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Scheffges C, Devy J, Giustiniani J, Francois S, Cartier L, Merrouche Y, Foussat A, Potteaux S, Bensussan A, Marie-Cardine A. Identification of CD160-TM as a tumor target on triple negative breast cancers: possible therapeutic applications. Breast Cancer Res 2024; 26:28. [PMID: 38360636 PMCID: PMC10870674 DOI: 10.1186/s13058-024-01785-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2023] [Accepted: 02/12/2024] [Indexed: 02/17/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Despite major therapeutic advances, triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) still presents a worth prognosis than hormone receptors-positive breast cancers. One major issue relies in the molecular and mutational heterogeneity of TNBC subtypes that is reinforced by the absence of reliable tumor-antigen that could serve as a specific target to further promote efficient tumor cell recognition and depletion. CD160 is a receptor mainly expressed by NK lymphocytes and presenting two isoforms, namely the GPI-anchored form (CD160-GPI) and the transmembrane isoform (CD160-TM). While CD160-GPI is constitutively expressed on resting cells and involved in the generation of NK cells' cytotoxic activity, CD160-TM is neo-synthesized upon activation and promotes the amplification of NK cells' killing ability. METHODS CD160 expression was assessed by immunohistochemistry (IHC) and flow cytometry on TNBC patient biopsies or cell lines, respectively. Antibody (Ab)-mediated tumor depletion was tested in vitro by performing antibody-dependent cell cytotoxicity (ADCC) and phagocytosis (ADCP) assays, and in vivo on a TNBC mouse model. RESULTS Preliminary data obtained by IHC on TNBC patients' tumor biopsies revealed an unconventional expression of CD160 by TNBC tumor cells. By using a specific but conformation-dependent anti-CD160-TM Ab, we established that CD160-TM, but not CD160-GPI, was expressed by TNBC tumor cells. A conformation-independent anti-CD160-TM mAb (22B12; muIgG2a isotype) was generated and selected according to pre-defined specificity and functional criterions. In vitro functional assays demonstrated that ADCC and ADCP could be induced in the presence of 22B12, resulting in TNBC cell line apoptosis. The ability of 22B12 to exert an in vivo anti-tumor activity was also demonstrated on a TNBC murine model. CONCLUSIONS Our data identify CD160-TM as a tumor marker for TNBC and provide a rational for the use of anti-CD160-TM antibodies as therapeutic tools in this tumor context.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claire Scheffges
- INSERM U976, HIPI, Team 1, 75010, Paris, France
- Université Paris Cité, IRSL, 75010, Paris, France
- Alderaan Biotechnology, 75005, Paris, France
| | - Jérôme Devy
- UMR CNRS/URCA 7369, MEDyC, Université de Reims-Champagne-Ardennes, 51100, Reims, France
| | | | | | - Lucille Cartier
- Département de Recherche, Institut Godinot, 51100, Reims, France
- UR7509, IRMAIC, Université de Reims-Champagne-Ardennes, 51097, Reims, France
| | - Yacine Merrouche
- Département de Recherche, Institut Godinot, 51100, Reims, France
- UR7509, IRMAIC, Université de Reims-Champagne-Ardennes, 51097, Reims, France
| | | | - Stéphane Potteaux
- UR7509, IRMAIC, Université de Reims-Champagne-Ardennes, 51097, Reims, France
| | - Armand Bensussan
- INSERM U976, HIPI, Team 1, 75010, Paris, France
- Université Paris Cité, IRSL, 75010, Paris, France
| | - Anne Marie-Cardine
- INSERM U976, HIPI, Team 1, 75010, Paris, France.
- Université Paris Cité, IRSL, 75010, Paris, France.
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Chandhasin C, Dang V, Perabo F, Del Rosario J, Chen YK, Filvaroff E, Stafford JA, Clarke M. TACH101, a first-in-class pan-inhibitor of KDM4 histone demethylase. Anticancer Drugs 2023; 34:1122-1131. [PMID: 37067993 PMCID: PMC10569680 DOI: 10.1097/cad.0000000000001514] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2022] [Accepted: 01/02/2023] [Indexed: 04/18/2023]
Abstract
Histone lysine demethylase 4 (KDM4) is an epigenetic regulator that facilitates the transition between transcriptionally silent and active chromatin states by catalyzing the removal of methyl groups on histones H3K9, H3K36, and H1.4K26. KDM4 overamplification or dysregulation has been reported in various cancers and has been shown to drive key processes linked to tumorigenesis, such as replicative immortality, evasion of apoptosis, metastasis, DNA repair deficiency, and genomic instability. KDM4 also plays a role in epigenetic regulation of cancer stem cell renewal and has been linked to more aggressive disease and poorer clinical outcomes. The KDM4 family is composed of four main isoforms (KDM4A-D) that demonstrate functional redundancy and cross-activity; thus, selective inhibition of one isoform appears to be ineffective and pan-inhibition targeting multiple KDM4 isoforms is required. Here, we describe TACH101, a novel, small-molecule pan-inhibitor of KDM4 that selectively targets KDM4A-D with no effect on other KDM families. TACH101 demonstrated potent antiproliferative activity in cancer cell lines and organoid models derived from various histologies, including colorectal, esophageal, gastric, breast, pancreatic, and hematological malignancies. In vivo , potent inhibition of KDM4 led to efficient tumor growth inhibition and regression in several xenograft models. A reduction in the population of tumor-initiating cells was observed following TACH101 treatment. Overall, these observations demonstrate the broad applicability of TACH101 as a potential anticancer agent and support its advancement into clinical trials.
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Supuran CT. Targeting carbonic anhydrases for the management of hypoxic metastatic tumors. Expert Opin Ther Pat 2023; 33:701-720. [PMID: 37545058 DOI: 10.1080/13543776.2023.2245971] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2023] [Revised: 07/31/2023] [Accepted: 08/04/2023] [Indexed: 08/08/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Several isoforms of the metalloenzyme carbonic anhydrase (CA, EC 4.2.1.1) are connected with tumorigenesis. Hypoxic tumors overexpress CA IX and XII as a consequence of HIF activation cascade, being involved in pH regulation, metabolism, and metastases formation. Other isoforms (CA I, II, III, IV) were also reported to be present in some tumors. AREAS COVERED Some CA isoforms are biomarkers for disease progression or response to therapy. Inhibitors, antibodies, and other procedures for targeting these enzymes for the treatment of tumors/metastases are discussed. Sulfonamides and coumarins represent the most investigated classes of inhibitors, but carboxylates, selenium, and tellurium-containing inhibitors were also investigated. Hybrid drugs of CA inhibitors with other antitumor agents for multitargeted therapy were reported. EXPERT OPINION Targeting CAs present in solid or hematological tumors with selective, targeted inhibitors is a validated approach, which has been consolidated in the last years. A host of new preclinical data and several clinical trials of antibodies and small-molecule inhibitors are ongoing, which connected with the large number of new chemotypes/procedures discovered to be effective, may lead to a breakthrough in this therapeutic area. The scientific/patent literature has been searched for on PubMed, ScienceDirect, Espacenet, and PatentGuru, from 2018 to 2023.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudiu T Supuran
- Department of NEUROFARBA, Pharmaceutical and Nutraceutical Section, University of Florence, Sesto Fiorentino, Firenze, Italy
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MUSTHAFA AHMAD, RYANTO GUSTYRIZKYTEGUH, SURAYA RATOE, NAGANO TATSUYA, SUZUKI YOKO, HARA TETSUYA, HIRATA KENICHI, EMOTO NORIAKI. Acute Amelioration of Inflammatory Activity Caused by Endothelin-2 Deficiency during Acute Lung Injury. Kobe J Med Sci 2023; 69:E96-E105. [PMID: 37941117 PMCID: PMC10695096 DOI: 10.24546/0100483406] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2023] [Accepted: 09/19/2023] [Indexed: 11/10/2023]
Abstract
In acute lung injury (ALI), a severe insult induces a hyperinflammatory state in the lungs. The mortality rate of severe ALI remains high, and novel mechanistic insights are required to improve therapeutic strategies. Endothelin-2 (Edn2), the least studied isoform of endothelin, is involved in lung physiology and development and can be affected by various factors. One of them is inflammation, and another isoform of endothelin, endothelin-1 (Edn1), affects lung inflammatory responses. Considering the importance of Edn2 in the lungs and how Edn2 works through the same receptors as Edn1, we postulated that Edn2 may affect inflammatory responses that are central to ALI pathophysiology. In this study, we performed 24 hours intratracheal lipopolysaccharide (LPS) instillation or PBS control as an in vivo ALI model in eight-week-old conditional Edn2 knockout mice (Edn2-iKO), with Edn2-floxed mice as controls. Bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) fluid and tissue were collected after exsanguination and analyzed for its cellular, molecular, functional, and histological inflammatory phenotypes. We found that Edn2-iKO mice displayed a reduced pro-neutrophilic inflammatory phenotype even after acute LPS treatment, shown by the reduction in the overall protein concentration and neutrophil count in bronchoalveolar lavage fluids. Further investigation revealed a reduction in mRNA interferon gamma (IFNγ) level of Edn2-iKO lungs and suppression of its downstream signaling, including phosphorylated level of STAT1 and IL-1β secretion, leading to reduced NFĸB activation. To conclude, Edn2 deletion suppressed acute lung inflammation by reducing neutrophil-mediated IFNγ/STAT1/IL-1β/NFĸB signaling cascade. Targeting Edn2 signaling may be beneficial for the development of novel treatment options for ALI.
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Affiliation(s)
- AHMAD MUSTHAFA
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, Kobe, Japan
| | | | - RATOE SURAYA
- Division of Respiratory Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, Kobe, Japan
| | - TATSUYA NAGANO
- Division of Respiratory Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, Kobe, Japan
| | - YOKO SUZUKI
- Laboratory of Clinical Pharmaceutical Science, Kobe Pharmaceutical University, Kobe, Japan
| | - TETSUYA HARA
- Laboratory of Clinical Pharmaceutical Science, Kobe Pharmaceutical University, Kobe, Japan
| | - KEN-ICHI HIRATA
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, Kobe, Japan
| | - NORIAKI EMOTO
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, Kobe, Japan
- Laboratory of Clinical Pharmaceutical Science, Kobe Pharmaceutical University, Kobe, Japan
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Borgonetti V, Governa P, Manetti F, Galeotti N. Zingiberene, a non-zinc-binding class I HDAC inhibitor: A novel strategy for the management of neuropathic pain. Phytomedicine 2023; 111:154670. [PMID: 36681053 DOI: 10.1016/j.phymed.2023.154670] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2022] [Revised: 01/03/2023] [Accepted: 01/11/2023] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Even though numerous Histone deacetylase inhibitors (HDACi) have been approved for the treatment of different types of cancer, and others are in clinical trials for the treatment of neurodegenerative diseases, the main problem related to the clinical use of available HDACi is their low isoform selectivity which causes undesirable effects and inevitably limits their therapeutic application. Previously, we demonstrated that a standardized Zingiber officinalis Roscoe rhizome extract (ZOE) reduced neuroinflammation through HDAC1 inhibition in a mice model of neuropathy, and this activity was related to terpenes fraction. HYPOTHESIS/PURPOSE The aim of this work was to identify the ZOE constituent responsible for the activity on HDAC1 and to study its possible application in trauma-induced neuropathic pain. METHODS The ability of ZOE and its terpenes fraction (ZTE) to inhibit HDAC and SIRT isoforms activity and protein expression was assessed in vitro. Then, a structure-based virtual screening approach was applied to predict which constituent could be responsible for the activity. In the next step, the activity of selected compound was tested in an in vitro model of neuroinflammation and in an in vivo model of peripheral neuropathy (SNI). RESULTS ZTE resulted to be more potent than ZOE on HDAC1, 2, and 6 isoforms, while ZOE was more active on HDAC8. Zingiberene (ZNG) was found to be the most promising HDAC1 inhibitor, with an IC50 of 2.3 ± 0.1 µM. A non-zinc-binding mechanism of inhibition was proposed based on molecular docking. Moreover, the oral administration of ZNG reduced thermal hyperalgesia and mechanical allodynia in animals with neuropathy after 60 min from administration, and decreased HDAC-1 levels in the spinal cord microglia. CONCLUSION We found a new non-zinc-dependent inhibitor of HDAC class I, with a therapeutic application in trauma-related neuropathic pain forms in which microglia-spinal overexpression of HDAC1 occurs. The non-zinc-binding mechanism has the potential to reduce off target effects, leading to a higher selectivity and better safety profile, compared to other HDAC inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vittoria Borgonetti
- Department of Neuroscience Psychology, Drug Research and Child Health (NEUROFARBA), Section of Pharmacology, University of Florence, Viale G. Pieraccini 6, I-50139, Florence, Italy
| | - Paolo Governa
- Department of Biotechnology Chemistry and Pharmacy, Department of Excellence 2018-2022, University of Siena, via Aldo Moro 2, I-53100, Siena, Italy
| | - Fabrizio Manetti
- Department of Biotechnology Chemistry and Pharmacy, Department of Excellence 2018-2022, University of Siena, via Aldo Moro 2, I-53100, Siena, Italy
| | - Nicoletta Galeotti
- Department of Neuroscience Psychology, Drug Research and Child Health (NEUROFARBA), Section of Pharmacology, University of Florence, Viale G. Pieraccini 6, I-50139, Florence, Italy.
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Ma B, Fan Y, Zhang D, Wei Y, Jian Y, Liu D, Wang Z, Gao Y, Ma J, Chen Y, Xu S, Li L. De Novo Design of an Androgen Receptor DNA Binding Domain-Targeted peptide PROTAC for Prostate Cancer Therapy. Adv Sci (Weinh) 2022; 9:e2201859. [PMID: 35971165 PMCID: PMC9534960 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202201859] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2022] [Revised: 07/10/2022] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Androgen receptor splice variant-7 (AR-V7), one of the major driving factors, is the most attractive drug target in castration-resistant prostate cancer (CRPC). Currently, no available drugs efficiently target AR-V7 in clinical practice. The DNA binding domain (DBD) is indispensable for the transcriptional activity of AR full length and AR splice variants, including AR-V7. Based on the homodimerization structure of the AR DBD, a novel peptide-based proteolysis-targeting chimera (PROTAC) drug is designed to induce AR and AR-V7 degradation in a DBD and MDM2-dependent manner, without showing any activity on other hormone receptors. To overcome the short half-life and poor cell penetrability of peptide PROTAC drugs, an ultrasmall gold (Au)-peptide complex platform to deliver the AR DBD PROTAC in vivo is developed. The obtained Au-AR pep-PROTAC effectively degrades AR and AR-V7 in prostate cancer cell lines, particularly in CWR22Rv1 cells with DC50 values 48.8 and 79.2 nM, respectively. Au-AR pep-PROTAC results in suppression of AR levels and induces tumor regression in both enzalutamide sensitive and resistant prostate cancer animal models. Further optimization of the Au-AR pep-PROTAC can ultimately lead to a new therapy for AR-V7-positive CRPC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bohan Ma
- Department of UrologyThe First Affiliated HospitalXi'an Jiaotong University#277 Yanta West RoadXi'anChina
| | - Yizeng Fan
- Department of UrologyThe First Affiliated HospitalXi'an Jiaotong University#277 Yanta West RoadXi'anChina
| | - Dize Zhang
- Department of UrologyThe First Affiliated HospitalXi'an Jiaotong University#277 Yanta West RoadXi'anChina
| | - Yi Wei
- Department of UrologyThe First Affiliated HospitalXi'an Jiaotong University#277 Yanta West RoadXi'anChina
| | - Yanlin Jian
- Department of UrologyThe First Affiliated HospitalXi'an Jiaotong University#277 Yanta West RoadXi'anChina
| | - Donghua Liu
- Department of UrologyThe First Affiliated HospitalXi'an Jiaotong University#277 Yanta West RoadXi'anChina
| | - Zixi Wang
- Department of UrologyThe First Affiliated HospitalXi'an Jiaotong University#277 Yanta West RoadXi'anChina
| | - Yang Gao
- Department of UrologyThe First Affiliated HospitalXi'an Jiaotong University#277 Yanta West RoadXi'anChina
| | - Jian Ma
- Department of UrologyThe First Affiliated HospitalXi'an Jiaotong University#277 Yanta West RoadXi'anChina
| | - Yule Chen
- Department of UrologyThe First Affiliated HospitalXi'an Jiaotong University#277 Yanta West RoadXi'anChina
| | - Shan Xu
- Department of UrologyThe First Affiliated HospitalXi'an Jiaotong University#277 Yanta West RoadXi'anChina
| | - Lei Li
- Department of UrologyThe First Affiliated HospitalXi'an Jiaotong University#277 Yanta West RoadXi'anChina
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7
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Joksimovic SL, Jevtovic-Todorovic V, Todorovic SM. The role of voltage-gated calcium channels in the mechanisms of anesthesia and perioperative analgesia. Curr Opin Anaesthesiol 2022; 35:436-441. [PMID: 35787588 PMCID: PMC9616208 DOI: 10.1097/aco.0000000000001159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW A family of neuronal voltage-gated calcium channels (VGCCs) have received only recently a significant consideration regarding the mechanisms of anesthesia because VGCC inhibition may be important in anesthetic action by decreasing neuronal excitability and presynaptic excitatory transmission. The T-type VGCCs channels (T-channels), although rarely involved in synaptic neurotransmitter release, play an important role in controlling neuronal excitability and in generating spontaneous oscillatory bursting of groups of neurons in the thalamus thought to be involved in regulating the state of arousal and sleep. Furthermore, these channels are important regulators of neuronal excitability in pain pathway. This review will provide an overview of historic perspective and the recent literature on the role of VGCCs and T-channel inhibition in particular in the mechanisms of action of anesthetics and analgesics. RECENT FINDINGS Recent research in the field of novel mechanisms of hypnotic action of anesthetics revealed significant contribution of the Ca V 3.1 isoform of T-channels expressed in the thalamus. Furthermore, perioperative analgesia can be achieved by targeting Ca V 3.2 isoform of these channels that is abundantly expressed in pain pathways. SUMMARY The review summarizes current knowledge regarding the contribution of T-channels in hypnosis and analgesia. Further preclinical and clinical studies are needed to validate their potential for developing novel anesthetics and new perioperative pain therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sonja L. Joksimovic
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of Colorado Denver, Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Vesna Jevtovic-Todorovic
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of Colorado Denver, Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Slobodan M. Todorovic
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of Colorado Denver, Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA
- Neuroscience Graduate Program, University of Colorado Denver, Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA
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Supradit K, Boonsri B, Duangdara J, Thitiphatphuvanon T, Suriyonplengsaeng C, Kangsamaksin T, Janvilisri T, Tohtong R, Yacqub-Usman K, Grabowska AM, Bates DO, Wongprasert K. Inhibition of serine/arginine-rich protein kinase-1 (SRPK1) prevents cholangiocarcinoma cells induced angiogenesis. Toxicol In Vitro 2022; 82:105385. [PMID: 35568131 DOI: 10.1016/j.tiv.2022.105385] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2021] [Revised: 03/31/2022] [Accepted: 05/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The serine/arginine-rich protein kinase-1 (SRPK1) is an enzyme that has an essential role in regulating numerous aspects of mRNA splicing. SRPK1 has been reported to be overexpressed in multiple cancers, suggesting it as a promising therapeutic target in oncology. No previous studies reported the role of SRPK1 in cholangiocarcinoma (CCA) cells. This study aimed to examine the expression of SRPK1 and the effects of SRPK1 inhibition on the viability and angiogenesis activity of CCA cells using a selective SRPK1 inhibitor, SPHINX31. Here, we demonstrate that SPHINX31 (0.3-10 μM) had no inhibitory effects on CCA cells' viability and proliferation. However, SPHINX31 decreased the mRNA expression of pro-angiogenic VEGF-A165a isoform. In addition, SPHINX31 attenuated SRSF1 phosphorylation and nuclear localization, and increased the ratio of VEGF-A165b/total VEGF-A proteins. Moreover, when HUVECs were grown in conditioned medium from SPHINX31-treated CCA cells, migration slowed, and tube formation decreased. The present study demonstrates that targeting SRPK1 in CCA cells effectively attenuates angiogenesis by suppressing pro-angiogenic VEGF-A isoform splicing. These findings suggest a potential therapeutic treatment using SRPK1 inhibitors for the inhibition of angiogenesis in cholangiocarcinoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kittiya Supradit
- Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Boonyakorn Boonsri
- Division of Health and Applied Sciences, Faculty of Science, Prince of Songkla University, Songkhla, Thailand
| | - Jinchutha Duangdara
- Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | | | | | - Thaned Kangsamaksin
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Tavan Janvilisri
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Rutaiwan Tohtong
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Kiren Yacqub-Usman
- Division of Cancer and Stem Cells, Centre for Cancer Sciences, Biodiscovery Institute, School of Medicine, University of Nottingham, United Kingdom
| | - Anna M Grabowska
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - David O Bates
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Kanokpan Wongprasert
- Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand.
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Ward SG. The Role of PI3K Isoforms in Autoimmune Disease. Curr Top Microbiol Immunol 2022; 436:337-347. [PMID: 36243851 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-031-06566-8_14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Aberrant overactivation of the immune system can give rise to chronic and persistent self-attack, culminating in autoimmune disease. This is currently managed therapeutically using potent immunosuppressive and anti-inflammatory drugs. Class I phosphoinositide-3-kinases (PI3Ks) have been identified as ideal therapeutic targets for autoimmune diseases given their wide-ranging roles in immunological processes. Although progress has been hampered by issues such as poor drug tolerance and drug resistance, several PI3K inhibitors have now received regulatory approval with many others in development, including several intended to suppress the immune response in autoimmune and inflammatory diseases. This chapter reviews the evidence for contribution of aberrant PI3K activity to a range of autoimmune diseases (rheumatoid arthritis, systemic lupus erythematosus, multiple sclerosis and type I diabetes) and possible therapeutic application of isoform-specific PI3K inhibitors as immunosuppressive drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen G Ward
- Department of Pharmacy and Pharmacology and Bath Centre for Therapeutic Innovation, University of Bath, Claverton Down, Bath, B2 7AY, UK.
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10
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Smit DJ, Jücker M. AKT Isoforms as a Target in Cancer and Immunotherapy. Curr Top Microbiol Immunol 2022; 436:409-436. [PMID: 36243855 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-031-06566-8_18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Over the past years, targeted therapies have received tremendous attention in cancer therapy. One of the most frequently targeted pathways is the PI3K/AKT/mTOR signaling pathway that regulates crucial cellular processes including proliferation, survival, and migration. In a wide variety of cancer entities, the PI3K/AKT/mTOR signaling pathway was found to be a critical driver of disease progression, indicating a noteworthy target in cancer therapy. This chapter focuses on targeted therapies against AKT, which is a key enzyme within the PI3K/AKT/mTOR pathway. Although the three different isoforms of AKT, namely AKT1, AKT2, and AKT3, have a high homology, the isoforms exhibit different biological functions. Recently, direct inhibitors against all AKT isoforms as well as selective inhibitors against specific AKT isoforms have been extensively investigated in preclinical work as well as in clinical trials to attenuate proliferation of cancer cells. While no AKT inhibitor has been approved by the FDA for cancer therapy to date, AKT still plays a crucial role in a variety of treatment strategies including immune checkpoint inhibition. In this chapter, we summarize the status of AKT inhibitors either targeting all or specific AKT isoforms. Furthermore, we explain the role of AKT signaling in direct inhibition of tumor cell growth as well as in immune cells and immune checkpoint inhibition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel J Smit
- Institute of Biochemistry and Signal Transduction, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, 20246, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Manfred Jücker
- Institute of Biochemistry and Signal Transduction, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, 20246, Hamburg, Germany.
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11
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Scott J, Rees L, Gallimore A, Lauder SN. PI3K Isoform Immunotherapy for Solid Tumours. Curr Top Microbiol Immunol 2022; 436:369-392. [PMID: 36243853 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-031-06566-8_16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Improving the anti-tumour T cell response as a consequence of immunotherapy can result in eradication of tumour burden, however, the majority of patients fail with current treatment regimens and so novel immunotherapies with greater efficacy and improved tolerability are needed. The phosphoinositide-3-kinase (PI3K) family members that are directly involved in cell signalling comprise PI3Kα, PI3Kβ, PI3Kδ and PI3Kγ, with the latter two isoforms expressed primarily by leukocytes. The survival and optimal function of regulatory T cells (Treg) and myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSCs) is dependent on PI3Kδ, whereas tumour-associated macrophages (TAMs), use PI3Kγ. Blocking these signalling isoforms can boost development of effective anti-cancer immune responses and result in control of tumour burden. The dependence on different PI3K isoforms in immune cells makes targeting this pathway an attractive approach for tumour immunotherapy. Herein, we discuss how inhibiting specific PI3K isoforms in pro-tumoural Tregs, MDSCS and TAMs can unleash a powerful anti-tumour immune response, driven by CD8+ T cells, capable of controlling tumour burden and consider how the immune response to therapy needs careful investigation, to identify both the correlates of successful treatment and those that impede the generation of robust anti-tumour responses. Furthermore, we review how combination immunotherapy approaches with both PI3K inhibitors and subsequent immune checkpoint blockade can potentiate the efficacy of monotherapy. Finally, we discuss the recent advances in the use of PI3K isoform-specific inhibitors as an immunotherapy for solid tumours in clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jake Scott
- Division of Infection and Immunity, Cardiff University School of Medicine, SIURI, Cardiff, C14 4XN, UK
| | - Lauren Rees
- Division of Infection and Immunity, Cardiff University School of Medicine, SIURI, Cardiff, C14 4XN, UK
| | - Awen Gallimore
- Division of Infection and Immunity, Cardiff University School of Medicine, SIURI, Cardiff, C14 4XN, UK
| | - Sarah N Lauder
- Division of Infection and Immunity, Cardiff University School of Medicine, SIURI, Cardiff, C14 4XN, UK.
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12
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Lu J, Haley KP, Francis JD, Guevara MA, Doster RS, Craft KM, Moore RE, Chambers SA, Delgado AG, Piazuelo MB, Damo SM, Townsend SD, Gaddy JA. The Innate Immune Glycoprotein Lactoferrin Represses the Helicobacter pylori cag Type IV Secretion System. Chembiochem 2021; 22:2783-2790. [PMID: 34169626 PMCID: PMC8560179 DOI: 10.1002/cbic.202100249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2021] [Revised: 06/23/2021] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Chronic infection with Helicobacter pylori increases risk of gastric diseases including gastric cancer. Despite development of a robust immune response, H. pylori persists in the gastric niche. Progression of gastric inflammation to serious disease outcomes is associated with infection with H. pylori strains which encode the cag Type IV Secretion System (cag T4SS). The cag T4SS is responsible for translocating the oncogenic protein CagA into host cells and inducing pro-inflammatory and carcinogenic signaling cascades. Our previous work demonstrated that nutrient iron modulates the activity of the T4SS and biogenesis of T4SS pili. In response to H. pylori infection, the host produces a variety of antimicrobial molecules, including the iron-binding glycoprotein, lactoferrin. Our work shows that apo-lactoferrin exerts antimicrobial activity against H. pylori under iron-limited conditions, while holo-lactoferrin enhances bacterial growth. Culturing H. pylori in the presence of holo-lactoferrin prior to co-culture with gastric epithelial cells, results in repression of the cag T4SS activity. Concomitantly, a decrease in biogenesis of cag T4SS pili at the host-pathogen interface was observed under these culture conditions by high-resolution electron microscopy analyses. Taken together, these results indicate that acquisition of alternate sources of nutrient iron plays a role in regulating the pro-inflammatory activity of a bacterial secretion system and present novel therapeutic targets for the treatment of H. pylori-related disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacky Lu
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, 37232, U.S.A
| | - Kathryn P. Haley
- Department of Biology, Grand Valley State University, Allendale, Michigan, 49401, U.S.A
| | - Jamisha D. Francis
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, 37232, U.S.A
| | - Miriam A. Guevara
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, 37232, U.S.A
| | - Ryan S. Doster
- Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, 37232, U.S.A
| | - Kelly M. Craft
- Department of Chemistry, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee, 37235, U.S.A
| | - Rebecca E. Moore
- Department of Chemistry, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee, 37235, U.S.A
| | - Schuyler A. Chambers
- Department of Chemistry, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee, 37235, U.S.A
| | - Alberto G. Delgado
- Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, 37232, U.S.A
| | - Maria Blanca Piazuelo
- Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, 37232, U.S.A
| | - Steven M. Damo
- Department of Life and Physical Sciences, Fisk University, Nashville, Tennessee, 37208, U.S.A
- Department of Biochemistry, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee, 37232, U.S.A
- Center for Structural Biology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee, 37232, U.S.A
| | - Steven D. Townsend
- Department of Chemistry, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee, 37235, U.S.A
| | - Jennifer A. Gaddy
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, 37232, U.S.A
- Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, 37232, U.S.A
- Tennessee Valley Healthcare Systems, Department of Veterans Affairs, Nashville, Tennessee, 37212, U.S.A
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13
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Boguszewski CL, Barbosa EJL, Svensson PA, Johannsson G, Glad CAM. MECHANISMS IN ENDOCRINOLOGY: Clinical and pharmacogenetic aspects of the growth hormone receptor polymorphism. Eur J Endocrinol 2017; 177:R309-R321. [PMID: 28904008 DOI: 10.1530/eje-17-0549] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2017] [Revised: 09/07/2017] [Accepted: 09/12/2017] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Pharmacogenetics aims to maximize the beneficial effects of a medical therapy by identifying genetic finger prints from responders and non-responders and, thereby improving safety and efficacy profile of the drug. Most subjects who are deficient in growth hormone (GHD) are candidates for recombinant human GH (rhGH) therapy. To date, it is well established that even after adjustments for several clinical variables, such as age, gender, body composition and the age at onset of the GHD, response to rhGH treatment is highly variable among individuals, part of which is believed to be due to genetic factors within the GH system. As the first genetic variant to potentially influence the individual response to rhGH therapy in children with growth disorders, polymorphism in the GH receptor (GHR) has attracted a great interest as a target for pharmacogenetics. Studies have been conducted to compare the functional and molecular effects of the full-length GHR (fl-GHR) isoform with the exon 3 deleted (d3-GHR) isoform in children and adults treated with rhGH therapy. Additionally, the impact of the GHR polymorphism has been investigated in relation to the clinical status and response to medical treatment in acromegaly, especially to the GHR antagonist drug pegvisomant. We have performed a narrative review of the studies performed to date on the association of GHR polymorphism with rhGH response in children and adults, and its potential influence in the medical management of acromegaly. In addition, data from studies on the general population and in other chronic diseases examining a role of this genetic variant in the regulation of growth and metabolism are summarized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cesar L Boguszewski
- SEMPREndocrine Division, Department of Internal Medicine, Federal University of Parana, Curitiba, Brazil
| | - Edna J L Barbosa
- SEMPREndocrine Division, Department of Internal Medicine, Federal University of Parana, Curitiba, Brazil
| | - Per-Arne Svensson
- Department of Molecular and Clinical MedicineInstitute of Medicine, The Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
- Institute of Health and Care SciencesThe Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Gudmundur Johannsson
- Department of EndocrinologySahlgrenska University Hospital and Department of Internal Medicine and Clinical Nutrition, Institute of Medicine, The Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Camilla A M Glad
- Department of Molecular and Clinical MedicineInstitute of Medicine, The Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
- Department of EndocrinologySahlgrenska University Hospital and Department of Internal Medicine and Clinical Nutrition, Institute of Medicine, The Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
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14
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Abstract
The interleukin-1 receptor antagonist (IL-lra) is unusual in that it is the only known naturally occurring, cytokine receptor antagonist with no apparent agonist function. Over the last 5 years, since the cloning of the IL-lra cDNA sequence, there has been intensive research on the genetics, regulation, and potential therapeutic value of this protein. The later discovery of a second form of IL-lra in 1991 has complicated the picture. Whereas the originally described IL-lra is predominantly glycosylated and secreted (sIL-lra), the alternative isoform is unglycosylated and intracellular (icIL-lra). Although the biological roles of the two forms are still open to question, IL-lra is likely to be of great importance in the pathogenesis of both acute and chronic inflammatory diseases. A large body of evidence for this conclusion has come from animal models of inflammatory disease that respond well to administration of exogenous IL-lra. A role for recombinant IL-lra in the management of human disease is still under investigation. The two forms of IL-lra are encoded by a single gene by alternative usage of two first exons. Expression of sIL-lra and icIl-lra is regulated by two promoters. In this review I explore the genetics of the gene encoding IL-lra (IL-1RN) and the mechanisms of IL-lra gene activation to produce sIL-lra and icIL-lra. Also, possible biological roles for these immunomodulators in health and disease are discussed.
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15
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Cordo Russo RI, Béguelin W, Díaz Flaqué MC, Proietti CJ, Venturutti L, Galigniana N, Tkach M, Guzmán P, Roa JC, O'Brien NA, Charreau EH, Schillaci R, Elizalde PV. Targeting ErbB-2 nuclear localization and function inhibits breast cancer growth and overcomes trastuzumab resistance. Oncogene 2015; 34:3413-28. [PMID: 25174405 DOI: 10.1038/onc.2014.272] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2014] [Revised: 07/08/2014] [Accepted: 07/19/2014] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Membrane overexpression of ErbB-2/HER2 receptor tyrosine kinase (membrane ErbB-2 (MErbB-2)) has a critical role in breast cancer (BC). We and others have also shown the role of nuclear ErbB-2 (NErbB-2) in BC, whose presence we identified as a poor prognostic factor in MErbB-2-positive tumors. Current anti-ErbB-2 therapies, as with the antibody trastuzumab (Ttzm), target only MErbB-2. Here, we found that blockade of NErbB-2 action abrogates growth of BC cells, sensitive and resistant to Ttzm, in a scenario in which ErbB-2, ErbB-3 and Akt are phosphorylated, and ErbB-2/ErbB-3 dimers are formed. Also, inhibition of NErbB-2 presence suppresses growth of a preclinical BC model resistant to Ttzm. We showed that at the cyclin D1 promoter, ErbB-2 assembles a transcriptional complex with Stat3 (signal transducer and activator of transcription 3) and ErbB-3, another member of the ErbB family, which reveals the first nuclear function of ErbB-2/ErbB-3 dimer. We identified NErbB-2 as the major proliferation driver in Ttzm-resistant BC, and demonstrated that Ttzm inability to disrupt the Stat3/ErbB-2/ErbB-3 complex underlies its failure to inhibit growth. Furthermore, our results in the clinic revealed that nuclear interaction between ErbB-2 and Stat3 correlates with poor overall survival in primary breast tumors. Our findings challenge the paradigm of anti-ErbB-2 drug design and highlight NErbB-2 as a novel target to overcome Ttzm resistance.
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MESH Headings
- Active Transport, Cell Nucleus/drug effects
- Animals
- Antibodies, Monoclonal, Humanized/therapeutic use
- Breast Neoplasms/drug therapy
- Breast Neoplasms/pathology
- Cell Nucleus/drug effects
- Cell Nucleus/metabolism
- Cell Proliferation/drug effects
- Cell Proliferation/genetics
- Drug Resistance, Neoplasm/drug effects
- Drug Resistance, Neoplasm/genetics
- Drug Synergism
- Female
- Genes, Dominant/physiology
- Humans
- Mice, Inbred BALB C
- Mice, Nude
- Molecular Targeted Therapy/methods
- Mutant Proteins/pharmacology
- Mutant Proteins/therapeutic use
- Protein Isoforms/pharmacology
- Protein Isoforms/therapeutic use
- Protein Transport/drug effects
- Receptor, ErbB-2/antagonists & inhibitors
- Receptor, ErbB-2/genetics
- Receptor, ErbB-2/metabolism
- Receptor, ErbB-2/physiology
- Trastuzumab
- Tumor Cells, Cultured
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Affiliation(s)
- R I Cordo Russo
- Laboratory of Molecular Mechanisms of Carcinogenesis, Instituto de Biología y Medicina Experimental (IBYME), CONICET, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - W Béguelin
- Laboratory of Molecular Mechanisms of Carcinogenesis, Instituto de Biología y Medicina Experimental (IBYME), CONICET, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - M C Díaz Flaqué
- Laboratory of Molecular Mechanisms of Carcinogenesis, Instituto de Biología y Medicina Experimental (IBYME), CONICET, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - C J Proietti
- Laboratory of Molecular Mechanisms of Carcinogenesis, Instituto de Biología y Medicina Experimental (IBYME), CONICET, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - L Venturutti
- Laboratory of Molecular Mechanisms of Carcinogenesis, Instituto de Biología y Medicina Experimental (IBYME), CONICET, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - N Galigniana
- Laboratory of Molecular Mechanisms of Carcinogenesis, Instituto de Biología y Medicina Experimental (IBYME), CONICET, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - M Tkach
- Laboratory of Molecular Mechanisms of Carcinogenesis, Instituto de Biología y Medicina Experimental (IBYME), CONICET, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - P Guzmán
- Departamento de Anatomía Patológica (BIOREN), Universidad de La Frontera, Temuco, Chile
| | - J C Roa
- Departamento de Anatomía Patológica (BIOREN), Universidad de La Frontera, Temuco, Chile
| | - N A O'Brien
- Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology/Oncology, Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - E H Charreau
- Laboratory of Molecular Mechanisms of Carcinogenesis, Instituto de Biología y Medicina Experimental (IBYME), CONICET, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - R Schillaci
- Laboratory of Molecular Mechanisms of Carcinogenesis, Instituto de Biología y Medicina Experimental (IBYME), CONICET, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - P V Elizalde
- Laboratory of Molecular Mechanisms of Carcinogenesis, Instituto de Biología y Medicina Experimental (IBYME), CONICET, Buenos Aires, Argentina
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16
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Cho SY, Huh R, Chang MS, Lee J, Kwun Y, Maeng SH, Kim SJ, Sohn YB, Park SW, Kwon EK, Han SJ, Jung J, Jin DK. Impact of enzyme replacement therapy on linear growth in Korean patients with mucopolysaccharidosis type II (Hunter syndrome). J Korean Med Sci 2014; 29:254-60. [PMID: 24550654 PMCID: PMC3924006 DOI: 10.3346/jkms.2014.29.2.254] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2013] [Accepted: 11/13/2013] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Hunter syndrome (or mucopolysaccharidosis type II [MPS II]) arises because of a deficiency in the lysosomal enzyme iduronate-2-sulfatase. Short stature is a prominent and consistent feature in MPS II. Enzyme replacement therapy (ERT) with idursulfase (Elaprase®) or idursulfase beta (Hunterase®) have been developed for these patients. The effect of ERT on the growth of Korean patients with Hunter syndrome was evaluated at a single center. This study comprised 32 patients, who had received ERT for at least 2 yr; they were divided into three groups according to their ages at the start of ERT: group 1 (<6 yr, n=14), group 2 (6-10 yr, n=11), and group 3 (10-20 yr, n=7). The patients showed marked growth retardation as they got older. ERT may have less effect on the growth of patients with the severe form of Hunter syndrome. The height z-scores in groups 2 and 3 revealed a significant change (the estimated slopes before and after the treatment were -0.047 and -0.007, respectively: difference in the slope, 0.04; P<0.001). Growth in response to ERT could be an important treatment outcome or an endpoint for future studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sung Yoon Cho
- Department of Pediatrics, Hanyang University Guri Hopistal, Hanyang University College of Medicine, Guri, Korea
| | - Rimm Huh
- Department of Pediatrics, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Mi Sun Chang
- Department of Pediatrics, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Jieun Lee
- Department of Pediatrics, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Younghee Kwun
- Department of Pediatrics, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Se Hyun Maeng
- Department of Pediatrics, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Su Jin Kim
- Department of Pediatrics, Kwandong University College of Medicine, Myongji Hospital, Goyang, Korea
| | - Young Bae Sohn
- Department of Medical Genetics, Ajou University Hospital, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon, Korea
| | - Sung Won Park
- Department of Pediatrics, Kwandong University College of Medicine, Cheil General Hospital & Woman's Health care Center, Seoul, Korea
| | - Eun-Kyung Kwon
- Department of Pediatrics, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Sun Ju Han
- Department of Pediatrics, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Jooyoun Jung
- Department of Pediatrics, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Dong-Kyu Jin
- Department of Pediatrics, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
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17
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Nematollahi L, Mahboudi F, Rahimpour A, Jahandar H, Khalaj V. [A novel human bone morphogenetic protein-7 variant with an enriched heparin-binding site]. Mol Biol (Mosk) 2013; 47:453-60. [PMID: 23888776 DOI: 10.7868/s0026898413030105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
BMPs are osteoinductive proteins which are used in treatment of acute fractures. Large quantities of recombinant proteins are usually needed to achieve efficacy in the clinic. This translates to severe complications and high costs. Different strategies have been developed to improve the efficacy and safety of BMPs. Modification of the heparin-binding site in order to increase the local retention time of the morphogen is one of these approaches. Aiming at further improvement in properties of BMP-7, a novel form of this protein was designed and expressed successfully in Chinese Hamster Ovarian (CHO) cells. Substitution of the Bone morphogenetic protein-7 N-terminus by the heparin-binding site of Bone morphogenetic protein-2 was carried out to increase the heparin binding capacity of the novel protein. It was found that the novel variant, retained its in vitro biological activity and the heparin binding capacity of this protein was approximately 20% higher than that of the wild-type at a protein concentration of 100 ng/mL. The novel protein as the first variant of hBMP-7 with the enriched heparin-binding site may offer more advantages in clinical use as compared to the existing commercial form.
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18
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Schaal JB, Tran D, Tran P, Ösapay G, Trinh K, Roberts KD, Brasky KM, Tongaonkar P, Ouellette AJ, Selsted ME. Rhesus macaque theta defensins suppress inflammatory cytokines and enhance survival in mouse models of bacteremic sepsis. PLoS One 2012; 7:e51337. [PMID: 23236475 PMCID: PMC3516535 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0051337] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2012] [Accepted: 11/07/2012] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Theta-defensins (θ-defensins) are macrocyclic antimicrobial peptides expressed in leukocytes of Old World monkeys. The peptides are broad spectrum microbicides in vitro and numerous θ-defensin isoforms have been identified in granulocytes of rhesus macaques and Olive baboons. Several mammalian α- and β-defensins, genetically related to θ-defensins, have proinflammatory and immune-activating properties that bridge innate and acquired immunity. In the current study we analyzed the immunoregulatory properties of rhesus θ-defensins 1–5 (RTDs 1–5). RTD-1, the most abundant θ-defensin in macaques, reduced the levels of TNF, IL-1α, IL-1β, IL-6, and IL-8 secreted by blood leukocytes stimulated by several TLR agonists. RTDs 1–5 suppressed levels of soluble TNF released by bacteria- or LPS-stimulated blood leukocytes and THP-1 monocytes. Despite their highly conserved conformation and amino acid sequences, the anti-TNF activities of RTDs 1–5 varied by as much as 10-fold. Systemically administered RTD-1 was non-toxic for BALB/c mice, and escalating intravenous doses were well tolerated and non-immunogenic in adult chimpanzees. The peptide was highly stable in serum and plasma. Single dose administration of RTD-1 at 5 mg/kg significantly improved survival of BALB/c mice with E. coli peritonitis and cecal ligation-and-puncture induced polymicrobial sepsis. Peptide treatment reduced serum levels of several inflammatory cytokines/chemokines in bacteremic animals. Collectively, these results indicate that the anti-inflammatory properties of θ-defensins in vitro and in vivo are mediated by the suppression of numerous proinflammatory cytokines and blockade of TNF release may be a primary effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Justin B. Schaal
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Dat Tran
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Patti Tran
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - George Ösapay
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of California Irvine, Irvine, California, United States of America
| | - Katie Trinh
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Kevin D. Roberts
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Kathleen M. Brasky
- Texas Biomedical Research Institute, San Antonio, Texas, United States of America
| | - Prasad Tongaonkar
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - André J. Ouellette
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
- Kenneth Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Michael E. Selsted
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
- Kenneth Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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19
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Abstract
The gonadotropins, luteinizing hormone, human chorionic gonadotropin and follicle-stimulating hormone, are key regulators of reproduction. As a result of this function, they have been the focus of research for many years. Isolated or recombinant proteins have been successfully used therapeutically for the treatment of infertility; and, in the case of compounds that block gonadotropin activity, for their potential utility in contraception. Until recently, selective small molecules modulating gonadotropin receptor activity have proven difficult to identify. The gonadotropins are glycoproteins that are released into the plasma as differently glycosylated isoforms and bind to specific G protein-coupled receptors. The degree of glycosylation on the gonadotropins has been shown to be important for the biological activities of these hormones and is differentially regulated depending on the steroidal status. Recent data from the study of glycosylated variants of LH, hCG and FSH have revealed that these isoforms have distinct signaling properties that allow for gonadotropin pleiotropic signals to be transduced effectively at the level of the receptor. Thus, glycosylated variants of the gonadotropins behave as biased agonists. Recently, newly developed, small molecule, synthetic allosteric compounds have been identified that are capable of mimicking this biased signaling. This opens the door to development of orally available, drug-like therapies for reproductive disorders that offer similar pleiotropic richness as that offered by the complex, endogenous hormones.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian J Arey
- Metabolic and Cardiovascular Drug Discovery, Research and Development, Bristol-Myers Squibb Co., 311 Pennington-Rocky Hill Rd., Mail Stop- 21-1.08, Hopewell, NJ 08543, USA.
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20
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Romero-Prado MMDJ, Martín-Cófreces NB. The diagnostic and therapeutic importance of human growth hormone isoforms. Recent Pat DNA Gene Seq 2011; 5:55-67. [PMID: 21303344 DOI: 10.2174/187221511794839228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2010] [Accepted: 12/20/2010] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
The study of human growth hormone isoforms has conduced to the elaboration of patents related to very important items: codifying and regulatory sequences, production of the protein at large-scale, modifications to prolong half-life as monomer, dimer and fusion protein for treatments directed to growth-associated diseases. The designs to identification and quantification of hGH are besides the formers establishing very important basis of patented sources that can be used for a specific and opportune diagnosis and treatment of biological abnormalities or undesirable effects when these growth hormones are involved.
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21
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Krzeminski TF, Mitrega K, Porc M, Zorniak M, Ryszka F, Ostrowska Z, Kos-Kudła B. Differential action of two prolactin isoforms on ischemia and re-perfusion-induced arrhythmias in rats in vivo. J Endocrinol Invest 2011; 34:206-15. [PMID: 20924224 DOI: 10.1007/bf03347068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The different influences of one of the PRL isoforms (PRL I) on the cardiovascular system have been described in the past. AIM Our goal was to establish an appropriate iv dose of 2 PRL isoforms (PRL I and PRL II) in intact rats. After establishing this dose, PRL I (0.01 mg/kg) or PRL II (0.001 mg/kg) was administered in bolus 10 min before left anterior descending coronary artery occlusion (7 min) followed by re-perfusion (15 min). We then aimed to study and compare the effects of these isoforms on ischemia- and re-perfusion-induced arrhythmias in the ischemia and re-perfusion-induced arrhythmias model in rats. MATERIALS AND METHODS Mortality index, ventricular fibrillation and tachycardia (VF, VT) incidence and duration, systolic, diastolic, and mean arterial blood pressure, heart rate and myocardial index of oxygen consumption [pressure rate product (PRP)] were measured and calculated. RESULTS Both PRL isoforms reduced animal mortality (from 50 to 18.75 and 25%, respectively). PRL II significantly reduced VF incidence (to 25%) as well as VT duration (18.21 ± 3.09) and these effects were markedly different from PRL I and from the control group (p<0.05). Both PRL reduced PRP in the recovery phase (p<0.05). CONCLUSIONS We proved that supraphysiological doses of PRL isoforms administered in bolus could protect against sudden cardiac death as well as severe arrhythmias episodes during re-perfusion. Because of PRL's positive influence on the cardiovascular system and as an endogenous, well-tolerated substance, it might be of potential clinical use.
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Affiliation(s)
- T F Krzeminski
- Department of Pharmacology, Medical University of Silesia, ul Jordana 19, 41-808 Zabrze, Poland.
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22
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Kragh-Hansen U. [Human serum albumin: gene-technological possibilities]. Ugeskr Laeger 2008; 170:2958-2962. [PMID: 18808748] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Gene technology will soon render it possible to make recombinant human serum albumin for clinical use, to produce albumins with altered biological half-lives and isoforms with such high and specific binding affinity that they may be used as antidotes. Mutants with increased affinity for different cell types can be designed and used for drug targeting. Albumin-ligand complexes with new properties can be made. The bioavailability of peptide-therapeutics can be prolonged by forming albumin fusions. In time, it will probably be possible to tailor useful albumins to specific types of patients.
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Jin P, Zhang J, Sumariwalla PF, Ni I, Jorgensen B, Crawford D, Phillips S, Feldmann M, Shepard HM, Paleolog EM. Novel splice variants derived from the receptor tyrosine kinase superfamily are potential therapeutics for rheumatoid arthritis. Arthritis Res Ther 2008; 10:R73. [PMID: 18593464 PMCID: PMC2575619 DOI: 10.1186/ar2447] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2008] [Revised: 06/25/2008] [Accepted: 07/01/2008] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Despite the advent of biological therapies for the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis, there is a compelling need to develop alternative therapeutic targets for nonresponders to existing treatments. Soluble receptors occur naturally in vivo, such as the splice variant of the cell surface receptor for vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF)--a key regulator of angiogenesis in rheumatoid arthritis. Bioinformatics analyses predict that the majority of human genes undergo alternative splicing, generating proteins--many of which may have regulatory functions. The objective of the present study was to identify alternative splice variants (ASV) from cell surface receptor genes, and to determine whether the novel proteins encoded exert therapeutic activity in an in vivo model of arthritis. METHODS To identify novel splice variants, we performed RT-PCR using an mRNA pool representing major human tissue types and tumors. Novel ASV were identified by alignment of each cloned sequence to its respective genomic sequence in comparison with full-length transcripts. To test whether these ASV have biologic activity, we characterized a subset of them for ligand binding, and for efficacy in an animal model of arthritis. The in vivo study was accomplished using adenoviruses expressing secreted ASV. RESULTS We cloned 60 novel human ASV from 21 genes, encoding cell surface receptors--many of which are known to be important in the regulation of angiogenesis. The ASV were characterized by exon extension, intron retention and alternative exon utilization. Efficient expression and secretion of selected ASV--corresponding to VEGF receptor type 1, VEGF receptor type 2, VEGF receptor type 3, angiopoietin receptor Tie1, Met (receptor for hepatocyte growth factor), colony-stimulating factor 1 receptor, platelet-derived growth factor receptor beta, fibroblast growth factor receptor 1, Kit, and RAGE--was demonstrated, together with binding to their cognate ligands. Importantly, ASV derived from VEGF receptor type 1 and Tie1, and to a lesser extent from VEGF receptor type 2 and fibroblast growth factor receptor 1, reduced clinical signs of arthritis in vivo. The reduction was paralleled by decreased joint inflammation and destruction. CONCLUSION The present study shows that unique ASV derived from receptors that play key roles in angiogenesis--namely, VEGF receptor type 1 and, for the first time, Tie1--can markedly reduce arthritis severity. More broadly, our results demonstrate that ASV are a source of novel proteins with therapeutic potential in diseases in which angiogenesis and cellular hyperplasia play a central role, such as rheumatoid arthritis.
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MESH Headings
- Angiopoietin-1/metabolism
- Animals
- Arthritis, Rheumatoid/drug therapy
- Arthritis, Rheumatoid/metabolism
- Cells, Cultured
- Disease Models, Animal
- Endothelium, Vascular/cytology
- Endothelium, Vascular/metabolism
- Humans
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred DBA
- Neovascularization, Physiologic/physiology
- Protein Binding/physiology
- Protein Isoforms/metabolism
- Protein Isoforms/therapeutic use
- RNA, Messenger/metabolism
- Receptor Protein-Tyrosine Kinases/metabolism
- Receptor Protein-Tyrosine Kinases/therapeutic use
- Receptor, TIE-1/metabolism
- Receptor, TIE-1/therapeutic use
- Severity of Illness Index
- Umbilical Veins/cytology
- Umbilical Veins/metabolism
- Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor Receptor-1/metabolism
- Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor Receptor-1/therapeutic use
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Affiliation(s)
- Pei Jin
- Receptor BioLogix, Inc., Palo Alto, CA 94303, USA
| | - Juan Zhang
- Receptor BioLogix, Inc., Palo Alto, CA 94303, USA
| | - Percy F Sumariwalla
- Kennedy Institute of Rheumatology, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, London W6 8LH, UK
| | - Irene Ni
- Receptor BioLogix, Inc., Palo Alto, CA 94303, USA
| | | | - Damian Crawford
- Kennedy Institute of Rheumatology, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, London W6 8LH, UK
| | | | - Marc Feldmann
- Kennedy Institute of Rheumatology, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, London W6 8LH, UK
| | | | - Ewa M Paleolog
- Kennedy Institute of Rheumatology, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, London W6 8LH, UK
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Lo KM, Lan Y, Lauder S, Zhang J, Brunkhorst B, Qin G, Verma R, Courtenay-Luck N, Gillies SD. huBC1-IL12, an immunocytokine which targets EDB-containing oncofetal fibronectin in tumors and tumor vasculature, shows potent anti-tumor activity in human tumor models. Cancer Immunol Immunother 2007; 56:447-57. [PMID: 16874486 PMCID: PMC11030988 DOI: 10.1007/s00262-006-0203-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2006] [Accepted: 06/20/2006] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
IL-12 is a cytokine which showed anti-tumor effects in clinical trials, but also produced serious toxicity. We describe a fusion protein, huBC1-IL12, designed to achieve an improved therapeutic index by specifically targeting IL-12 to tumor and tumor vasculature. huBC-1 is a humanized antibody that targets a cryptic sequence of the human ED-B-containing fibronectin isoform, B-FN, present in the subendothelial extracellular matrix of most aggressive tumors. B-FN is oncofetal and angiogenesis-associated, and is undetectable in most normal adult tissues. The original murine BC-1 antibody has been used successfully for immunoscintigraphy to image brain tumor mass in glioblastoma patients. In huBC1-IL12, each of the IgG heavy chains is genetically fused to the N-terminus of the IL-12 p35 subunit, which in turn is disulfide-bonded to the p40 subunit, resulting in a hexameric molecule of MW of approximately 300 kDa. Since human IL-12 has no biological activity in mice, we produced huBC1-muIL12 as a surrogate molecule for animal tumor models. Despite the relatively poor PK profile of this molecule in mice and the apparent drawbacks of xenogeneic models in SCID mice, which lack T and B cells, one cycle of treatment with huBC1-muIL12 was efficacious in the PC3mm2, A431, and HT29 subcutaneous tumor models and PC3mm2 lung metastasis model. This molecule also was found to have surprisingly low toxicity in immunocompetent mice. A fusion protein that contains human IL-12 (huBC1-huIL12), which is a suitable molecule for investigation as a therapeutic, has also been produced. This protein has been shown to have a longer serum half-life than huBC1-muIL12 in mice, and retains both antigen binding and IL-12 activity in in vitro assays.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kin-Ming Lo
- EMD Lexigen Research Center, 45A Middlesex Turnpike, Billerica, MA 01821, USA.
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25
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Gafvelin G, Parmley S, Neimert-Andersson T, Blank U, Eriksson TLJ, van Hage M, Punnonen J. Hypoallergens for allergen-specific immunotherapy by directed molecular evolution of mite group 2 allergens. J Biol Chem 2006; 282:3778-87. [PMID: 17170112 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m607938200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Allergen-specific immunotherapy is the only treatment that provides long lasting relief of allergic symptoms. Currently, it is based on repeated administration of allergen extracts. To improve the safety and efficacy of allergen extract-based immunotherapy, application of hypoallergens, i.e. modified allergens with reduced IgE binding capacity but retained T-cell reactivity, has been proposed. It may, however, be difficult to predict how to modify an allergen to create a hypoallergen. Directed molecular evolution by DNA shuffling and screening provides a means by which to evolve proteins having novel or improved functional properties without knowledge of structure-function relationships of the target molecules. With the aim to generate hypoallergens we applied multigene DNA shuffling on three group 2 dust mite allergen genes, two isoforms of Lep d 2 and Gly d 2. DNA shuffling yielded a library of genes from which encoded shuffled allergens were expressed and screened. A positive selection was made for full-length, high-expressing clones, and screening for low binding to IgE from mite allergic patients was performed using an IgE bead-based binding assay. Nine selected shuffled allergens revealed 80-fold reduced to completely abolished IgE binding compared with the parental allergens in IgE binding competition experiments. Two hypoallergen candidates stimulated allergen-specific T-cell proliferation and cytokine production at comparable levels as the wild-type allergens in patient peripheral blood mononuclear cell cultures. The two candidates also induced blocking Lep d 2-specific IgG antibodies in immunized mice. We conclude that directed molecular evolution is a powerful approach to generate hypoallergens for potential use in allergen-specific immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guro Gafvelin
- Department of Medicine, Clinical Immunology and Allergy Unit, Karolinska Institutet, 17176 Stockholm, Sweden.
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26
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Luszczek W, Kubicka W, Jasek M, Baran E, Cisło M, Nockowski P, Luczywo-Rudy M, Wiśniewski A, Nowak I, Kuśnierczyk P. CTLA-4 gene polymorphisms and natural soluble CTLA-4 protein in psoriasis vulgaris. Int J Immunogenet 2006; 33:217-24. [PMID: 16712655 DOI: 10.1111/j.1744-313x.2006.00600.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
CTLA-4 molecule is an important inhibitor of T-lymphocyte activation. Several single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in the CTLA-4 gene were found, and their associations with many human diseases were described. So far, however, such studies have not been performed in psoriasis vulgaris in Caucasoids. Therefore, we examined the distribution of three CTLA-4 SNPs: -1147C/T, -318C/T and +49 A/G in 116 patients with psoriasis vulgaris and 123 healthy blood donors using the polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism method. For all three SNPs, the frequencies of alleles, genotypes and three-point haplotypes were very similar in patients and controls, suggesting no contribution of these genetic variants to psoriasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- W Luszczek
- Laboratory of Immunogenetics, Department of Clinical Immunology, Ludwik Hirszfeld Institute of Immunology and Experimental Therapy, Polish Academy of Sciences, Wroclaw
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27
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Hirose M, Tsukada M, Hirayama F, Kubo Y, Kajii M, Mochizuki S, Hamato N, Ohi H. Recombinant human antithrombin expressed in Chinese hamster ovary cells shows in vivo efficacy on rat DIC model similarly to plasma-derived antithrombin regardless of different N-glycosylation. Thromb Res 2006; 119:631-41. [PMID: 16844203 DOI: 10.1016/j.thromres.2006.05.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2005] [Revised: 04/10/2006] [Accepted: 05/22/2006] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Plasma-derived human antithrombin (pAT) is used for the treatments of disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC) and hereditary antithrombin deficiencies. We expressed recombinant human antithrombin (rAT) in Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells. The purified rAT is composed of 55% alpha-isoform and 45% beta-isoform. The structure of the N-linked oligosaccharides of rAT is the same biantennary complex type as previously found in pAT with less sialylated on the non-reducing ends. Most of the oligosaccharides of rAT are fucosylated at the reducing ends of N-acetylglucosamine, while those of pAT are not fucosylated. Despite of the difference in sialylation and fucosylation of the oligosaccharide units, rAT and pAT showed indistinguishable heparin cofactor and progressive activities, and they bound to thrombin in a one-to-one stoichiometric manner. In lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced and thromboplastin-induced DIC rat models, rAT reduced fibrinogen and platelet consumption to a similar extent with pAT. In LPS-induced DIC model, both ATs similarly restrained the increase of alanine aminotransferase and aspartate aminotransferase activities. Finally, pharmacokinetic analysis showed that both ATs had similar half-lives in the circulation of normal rats. Together, the present study demonstrated that rAT prepared in CHO cells has potential for a substitute of pAT in therapeutic use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masaaki Hirose
- Protein Research Laboratory, Pharmaceutical Research Division, Mitsubishi Pharma Corporation, 2-25-1, Shodai-Ohtani, Hirakata, Osaka, Japan.
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28
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Kirchner M, Marshall D. A double-blind randomized controlled trial comparing alternate forms of high molecular weight hyaluronan for the treatment of osteoarthritis of the knee. Osteoarthritis Cartilage 2006; 14:154-62. [PMID: 16242361 DOI: 10.1016/j.joca.2005.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2005] [Accepted: 09/06/2005] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To compare the safety and effectiveness of a high molecular weight hyaluronan produced by biological fermentation (Bio-HA) with those of avian-derived hyaluronan that uses cross-linking to achieve high molecular weight (CL-HA). DESIGN This was a prospective, multicenter, randomized, double-blind trial evaluating patients with confirmed osteoarthritis of the knee. The Western Ontario and McMaster Universities Osteoarthritis Index (WOMAC Index) pain subscale was the primary effectiveness measure (visual analog scale). Both products were administered via three weekly injections, with follow-up evaluations at weeks 3, 6 and 12. Acetaminophen was permitted as rescue medication and quantitated by pill counts. RESULTS Analyses were performed on the intent-to-treat population, defined as all patients receiving at least one injection. Of the 321 patients randomized to treatment, 314 patients (98%) completed the final study assessment. Improvement in the average WOMAC Index pain score was 29.8mm (-61.6%) for Bio-HA and 28.8mm (-54.9%) for CL-HA, meeting the prospective criteria for non-inferiority. For the secondary outcome measures, statistically significant differences favored Bio-HA for the number of patients requiring acetaminophen (P=0.013) and patient global satisfaction evaluations (P=0.03). Local reactions differed between the products in that 15 effusions were reported in 13 CL-HA patients (8.1%) after injection, compared to one effusion (0.6%) after Bio-HA injection (P=0.0015). CONCLUSION The effectiveness of Bio-HA was not inferior to that of CL-HA. The significantly higher incidence of post-injection effusion in the CL-HA group provides a safety advantage for Bio-HA. These data suggest that Bio-HA has an improved benefit-risk profile compared with CL-HA.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Kirchner
- NOVA-CLINIC, Eichendorffweg 5, Biberach, Germany
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29
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Abstract
Antiangiogenesis by inhibition of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) has recently been demonstrated to be an effective therapeutic mode in human cancer alongside surgery, radiotherapy and chemotherapy. The authors have recently discovered a family of inhibitory VEGF splice variants, which has led to the possibility of using these isoforms as antiangiogenic agents. The discovery, mechanism of action, preclinical evaluation, and the potential uses of these isoforms in future cancer therapy will be discussed herein.
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Affiliation(s)
- David O Bates
- University of Bristol, Microvascular Research Laboratories, Department of Physiology, Preclinical Veterinary School, Southwell Street, Bristol, BS2 8EJ, UK.
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30
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James CM, Bartlett EJ, Mansfield JP, Cull VS. Interferon subtype gene therapy for regulating cytomegalovirus disease. Methods Mol Med 2005; 116:207-19. [PMID: 16000864 DOI: 10.1385/1-59259-939-7:207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Delivery of type I interferon (IFN) subtypes by intramuscular inoculation of mice with a recombinant mammalian expression vector encoding IFN stimulates the immune response. Such immunomodulation drives towards a Th1-like response. The degree of stimulation of the immune response was influenced by several parameters of the naked deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) vaccination protocol. Pretreatment of mice with bupivacaine increased transgene expression in situ. The specific subtype gene of type I IFN, the DNA concentration, the combined use of two or more subtypes, and the timing of the DNA immunisations were all found to influence the level of efficacy of IFN gene therapy in a mouse model for cytomegalovirus (CMV) infection and disease. In addition, adjuvant therapy, using type I IFN genes, for DNA virus vaccination (CMV glycoprotein B) enhanced viral-specific immunity and reduced the severity of myocarditis in mice. Thus, type I IFN gene therapy has potent adjuvant properties when delivered as DNA and can be used to regulate virus infection and disease via pleiotropic actions in the stimulation of immune responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cassandra M James
- Division of Health Sciences, Murdoch University, Western Australia, Australia
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31
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Javelaud D, Mauviel A. Mammalian transforming growth factor-betas: Smad signaling and physio-pathological roles. Int J Biochem Cell Biol 2004; 36:1161-5. [PMID: 15109563 DOI: 10.1016/s1357-2725(03)00255-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 122] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2003] [Revised: 06/13/2003] [Accepted: 06/13/2003] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Since its discovery in the early 1980s, transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-beta) has emerged as a family of growth factors involved in essential physiological processes, including embryonic development, differentiation, tissue repair and cell growth control. Knockout experiments for the three mammalian isoforms of TGF-betas in mice have demonstrated their importance in regulating inflammation and tissue repair. Also, TGF-beta has been implicated in the pathogenesis of human diseases, including tissue fibrosis and carcinogenesis where, in the latter case, it may exert both tumor suppressor and pro-oncogenic activities depending on the stage of the tumor. Cellular signaling by TGF-beta family members is initiated by the assembly of specific cell surface serine/threonine kinase type receptors that activate transcription factors of the Smad family.
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Affiliation(s)
- Delphine Javelaud
- INSERM U532, Institut de Recherche sur la Peau, Université Paris VII, Hôpital Saint-Louis, Pavillon Bazin, 1 Avenue Claude Vellefaux, 75010 Paris, France
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Wahle KWJ, Heys SD, Rotondo D. Conjugated linoleic acids: are they beneficial or detrimental to health? Prog Lipid Res 2004; 43:553-87. [PMID: 15522764 DOI: 10.1016/j.plipres.2004.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 381] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2004] [Revised: 08/12/2004] [Accepted: 08/23/2004] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Conjugated linoleic acids (CLAs) comprise a family of positional and geometric isomers of linoleic acid (18:2n-6; LA) that are formed by biohydrogenation and oxidation processes in nature. The major dietary sources of these unusual fatty acids are foods derived from ruminant animals, in particular dairy products. The main form of CLA, cis-9, trans-11-18:2, can be produced directly by bacterial hydrogenation in the rumen or by delta-9 desaturation of the co-product vaccenic acid (trans-11-18:1) in most mammalian tissues including man. The second most abundant isomer of CLA is the trans-10, cis-12-18:2 form. Initially identified in grilled beef as a potential anti-carcinogen a surprising number of health benefits have subsequently been attributed to CLA mixtures and more recently to the main individual isoforms. It is also clear from recent studies that the two main isoforms can have different effects on metabolism and cell functions and can act through different cell signalling pathways. The majority of studies on body compositional effects (i.e. fat loss, lean gain), on cancer and cardiovascular disease attenuation, on insulin sensitivity and diabetes and on immune function have been conducted with a variety of animal models. Observations clearly emphasise that differences exist between mammalian species in their response to CLAs with mice being the most sensitive. Recent studies indicate that some but not all of the effects observed in animals also pertain to human volunteers. Reports of detrimental effects of CLA intake appear to be largely in mice and due mainly to the trans-10, cis-12 isomer. Suggestions of possible deleterious effects in man due to an increase in oxidative lipid products (isoprostanes) with trans-10, cis-12 CLA ingestion require substantiation. Unresponsiveness to antioxidants of these non-enzymatic oxidation products casts some doubt on their physiological relevance. Recent reports, albeit in the minority, that CLAs, particularly the trans-10, cis-12 isomer, can elicit pro-carcinogenic effects in animal models of colon and prostate cancer and can increase prostaglandin production in cells also warrant further investigation and critical evaluation in relation to the many published anti-cancer and anti-prostaglandin effects of CLAs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Klaus W J Wahle
- School of Life Sciences, The Robert Gordon University, Aberdeen AB 25 1GH, UK.
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Klimaschewski L, Nindl W, Feurle J, Kavakebi P, Kostron H. Basic fibroblast growth factor isoforms promote axonal elongation and branching of adult sensory neurons in vitro. Neuroscience 2004; 126:347-53. [PMID: 15207352 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2004.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/02/2004] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Synthesis of the multifunctional cytokine basic fibroblast growth factor (FGF-2) is up-regulated after sciatic nerve lesion. In this study, the effects of low and high molecular weight FGF-2 isoforms on axonal elongation and branching of dissociated rat sensory neurons derived from adult lumbar dorsal root ganglia were investigated. These neurons express FGF receptor (FGFR) type I in the cytoplasmic/membrane compartment and in nuclear speckles. FGF-2 isoforms increase the number of axonal branches in cultures obtained from control rats, but do not promote axonal elongation. In response to a preconditioning lesion, i.e. transection of the sciatic nerve 1 week before culture, the axonal length of ipsilateral lumbar sensory neurons increases two-fold when compared with non-lesioned control rats, and this response is significantly enhanced by FGF-2 isoforms but not by nerve growth factor (NGF). Neurons dissociated from ganglia located contralaterally to the lesion exhibit a smaller increase in axon elongation (30%). The stimulating effects of FGF-2 isoforms on axon growth are fully blocked, and the enhanced regeneration of prelesioned neurons is reduced by the FGFR inhibitor SU5402 suggesting an involvement of endogenous FGF signaling in response to a lesion. The present data support a direct neurotrophic role of the 18 kD and 23 kD FGF-2 isoforms on adult axonal regeneration which may be of therapeutic value in the treatment of peripheral nerve lesions. Furthermore, evidence is provided for an enhanced regenerative capacity not only of preaxotomized neurons but also of homonymous non-axotomized neurons.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Klimaschewski
- Department of Neuroanatomy, Medical University of Innsbruck, Muellerstrasse 59, A-6020 Innsbruck, Austria.
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Abstract
Fibroblast growth factor 2 (FGF2) is expressed ubiquitously in mesodermal and neuroectodermal cells. Human FGF2 occurs in isoforms translated from a common mRNA by alternative use of AUG (low-molecular weight isoforms) and CUG (high-molecular weight isoforms) start codons. Whereas the high-molecular weight isoforms function in an intracrine manner, the low-molecular weight isoform functions as autocrine, paracrine, and intracrine ligands. FGF2's signals are mediated by a family of high- and low-affinity receptors. The nuclear localization of FGF2 appears to be essential for its mitogenic effects with different isoforms localizing in different nuclear substructures. By regulating the transcription or activity of multiple other genes, FGF2 plays an important role in proliferation, differentiation, and survival of cells of almost all organ systems. Its potent angiogenic effects observed in tissue culture models and healthy animals have prompted clinical trials testing effects of FGF2 protein or genetic material on ischemic tissues. Unfortunately, FGF2-mediated therapeutic angiogenesis has yielded inconclusive results. One possible reason is that single-gene therapy is not sufficient to support the numerous effectors required to generate mature vessels assembled by multiple cells, including pericytes, smooth muscle cells, and endothelial cell subtypes. Another possible reason is that potentially negative effects of dyslipidemia, a common finding in patients with macro- and microvascular disease, on gene therapy have not been taken into account. We have demonstrated that electronegative low-density lipoprotein (LDL) from hypercholesterolemic human plasma downregulates FGF2 by both transcriptional and posttranscriptional mechanisms. In our models, FGF2 downregulation results in angiostasis and endothelial cell apoptosis. Deprivation of endogenous FGF2 may lead to dysregulation of the activities of other survival and angiogenesis-related genes. Delineation of the molecular mechanisms modulating the expression and actions of FGF2 may provide the basis for novel therapeutic interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chu-Huang Chen
- Department of Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas 77030, USA.
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Mohler ER, Rajagopalan S, Olin JW, Trachtenberg JD, Rasmussen H, Pak R, Crystal RG. Adenoviral-mediated gene transfer of vascular endothelial growth factor in critical limb ischemia: safety results from a phase I trial. Vasc Med 2003; 8:9-13. [PMID: 12866606 DOI: 10.1191/1358863x03vm460oa] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Critical limb ischemia (CLI) is typified by rest pain and/or tissue necrosis secondary to advanced peripheral arterial disease (PAD) and is characterized by diminution in limb perfusion at rest. We tested the safety of an angiogenic strategy with CI-1023 (Ad(GV)VEGF121.10), a replication-deficient adenovirus encoding human vascular endothelial growth factor isoform 121 in patients with CLI as part of a phase I trial. Fifteen subjects >35 years of age with CLI and angiographic disease involving the infra-inguinal vessels underwent intramuscular injection of CI-1023 (4 x 10(8) to 4 x 10(10) particle units, n = 13) or placebo (n = 2). All of the patients tolerated the injection well and there were no serious complications related to the procedure. Transient edema was noted in one patient. A total of 79 adverse events were reported over the course of one year. One death (day 136) and one malignancy (day 332) occurred in the CI-1023 group. CI-1023 appears to be well tolerated and safe for single-dose administration in patients with critical limb ischemia due to PAD. Further studies are needed to determine the efficacy of this form of therapeutic angiogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emile R Mohler
- Department of Internal Medicine, Section of Vascular Medicine, Division of Cardiology, University of Pennsylvania Health System, Philadelphia, PA, USA.
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Abstract
Therapeutic angiogenesis, in the form of growth factor protein administration or gene therapy, has emerged as a new method of treatment for patients with severe, inoperable coronary artery disease. Improved myocardial perfusion and function after administration of angiogenic growth factors has been demonstrated in animal models of chronic myocardial ischemia. Recently, preliminary clinical trials using growth factor proteins or genes encoding these angiogenic factors have demonstrated clinical and other objective evidence of relevant angiogenesis. A recent study reported beneficial long-term effects of therapeutic angiogenesis using fibroblast growth factor (FGF)-2 protein in terms of freedom from angina and perfusion on single-photon emission computed tomographic imaging. Thus, therapeutic angiogenesis has the potential to extend treatment options to patients who are not optimal candidates for conventional methods of myocardial revascularization. However, endogenous antiangiogenic influences, intrinsic lack of response of patients with severe endothelial dysfunction, and other limitations will need to be overcome before angiogenesis becomes a standard therapy for the treatment of patients with severe coronary disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frank W Sellke
- Division of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02215, USA.
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Dickey RP, Thornton M, Nichols J, Marshall DC, Fein SH, Nardi RV. Comparison of the efficacy and safety of a highly purified human follicle-stimulating hormone (Bravelle) and recombinant follitropin-beta for in vitro fertilization: a prospective, randomized study. Fertil Steril 2002; 77:1202-8. [PMID: 12057729 DOI: 10.1016/s0015-0282(02)03131-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To compare the efficacy and safety of Bravelle s.c., Bravelle i.m., and Follistim s.c. in patients undergoing controlled ovarian hyperstimulation for IVF-ET. DESIGN Open-label, randomized, parallel group, multicenter study. SETTING Eleven academic and private fertility clinics with experience in IVF-ET. PATIENT(S) Infertile premenopausal women with regular ovulatory menstrual cycles undergoing IVF-ET. INTERVENTION(S) Down-regulation with leuprolide acetate followed by up to 12 days of Bravelle s.c. (n = 60), Bravelle i.m. (n = 59), or Follistim s.c. (n = 58); hCG administration, oocyte retrieval, and ET. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE(S) Mean number of oocytes retrieved; patients with ET, chemical, clinical and continuing pregnancies; mean peak serum E2 levels; adverse events and injection site pain scores. RESULT(S) There were no significant differences among treatment groups in mean number of oocytes retrieved, peak serum E2 levels, patients with ET, continuing pregnancies, or live births. There were no significant differences among the treatment groups in the number, nature, or intensity of adverse events. Patients treated with Bravelle s.c. or Bravelle i.m. experienced significantly less injection site pain than patients treated with Follistim s.c. CONCLUSION(S) Bravelle s.c. and Bravelle i.m. are comparable in efficacy and safety to Follistim s.c. in patients undergoing controlled ovarian hyperstimulation for IVF-ET.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard P Dickey
- The Fertility Institute of New Orleans, New Orleans, Louisiana, USA
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Dafni H, Landsman L, Schechter B, Kohen F, Neeman M. MRI and fluorescence microscopy of the acute vascular response to VEGF165: vasodilation, hyper-permeability and lymphatic uptake, followed by rapid inactivation of the growth factor. NMR Biomed 2002; 15:120-31. [PMID: 11870908 DOI: 10.1002/nbm.724] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) is one of the key growth factors regulating tumor angiogenesis and thus it is one of the primary targets for antiangiogenic therapy. The long-term effects of VEGF include induction of proliferation and migration of endothelial cells, tube formation and maintenance of the immature capillaries. The early effects of VEGF include vasodilation and increased permeability. We hypothesize that the early responses to VEGF can serve to develop a quantitative measure of the activity of VEGF, and therefore may be applicable for monitoring the efficacy of systemic suppression of VEGF signaling during antiangiogenic therapy. For that end we tested the ability of MRI and fluorescence microscopy to detect the early response to intradermal VEGF165 in nude mice. VEGF-induced local vasodilation and increased permeability was detected by intravenous administration of macromolecular biotin-BSA-GdDTPA(23) 30 min after intradermal administration of VEGF. Contrast leak showed saturation kinetics. Delayed contrast administration (90 min after intradermal administration of VEGF) resulted in low contrast leak and demonstrated that the saturation kinetics is not due to contrast equilibration between plasma and the interstitial space, but rather is due to suppression of vascular permeability. Permeability was restored by a second bolus of VEGF, showing that the saturation kinetics is primarily due to inactivation of the growth factor. Confocal microscopy of fluorescent BSA-FITC confirmed the permeability changes monitored by MRI. Moreover, confocal microscopy showed efficient lymphatic uptake of the extravasated contrast material specifically in regions of VEGF induced hyper-permeability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hagit Dafni
- Department of Biological Regulation, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 76100, Israel
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Ten Hove T, Corbaz A, Amitai H, Aloni S, Belzer I, Graber P, Drillenburg P, van Deventer SJ, Chvatchko Y, Te Velde AA. Blockade of endogenous IL-18 ameliorates TNBS-induced colitis by decreasing local TNF-alpha production in mice. Gastroenterology 2001; 121:1372-9. [PMID: 11729116 DOI: 10.1053/gast.2001.29579] [Citation(s) in RCA: 152] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS Interleukin (IL) 18 has proinflammatory effects. IL-18 plays a pivotal role in Th1 responses, but its proinflammatory activities extend beyond Th1 cells, including macrophages and production of tumor necrosis factor (TNF) alpha and IL-1beta. IL-18 is up-regulated in colonic specimens of patients with Crohn's disease. The goal of this study was to evaluate the role of IL-18. METHODS Activity of IL-18 was neutralized using recombinant human IL-18 binding protein isoform a (rhIL-18BPa) in trinitrobenzene sulfonic acid (TNBS)-induced colitis. RESULTS Mice treated daily with rhIL-18BPa (8 mg/kg) had significant reductions in clinical score, body weight loss, and colon weight increase compared with saline-treated mice. Histologic analysis showed that rhIL-18BPa-treated mice developed only mild colitis without signs of ulceration, with a mean total score of 9.8 +/- 1.3 points compared with 15.9 +/- 1.1 points observed in saline-treated mice with colitis. Analysis of cytokine levels in colon homogenates showed a significant decrease in TNF-alpha, IL-6, and IL-1beta after rhIL-18BPa treatment but no effect on interferon gamma. The therapeutic potential of rhIL-18BPa treatment was confirmed in TNBS mice that were treated only on days 8 and 9 after the start of the experiment. In these mice, significant reductions in total colitis score and colon weight were also observed. CONCLUSIONS These findings show that inhibition of rhIL-18BPa bioactivity, via rhIL-18BPa, may be beneficial for the treatment of IBD.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Ten Hove
- Laboratory of Experimental Internal Medicine G2-136, Academic Medical Centre, University of Amsterdam, Meibergdreef 9, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, the Netherlands
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40
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Henry TD, Rocha-Singh K, Isner JM, Kereiakes DJ, Giordano FJ, Simons M, Losordo DW, Hendel RC, Bonow RO, Eppler SM, Zioncheck TF, Holmgren EB, McCluskey ER. Intracoronary administration of recombinant human vascular endothelial growth factor to patients with coronary artery disease. Am Heart J 2001; 142:872-80. [PMID: 11685177 DOI: 10.1067/mhj.2001.118471] [Citation(s) in RCA: 144] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Patients with severe myocardial ischemia who are not candidates for percutaneous or surgical revascularization have few therapeutic options. Therapeutic angiogenesis in animal models with use of recombinant human vascular endothelial growth factor (rhVEGF) has resulted in successful revascularization of ischemic myocardium. This was a dose escalation trial designed to determine the safety and tolerability of intracoronary rhVEGF infusions. METHODS AND RESULTS Patients were eligible if they had stable exertional angina, a significant reversible perfusion defect by stress myocardial perfusion study, and coronary anatomy that was suboptimal for percutaneous coronary intervention or coronary artery bypass grafting. rhVEGF was administered to a total of 15 patients by 2 sequential (eg, right and left) intracoronary infusions, each for 10 minutes, at rates of 0.005 (n = 4), 0.017 (n = 4), 0.050 (n = 4), and 0.167 mg/kg/min (n = 3). Pharmacokinetic sampling and hemodynamic monitoring were performed for 24 hours. Radionuclide myocardial perfusion imaging was performed before treatment and at 30 and 60 days after treatment. Follow-up angiograms were performed on selected patients at 60 days. The maximally tolerated intracardiac dose of rhVEGF was 0.050 mg/kg/min. Minimal hemodynamic changes were seen at 0.0050 mg/kg/min (2% +/- 7% [SD] mean decrease in systolic blood pressure from baseline to nadir systolic blood pressure), whereas at 0.167 mg/kg/min there was a 28% +/- 7% mean decrease from baseline to nadir (136 to 95 mm Hg systolic). Myocardial perfusion imaging was improved in 7 of 14 patients at 60 days. All 7 patients with follow-up angiograms had improvements in the collateral density score. CONCLUSION rhVEGF appears well tolerated by coronary infusion at rates up to 0.050 mg/kg/min. This study provides the basis for future clinical trials to assess the clinical benefit of therapeutic angiogenesis with rhVEGF.
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Affiliation(s)
- T D Henry
- Divisions of Cardiology, Hennepin County Medical Center, Minneapolis, MN, USA.
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41
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Abstract
Diabetic patients are at a 10- to 20-fold increased risk for the development of critical limb ischemia. Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) is critical for the development of collateral blood vessels, which can effectively bypass peripheral arterial occlusions. We therefore set out to determine if the regulation of VEGF in patients with peripheral vascular disease differs in diabetic and nondiabetic patients. Diabetic and nondiabetic patients with peripheral vascular disease were divided into those with or without critical limb ischemia as defined by clinical criteria (rest pain, nonhealing ulcer). Monocytes from peripheral blood were isolated from all patients and the hypoxic induction of VEGF was determined in vitro. In patients without diabetes, we found that there was no significant difference in the hypoxic induction of VEGF between patients with or without critical limb ischemia. However, in diabetic patients we found that patients with critical limb ischemia produced significantly more VEGF than patients without critical limb ischemia (6.3 +/- 1.3 vs. 2.1 +/- 0.3, p < 0.015). We conclude that diabetic patients with critical limb ischemia do not have an impairment in the ability to produce VEGF with hypoxia. Contrary to current dogma, treatment paradigms directed at increasing VEGF production in the diabetic patient with critical limb ischemia might not be beneficial.
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Affiliation(s)
- I Hochberg
- Faculty of Medicine, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel
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Abstract
Glucose is stored in mammalian tissues in the form of glycogen. Glycogen levels are markedly reduced in liver or muscle cells of patients with insulin-resistant or insulin-deficient forms of diabetes, suggesting that impaired glycogen synthesis may contribute to development of hyperglycemia. Recently, interest in this area has been further stimulated by new insights into the spatial organization of metabolic enzymes within cells and the importance of such organization in regulation of glycogen metabolism. It is now clear that a four-member family of glycogen targeting subunits of protein phosphatase-1 (PP1) plays a major role in coordinating these events. These proteins target PP1 to the glycogen particle and also bind differentially to glycogen synthase, glycogen phosphorylase, and phosphorylase kinase, thereby serving as molecular scaffolds. Moreover, the various glycogen-targeting subunits have distinct tissue expression patterns and can influence regulation of glycogen metabolism in response to glycogenic and glycogenolytic signals. The purpose of this article is to summarize new insights into the structure, function, regulation, and metabolic effects of the glycogen-targeting subunits of PP1 and to evaluate the possibility that these molecules could serve as therapeutic targets for lowering of blood glucose in diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- C B Newgard
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas 75235, USA.
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Banbury J, Siemionow M, Porvasnik S, Petras S, Browne E. Improved perfusion after subcritical ischemia in muscle flaps treated with vascular endothelial growth factor. Plast Reconstr Surg 2000; 106:1541-6. [PMID: 11129183 DOI: 10.1097/00006534-200012000-00015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), a potent endothelial mitogen, is secreted in ischemic tissue and plays a pivotal role in angiogenesis. We studied whether VEGF administered to a rat muscle flap at the time of ischemia induction would increase microcirculatory flow to the flap. The cremaster muscle flap was isolated on its neurovascular pedicle. Ischemia was induced by clamping the vascular pedicle, and 0.2 ml of either VEGF (0.1 microg) or vehicle (phosphate-buffered saline) was immediately infused into the muscle. After 4 or 6 hours, the clamps were released, and the cremaster was placed in a pocket in the medial thigh for 24 hours. The muscle was then dissected, and microcirculatory measurements were made under intravital microscopy. Six animals were used in each of the four groups. All flaps exposed to 6 hours of ischemia, the duration considered to be critical ischemia, had no significant microcirculatory flow, regardless of treatment with VEGF. In the 4-hour ischemia group, or subcritical ischemia group, red blood cell velocity in arterioles was 14 mm/sec in muscles treated with VEGF and 9 mm/sec in controls (p = 0.02), and capillary flow was 7 per high-power field in muscles treated with VEGF versus 2 per high-power field in controls (p = 0.0005). Thus, VEGF did not alter microcirculatory flow in a muscle flap exposed to critical ischemia, but it did enhance flow to a flap exposed to subcritical ischemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Banbury
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Ohio 44195, USA.
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Abstract
A novel, constitutively expressed and secreted interleukin 18 (IL18) binding protein (IL18BP) neutralises IL18. IL18BP shares many characteristics with soluble cytokine receptors of the IL1 family in that the protein exhibits specificity for IL18, belongs to the immunoglobulin-like class of receptors and has limited amino acid sequences with those of the IL1 receptor type II. However, unlike soluble cytokine receptors, IL18BP does not have a transmembrane domain and hence is not anchored to the cell membrane. IL18BP is a secreted protein and not cleaved from the cell surface. IL18BP is naturally occurring and was isolated from the urine of healthy subjects. Because IL18 is an important inducer of interferon gamma (IFNgamma), IL18BP suppresses the production of IFNgamma resulting in reduced T-helper type 1 immune responses. There are four human and two mouse isoforms-resulting from mRNA splicing and found in various cDNA libraries. Each of these IL18BP isoforms have been expressed, purified and assessed for binding and neutralisation of IL18 biological activities. Two human IL18BP isoforms exhibited the greatest affinity for IL18 with a rapid on-rate, a slow off-rate and a dissociation constant (kDa) of 399 pM. The two other isoforms with an incomplete immunoglobulin domain were unable to neutralise IL18. The two human isoforms that possess a complete immunoglobulin domain, neutralise >95% IL18 at a molar excess of two. Molecular modelling identified a large mixed electrostatic and hydrophobic binding site in the immunoglobulin domain of IL18BP, which could account for its high affinity binding to the ligand. These high affinity forms may be ideally suited for blocking IL18 in human disease. It is likely that preferential secretion of high affinity functional and non-functional isoforms of IL18BP affect the immune response and the outcome of disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- C A Dinarello
- University of Colorado Health Sciences Center, Division Infectious Diseases, B168, 4200 East Ninth Avenue, Denver, CO 80262, USA.
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Apte RN, Dvorkin T, Song X, Fima E, Krelin Y, Yulevitch A, Gurfinkel R, Werman A, White RM, Argov S, Shendler Y, Bjorkdahl O, Dohlsten M, Zoller M, Segal S, Voronov E. Opposing effects of IL-1 alpha and IL-1 beta on malignancy patterns. Tumor cell-associated IL-1 alpha potentiates anti-tumor immune responses and tumor regression, whereas IL-1 beta potentiates invasiveness. Adv Exp Med Biol 2000; 479:277-88. [PMID: 10897428] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/17/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- R N Apte
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Health Sciences, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Israel
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Gaggero A, Comes A, Meazza R, Di Carlo E, Musiani P, Azzarone B, Ferrini S. Different biological role and anti-tumor activity of interleukin-15 isoforms. Eur Cytokine Netw 2000; 11:517-8. [PMID: 11203202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/19/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- A Gaggero
- Istituto Nazionale per la Ricerca sul Cancro, Genova, Italy
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Abstract
Some patients with severe symptomatic coronary artery disease despite maximal medical therapy are not eligible for bypass surgery or percutaneous coronary intervention, but may be eligible for two newer therapies: therapeutic angiogenesis with growth factors and transmyocardial laser revascularization.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Mukherjee
- Department of Cardiology, Cleveland Clinic, USA.
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Metelitsa VI, Oganov RG. [Myocardial revascularization and drug therapy of ischemic heart disease (lectures)]. TERAPEVT ARKH 2000; 72:41-6. [PMID: 10776653] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/16/2023]
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50
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Wang A, Braun SE, Sonpavde G, Cornetta K. Antileukemic activity of Flt3 ligand in murine leukemia. Cancer Res 2000; 60:1895-900. [PMID: 10766177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/16/2023]
Abstract
Flt3-ligand (Flt3-L) is an early acting costimulatory cytokine that has been shown to possess antitumor properties in murine solid tumor models. Flt3-L is a trans-membrane protein (tm) but can be proteolytically cleaved to a soluble form, which is also biologically active. In this study, the antitumor effect of both soluble and tmFlt3-L was evaluated in a mouse leukemia model. To mimic the multiorgan involvement characteristic of human leukemia, a factor-dependent cell line FDC.P1 was made leukemogenic by transfection with the human BCR/ABL gene. The resulting cell line, AW, expresses BCR/ABL RNA and protein. It maintains a similar in vitro growth rate as the parent cell line, but unlike the parent cell line, AW cells are factor independent and tumorigenic. Growth of FDC.P1 and AW cells are unaffected by the addition of soluble human Flt3-L to the culture medium. Also, AW growth is unaltered after transduction with a retroviral vector expressing the tm isoform of human Flt3-L (AW/tmFlt3-L). When 10(5) AW cells were i.v. injected into syngeneic DBA/2 mice, fatal leukemia developed in nine of nine (100%) mice within 4-6 weeks with involvement of the blood, bone marrow, spleen, and thymus. Systematic administration of soluble human Flt3-L (500 microg/kg/day) for 10 days protected mice from leukemia, with 11 of 17 mice tumor free at week 8 (64.7%) The tm isoform of Flt3-L also was protective. When 10(4) AW/tmFlt3-L cells were injected i.v. into mice, only 35.7% (5 of 14) developed leukemia versus 100% in control groups. Adoptive transfer of immunity was also demonstrated; T cells obtained from tumor-free animals conferred protection to 87% (seven of eight) naive mice challenged with AW cells. These results demonstrate that both soluble and membrane-bound human Flt3-L has antitumor activity in this leukemia model.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Wang
- Department of Microbiology/Immunology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis 46202, USA
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