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Hefny SM, El-Moselhy TF, El-Din N, Ammara A, Angeli A, Ferraroni M, El-Dessouki AM, Shaldam MA, Yahya G, Al-Karmalawy AA, Supuran CT, Tawfik HO. A new framework for novel analogues of pazopanib as potent and selective human carbonic anhydrase inhibitors: Design, repurposing rational, synthesis, crystallographic, in vivo and in vitro biological assessments. Eur J Med Chem 2024; 274:116527. [PMID: 38810335 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2024.116527] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2024] [Revised: 05/14/2024] [Accepted: 05/21/2024] [Indexed: 05/31/2024]
Abstract
Herein, we describe the design and synthesis of novel aryl pyrimidine benzenesulfonamides APBSs 5a-n, 6a-c, 7a-b, and 8 as pazopanib analogues to explore new potent and selective inhibitors for the CA IX. All APBSs were examined in vitro for their promising inhibition activity against a small panel of hCAs (isoforms I, II, IX, and XII). The X-ray crystal structure of CA I in adduct with a representative APBS analogue was solved. APBS-5m, endowed with the best hCA IX inhibitory efficacy and selectivity, was evaluated for antiproliferative activity against a small panel of different cancer cell lines, SK-MEL-173, MDA-MB-231, A549, HCT-116, and HeLa, and it demonstrated one-digit IC50 values range from 2.93 μM (MDA-MB-231) to 5.86 μM (A549). Furthermore, compound APBS-5m was evaluated for its influence on hypoxia-inducible factor (HIF-1α) production, apoptosis induction, and colony formation in MDA-MB-231 cancer cells. The in vivo efficacy of APBS-5m as an antitumor agent was additionally investigated in an animal model of Solid Ehrlich Carcinoma (SEC). In order to offer perceptions into the conveyed hCA IX inhibitory efficacy and selectivity in silico, a molecular docking investigation was also carried out.
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Affiliation(s)
- Salma M Hefny
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tanta University, Tanta, 31527, Egypt.
| | - Tarek F El-Moselhy
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tanta University, Tanta, 31527, Egypt
| | - Nabaweya El-Din
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tanta University, Tanta, 31527, Egypt
| | - Andrea Ammara
- Department of NEUROFARBA, Section of Pharmaceutical and Nutraceutical Sciences, University of Florence, Polo, Scientifico, Via U. Schiff 6, 50019, Sesto Fiorentino, Firenze, Italy
| | - Andrea Angeli
- Department of NEUROFARBA, Section of Pharmaceutical and Nutraceutical Sciences, University of Florence, Polo, Scientifico, Via U. Schiff 6, 50019, Sesto Fiorentino, Firenze, Italy
| | - Marta Ferraroni
- University of Florence, Department of Chemistry, Via della Lastruccia, 50019, Sesto Fiorentino, Italy
| | - Ahmed M El-Dessouki
- Pharmacology and Toxicology Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Ahram Canadian University, 6th of October City, Giza, 12566, Egypt
| | - Moataz A Shaldam
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Kafrelsheikh University, Kafrelsheikh, 33516, Egypt
| | - Galal Yahya
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Zagazig University, Al Sharqia, 44519, Egypt; Molecular Biology Institute of Barcelona, Spanish National Research Council (IBMB-CSIC), 08028, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Ahmed A Al-Karmalawy
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Horus University-Egypt, New Damietta, 34518, Egypt; Pharmaceutical Chemistry Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Ahram Canadian University, 6th of October City, Giza, 12566, Egypt
| | - Claudiu T Supuran
- Department of NEUROFARBA, Section of Pharmaceutical and Nutraceutical Sciences, University of Florence, Polo, Scientifico, Via U. Schiff 6, 50019, Sesto Fiorentino, Firenze, Italy.
| | - Haytham O Tawfik
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tanta University, Tanta, 31527, Egypt.
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Ronca R, Supuran CT. Carbonic anhydrase IX: An atypical target for innovative therapies in cancer. Biochim Biophys Acta Rev Cancer 2024; 1879:189120. [PMID: 38801961 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbcan.2024.189120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2023] [Revised: 05/14/2024] [Accepted: 05/19/2024] [Indexed: 05/29/2024]
Abstract
Carbonic anhydrases (CAs), are metallo-enzymes implicated in several pathophysiological processes where tissue pH regulation is required. CA IX is a tumor-associated CA isoform induced by hypoxia and involved in the adaptation of tumor cells to acidosis. Indeed, several tumor-driving pathways can induce CA IX expression, and this in turn has been associated to cancer cells invasion and metastatic features as well as to induction of stem-like features, drug resistance and recurrence. After its functional and structural characterization CA IX targeting approaches have been developed to inhibit its activity in neoplastic tissues, and to date this field has seen an incredible acceleration in terms of therapeutic options and biological readouts. Small molecules inhibitors, hybrid/dual targeting drugs, targeting antibodies and adoptive (CAR-T based) cell therapy have been developed at preclinical level, whereas a sulfonamide CA IX inhibitor and an antibody entered Phase Ib/II clinical trials for the treatment and imaging of different solid tumors. Here recent advances on CA IX biology and pharmacology in cancer, and its therapeutic targeting will be discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roberto Ronca
- Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine, University of Brescia, Viale Europa 11, 25123 Brescia, Italy; Consorzio Interuniversitario per le Biotecnologie (CIB), Italy.
| | - Claudiu T Supuran
- NEUROFARBA Department, Sezione di Scienze Farmaceutiche e Nutraceutiche, University of Florence, Florence 50019, Italy.
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Denner TC, Heise NV, Al-Harrasi A, Csuk R. Synthesis and Enzymatic Evaluation of a Small Library of Substituted Phenylsulfonamido-Alkyl Sulfamates towards Carbonic Anhydrase II. Molecules 2024; 29:3015. [PMID: 38998967 PMCID: PMC11243685 DOI: 10.3390/molecules29133015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2024] [Revised: 06/19/2024] [Accepted: 06/20/2024] [Indexed: 07/14/2024] Open
Abstract
A small library of 79 substituted phenylsulfonamidoalkyl sulfamates, 1b-79b, was synthesized starting from arylsulfonyl chlorides and amino alcohols with different numbers of methylene groups between the hydroxyl and amino moieties yielding intermediates 1a-79a, followed by the reaction of the latter with sulfamoyl chloride. All compounds were screened for their inhibitory activity on bovine carbonic anhydrase II. Compounds 1a-79a showed no inhibition of the enzyme, in contrast to sulfamates 1b-79b. Thus, the inhibitory potential of compounds 1b-79b towards this enzyme depends on the substituent and the substitution pattern of the phenyl group as well as the length of the spacer. Bulkier substituents in the para position proved to be better for inhibiting CAII than compounds with the same substituent in the meta or ortho position. For many substitution patterns, compounds with shorter spacer lengths were superior to those with long chain spacers. Compounds with shorter spacer lengths performed better than those with longer chain spacers for a variety of substitution patterns. The most active compound held inhibition constant as low as Ki = 0.67 μM (for 49b) and a tert-butyl substituent in para position and acted as a competitive inhibitor of the enzyme.
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Affiliation(s)
- Toni C Denner
- Organic Chemistry, Martin-Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Kurt-Mothes, Str. 2, D-06120 Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - Niels V Heise
- Organic Chemistry, Martin-Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Kurt-Mothes, Str. 2, D-06120 Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - Ahmed Al-Harrasi
- Natural & Medical Sciences Research Center, University of Nizwa, Nizwa 616, Oman
| | - René Csuk
- Organic Chemistry, Martin-Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Kurt-Mothes, Str. 2, D-06120 Halle (Saale), Germany
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Chen H, Tang Z, Yang Y, Hao Y, Chen W. Recent Advances in Photoswitchable Fluorescent and Colorimetric Probes. Molecules 2024; 29:2521. [PMID: 38893396 PMCID: PMC11173890 DOI: 10.3390/molecules29112521] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2024] [Revised: 05/24/2024] [Accepted: 05/25/2024] [Indexed: 06/21/2024] Open
Abstract
In recent years, significant advancements have been made in the research of photoswitchable probes. These probes undergo reversible structural and electronic changes upon light exposure, thus exhibiting vast potential in molecular detection, biological imaging, material science, and information storage. Through precisely engineered molecular structures, the photoswitchable probes can toggle between "on" and "off" states at specific wavelengths, enabling highly sensitive and selective detection of targeted analytes. This review systematically presents photoswitchable fluorescent and colorimetric probes built on various molecular photoswitches, primarily focusing on the types involving photoswitching in their detection and/or signal response processes. It begins with an analysis of various molecular photoswitches, including their photophysical properties, photoisomerization and photochromic mechanisms, and fundamental design concepts for constructing photoswitchable probes. The article then elaborates on the applications of these probes in detecting diverse targets, including cations, anions, small molecules, and biomacromolecules. Finally, it offers perspectives on the current state and future development of photoswitchable probes. This review aims to provide a clear introduction for researchers in the field and guidance for the design and application of new, efficient fluorescent and colorimetric probes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongjuan Chen
- Key Laboratory of Theoretical Organic Chemistry and Functional Molecule of Ministry of Education, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan University of Science and Technology, Xiangtan 411201, China; (H.C.); (Y.Y.)
| | - Zilong Tang
- Key Laboratory of Theoretical Organic Chemistry and Functional Molecule of Ministry of Education, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan University of Science and Technology, Xiangtan 411201, China; (H.C.); (Y.Y.)
| | - Yewen Yang
- Key Laboratory of Theoretical Organic Chemistry and Functional Molecule of Ministry of Education, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan University of Science and Technology, Xiangtan 411201, China; (H.C.); (Y.Y.)
| | - Yuanqiang Hao
- Key Laboratory of Theoretical Organic Chemistry and Functional Molecule of Ministry of Education, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan University of Science and Technology, Xiangtan 411201, China; (H.C.); (Y.Y.)
| | - Wansong Chen
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Central South University, Changsha 410017, China
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Karakuş S, Başçıl E, Tok F, Erdoğan Ö, Çevik Ö, Başoğlu F. Synthesis, biological evaluation and molecular docking studies of novel 1,3,4-thiadiazoles as potential anticancer agents and human carbonic anhydrase inhibitors. Mol Divers 2023:10.1007/s11030-023-10778-5. [PMID: 38123787 DOI: 10.1007/s11030-023-10778-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2023] [Accepted: 11/17/2023] [Indexed: 12/23/2023]
Abstract
Thiosemicarbazide and also 1,3,4-thiadiazole derivatives have been garnering substantial attention from researchers worldwide due to their expansive range of biological activities, encompassing antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory, and anticancer properties. Herein, we embarked on a comprehensive investigation in this study, introducing a novel series of thiosemicarbazides (3a-3i) and their corresponding 1,3,4-thiadiazole (4a-4i) derivatives. The compounds were meticulously designed, synthesized, and subjected to meticulous characterization using various spectroscopic methods such as FT-IR, 1H-NMR, 13C-NMR, and elemental analysis. Afterward, their potential anti-proliferative effectiveness was assessed using MTT assay against two cancer cell lines (U87 and HeLa) and normal fibroblast cells (L929). Among the compounds, 4d showed the highest cytotoxic activity against U87 and 4i against HeLa. Compound 3b exhibited selective cytotoxic activity against both cancer cells. Among the molecules with selective activity against the U87 cell line; 3a, 3b, 4d and 4e were further evaluated by caspase-3 activity levels, Bax and Bcl-2 protein expression, and total oxidant status assay. Besides, carbonic anhydrase IX activity studies were also performed in order to understand the underlying mechanism of action. The results indicated that compound 4e showed higher efficacy than standard acetazolamide (IC50 = 0.58 ± 0.02 µM) with an IC50 value of 0.03 ± 0.01 µM. Furthermore, molecular docking studies were carried out using carbonic anhydrase IX crystals to determine the compound's interactions with the enzyme's active sites. This comprehensive investigation sheds light on the intricate interplay between molecular structure and biological activity, providing valuable insights into the therapeutic potential of these compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sevgi Karakuş
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Marmara University, 34854, Istanbul, Türkiye
| | - Elif Başçıl
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Marmara University, 34854, Istanbul, Türkiye
| | - Fatih Tok
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Marmara University, 34854, Istanbul, Türkiye.
| | - Ömer Erdoğan
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Gaziantep Islam Science and Technology University, 27010, Gaziantep, Türkiye
| | - Özge Çevik
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Aydın Adnan Menderes University, 09010, Aydın, Türkiye
| | - Faika Başoğlu
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, European University of Lefke, Northern Cyprus TR-10, Mersin, Türkiye.
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Supuran CT. Targeting carbonic anhydrases for the management of hypoxic metastatic tumors. Expert Opin Ther Pat 2023; 33:701-720. [PMID: 37545058 DOI: 10.1080/13543776.2023.2245971] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2023] [Revised: 07/31/2023] [Accepted: 08/04/2023] [Indexed: 08/08/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Several isoforms of the metalloenzyme carbonic anhydrase (CA, EC 4.2.1.1) are connected with tumorigenesis. Hypoxic tumors overexpress CA IX and XII as a consequence of HIF activation cascade, being involved in pH regulation, metabolism, and metastases formation. Other isoforms (CA I, II, III, IV) were also reported to be present in some tumors. AREAS COVERED Some CA isoforms are biomarkers for disease progression or response to therapy. Inhibitors, antibodies, and other procedures for targeting these enzymes for the treatment of tumors/metastases are discussed. Sulfonamides and coumarins represent the most investigated classes of inhibitors, but carboxylates, selenium, and tellurium-containing inhibitors were also investigated. Hybrid drugs of CA inhibitors with other antitumor agents for multitargeted therapy were reported. EXPERT OPINION Targeting CAs present in solid or hematological tumors with selective, targeted inhibitors is a validated approach, which has been consolidated in the last years. A host of new preclinical data and several clinical trials of antibodies and small-molecule inhibitors are ongoing, which connected with the large number of new chemotypes/procedures discovered to be effective, may lead to a breakthrough in this therapeutic area. The scientific/patent literature has been searched for on PubMed, ScienceDirect, Espacenet, and PatentGuru, from 2018 to 2023.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudiu T Supuran
- Department of NEUROFARBA, Pharmaceutical and Nutraceutical Section, University of Florence, Sesto Fiorentino, Firenze, Italy
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Zhang F, Chen F, Zhong M, Shen R, Zhao Z, Wei H, Zhang B, Fang J. Imaging of Carbonic Anhydrase Level in Epilepsy with an Environment-Sensitive Fluorescent Probe. Anal Chem 2023; 95:14833-14841. [PMID: 37747928 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.3c01368] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/27/2023]
Abstract
Carbonic anhydrases (CAs) participate in various physiological and pathological activities by catalyzing the interconversion between carbon dioxide and bicarbonate ions. Under normal circumstances, they guarantee that the relevant biological reactions in our body occur within an appropriate time scale. Abnormal expression or activity alteration of CAs is closely related to the pathogenesis of diverse diseases. This work reports an inhibitor-directed fluorescent probe FMRs-CA for the detection of CAs. Excellent selectivity, favorable biocompatibility, and desirable blood-brain barrier (BBB) penetration endow the probe with the ability to image the fluctuation of CAs in cells and mice. We achieved in situ visualization of the increased CAs in hypoxic cells with this probe. Additionally, probe FMRs-CA was mainly enriched within the liver and gradually metabolized by the liver. With the help of FMRs-CA, the increase of CAs in epileptic mouse brains was revealed first from the perspective of imaging, providing the mechanism connection between abnormal CA expressions and epilepsy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fang Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Fan Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Miao Zhong
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Ruipeng Shen
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Zhengjia Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Haopai Wei
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Baoxin Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Jianguo Fang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University of Science & Technology, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210094, China
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Supuran CT. A simple yet multifaceted 90 years old, evergreen enzyme: Carbonic anhydrase, its inhibition and activation. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2023; 93:129411. [PMID: 37507055 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2023.129411] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2023] [Accepted: 07/18/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023]
Abstract
Advances in the carbonic anhydrase (CA, EC 4.2.1.1) research over the last three decades are presented, with an emphasis on the deciphering of the activation mechanism, the development of isoform-selective inhibitors/ activators by the tail approach and their applications in the management of obesity, hypoxic tumors, neurological conditions, and as antiinfectives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudiu T Supuran
- Neurofarba Department, University of Florence, Section of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Via Ugo Schiff 6, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino, Florence, Italy.
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