Synthesis and characterization of a new Positron emission tomography probe for orexin 2 receptors neuroimaging

Structure-Affinity-Pharmacokinetics Relationships of Novel 18F-Labeled 1,4-Diazepane Derivatives for Orexin 1 Receptor Imaging

The orexin 1 receptor (OX1R) has been suggested to be involved in the reward and autonomic nervous systems. Positron emission tomography (PET) of OX1R contributes to elucidating its role and developing new drugs. However, there are no useful PET probes for in vivo imaging of OX1R. Here, we newly designed and synthesized 18F-labeled 1,4-diazepane derivatives and evaluated their utilities as OX1R PET probes. In particular, BTF showed high and selective binding affinity for OX1R. In a biodistribution study using normal mice, [18F]BTF exhibited brain uptake, and radioactivity in the brain was significantly decreased by preinjection of unlabeled BTF. In a PET/CT study, it was suggested that [18F]BTF has the potential to visualize high-expression regions of OX1R in the normal mouse brain. Collectively, [18F]BTF has the fundamental features of an OX1R PET probe, and further studies may lead to the development of more useful probes.

Heteroaryl derivatives of suvorexant as OX1R selective PET ligand candidates: Cu-mediated 18F-fluorination of boroxines, in vitro and initial in vivo evaluation

BACKGROUND

The orexin receptor (OXR) plays a role in drug addiction and is aberrantly expressed in colorectal tumors. Subtype-selective OXR PET ligands suitable for in vivo use have not yet been reported. This work reports the development of 18F-labeled OXR PET ligand candidates derived from the OXR antagonist suvorexant and the OX1R-selective antagonist JH112.

RESULTS

Computational analysis predicted that fluorine substitution (1e) and introduction of the fluorobenzothiazole scaffold (1f) would be suitable for maintaining high OX1R affinity. After multi-step synthesis of 1a-1f, in vitro OXR binding studies confirmed the molecular dynamics calculations and revealed single-digit nanomolar OX1R affinities for 1a-f, ranging from 0.69 to 2.5 nM. The benzothiazole 1f showed high OX1R affinity (Ki = 0.69 nM), along with 77-fold subtype selectivity over OX2R. Cu-mediated 18F-fluorination of boroxine precursors allowed for a shortened reaction time of 5 min to provide the non-selective OXR ligand [18F]1c and its selective OX1R congener [18F]1f in activity yields of 14% and 22%, respectively, within a total synthesis time of 52-76 min. [18F]1c and [18F]1f were stable in plasma and serum in vitro, with logD7.4 of 2.28 ([18F]1c) and 2.37 ([18F]1f), and high plasma protein binding of 66% and 77%, respectively. Dynamic PET imaging in rats showed similar brain uptake of [18F]1c (0.17%ID/g) and [18F]1f (0.15%ID/g). However, preinjection of suvorexant did not significantly block [18F]1c or [18F]1f uptake in the rat brain. Pretreatment with cyclosporine A to study the role of P-glycoprotein (P-gp) in limiting brain accumulation moderately increased brain uptake of [18F]1c and [18F]1f. Accordingly, in vitro experiments demonstrated that the P-gp inhibitor zosuquidar only moderately inhibited polarized, basal to apical transport of 1c (p < 0.05) and had no effect on the transport of 1f, indicating that P-gp does not play a relevant role in brain accumulation of [18F]1c and [18F]1f in vivo.

CONCLUSIONS

The in vitro and in vivo results of [18F]1c and [18F]1f provide a solid basis for further development of suitable OXR PET ligands for brain imaging.

Structure-guided discovery of orexin receptor-binding PET ligands

Molecular imaging using positron emission tomography (PET) can serve as a promising tool for visualizing biological targets in the brain. Insights into the expression pattern and the in vivo imaging of the G protein-coupled orexin receptors OX1R and OX2R will further our understanding of the orexin system and its role in various physiological and pathophysiological processes. Guided by crystal structures of our lead compound JH112 and the approved hypnotic drug suvorexant bound to OX1R and OX2R, respectively, we herein describe the design and synthesis of two novel radioligands, [18F]KD23 and [18F]KD10. Key to the success of our structural modifications was a bioisosteric replacement of the triazole moiety with a fluorophenyl group. The 19F-substituted analog KD23 showed high affinity for the OX1R and selectivity over OX2R, while the high affinity ligand KD10 displayed similar Ki values for both subtypes. Radiolabeling starting from the respective pinacol ester precursors resulted in excellent radiochemical yields of 93% and 88% for [18F]KD23 and [18F]KD10, respectively, within 20 min. The new compounds will be useful in PET studies aimed at subtype-selective imaging of orexin receptors in brain tissue.

Emerging and upcoming therapies in insomnia

Insomnia, commonly treated with benzodiazepine (BZD) receptor agonists, presents challenges due to associated serious side effects such as abuse and dependence. To address these concerns, many researches have been conducted to develop and advance both pharmacological and non-pharmacological interventions. Dual orexin receptor antagonists (DORAs), which include suvorexant, daridorexant and lemborexant, have recently been approved by United States Food and Drug Administration (US FDA) as a novel pharmacotherapeutic alternative. Unlike BZD receptor agonists that act as positive allosteric modulators of the gamma-aminobutyric acid type A subunit alpha 1 receptor, DORAs function by binding to both orexin receptor types 1 and 2, and inhibiting the action of the wake-promoting orexin neuropeptide. These drugs induce normal sleep without sleep stage change, do not impair attention and memory performance, and facilitate easier awakening. However, more real-world safety information is needed. Selective orexin-2 receptor antagonists (2-SORAs) is under clinical developments. This review provides an overview of the mechanism of action in relation to insomnia, pharmacokinetics, efficacy and safety information of DORAs and SORA. According to insomnia management guidelines, the first-line treatment for chronic insomnia is cognitive behavioral therapy for insomnia (CBT-I). Although it has proven effective in improving sleep-related quality of life, it has several restrictions limitations due to a face-to-face format. Recently, prescription digital therapy such as Somryst® was approved by US FDA. Somryst®, a smartphone app-based CBT-I, demonstrated meaningful responses in patients. However, digital limitations may impact scalability. Overall, these developments offer promising alternatives for insomnia treatment, emphasizing safety, efficacy, and accessibility.

Synthesis and Characterization of a New Carbon-11 Labeled Positron Emission Tomography Radiotracer for Orexin 2 Receptors Neuroimaging

Purpose

Orexin receptors (OXRs) play a crucial role in modulating various physiological and neuropsychiatric functions within the central nervous system (CNS). Despite their significance, the precise role of OXRs in the brain remains elusive. Positron emission tomography (PET) imaging is instrumental in unraveling CNS functions, and the development of specific PET tracers for OXRs is a current research focus.

Methods

The study investigated MDK-5220, an OX2R-selective agonist with promising binding properties (EC50 on OX2R: 0.023 μM, Ki on hOX2R: 0.14 μM). Synthesized and characterized as an OX2R PET probe, [11C]MDK-5220 was evaluated for its potential as a tracer. Biodistribution studies in mice were conducted to assess OX2R binding selectivity, with particular attention to its interaction with P-glycoprotein (P-gp) on the blood-brain barrier.

Results

[11C]MDK-5220 exhibited promising attributes as an OX2R PET probe, demonstrating robust OX2R binding selectivity in biodistribution studies. However, an observed interaction with P-gp impacted its brain uptake. Despite this limitation, [11C]MDK-5220 presents itself as a potential candidate for further development.

Discussion

The study provides insights into the functionality of the OX system and the potential of [11C]MDK-5220 as an OX2R PET probe. The observed interaction with P-gp highlights a consideration for future modifications to enhance brain uptake. The findings pave the way for innovative tracer development and propel ongoing research on OX systems, contributing to a deeper understanding of their role in the CNS.

Conclusion

[11C]MDK-5220 emerges as a promising OX2R PET probe, despite challenges related to P-gp interaction. This study lays the foundation for further exploration and development of PET probes targeting OXRs, opening avenues for advancing our understanding of OX system functionality within the brain.

Targeting orexin receptors: Recent advances in the development of subtype selective or dual ligands for the treatment of neuropsychiatric disorders

Orexin-A and orexin-B, also named hypocretin-1 and hypocretin-2, are two hypothalamic neuropeptides highly conserved across mammalian species. Their effects are mediated by two distinct G protein-coupled receptors, namely orexin receptor type 1 (OX1-R) and type 2 (OX2-R), which share 64% amino acid identity. Given the wide expression of OX-Rs in different central nervous system and peripheral areas and the several pathophysiological functions in which they are involved, including sleep-wake cycle regulation (mainly mediated by OX2-R), emotion, panic-like behaviors, anxiety/stress, food intake, and energy homeostasis (mainly mediated by OX1-R), both subtypes represent targets of interest for many structure-activity relationship (SAR) campaigns carried out by pharmaceutical companies and academies. However, before 2017 the research was predominantly directed towards dual-orexin ligands, and limited chemotypes were investigated. Analytical characterizations, including resolved structures for both OX1-R and OX2-R in complex with agonists and antagonists, have improved the understanding of the molecular basis of receptor recognition and are assets for medicinal chemists in the design of subtype-selective ligands. This review is focused on the medicinal chemistry aspects of small molecules acting as dual or subtype selective OX1-R/OX2-R agonists and antagonists belonging to different chemotypes and developed in the last years, including radiolabeled OX-R ligands for molecular imaging. Moreover, the pharmacological effects of the most studied ligands in different neuropsychiatric diseases, such as sleep, mood, substance use, and eating disorders, as well as pain, have been discussed. Poly-pharmacology applications and multitarget ligands have also been considered.

Characteristics of Seltorexant-Innovative Agent Targeting Orexin System for the Treatment of Depression and Anxiety

Twenty-five years have passed since the discovery of the orexin system, during which time we have learned more and more about it. A number of studies have been conducted showing the role of the orexin system in insomnia, as well as its potential use in the treatment of obesity and depression. In this review, we present the role of the orexin system in the development of depressive illness and show the characteristics of seltorexant, a potential drug for the treatment of depression. This review describes the structure and synthesis of the compound as well as its pharmacodynamics and pharmacokinetics. Pre-clinical and clinical studies are also described, including side effects. There is evidence that the use of seltorexant is considered safe, with no clear or major clinically significant side effects, which makes it a promising candidate for the treatment of depression and anxiety disorders.

Synthesis and Characterization of Novel Radioiodinated Triazole-Pyrolidine Derivative to Detect Orexin 2 Receptor in the Brain

It is generally accepted that the orexin 2 receptor (OX₂R) plays a critical role in the arousal-promoting function, and in vivo imaging of OX₂R is expected to contribute to elucidation of orexin systems and the development of drugs to treat sleep disorder. In this study, we newly synthesized and characterized a radioiodinated triazole-pyrolidine derivative ([¹²⁵I]TPI) to detect OX₂R in the brain. In vitro studies using OX₁R or OX₂R expression cells showed selective binding of [¹²⁵I]TPI to OX₂R. In addition, in vitro autoradiography using rat brain sections showed high accumulation of radioactivity in the OX₂R expression region. However, [¹²⁵I]TPI showed low brain uptake in normal mice. These results suggest that [¹²⁵I]TPI has a fundamental character to detect OX₂R in vitro, but further structural modification to improve brain pharmacokinetics is required to use it for in vivo detection of OX₂R.