanghai China
| | - Ya-Ni Zhang
- Shanghai Frontiers Science Center of TCM Chemical Biology Institute of Interdisciplinary Integrative Medicine Research Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine Shanghai China
| | - Yi-Wen Zhang
- Clinical Pharmacy Center Cancer Center Department of Pharmacy Zhejiang Provincial People's Hospital Affiliated People's Hospital Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou Zhejiang China
| | - Ping Huang
- Clinical Pharmacy Center Cancer Center Department of Pharmacy Zhejiang Provincial People's Hospital Affiliated People's Hospital Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou Zhejiang China
| | - Guang-Bo Ge
- Shanghai Frontiers Science Center of TCM Chemical Biology Institute of Interdisciplinary Integrative Medicine Research Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine Shanghai China
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13
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Li H, Yuan S, Wei X, Sun H. Metal-based strategies for the fight against COVID-19. Chem Commun (Camb) 2022; 58:7466-7482. [PMID: 35730442 DOI: 10.1039/d2cc01772e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
The emerging COVID-19 pandemic caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) has claimed over six million lives globally to date. Despite the availability of vaccines, the pandemic still cannot be fully controlled owing to rapid mutation of the virus that renders enhanced transmissibility and antibody evasion. This is thus an unmet need to develop safe and effective therapeutic options for COVID-19, in particular, remedies that can be used at home. Considering the great success of multi-targeted cocktail therapy for the treatment of viral infections, metal-based drugs might represent a unique and new source of antivirals that resemble a cocktail therapy in terms of their mode of actions. In this review, we first summarize the role that metal ions played in SARS-CoV-2 viral replication and pathogenesis, then highlight the chemistry of metal-based strategies in the fight against SARS-CoV-2 infection, including both metal displacement and chelation based approaches. Finally, we outline a perspective and direction on how to design and develop metal-based antivirals for the fight against the current or future coronavirus pandemic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongyan Li
- Department of Chemistry, State Key Laboratory of Synthetic Chemistry and CAS-HKU Joint Laboratory of Metallomics on Health and Environment, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong SAR, China.
| | - Shuofeng Yuan
- Department of Microbiology and State Key Laboratory of Emerging Infectious Diseases, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Xueying Wei
- Department of Chemistry, State Key Laboratory of Synthetic Chemistry and CAS-HKU Joint Laboratory of Metallomics on Health and Environment, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong SAR, China. .,Department of Microbiology and State Key Laboratory of Emerging Infectious Diseases, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Hongzhe Sun
- Department of Chemistry, State Key Laboratory of Synthetic Chemistry and CAS-HKU Joint Laboratory of Metallomics on Health and Environment, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong SAR, China.
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14
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Tan H, Hu Y, Jadhav P, Tan B, Wang J. Progress and Challenges in Targeting the SARS-CoV-2 Papain-like Protease. J Med Chem 2022; 65:7561-7580. [PMID: 35620927 PMCID: PMC9159073 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.2c00303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2022] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
SARS-CoV-2 is the causative agent of the COVID-19 pandemic. The approval of vaccines and small-molecule antivirals is vital in combating the pandemic. The viral polymerase inhibitors remdesivir and molnupiravir and the viral main protease inhibitor nirmatrelvir/ritonavir have been approved by the U.S. FDA. However, the emergence of variants of concern/interest calls for additional antivirals with novel mechanisms of action. The SARS-CoV-2 papain-like protease (PLpro) mediates the cleavage of viral polyprotein and modulates the host's innate immune response upon viral infection, rendering it a promising antiviral drug target. This Perspective highlights major achievements in structure-based design and high-throughput screening of SARS-CoV-2 PLpro inhibitors since the beginning of the pandemic. Encouraging progress includes the design of non-covalent PLpro inhibitors with favorable pharmacokinetic properties and the first-in-class covalent PLpro inhibitors. In addition, we offer our opinion on the knowledge gaps that need to be filled to advance PLpro inhibitors to the clinic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haozhou Tan
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Ernest Mario School of Pharmacy, Rutgers, the State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, New Jersey 08854, United States
| | - Yanmei Hu
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Ernest Mario School of Pharmacy, Rutgers, the State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, New Jersey 08854, United States
| | - Prakash Jadhav
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Ernest Mario School of Pharmacy, Rutgers, the State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, New Jersey 08854, United States
| | - Bin Tan
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Ernest Mario School of Pharmacy, Rutgers, the State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, New Jersey 08854, United States
| | - Jun Wang
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Ernest Mario School of Pharmacy, Rutgers, the State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, New Jersey 08854, United States
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15
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Advances in the Development of SARS-CoV-2 Mpro Inhibitors. MOLECULES (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 27:molecules27082523. [PMID: 35458721 PMCID: PMC9026863 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27082523] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2022] [Revised: 04/11/2022] [Accepted: 04/12/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Since the outbreak of COVID-19, one of the strategies used to search for new drugs has been to find inhibitors of the main protease (Mpro) of the virus SARS-CoV-2. Initially, previously reported inhibitors of related proteases such as the main proteases of SARS-CoV and MERS-CoV were tested. A huge effort was then carried out by the scientific community to design, synthesize and test new small molecules acting as inactivators of SARS-CoV-2 Mpro. From the chemical structure view, these compounds can be classified into two main groups: one corresponds to modified peptides displaying an adequate sequence for high affinity and a reactive warhead; and the second is a diverse group including chemical compounds that do not have a peptide framework. Although a drug including a SARS-CoV-2 main protease inhibitor has already been commercialized, denoting the importance of this field, more compounds have been demonstrated to be promising potent inhibitors as potential antiviral drugs.
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16
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Zhu J, Zhang H, Lin Q, Lyu J, Lu L, Chen H, Zhang X, Zhang Y, Chen K. Progress on SARS-CoV-2 3CLpro Inhibitors: Inspiration from SARS-CoV 3CLpro Peptidomimetics and Small-Molecule Anti-Inflammatory Compounds. Drug Des Devel Ther 2022; 16:1067-1082. [PMID: 35450403 PMCID: PMC9015912 DOI: 10.2147/dddt.s359009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2022] [Accepted: 03/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) currently poses a threat to human health. 3C-like proteinase (3CLpro) plays an important role in the viral life cycle. Hence, it is considered an attractive antiviral target protein. Whole-genome sequencing showed that the sequence homology between SARS-CoV-2 3CLpro and SARS-CoV 3CLpro is 96.08%, with high similarity in the substrate-binding region. Thus, assessing peptidomimetic inhibitors of SARS-CoV 3CLpro could accelerate the development of peptidomimetic inhibitors for SARS-CoV-2 3CLpro. Accordingly, we herein discuss progress on SARS-CoV-2 3CLpro peptidomimetic inhibitors. Inflammation plays a major role in the pathophysiological process of COVID-19. Small-molecule compounds targeting 3CLpro with both antiviral and anti-inflammatory effects are also briefly discussed in this paper.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiajie Zhu
- Shulan International Medical College, Zhejiang Shuren University, Hangzhou, People’s Republic of China
| | - Haiyan Zhang
- Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, People’s Republic of China
| | - Qinghong Lin
- Shulan International Medical College, Zhejiang Shuren University, Hangzhou, People’s Republic of China
| | - Jingting Lyu
- Shulan International Medical College, Zhejiang Shuren University, Hangzhou, People’s Republic of China
| | - Lu Lu
- Shulan International Medical College, Zhejiang Shuren University, Hangzhou, People’s Republic of China
| | - Hanxi Chen
- Shulan International Medical College, Zhejiang Shuren University, Hangzhou, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xuning Zhang
- Shulan International Medical College, Zhejiang Shuren University, Hangzhou, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yanjun Zhang
- Zhejiang Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Hangzhou, People’s Republic of China
| | - Keda Chen
- Shulan International Medical College, Zhejiang Shuren University, Hangzhou, People’s Republic of China
- Correspondence: Keda Chen, Shulan International Medical College, Zhejiang Shuren University, Hangzhou, People’s Republic of China, Tel +8615068129828, Email ; Yanjun Zhang, Zhejiang Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Hangzhou, People’s Republic of China, Tel +8613858115856, Fax +86057188280783, Email
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17
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Synthesis and crystal structures of new mixed-ligand Schiff base complexes containing N-donor heterocyclic co-ligands: molecular docking and pharmacophore modeling studies on the main proteases of SARS-CoV-2 virus (COVID-19 disease). Polyhedron 2022; 220:115825. [PMID: 35399322 PMCID: PMC8978451 DOI: 10.1016/j.poly.2022.115825] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2022] [Accepted: 04/01/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022]
Abstract
Three new mixed-ligand copper(II) complexes (1–3) with NN'O type unsymmetrical tridentate Schiff base ligands (SB) and N-donor heterocyclic co-ligands, with general formula [Cu(SB)(L)]ClO4, were synthesized and characterized using single crystal x-ray diffraction (SCXRD), FT-IR and UV–Vis spectroscopy and elemental analyses. The SB ligand is the half-unit form of the condensation of 1,3-propanediamine with 5-methoxysalicylaldehyde and the co-ligands (L) are pyridine (py in (1)), 2,2′-bipyridine (bpy in (2)) and 1,10-phenanthroline (phen in (3)). Crystal structures of (2) and (3) were obtained by SCXRD. Molecular docking and pharmacophore studies were performed to study the interactions between the synthesized complexes and SARS-CoV-2 virus main proteases (PDB IDs: 6LU7, 6WQF and 6W9C). Results revealed that complex (3) with phen co-ligand showed better docking scores with the three receptors, i.e. 6LU7 (−8.05 kcal.mol−1), 6W9C (−7.70 kcal.mol−1) and 6WQF (−7.75 kcal.mol−1). The order of the binding best energies for (3) was also as follows: 6LU7 > 6WQF > 6W9C. All of the studied complexes showed considerable performance, comparable to the standard drug, Favipiravir.
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18
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Zhang Q, Liu G, Ou L. Electrochemical Biosensor for the Detection of SARS-CoV-2 Main Protease and Its Inhibitor Ebselen. INT J ELECTROCHEM SC 2022; 17:220421. [PMID: 37359208 PMCID: PMC10276345 DOI: 10.20964/2022.04.19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2021] [Accepted: 01/24/2022] [Indexed: 10/14/2023]
Abstract
This work reported an electrochemical method for the detection of SARS-CoV-2 major protease (Mpro). Specifically, ferrocene (Fc)-labeled peptide substrates were immobilized on the gold nanoparticles (AuNPs)-modified electrode. Cleavage of the peptides by Mpro led to the release of Fc tags and the decrease of the electrochemical signals. The analytical performance of the biosensor for analysis of Mpro was investigated. Inhibiting the activity of Mpro prevented the cleavage of the peptide substrates. The method was successfully used to evaluate the inhibition efficiency of a well-known inhibitor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiongyu Zhang
- School of Fundamental Sciences, Yongzhou Vocational Technical College, Yongzhou 425100, Hunan, People's Republic of China
| | - Gang Liu
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Anyang Normal University, Anyang 455000, Henan, People's Republic of China
| | - Lingbin Ou
- School of Fundamental Sciences, Yongzhou Vocational Technical College, Yongzhou 425100, Hunan, People's Republic of China
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