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Tajbakhsh A, Gheibihayat SM, Askari H, Savardashtaki A, Pirro M, Johnston TP, Sahebkar A. Statin-regulated phagocytosis and efferocytosis in physiological and pathological conditions. Pharmacol Ther 2022; 238:108282. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2022.108282] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2022] [Revised: 09/10/2022] [Accepted: 09/13/2022] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
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Tajbakhsh A, Gheibihayat SM, Karami N, Savardashtaki A, Butler AE, Rizzo M, Sahebkar A. The regulation of efferocytosis signaling pathways and adipose tissue homeostasis in physiological conditions and obesity: Current understanding and treatment options. Obes Rev 2022; 23:e13487. [PMID: 35765849 DOI: 10.1111/obr.13487] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2022] [Revised: 06/02/2022] [Accepted: 06/03/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Obesity is associated with changes in the resolution of acute inflammation that contribute to the clinical complications. The exact mechanisms underlying unresolved inflammation in obesity are not fully understood. Adipocyte death leads to pro-inflammatory adipose tissue macrophages, stimulating additional adipocyte apoptosis. Thus, a complex and tightly regulated process to inhibit inflammation and maintain homeostasis after adipocyte apoptosis is needed to maintain health. In normal condition, a specialized phagocytic process (efferocytosis) performs this function, clearing necrotic and apoptotic cells (ACs) and controlling inflammation. For efficient and continued efferocytosis, phagocytes must internalize multiple ACs in physiological conditions and handle the excess metabolic burden in adipose tissue. In obesity, this control is lost and can be an important hallmark of the disease. In this regard, the deficiency of efferocytosis leads to delayed resolution of acute inflammation and can result in ongoing inflammation, immune system dysfunction, and insulin resistance in obesity. Hence, efficient clearance of ACs by M2 macrophages could limit long-term inflammation and ensue clinical complications, such as cardiovascular disease and diabetes. This review elaborates upon the molecular mechanisms to identify efferocytosis regulators in obesity, and the mechanisms that can improve efferocytosis and reduce obesity-related complications, such as the use of pharmacological agents and regular exercise.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amir Tajbakhsh
- Pharmaceutical Sciences Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Seyed Mohammad Gheibihayat
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, School of Medicine, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran
| | - Neda Karami
- Department of Medical Nanotechnology, School of Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Amir Savardashtaki
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, School of Advanced Medical Sciences and Technologies, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran.,Infertility Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Alexandra E Butler
- Research Department, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland Bahrain, Adliya, 15503, Bahrain
| | - Manfredi Rizzo
- Department of Health Promotion, Mother and Child Care, Internal Medicine and Medical Specialties, School of Medicine, University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy
| | - Amirhossein Sahebkar
- Applied Biomedical Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.,Biotechnology Research Center, Pharmaceutical Technology Institute, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.,School of Medicine, The University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia, Australia.,Department of Biotechnology, School of Pharmacy, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
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Zhang Y, Wang Y, Ding J, Liu P. Efferocytosis in multisystem diseases (Review). Mol Med Rep 2022; 25:13. [PMID: 34779503 PMCID: PMC8600411 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2021.12529] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2021] [Accepted: 10/15/2021] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Efferocytosis, the phagocytosis of apoptotic cells performed by both specialized phagocytes (such as macrophages) and non‑specialized phagocytes (such as epithelial cells), is involved in tissue repair and homeostasis. Effective efferocytosis prevents secondary necrosis, terminates inflammatory responses, promotes self‑tolerance and activates pro‑resolving pathways to maintain homeostasis. When efferocytosis is impaired, apoptotic cells that could not be cleared in time aggregate, resulting in the necrosis of apoptotic cells and release of pro‑inflammatory factors. In addition, defective efferocytosis inhibits the intracellular cholesterol reverse transportation pathways, which may lead to atherosclerosis, lung damage, non‑alcoholic fatty liver disease and neurodegenerative diseases. The uncleared apoptotic cells can also release autoantigens, which can cause autoimmune diseases. Cancer cells escape from phagocytosis via efferocytosis. Therefore, new treatment strategies for diseases related to defective efferocytosis are proposed. This review illustrated the mechanisms of efferocytosis in multisystem diseases and organismal homeostasis and the pathophysiological consequences of defective efferocytosis. Several drugs and treatments available to enhance efferocytosis are also mentioned in the review, serving as new evidence for clinical application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yifan Zhang
- Longhua Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 200032, P.R. China
- Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 201203, P.R. China
| | - Yiru Wang
- Longhua Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 200032, P.R. China
- Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 201203, P.R. China
| | - Jie Ding
- Longhua Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 200032, P.R. China
- Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 201203, P.R. China
| | - Ping Liu
- Longhua Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 200032, P.R. China
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Statins: Neurobiological underpinnings and mechanisms in mood disorders. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2021; 128:693-708. [PMID: 34265321 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2021.07.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2020] [Revised: 06/28/2021] [Accepted: 07/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Statins (3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-coenzyme A reductase inhibitors) treat dyslipidaemia and cardiovascular disease by inhibiting cholesterol biosynthesis. They also have immunomodulatory and anti-inflammatory properties. Beyond cardiovascular disease, cholesterol and inflammation appear to be components of the pathogenesis and pathophysiology of neuropsychiatric disorders. Statins may therefore afford some therapeutic benefit in mood disorders. In this paper, we review the pathophysiology of mood disorders with a focus on pharmacologically relevant pathways, using major depressive disorder and bipolar disorder as exemplars. Statins are discussed in the context of these disorders, with particular focus on the putative mechanisms involved in their anti-inflammatory and immunomodulatory effects. Recent clinical data suggest that statins may have antidepressant properties, however given their interactions with many known biological pathways, it has not been fully elucidated which of these are the major determinants of clinical outcomes in mood disorders. Moreover, it remains unclear what the appropriate dose, or appropriate patient phenotype for adjunctive treatment may be. High quality randomised control trials in concert with complementary biological investigations are needed if the potential clinical effects of statins on mood disorders, as well as their biological correlates, are to be better understood.
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Husain MI, Chaudhry IB, Khoso AB, Husain MO, Rahman RR, Hamirani MM, Hodsoll J, Carvalho AF, Husain N, Young AH. Adjunctive simvastatin for treatment-resistant depression: study protocol of a 12-week randomised controlled trial. BJPsych Open 2019; 5:e13. [PMID: 30762508 PMCID: PMC6381416 DOI: 10.1192/bjo.2018.84] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2018] [Revised: 11/29/2018] [Accepted: 11/30/2018] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND A third of patients diagnosed with major depressive disorder (MDD) experience treatment-resistant depression (TRD). Relatively few pharmacological agents have established efficacy for TRD. Therefore, the evaluation of novel treatments for TRD is a pressing priority. Statins are pleiotropic agents and preclinical studies as well as preliminary clinical trials have suggested that these drugs may have antidepressant properties.AimsTo report on a protocol for a 12-week, randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial of add-on treatment with simvastatin for patients meeting DSM-5 criteria for MDD who have failed to respond to at least two adequate trials with approved antidepressants. The trial has been registered with Clinicaltrials.gov in (ClinicalTrials.gov identifier: NCT03435744). METHOD After screening and randomisation to the two parallel arms of the trial, 75 patients will receive simvastatin and 75 patients will receive placebo as adjuncts to treatment as usual. The primary outcome is change in Montgomery-Åsberg Depression Rating Scale scores from baseline to week 12 and secondary outcomes include changes in scores on the 24-item Hamilton Rating Scale for Depression, the Clinical Global Impression scale, the 7-item Generalized Anxiety Disorder scale and change in body mass index from baseline to week 12. Assessments will take place at screening, baseline, and weeks 2, 4, 8 and 12. Checklists for adverse effects will be undertaken at each visit. Simvastatin (20 mg) will be given once daily. Other secondary outcomes include C-reactive protein and plasma lipids measured at baseline and week 12. RESULTS This trial will assess simvastatin's efficacy and tolerability as an add-on treatment option for patients with TRD and provide insights into its putative mechanisms of action. CONCLUSIONS As the first trial investigating the use of simvastatin as an augmentation strategy in patients with TRD, if the results indicate that adjuvant simvastatin is efficacious in reducing depressive symptoms, it will deliver immediate clinical benefit.Declaration of interestI.B.C. and N.H. have given lectures and advice to Eli Lilly, Bristol Myers Squibb, Lundbeck, Astra Zeneca and Janssen pharmaceuticals for which they or their employing institution have been reimbursed. R.R. and M.M.H. have received educational grants and support for academic meetings from Pfizer, Roche, Novartis and Nabiqasim. A.H.Y. has been commissioned to provide lectures and advice to all major pharmaceutical companies with drugs used in affective and related disorders. A.H.Y. has undertaken investigator-initiated studies from Astra Zeneca, Eli Lilly, Lundbeck and Wyeth. None of the companies have a financial interest in this research.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Imran B. Chaudhry
- Honorary Professor of Psychiatry, University of Manchester, UK; and Ziauddin University Karachi, Pakistan
| | - Ameer B. Khoso
- Trial Manager, Pakistan Institute of Living and Learning, Pakistan
| | | | - Raza R. Rahman
- Professor of Psychiatry, Dow University of Health Sciences, Pakistan
| | | | - John Hodsoll
- Clinician Scientist, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, UK
| | | | | | - Allan H. Young
- Chair of Mood Disorders, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, UK
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Tian B, Al-Moujahed A, Bouzika P, Hu Y, Notomi S, Tsoka P, Miller JW, Lin H, Vavvas DG. Atorvastatin Promotes Phagocytosis and Attenuates Pro-Inflammatory Response in Human Retinal Pigment Epithelial Cells. Sci Rep 2017; 7:2329. [PMID: 28539592 PMCID: PMC5443823 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-02407-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2016] [Accepted: 04/25/2017] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Phagocytosis of daily shed photoreceptor outer segments is an important function of the retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) and it is essential for retinal homeostasis. RPE dysfunction, especially impairment of its phagocytic ability, plays an essential role in the pathogenesis of age-related macular degeneration (AMD). Statins, or HMG CoA (3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-coenzyme A) reductase inhibitors, are drugs with multiple properties that have been extensively used to treat hyperlipidemia. However, their effect on RPE cells has not been fully elucidated. Here we report that high dose atorvastatin increased the phagocytic function of ARPE-19 cells, as well as rescue the cells from the phagocytic dysfunction induced by cholesterol crystals and oxidized low-density lipoproteins (ox-LDL), potentially by increasing the cellular membrane fluidity. Similar effects were observed when evaluating two other hydrophobic statins, lovastatin and simvastatin. Furthermore, atorvastatin was able to block the induction of interleukins IL-6 and IL-8 triggered by pathologic stimuli relevant to AMD, such as cholesterol crystals and ox-LDL. Our study shows that statins, a well-tolerated class of drugs with rare serious adverse effects, help preserve the phagocytic function of the RPE while also exhibiting anti-inflammatory properties. Both characteristics make statins a potential effective medication for the prevention and treatment of AMD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo Tian
- Retina Service, Angiogenesis Laboratory, Department of Ophthalmology, Massachusetts Eye and Ear Infirmary, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02114, United States
| | - Ahmad Al-Moujahed
- Retina Service, Angiogenesis Laboratory, Department of Ophthalmology, Massachusetts Eye and Ear Infirmary, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02114, United States
- Department of Pathology, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, 02118, United States
| | - Peggy Bouzika
- Retina Service, Angiogenesis Laboratory, Department of Ophthalmology, Massachusetts Eye and Ear Infirmary, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02114, United States
| | - Yijun Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510060, China
| | - Shoji Notomi
- Retina Service, Angiogenesis Laboratory, Department of Ophthalmology, Massachusetts Eye and Ear Infirmary, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02114, United States
| | - Pavlina Tsoka
- Retina Service, Angiogenesis Laboratory, Department of Ophthalmology, Massachusetts Eye and Ear Infirmary, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02114, United States
| | - Joan W Miller
- Retina Service, Angiogenesis Laboratory, Department of Ophthalmology, Massachusetts Eye and Ear Infirmary, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02114, United States
| | - Haijiang Lin
- Retina Service, Angiogenesis Laboratory, Department of Ophthalmology, Massachusetts Eye and Ear Infirmary, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02114, United States.
- Department of Ophthalmology & Visual Sciences, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA, 01605, United States.
| | - Demetrios G Vavvas
- Retina Service, Angiogenesis Laboratory, Department of Ophthalmology, Massachusetts Eye and Ear Infirmary, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02114, United States.
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Gabor KA, Fessler MB. Roles of the Mevalonate Pathway and Cholesterol Trafficking in Pulmonary Host Defense. Curr Mol Pharmacol 2017; 10:27-45. [PMID: 26758950 PMCID: PMC6026538 DOI: 10.2174/1874467209666160112123603] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2015] [Revised: 08/01/2015] [Accepted: 12/23/2015] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
The mevalonic acid synthesis pathway, cholesterol, and lipoproteins play fundamental roles in lung physiology and the innate immune response. Recent literature investigating roles for cholesterol synthesis and trafficking in host defense against respiratory infection was critically reviewed. The innate immune response and the cholesterol biosynthesis/trafficking network regulate one another, with important implications for pathogen invasion and host defense in the lung. The activation of pathogen recognition receptors and downstream cellular host defense functions are critically sensitive to cellular cholesterol. Conversely, microorganisms can co-opt the sterol/lipoprotein network in order to facilitate replication and evade immunity. Emerging literature suggests the potential for harnessing these insights towards therapeutic development. Given that >50% of adults in the U.S. have serum cholesterol abnormalities and pneumonia remains a leading cause of death, the potential impact of cholesterol on pulmonary host defense is of tremendous public health significance and warrants further mechanistic and translational investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Michael B Fessler
- Immunity, Inflammation, and Disease Laboratory, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, 111 T.W. Alexander Drive, P.O. Box 12233, Maildrop D2-01, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, United States
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8
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Lee EJ, Song KJ, Hwang HJ, Kim KS. Effectiveness of atorvastatin in suppressingMUC5ACgene expression in human airway epithelial cells. Int Forum Allergy Rhinol 2016; 6:1159-1166. [DOI: 10.1002/alr.21811] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2016] [Revised: 05/12/2016] [Accepted: 05/22/2016] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Eun Jung Lee
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology; Yonsei University College of Medicine; Seoul Korea
| | - Kee Jae Song
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology; Catholic Kwandong University; International St. Mary's Hospital Incheon Korea
| | - Hye Jin Hwang
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology; Yonsei University College of Medicine; Seoul Korea
| | - Kyung-Su Kim
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology; Yonsei University College of Medicine; Seoul Korea
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Djaldetti M, Bessler H. High temperature affects the phagocytic activity of human peripheral blood mononuclear cells. Scandinavian Journal of Clinical and Laboratory Investigation 2015; 75:482-6. [PMID: 26067609 DOI: 10.3109/00365513.2015.1052550] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The ability for engulfment of pathogens and inert particles is the key hallmark of the phagocytic cells. Phagocytes play a significant role in the modulation of local or extended inflammation. Since fever activates a number of factors linked with the immune response it was the goal of this study to examine the in vitro effect of hyperthermia on the phagocytic capacity, the number of phagocytic cells and the viability of human peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) at 37 and 40°C. METHODS PBMC were incubated with 0.8 μm polysterene latex beads, for 2 hours at 37 and 40°C. The number of phagocytic cells, and that of latex particles internalized by each individual cell was counted with a light microscope. In addition, the percentage of viable cells and the number of active metabolic cells was evaluated. RESULTS A temperature of 40°C significantly increased the number of phagocytic cells and the phagocytic index by 41 and 37% respectively, as compared to cells incubated at 37°C. While the number of vital cells (trypan blue test) did not differ statistically at both temperatures, the number of active metabolic cells (XTT test) after 2 h of incubation at 40°C was 17% higher as compared with that at 37°C. However, the number of active metabolic cells after 24 h of incubation at 40°C was 51% lower compared with cells incubated at 37°C. CONCLUSIONS The increased phagocytic capacity of human peripheral blood monocytes at high temperature further enlightens the immunomodulatory effect of fever in the immune responses during inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meir Djaldetti
- Laboratory for Immunology and Hematology Research, Rabin Medical Center, Hasharon Hospital,Petah-Tiqva, and the Sackler School of Medicine, Tel-Aviv University , Ramat-Aviv , Israel
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Churchward MA, Todd KG. Statin treatment affects cytokine release and phagocytic activity in primary cultured microglia through two separable mechanisms. Mol Brain 2014; 7:85. [PMID: 25424483 PMCID: PMC4247600 DOI: 10.1186/s13041-014-0085-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2014] [Accepted: 11/08/2014] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Background As the primary immune cells of the central nervous system, microglia contribute to development, homeostasis, and plasticity of the central nervous system, in addition to their well characterized roles in the foreign body and inflammatory responses. Increasingly, inappropriate activation of microglia is being reported as a component of inflammation in neurodegenerative and neuropsychiatric disorders. The statin class of cholesterol-lowering drugs have been observed to have anti-inflammatory and protective effects in both neurodegenerative diseases and ischemic stroke, and are suggested to act by attenuating microglial activity. Results We sought to investigate the effects of simvastatin treatment on the secretory profile and phagocytic activity of primary cultured rat microglia, and to dissect the mechanism of action of simvastatin on microglial activity. Simvastatin treatment altered the release of cytokines and trophic factors from microglia, including interleukin-1-β, tumour necrosis factor-α, and brain derived neurotrophic factor in a cholesterol-dependent manner. Conversely, simvastatin inhibited phagocytosis in microglia in a cholesterol-independent manner. Conclusions The disparity in cholesterol dependence of cytokine release and phagocytosis suggests the two effects occur through distinct molecular mechanisms. These two pathways may provide an opportunity for further refinement of pharmacotherapies for neuroinflammatory, neurodegenerative, and neuropsychiatric disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew A Churchward
- Neurochemical Research Unit, University of Alberta Faculty of Medicine, Edmonton, AB, Canada, T6G 2R3. .,Department of Psychiatry, University of Alberta Faculty of Medicine, Edmonton, AB, Canada, T6G 2R3.
| | - Kathryn G Todd
- Neurochemical Research Unit, University of Alberta Faculty of Medicine, Edmonton, AB, Canada, T6G 2R3. .,Department of Psychiatry, University of Alberta Faculty of Medicine, Edmonton, AB, Canada, T6G 2R3. .,Neuroscience and Mental Health Institute, University of Alberta Faculty of Medicine, Edmonton, AB, Canada, T6G 2R3.
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Pedrosa SS, Gonçalves C, David L, Gama M. A Novel Crosslinked Hyaluronic Acid Nanogel for Drug Delivery. Macromol Biosci 2014; 14:1556-68. [DOI: 10.1002/mabi.201400135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2014] [Revised: 05/23/2014] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sílvia Santos Pedrosa
- Institute for Biotechnology and Bioengineering (IBB); Centre for Biological Engineering; Campus de Gualtar University of Minho; Braga Portugal
| | - Catarina Gonçalves
- Institute for Biotechnology and Bioengineering (IBB); Centre for Biological Engineering; Campus de Gualtar University of Minho; Braga Portugal
| | - Laurent David
- Laboratoire Ing'enierie des Mat'eriaux Polym‘eres (IMP@Lyon1) CNRS UMR 5223; Universit'e de Lyon, Universit'e Claude Bernard Lyon 1; 15 boulevard Latarjet 69622 Villeurbanne Cedex France
| | - Miguel Gama
- Institute for Biotechnology and Bioengineering (IBB); Centre for Biological Engineering; Campus de Gualtar University of Minho; Braga Portugal
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Burns EM, Smelser LK, Then JE, Stankiewicz TE, Kushdilian M, McDowell SA, Bruns HA. Short term statin treatment improves survival and differentially regulates macrophage-mediated responses to Staphylococcus aureus. Curr Pharm Biotechnol 2013; 14:233-41. [PMID: 23228241 DOI: 10.2174/138920113805219395] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2012] [Accepted: 09/30/2012] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Staphylococcus aureus is the most prevalent etiologic agent of sepsis. Statins, primarily prescribed for their cholesterol-lowering capabilities, may be beneficial for treating sepsis due to their anti-inflammatory properties. This study examined the effect of low dose, short term simvastatin pretreatment in conjunction with antibiotic treatment on host survival and demonstrated that pretreatment with simvastatin increased survival of C57BL/6 mice in response to S. aureus infection. In vitro studies revealed that short term simvastatin pretreatment did not reduce S. aureus-stimulated expression of surface proteins necessary for macrophage presentation of antigen to T cells, such as MHC Class II and costimulatory molecules CD80 and CD86, but did reduce both basal and S. aureus-stimulated levels of C5aR. Additionally, this work demonstrated the ability of simvastatin to dampen macrophage responses initiated not only by bacteria directly but by membrane vesicles shed in response to infection, revealing a new mechanism of immune modulation by statins. These data demonstrate the ability of short term simvastatin pretreatment to modulate immune responses and identify new insights into the underlying mechanisms of the anti-inflammatory properties of simvastatin that may decrease the pathophysiological effects leading to sepsis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erin M Burns
- Department of Biology, Ball State University, 2000 West University Avenue CL 121, Muncie, IN 47306, USA
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Parihar SP, Guler R, Lang DM, Suzuki H, Marais AD, Brombacher F. Simvastatin enhances protection against Listeria monocytogenes infection in mice by counteracting Listeria-induced phagosomal escape. PLoS One 2013; 8:e75490. [PMID: 24086542 PMCID: PMC3782446 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0075490] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2013] [Accepted: 08/15/2013] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Statins are well-known cholesterol lowering drugs targeting HMG-CoA-reductase, reducing the risk of coronary disorders and hypercholesterolemia. Statins are also involved in immunomodulation, which might influence the outcome of bacterial infection. Hence, a possible effect of statin treatment on Listeriosis was explored in mice. Statin treatment prior to subsequent L. monocytogenes infection strikingly reduced bacterial burden in liver and spleen (up to 100-fold) and reduced histopathological lesions. Statin-treatment in infected macrophages resulted in increased IL-12p40 and TNF-α and up to 4-fold reduced bacterial burden within 6 hours post infection, demonstrating a direct effect of statins on limiting bacterial growth in macrophages. Bacterial uptake was normal investigated in microbeads and GFP-expressing Listeria experiments by confocal microscopy. However, intracellular membrane-bound cholesterol level was decreased, as analyzed by cholesterol-dependent filipin staining and cellular lipid extraction. Mevalonate supplementation restored statin-inhibited cholesterol biosynthesis and reverted bacterial growth in Listeria monocytogenes but not in listeriolysin O (LLO)-deficient Listeria. Together, these results suggest that statin pretreatment increases protection against L. monocytogenes infection by reducing membrane cholesterol in macrophages and thereby preventing effectivity of the cholesterol-dependent LLO-mediated phagosomal escape of bacteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suraj P. Parihar
- International Centre for Genetic Engineering & Biotechnology (ICGEB), Cape Town Component and Institute of Infectious Diseases and Molecular Medicine (IIDMM), Division of Immunology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Reto Guler
- International Centre for Genetic Engineering & Biotechnology (ICGEB), Cape Town Component and Institute of Infectious Diseases and Molecular Medicine (IIDMM), Division of Immunology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Dirk M. Lang
- Department of Human Biology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Harukazu Suzuki
- Division of Genomic Technologies, RIKEN Center for Life Science Technologies, Yokohama, Japan
| | - A. David Marais
- Division of Chemical Pathology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Frank Brombacher
- International Centre for Genetic Engineering & Biotechnology (ICGEB), Cape Town Component and Institute of Infectious Diseases and Molecular Medicine (IIDMM), Division of Immunology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
- * E-mail:
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Żołnierczyk JD, Borowiak A, Hikisz P, Cebula-Obrzut B, Błoński JZ, Smolewski P, Robak T, Kiliańska ZM. Promising anti-leukemic activity of atorvastatin. Oncol Rep 2013; 29:2065-71. [PMID: 23440293 DOI: 10.3892/or.2013.2301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2012] [Accepted: 02/04/2013] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
There is a current need for novel therapeutic strategies for the treatment of chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL), a still incurable hematological cancer involving mainly deregulated apoptosis. The purpose of the present study was to determine ex vivo the effect of the synthetic statin, atorvastatin, a known cholesterol-lowering drug, on peripheral blood mononuclear cells obtained from CLL patients. Using flow cytometry, we investigated the viability and induction of apoptosis in leukemic cells exposed to statin by the Vybrant apoptosis assay kit #4, compared with untreated control cells. We also examined the expression levels of apoptosis-regulatory proteins (Mcl-1, Bcl-2 and Bax), as well as products of the expression/proteolysis of lamin B, poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase‑1 (PARP‑1) and p27Kip1 by western blot analysis. Moreover, the number of sub-G1 cells and DNA fragmentation in atorvastatin-treated leukemic cells were examined by flow cytometry and agarose gel electrophoresis, respectively. The obtained results indicated that CLL cells ex vivo were extremely sensitive to atorvastatin. The cytotoxic effect of this statin was caused by the induction of apoptosis in the leukemic cells. The induction of apoptosis in the drug-treated model cells was confirmed by the reduction or proteolysis of apoptotic markers, such as PARP-1, lamin B and p27Kip1, the increase in the number of sub-G1 cells and DNA ladder formation. During atorvastatin-triggered apoptosis, changes in the expression levels of mitochondrial outer membrane permeability regulatory proteins of the Bcl-2 family were also observed. Ex vivo promising data indicate the strong cytotoxic and pro-apoptotic potential of atorvastatin against leukemic cells, but not normal cells. The obtained data suggest that atorvastatin be considered as a therapeutic option for the treatment of CLL.
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MESH Headings
- Aged
- Aged, 80 and over
- Apoptosis/drug effects
- Apoptosis Regulatory Proteins/metabolism
- Atorvastatin
- Cell Membrane Permeability/drug effects
- Cell Survival/drug effects
- Cell Survival/genetics
- Cyclin-Dependent Kinase Inhibitor p27/metabolism
- DNA Fragmentation/drug effects
- Female
- Heptanoic Acids/pharmacology
- Humans
- Leukemia, Lymphocytic, Chronic, B-Cell/drug therapy
- Leukemia, Lymphocytic, Chronic, B-Cell/metabolism
- Leukocytes, Mononuclear/drug effects
- Leukocytes, Mononuclear/metabolism
- Male
- Middle Aged
- Mitochondria/drug effects
- Mitochondria/metabolism
- Mitochondrial Membranes/drug effects
- Mitochondrial Membranes/metabolism
- Myeloid Cell Leukemia Sequence 1 Protein/metabolism
- Poly (ADP-Ribose) Polymerase-1
- Poly(ADP-ribose) Polymerases/metabolism
- Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-bcl-2/metabolism
- Pyrroles/pharmacology
- Receptors, Cytoplasmic and Nuclear/metabolism
- bcl-2-Associated X Protein/metabolism
- Lamin B Receptor
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Affiliation(s)
- Jolanta D Żołnierczyk
- Department of Cytobiochemistry, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, University of Łódź, 90-236 Łódź, Poland
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15
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Statins directly suppress cytokine production in murine intraepithelial lymphocytes. Cytokine 2013; 61:540-5. [PMID: 23290865 DOI: 10.1016/j.cyto.2012.12.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2012] [Revised: 11/26/2012] [Accepted: 12/06/2012] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Statins, inhibitors of the enzyme 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A (HMG-CoA) reductase, are known not only as cholesterol-lowering agents but also as anti-inflammatory mediators. However, their regulatory effect on intestinal mucosal immunity remains unclear. The present study examined the possible direct effects of statin on intestinal intraepithelial lymphocytes (IELs), the front line cells of the intestinal mucosal immune system. Murine IELs were isolated from the small intestines of C57BL/6 mice. IELs activated with anti-CD3/CD28 monoclonal antibodies produced interferon (IFN)-γ, tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α, interleukin (IL)-2, and IL-4 in significant numbers; however, they did not produce IL-5. Both simvastatin and lovastatin suppressed IEL production of IFN-γ, TNF-α, IL-2, and IL-4 in a dose-dependent manner, whereas 48-h treatment with high concentrations (5 × 10(-5)M) of simvastatin and lovastatin did not affect the number of IELs. The suppressive effect of the simvastatin was significantly restored by the addition of mevalonate, farnesyl pyrophosphate ammonium salt, and geranylgeranyl pyrophosphate ammonium salt, which are downstream metabolites of HMG-CoA. These findings suggest that statins have direct suppressive effects on the production of T helper 1-cytokines and IL-4 in IELs; these effects are associated with inhibition of the mevalonate pathway to some extent.
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16
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Kim MC, Ahn Y, Jang SY, Cho KH, Hwang SH, Lee MG, Ko JS, Park KH, Sim DS, Yoon NS, Yoon HJ, Kim KH, Hong YJ, Park HW, Kim JH, Jeong MH, Cho JG, Park JC, Kang JC. Comparison of clinical outcomes of hydrophilic and lipophilic statins in patients with acute myocardial infarction. Korean J Intern Med 2011; 26:294-303. [PMID: 22016590 PMCID: PMC3192202 DOI: 10.3904/kjim.2011.26.3.294] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2011] [Revised: 03/31/2011] [Accepted: 06/10/2011] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND/AIMS A controversy exists about which statin is preferable for patients with acute myocardial infarction (AMI), and clinical impacts of different statins according to lipophilicity have not been established. METHODS The 1,124 patients with AMI included in the present study were divided into hydrophilic- and lipophilic-statin groups. In-hospital complications (defined as death, cardiogenic shock, ventricular arrhythmia, infection, bleeding, and renal insufficiency, and other fatal arrhythmias), major adverse cardiac events (MACE), all-cause death, re-myocardial infarction, re-percutaneous coronary intervention (re-PCI), and surgical revascularization were analyzed during a 1-year clinical follow-up. RESULTS Baseline characteristics were similar between the two groups, and in-hospital complication rates showed no between-group differences (11.7% vs. 12.8%, p = 0.688). Although MACE at the 1- and 6-month clinical follow-ups occurred more in hydrophilic statin group I (1 month: 10.0% vs. 4.4%, p = 0.001; 6 month: 19.9% vs. 14.2%, p = 0.022), no significant difference in MACE was observed at the 1-year follow-up (21.5% vs. 17.9%, p = 0.172). Both statin groups showed similar efficacy for reducing serum lipid concentrations. A Cox-regression analysis showed that the use of a hydrophilic statin did not predict 1-year MACE, all-cause death, AMI, or re-PCI. CONCLUSIONS Although short-term cardiovascular outcomes were better in the lipophilic-statin group, 1-year outcomes were similar in patients with AMI who were administered hydrophilic and lipophilic statins. In other words, the type of statin did not influence 1-year outcomes in patients with AMI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Chul Kim
- The Heart Center of Chonnam National University Hospital, Gwangju, Korea
| | - Youngkeun Ahn
- The Heart Center of Chonnam National University Hospital, Gwangju, Korea
| | - Su Young Jang
- The Heart Center of Chonnam National University Hospital, Gwangju, Korea
| | - Kyung Hoon Cho
- The Heart Center of Chonnam National University Hospital, Gwangju, Korea
| | - Seung Hwan Hwang
- The Heart Center of Chonnam National University Hospital, Gwangju, Korea
| | - Min Goo Lee
- The Heart Center of Chonnam National University Hospital, Gwangju, Korea
| | - Jum Suk Ko
- The Heart Center of Chonnam National University Hospital, Gwangju, Korea
| | - Keun Ho Park
- The Heart Center of Chonnam National University Hospital, Gwangju, Korea
| | - Doo Sun Sim
- The Heart Center of Chonnam National University Hospital, Gwangju, Korea
| | - Nam Sik Yoon
- The Heart Center of Chonnam National University Hospital, Gwangju, Korea
| | - Hyun Ju Yoon
- The Heart Center of Chonnam National University Hospital, Gwangju, Korea
| | - Kye Hun Kim
- The Heart Center of Chonnam National University Hospital, Gwangju, Korea
| | - Young Joon Hong
- The Heart Center of Chonnam National University Hospital, Gwangju, Korea
| | - Hyung Wook Park
- The Heart Center of Chonnam National University Hospital, Gwangju, Korea
| | - Ju Han Kim
- The Heart Center of Chonnam National University Hospital, Gwangju, Korea
| | - Myung Ho Jeong
- The Heart Center of Chonnam National University Hospital, Gwangju, Korea
| | - Jeong Gwan Cho
- The Heart Center of Chonnam National University Hospital, Gwangju, Korea
| | - Jong Chun Park
- The Heart Center of Chonnam National University Hospital, Gwangju, Korea
| | - Jung Chaee Kang
- The Heart Center of Chonnam National University Hospital, Gwangju, Korea
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17
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Tanaka N, Abe-Dohmae S, Iwamoto N, Fitzgerald ML, Yokoyama S. HMG-CoA reductase inhibitors enhance phagocytosis by upregulating ATP-binding cassette transporter A7. Atherosclerosis 2011; 217:407-14. [PMID: 21762915 DOI: 10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2011.06.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2011] [Revised: 06/08/2011] [Accepted: 06/15/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
We recently reported that the endogenous ATP-binding cassette transporter (ABC) A7 strongly associates with phagocytosis, being regulated by sterol regulatory element binding protein 2. We therefore examined the effect of statins on phagocytosis in vitro and in vivo through the SREBP-ABCA7. Phagocytosis was found to be enhanced by pravastatin, rosuvastatin and simvastatin and cyclodextrin in J774 macrophages, as cellular cholesterol was reduced and expressions of the cholesterol-related genes were modulated, including an increase of ABCA7 mRNA and decrease of ABCA1 mRNA. Conversely, knock-down of ABCA7 expression by siRNA ablated enhancement of phagocytosis by statins. In vivo, pravastatin enhanced phagocytosis in wild-type mice, but not in ABCA7-knockout mice. We thus concluded that statins enhance phagocytosis through the SREBP-ABCA7 pathway. These findings provide a molecular basis for enhancement of the host-defense system by statins showing that one of their "pleiotropic" effects is in fact achieved through their reaction to a primary target.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nobukiyo Tanaka
- Biochemistry, Nagoya City University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Nagoya, 467-8601, Japan
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18
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Orita T, Tomita M, Kato K. Regulation of cellular responses to macroporous inorganic films prepared by the inverse-opal method. Colloids Surf B Biointerfaces 2011; 84:187-97. [DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfb.2010.12.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2010] [Accepted: 12/29/2010] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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19
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Statins as modulators of colon cancer cells induced cytokine secretion by human PBMC. Vascul Pharmacol 2011; 54:88-92. [PMID: 21440087 DOI: 10.1016/j.vph.2011.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2010] [Revised: 12/22/2010] [Accepted: 03/14/2011] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The study was designed to examine whether the hydrophilic statin - pravastatin and the hydrophobic statin - simvastatin affect colon cancer cell-induced cytokine secretion by peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC). Statins were added to human colon cancer cells (HT-29 and RKO), or to PBMC incubated separately or jointly. The secretion of the pro-inflammatory cytokines IL-1β and IFNγ and that of the anti-inflammatory cytokines IL-1ra and IL-10 induced by cancer cells was decreased by simvastatin but not by pravastatin, whereas that of IL-6 was not affected by both drugs. Conditioned media from colon cancer cells incubated with either simvastatin or pravastatin induced stimulation of cytokine production by PBMC similar to that caused by conditioned media derived from cancer cells incubated without the drugs, suggesting that simvastatin acts directly on the interaction between cancer and PBM cells. Simvastatin, but not pravastatin, caused inhibition of both cancer cell proliferation. The results imply that simvastatin may affect inflammation-induced colon cancer proliferation via alteration of the equilibrium between pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines.
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20
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Bergman M, Djaldetti M, Salman H, Bessler H. On the combined effect of statins and lycopene on cytokine production by human peripheral blood cells. Heart Vessels 2010; 25:426-31. [PMID: 20676966 DOI: 10.1007/s00380-009-1204-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2009] [Accepted: 09/11/2009] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Since both statins and lycopene exert immunomodulatory activities following incubation with human peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC), the present work was designed to examine whether they may induce a synergistic or antagonistic effect on cytokine production while applied together. Peripheral blood mononuclear cells isolated from 15 healthy subjects were incubated for 24 h as follows: (1) without and with 0.125 or 0.25 microM lycopene, (2) without and with 10 or 50 mM pravastatin or simvastatin, and (3) with lycopene and with one of the statins together at the respective doses. The production of the following cytokines was assessed: interleukin (IL)-1beta, IL-1ra, IL-2, and IL-10, as well as tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNFalpha) and interferon gamma (IFNgamma). The results showed that lycopene and simvastatin applied together reduced TNFalpha and IFNgamma secretion, and abolished the increased production of the proinflammatory cytokine IL-1gamma caused by incubation with simvastatin only, an observation suggesting that simultaneous administration of both substances may reduce inflammatory responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Bergman
- Department of Medicine C, Rabin Medical Center, Hasharon Hospital, Petah-Tiqva, Israel
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