1
|
Zhao Y, Zhu Z, Jiang H, Yu Y, Liu J, Luan J, Wang Y, Ma Z. The Stress Phase Angle Measurement Using Spectral Domain Optical Coherence Tomography. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 23:7597. [PMID: 37688052 PMCID: PMC10490597 DOI: 10.3390/s23177597] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2023] [Revised: 08/25/2023] [Accepted: 08/27/2023] [Indexed: 09/10/2023]
Abstract
The stress phase angle (SPA), defined as the temporal phase angle between circumferential stress (CS) in the arterial wall and wall shear stress (WSS), is utilized to investigate the interactions between CS and WSS. SPA serves as an important parameter for the early diagnosis of cardiovascular disease. In this study, we proposed a novel method for measuring SPA using spectral domain optical coherence tomography (SD-OCT). The multi-M-mode scan strategy is adopted for interference spectrum acquisition. The phases of CS and WSS are extracted from the corresponding structural and flow velocity images of SD-OCT. The method is validated by measuring SPA in the outflow tract (OFT) of chick embryonic hearts and the common carotid artery of mice. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first time that OCT has been used for SPA measurement.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yuqian Zhao
- School of Control Engineering, Northeastern University at Qinhuangdao, Qinhuangdao 066004, China; (Y.Z.); (Z.Z.); (Y.Y.); (J.L.); (Y.W.)
| | - Zhibo Zhu
- School of Control Engineering, Northeastern University at Qinhuangdao, Qinhuangdao 066004, China; (Y.Z.); (Z.Z.); (Y.Y.); (J.L.); (Y.W.)
| | - Huiwen Jiang
- College of Information Science and Engineering, Northeastern University, Shenyang 110819, China;
| | - Yao Yu
- School of Control Engineering, Northeastern University at Qinhuangdao, Qinhuangdao 066004, China; (Y.Z.); (Z.Z.); (Y.Y.); (J.L.); (Y.W.)
| | - Jian Liu
- School of Control Engineering, Northeastern University at Qinhuangdao, Qinhuangdao 066004, China; (Y.Z.); (Z.Z.); (Y.Y.); (J.L.); (Y.W.)
| | - Jingmin Luan
- School of Computer and Communication Engineering, Northeastern University at Qinhuangdao, Qinhuangdao 066004, China;
| | - Yi Wang
- School of Control Engineering, Northeastern University at Qinhuangdao, Qinhuangdao 066004, China; (Y.Z.); (Z.Z.); (Y.Y.); (J.L.); (Y.W.)
| | - Zhenhe Ma
- School of Control Engineering, Northeastern University at Qinhuangdao, Qinhuangdao 066004, China; (Y.Z.); (Z.Z.); (Y.Y.); (J.L.); (Y.W.)
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Paterson C, Fryer S, Zieff G, Stone K, Credeur DP, Barone Gibbs B, Padilla J, Parker JK, Stoner L. The Effects of Acute Exposure to Prolonged Sitting, With and Without Interruption, on Vascular Function Among Adults: A Meta-analysis. Sports Med 2021; 50:1929-1942. [PMID: 32757163 DOI: 10.1007/s40279-020-01325-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Exposure to acute prolonged sitting can result in vascular dysfunction, particularly within the legs. This vascular dysfunction, assessed using flow-mediated dilation (FMD), is likely the consequence of decreased blood flow-induced shear stress. With mixed success, several sitting interruption strategies have been trialled to preserve vascular function. OBJECTIVES The objectives of this meta-analysis were to (1) assess the effects of acute prolonged sitting exposure on vascular function in the upper- and lower-limb arteries, and (2) evaluate the effectiveness of sitting interruption strategies in preserving vascular function. Sub-group analyses were conducted to determine whether artery location or interruption modality explain heterogeneity. DATA SOURCES Electronic databases (PubMed, Web of Science, SPORTDiscus, and Google Scholar) were searched from inception to January 2020. Reference lists of eligible studies and relevant reviews were also checked. STUDY SELECTION Inclusion criteria for objective (1) were: (i) FMD% was assessed pre- and post-sitting; (ii) studies were either randomised-controlled, randomised-crossover, or quasi-experimental trials; (iii) the sitting period was ≥ 1 h; and (iv) participants were healthy non-smoking adults (≥ 18 years), and free of vascular-acting medication and disease at the time of testing. Additional inclusion criteria for objective (2) were: (i) the interruption strategy must have been during the sitting period; (ii) there was a control (uninterrupted sitting) group/arm; and (iii) the interruption strategy must have involved the participants actively moving their lower- or upper-limbs. APPRAISAL AND SYNTHESIS METHODS One thousand eight hundred and two articles were identified, of which 17 (22 trials, n = 269) met inclusion criteria for objective (1). Of those 17 articles, 6 studies (9 trials, n = 127) met the inclusion criteria for objective (2). Weighted mean differences (WMD), 95% confidence intervals (95% CI), and standardised mean difference (SMD) were calculated for all trials using random-effects meta-analysis modelling. SMD was used to determine the magnitude of effect, where < 0.2, 0.2, 0.5, and 0.8 was defined as trivial, small, moderate, and large respectively. RESULTS (1) Random-effects modelling showed uninterrupted bouts of prolonged sitting resulted in a significant decrease in FMD% (WMD = - 2.12%, 95% CI - 2.66 to - 1.59, SMD = 0.84). Subgroup analysis revealed reductions in lower- but not upper-limb FMD%. (2) Random-effects modelling showed that interrupting bouts of sitting resulted in a significantly higher FMD% compared to uninterrupted sitting (WMD = 1.91%, 95% CI 0.40 to 3.42, SMD = 0.57). Subgroup analyses failed to identify an optimum interruption strategy but revealed moderate non-significant effects for aerobic interventions (WMD = 2.17%, 95% CI - 0.34 to 4.67, SMD = 0.69) and simple resistance activities (WMD = 2.40%, 95% CI - 0.08 to 4.88, SMD = 0.55) and a trivial effect for standing interruptions (WMD = 0.24%, 95% CI - 0.90 to 1.38, SMD = 0.16). CONCLUSIONS Exposure to acute prolonged sitting leads to significant vascular dysfunction in arteries of the lower, but not upper, limbs. The limited available data indicate that vascular dysfunction can be prevented by regularly interrupting sitting, particularly with aerobic or simple resistance activities.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Craig Paterson
- School of Sport and Exercise, University of Gloucestershire, Gloucester, UK.
| | - Simon Fryer
- School of Sport and Exercise, University of Gloucestershire, Gloucester, UK
| | - Gabriel Zieff
- Department of Exercise and Sports Science, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Keeron Stone
- School of Sport and Exercise, University of Gloucestershire, Gloucester, UK
| | | | - Bethany Barone Gibbs
- Department of Health and Physical Activity, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Jaume Padilla
- Department of Nutrition and Exercise Physiology, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA
- Dalton Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA
| | - John K Parker
- School of Sport and Exercise, University of Gloucestershire, Gloucester, UK
| | - Lee Stoner
- Department of Exercise and Sports Science, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Gomez I, Ward B, Souilhol C, Recarti C, Ariaans M, Johnston J, Burnett A, Mahmoud M, Luong LA, West L, Long M, Parry S, Woods R, Hulston C, Benedikter B, Niespolo C, Bazaz R, Francis S, Kiss-Toth E, van Zandvoort M, Schober A, Hellewell P, Evans PC, Ridger V. Neutrophil microvesicles drive atherosclerosis by delivering miR-155 to atheroprone endothelium. Nat Commun 2020; 11:214. [PMID: 31924781 PMCID: PMC6954269 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-019-14043-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2018] [Accepted: 12/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Neutrophils are implicated in the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis but are seldom detected in atherosclerotic plaques. We investigated whether neutrophil-derived microvesicles may influence arterial pathophysiology. Here we report that levels of circulating neutrophil microvesicles are enhanced by exposure to a high fat diet, a known risk factor for atherosclerosis. Neutrophil microvesicles accumulate at disease-prone regions of arteries exposed to disturbed flow patterns, and promote vascular inflammation and atherosclerosis in a murine model. Using cultured endothelial cells exposed to disturbed flow, we demonstrate that neutrophil microvesicles promote inflammatory gene expression by delivering miR-155, enhancing NF-κB activation. Similarly, neutrophil microvesicles increase miR-155 and enhance NF-κB at disease-prone sites of disturbed flow in vivo. Enhancement of atherosclerotic plaque formation and increase in macrophage content by neutrophil microvesicles is dependent on miR-155. We conclude that neutrophils contribute to vascular inflammation and atherogenesis through delivery of microvesicles carrying miR-155 to disease-prone regions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ingrid Gomez
- Department of Infection, Immunity and Cardiovascular Disease, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK
| | - Ben Ward
- Department of Infection, Immunity and Cardiovascular Disease, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK
- INSIGNEO Institute for In Silico Medicine, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK
| | - Celine Souilhol
- Department of Infection, Immunity and Cardiovascular Disease, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK
- INSIGNEO Institute for In Silico Medicine, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK
| | - Chiara Recarti
- Department of Infection, Immunity and Cardiovascular Disease, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, CARIM School for Cardiovascular Diseases, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Mark Ariaans
- Department of Infection, Immunity and Cardiovascular Disease, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK
| | - Jessica Johnston
- Department of Infection, Immunity and Cardiovascular Disease, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK
| | - Amanda Burnett
- Department of Infection, Immunity and Cardiovascular Disease, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK
| | - Marwa Mahmoud
- Department of Infection, Immunity and Cardiovascular Disease, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK
- Cardiovascular Mechanobiology and Nanomedicine, Department of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Le Anh Luong
- William Harvey Research Institute, Queen Mary University, London, UK
| | - Laura West
- Department of Infection, Immunity and Cardiovascular Disease, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK
| | - Merete Long
- Department of Infection, Immunity and Cardiovascular Disease, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK
| | - Sion Parry
- School of Sport, Exercise and Health Sciences, Loughborough University, Loughborough, UK
| | - Rachel Woods
- School of Sport, Exercise and Health Sciences, Loughborough University, Loughborough, UK
| | - Carl Hulston
- School of Sport, Exercise and Health Sciences, Loughborough University, Loughborough, UK
| | - Birke Benedikter
- Department of Medical Microbiology, NUTRIM School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Chiara Niespolo
- Department of Infection, Immunity and Cardiovascular Disease, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK
| | - Rohit Bazaz
- Department of Infection, Immunity and Cardiovascular Disease, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK
| | - Sheila Francis
- Department of Infection, Immunity and Cardiovascular Disease, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK
| | - Endre Kiss-Toth
- Department of Infection, Immunity and Cardiovascular Disease, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK
| | - Marc van Zandvoort
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, CARIM School for Cardiovascular Diseases, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Andreas Schober
- Experimental Vascular Medicine, Ludwig-Maximilian University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Paul Hellewell
- Department of Infection, Immunity and Cardiovascular Disease, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK
- College of Health and Life Sciences, Brunel University, London, UK
| | - Paul C Evans
- Department of Infection, Immunity and Cardiovascular Disease, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK
- INSIGNEO Institute for In Silico Medicine, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK
- Bateson Institute, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK
| | - Victoria Ridger
- Department of Infection, Immunity and Cardiovascular Disease, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK.
- INSIGNEO Institute for In Silico Medicine, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK.
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Asami R, Tanaka T, Shimizu M, Seki Y, Nishiyama T, Sakashita H, Okada T. Ultrasonic Vascular Vector Flow Mapping for 2-D Flow Estimation. ULTRASOUND IN MEDICINE & BIOLOGY 2019; 45:1663-1674. [PMID: 31003710 DOI: 10.1016/j.ultrasmedbio.2019.02.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2018] [Revised: 02/09/2019] [Accepted: 02/17/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
A vascular vector flow mapping (VFM) method visualizes 2-D cardiac flow dynamics by estimating the radial component of flow from the Doppler velocities and wall motion velocities using the mass conservation equation. Although VFM provides 2-D flow, the algorithm is applicable only to bounded regions. Here, a modified VFM algorithm, vascular VFM, is proposed so that the velocities are estimated regardless of the flow geometry. To validate the algorithm, a phantom mimicking a carotid artery was fabricated and VFM velocities were compared with optical particle image velocimetry (PIV) data acquired in the same imaged plane. The validation results indicate that given optimal beam angle condition, VFM velocitiy is fairly accurate, where the correlation coefficient R between VFM and PIV velocities is 0.95. The standard deviation of the total VFM error, normalized by the maximum velocity, ranged from 8.1% to 16.3%, whereas the standard deviation of the measured input errors ranged from 8.9% to 12.7% for color flow mapping and from 4.5% to 5.9% for subbeam calculation. These results indicate that vascular VFM is reliable as its accuracy is comparable to that of conventional Doppler-flow images.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rei Asami
- Research & Development Group, Hitachi, Ltd., Tokyo, Japan
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Takashi Okada
- Healthcare Business Unit, Hitachi, Ltd., Tokyo, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Kim BJ, Kim HY, Jho W, Kim YS, Koh SH, Heo SH, Chang DI, Lee YJ. Asymptomatic Basilar Artery Plaque Distribution and Vascular Geometry. J Atheroscler Thromb 2019; 26:1007-1014. [PMID: 30918163 PMCID: PMC6845693 DOI: 10.5551/jat.47365] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
AIM Development of atherosclerotic plaques is affected by vascular geometry and hemodynamics. Hemodynamics in the basilar artery (BA) is unique as the flow converges from vertebral arteries (VAs). Here, we investigated the characteristics of BA plaque based on VA and BA geometry. METHODS Consecutive patients evaluated using high-resolution magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) at a general health center were screened. Geometric characteristics of VA (VA dominancy and VA-BA angles) and BA (BA convexity and BA angles) were assessed. The burden of BA plaques was investigated in each wall (anterior, posterior, left, and right lateral). The characteristics of BA plaques were compared according to VA dominancy (right vs. left), BA angle of lateral view (lateral mid-BA angle; dichotomized), and total plaque burden (divided by tertiles). RESULTS Of the 1029 subjects, BA plaques were observed in 98 (9.5%) patients, and were more frequently located at the anterior wall (32.4%) and posterior wall (35.0%) than the right wall (15.3%) and left lateral wall (17.6%). Right and left lateral plaques were more frequent in the left and right convex BA, respectively (p=0.009 and p=0.024, respectively). Anterior plaques were more frequently observed in low lateral mid-BA angle (p= 0.043). BA plaques were predominant in anterior and posterior walls in patients with lower plaque burden, whereas they were predominant in right and left lateral walls in patients with higher plaque burden (p=0.001 and p=0.025, respectively). CONCLUSIONS Asymptomatic BA plaque location was associated with BA convexity and lateral mid-BA angle. The anteriorly and posteriorly located BA plaques may extend to the lateral walls as the plaque burden increases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bum Joon Kim
- Department of Neurology, Kyung Hee University Hospital
| | | | - Wonho Jho
- Department of Neurology, Hanyang University Hospital
| | - Young Seo Kim
- Department of Neurology, Hanyang University Hospital
| | - Seong-Ho Koh
- Department of Neurology, Hanyang University Hospital
| | - Sung Hyuk Heo
- Department of Neurology, Kyung Hee University Hospital
| | - Dae-Il Chang
- Department of Neurology, Kyung Hee University Hospital
| | - Young-Jun Lee
- Department of Radiology, Hanyang University Hospital
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Walsh LK, Restaino RM, Martinez-Lemus LA, Padilla J. Prolonged leg bending impairs endothelial function in the popliteal artery. Physiol Rep 2018; 5:5/20/e13478. [PMID: 29061865 PMCID: PMC5661238 DOI: 10.14814/phy2.13478] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2017] [Accepted: 09/20/2017] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Uninterrupted sitting blunts vascular endothelial function in the lower extremities; however, the factors contributing to this impairment remain largely unknown. Herein, we tested the hypothesis that prolonged flexion of the hip and knee joints, as it occurs during sitting, and associated low shear stress and disturbed (i.e., turbulent) blood flow caused by arterial bending, impairs endothelial function at the popliteal artery. Bilateral measurements of popliteal artery flow‐mediated dilation (FMD) were performed in 12 healthy subjects before and after a 3‐h lying‐down period during which one leg was bent (i.e., 90‐degree angles at the hip and knee) and the contralateral leg remained straight, serving as internal control. During the 3‐h lying down period, the bent leg displayed a profound and sustained reduction in popliteal artery blood flow and mean shear rate; whereas a slight but steady decline that only became significant at 3 h was noted in the straight leg. Notably, 3 h of lying down markedly impaired popliteal artery FMD in the bent leg (pre: 6.3 ± 1.2% vs. post: 2.8 ± 0.91%; P < 0.01) but not in the straight leg (pre: 5.6 ± 1.1% vs. post: 7.1 ± 1.2%; P = 0.24). Collectively, this study provides evidence that prolonged bending of the leg causes endothelial dysfunction in the popliteal artery. This effect is likely secondary to vascular exposure to low and disturbed blood flow resulting from arterial angulation. We conclude that spending excessive time with legs bent and immobile, irrespective of whether this is in the setting of sitting or lying‐down, may be disadvantageous for leg vascular health.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lauren K Walsh
- Nutrition and Exercise Physiology, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri
| | - Robert M Restaino
- Medical Pharmacology and Physiology, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri
| | - Luis A Martinez-Lemus
- Medical Pharmacology and Physiology, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri.,Dalton Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri
| | - Jaume Padilla
- Nutrition and Exercise Physiology, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri .,Dalton Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri.,Child Health University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Padilla J, Fadel PJ. Prolonged sitting leg vasculopathy: contributing factors and clinical implications. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 2017; 313:H722-H728. [PMID: 28733451 DOI: 10.1152/ajpheart.00326.2017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2017] [Revised: 07/10/2017] [Accepted: 07/14/2017] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Atherosclerotic peripheral artery disease primarily manifests in the medium- to large-sized conduit arteries of the lower extremities. However, the factors underlying this increased vulnerability of leg macrovasculature to disease are largely unidentified. On the basis of recent studies, we propose that excessive time spent in the sitting position and the ensuing reduction in leg blood flow-induced shear stress cause endothelial cell dysfunction, a key predisposing factor to peripheral artery disease. In particular, this review summarizes the findings from laboratory-based sitting studies revealing acute leg vascular dysfunction with prolonged sitting in young healthy subjects, discusses the primary physiological mechanisms and the potential long-term implications of such leg vasculopathy with repeated exposure to prolonged sitting, as well as identifies strategies that may be effective at evading it.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jaume Padilla
- Nutrition and Exercise Physiology, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri; .,Dalton Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri.,Child Health, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri; and
| | - Paul J Fadel
- Department of Kinesiology, University of Texas-Arlington, Arlington, Texas
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Padilla J, Ramirez-Perez FI, Habibi J, Bostick B, Aroor AR, Hayden MR, Jia G, Garro M, DeMarco VG, Manrique C, Booth FW, Martinez-Lemus LA, Sowers JR. Regular Exercise Reduces Endothelial Cortical Stiffness in Western Diet-Fed Female Mice. Hypertension 2016; 68:1236-1244. [PMID: 27572153 DOI: 10.1161/hypertensionaha.116.07954] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2016] [Accepted: 08/04/2016] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
We recently showed that Western diet-induced obesity and insulin resistance promotes endothelial cortical stiffness in young female mice. Herein, we tested the hypothesis that regular aerobic exercise would attenuate the development of endothelial and whole artery stiffness in female Western diet-fed mice. Four-week-old C57BL/6 mice were randomized into sedentary (ie, caged confined, n=6) or regular exercise (ie, access to running wheels, n=7) conditions for 16 weeks. Exercise training improved glucose tolerance in the absence of changes in body weight and body composition. Compared with sedentary mice, exercise-trained mice exhibited reduced endothelial cortical stiffness in aortic explants (sedentary 11.9±1.7 kPa versus exercise 5.5±1.0 kPa; P<0.05), as assessed by atomic force microscopy. This effect of exercise was not accompanied by changes in aortic pulse wave velocity (P>0.05), an in vivo measure of aortic stiffness. In comparison, exercise reduced femoral artery stiffness in isolated pressurized arteries and led to an increase in femoral internal artery diameter and wall cross-sectional area (P<0.05), indicative of outward hypertrophic remodeling. These effects of exercise were associated with an increase in femoral artery elastin content and increased number of fenestrae in the internal elastic lamina (P<0.05). Collectively, these data demonstrate for the first time that the aortic endothelium is highly plastic and, thus, amenable to reductions in stiffness with regular aerobic exercise in the absence of changes in in vivo whole aortic stiffness. Comparatively, the same level of exercise caused destiffening effects in peripheral muscular arteries, such as the femoral artery, that perfuse the working limbs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jaume Padilla
- From the Department of Nutrition and Exercise Physiology (J.P., F.W.B.), Dalton Cardiovascular Research Center (J.P., F.I.R.-P., L.A.M.-L., J.R.S.), Department of Child Health (J.P.), Department of Biological Engineering (F.I.R.-P., L.A.M.-L.); Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Medicine (B.B.), Diabetes and Cardiovascular Research Center (J.H., A.R.A., M.R.H., G.J., M.G., V.G.D., C.M., J.R.S.), Department of Medical Pharmacology and Physiology (L.A.M.-L., J.R.S.), and Biomedical Sciences (F.W.B.), University of Missouri; and Research Service, Harry S. Truman Memorial Veterans' Hospital, Columbia, MO (J.R.S.)
| | - Francisco I Ramirez-Perez
- From the Department of Nutrition and Exercise Physiology (J.P., F.W.B.), Dalton Cardiovascular Research Center (J.P., F.I.R.-P., L.A.M.-L., J.R.S.), Department of Child Health (J.P.), Department of Biological Engineering (F.I.R.-P., L.A.M.-L.); Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Medicine (B.B.), Diabetes and Cardiovascular Research Center (J.H., A.R.A., M.R.H., G.J., M.G., V.G.D., C.M., J.R.S.), Department of Medical Pharmacology and Physiology (L.A.M.-L., J.R.S.), and Biomedical Sciences (F.W.B.), University of Missouri; and Research Service, Harry S. Truman Memorial Veterans' Hospital, Columbia, MO (J.R.S.)
| | - Javad Habibi
- From the Department of Nutrition and Exercise Physiology (J.P., F.W.B.), Dalton Cardiovascular Research Center (J.P., F.I.R.-P., L.A.M.-L., J.R.S.), Department of Child Health (J.P.), Department of Biological Engineering (F.I.R.-P., L.A.M.-L.); Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Medicine (B.B.), Diabetes and Cardiovascular Research Center (J.H., A.R.A., M.R.H., G.J., M.G., V.G.D., C.M., J.R.S.), Department of Medical Pharmacology and Physiology (L.A.M.-L., J.R.S.), and Biomedical Sciences (F.W.B.), University of Missouri; and Research Service, Harry S. Truman Memorial Veterans' Hospital, Columbia, MO (J.R.S.)
| | - Brian Bostick
- From the Department of Nutrition and Exercise Physiology (J.P., F.W.B.), Dalton Cardiovascular Research Center (J.P., F.I.R.-P., L.A.M.-L., J.R.S.), Department of Child Health (J.P.), Department of Biological Engineering (F.I.R.-P., L.A.M.-L.); Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Medicine (B.B.), Diabetes and Cardiovascular Research Center (J.H., A.R.A., M.R.H., G.J., M.G., V.G.D., C.M., J.R.S.), Department of Medical Pharmacology and Physiology (L.A.M.-L., J.R.S.), and Biomedical Sciences (F.W.B.), University of Missouri; and Research Service, Harry S. Truman Memorial Veterans' Hospital, Columbia, MO (J.R.S.)
| | - Annayya R Aroor
- From the Department of Nutrition and Exercise Physiology (J.P., F.W.B.), Dalton Cardiovascular Research Center (J.P., F.I.R.-P., L.A.M.-L., J.R.S.), Department of Child Health (J.P.), Department of Biological Engineering (F.I.R.-P., L.A.M.-L.); Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Medicine (B.B.), Diabetes and Cardiovascular Research Center (J.H., A.R.A., M.R.H., G.J., M.G., V.G.D., C.M., J.R.S.), Department of Medical Pharmacology and Physiology (L.A.M.-L., J.R.S.), and Biomedical Sciences (F.W.B.), University of Missouri; and Research Service, Harry S. Truman Memorial Veterans' Hospital, Columbia, MO (J.R.S.)
| | - Melvin R Hayden
- From the Department of Nutrition and Exercise Physiology (J.P., F.W.B.), Dalton Cardiovascular Research Center (J.P., F.I.R.-P., L.A.M.-L., J.R.S.), Department of Child Health (J.P.), Department of Biological Engineering (F.I.R.-P., L.A.M.-L.); Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Medicine (B.B.), Diabetes and Cardiovascular Research Center (J.H., A.R.A., M.R.H., G.J., M.G., V.G.D., C.M., J.R.S.), Department of Medical Pharmacology and Physiology (L.A.M.-L., J.R.S.), and Biomedical Sciences (F.W.B.), University of Missouri; and Research Service, Harry S. Truman Memorial Veterans' Hospital, Columbia, MO (J.R.S.)
| | - Guanghong Jia
- From the Department of Nutrition and Exercise Physiology (J.P., F.W.B.), Dalton Cardiovascular Research Center (J.P., F.I.R.-P., L.A.M.-L., J.R.S.), Department of Child Health (J.P.), Department of Biological Engineering (F.I.R.-P., L.A.M.-L.); Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Medicine (B.B.), Diabetes and Cardiovascular Research Center (J.H., A.R.A., M.R.H., G.J., M.G., V.G.D., C.M., J.R.S.), Department of Medical Pharmacology and Physiology (L.A.M.-L., J.R.S.), and Biomedical Sciences (F.W.B.), University of Missouri; and Research Service, Harry S. Truman Memorial Veterans' Hospital, Columbia, MO (J.R.S.)
| | - Mona Garro
- From the Department of Nutrition and Exercise Physiology (J.P., F.W.B.), Dalton Cardiovascular Research Center (J.P., F.I.R.-P., L.A.M.-L., J.R.S.), Department of Child Health (J.P.), Department of Biological Engineering (F.I.R.-P., L.A.M.-L.); Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Medicine (B.B.), Diabetes and Cardiovascular Research Center (J.H., A.R.A., M.R.H., G.J., M.G., V.G.D., C.M., J.R.S.), Department of Medical Pharmacology and Physiology (L.A.M.-L., J.R.S.), and Biomedical Sciences (F.W.B.), University of Missouri; and Research Service, Harry S. Truman Memorial Veterans' Hospital, Columbia, MO (J.R.S.)
| | - Vincent G DeMarco
- From the Department of Nutrition and Exercise Physiology (J.P., F.W.B.), Dalton Cardiovascular Research Center (J.P., F.I.R.-P., L.A.M.-L., J.R.S.), Department of Child Health (J.P.), Department of Biological Engineering (F.I.R.-P., L.A.M.-L.); Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Medicine (B.B.), Diabetes and Cardiovascular Research Center (J.H., A.R.A., M.R.H., G.J., M.G., V.G.D., C.M., J.R.S.), Department of Medical Pharmacology and Physiology (L.A.M.-L., J.R.S.), and Biomedical Sciences (F.W.B.), University of Missouri; and Research Service, Harry S. Truman Memorial Veterans' Hospital, Columbia, MO (J.R.S.)
| | - Camila Manrique
- From the Department of Nutrition and Exercise Physiology (J.P., F.W.B.), Dalton Cardiovascular Research Center (J.P., F.I.R.-P., L.A.M.-L., J.R.S.), Department of Child Health (J.P.), Department of Biological Engineering (F.I.R.-P., L.A.M.-L.); Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Medicine (B.B.), Diabetes and Cardiovascular Research Center (J.H., A.R.A., M.R.H., G.J., M.G., V.G.D., C.M., J.R.S.), Department of Medical Pharmacology and Physiology (L.A.M.-L., J.R.S.), and Biomedical Sciences (F.W.B.), University of Missouri; and Research Service, Harry S. Truman Memorial Veterans' Hospital, Columbia, MO (J.R.S.)
| | - Frank W Booth
- From the Department of Nutrition and Exercise Physiology (J.P., F.W.B.), Dalton Cardiovascular Research Center (J.P., F.I.R.-P., L.A.M.-L., J.R.S.), Department of Child Health (J.P.), Department of Biological Engineering (F.I.R.-P., L.A.M.-L.); Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Medicine (B.B.), Diabetes and Cardiovascular Research Center (J.H., A.R.A., M.R.H., G.J., M.G., V.G.D., C.M., J.R.S.), Department of Medical Pharmacology and Physiology (L.A.M.-L., J.R.S.), and Biomedical Sciences (F.W.B.), University of Missouri; and Research Service, Harry S. Truman Memorial Veterans' Hospital, Columbia, MO (J.R.S.)
| | - Luis A Martinez-Lemus
- From the Department of Nutrition and Exercise Physiology (J.P., F.W.B.), Dalton Cardiovascular Research Center (J.P., F.I.R.-P., L.A.M.-L., J.R.S.), Department of Child Health (J.P.), Department of Biological Engineering (F.I.R.-P., L.A.M.-L.); Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Medicine (B.B.), Diabetes and Cardiovascular Research Center (J.H., A.R.A., M.R.H., G.J., M.G., V.G.D., C.M., J.R.S.), Department of Medical Pharmacology and Physiology (L.A.M.-L., J.R.S.), and Biomedical Sciences (F.W.B.), University of Missouri; and Research Service, Harry S. Truman Memorial Veterans' Hospital, Columbia, MO (J.R.S.)
| | - James R Sowers
- From the Department of Nutrition and Exercise Physiology (J.P., F.W.B.), Dalton Cardiovascular Research Center (J.P., F.I.R.-P., L.A.M.-L., J.R.S.), Department of Child Health (J.P.), Department of Biological Engineering (F.I.R.-P., L.A.M.-L.); Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Medicine (B.B.), Diabetes and Cardiovascular Research Center (J.H., A.R.A., M.R.H., G.J., M.G., V.G.D., C.M., J.R.S.), Department of Medical Pharmacology and Physiology (L.A.M.-L., J.R.S.), and Biomedical Sciences (F.W.B.), University of Missouri; and Research Service, Harry S. Truman Memorial Veterans' Hospital, Columbia, MO (J.R.S.).
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Impact of Bi-Axial Shear on Atherogenic Gene Expression by Endothelial Cells. Ann Biomed Eng 2016; 44:3032-3045. [PMID: 27138524 DOI: 10.1007/s10439-016-1626-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2016] [Accepted: 04/21/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
This study demonstrated the effects of the directionality of oscillatory wall shear stress (WSS) on proliferation and proatherogenic gene expression (I-CAM, E-Selectin, and IL-6) in the presence of inflammatory mediators leukotriene B4 (LTB4) and bacterial lipopolysaccharide (LPS) from endothelial cells grown in an orbiting culture dish. Computational fluid dynamics (CFD) was applied to quantify the flow in the dish, while an analytical solution representing an extension of Stokes second problem was used for validation. Results indicated that WSS magnitude was relatively constant near the center of the dish and oscillated significantly (0-0.9 Pa) near the side walls. Experiments showed that LTB4 dominated the shear effects on cell proliferation and area. Addition of LPS didn't change proliferation, but significantly affected cell area. The expression of I-CAM1, E-Selectin and IL-6 were altered by directional oscillatory shear index (DOSI, a measure of the biaxiality of oscillatory shear), but not shear magnitude. The significance of DOSI was further reinforced by the strength of its interactions with other atherogenic factors. Hence, directionality of shear appears to be an important factor in regulating gene expression and provides a potential explanation of the propensity for increased vascular lesions in regions in the arteries with oscillating biaxial flow.
Collapse
|
10
|
Zheng G, Zheng X, Li J, Duan T, Qi D, Ling K, He J, Chen L. Design, methodology and baseline characteristics of Tai Chi and its protective effect against ischaemic stroke risk in an elderly community population with risk factors for ischaemic stroke: a randomised controlled trial. BMJ Open 2015; 5:e009158. [PMID: 26700278 PMCID: PMC4691734 DOI: 10.1136/bmjopen-2015-009158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Controlling risk factors with regular exercise is effective and cost-effective for the primary prevention of ischaemic stroke. As a traditional Chinese form of exercise, Tai Chi might be beneficial in decreasing ischaemic stroke, but the evidence remains insufficient. We hypothesise that elderly community adults with risk factors for ischaemic stroke will decrease their ischaemic stroke risk by improving cerebral haemodynamic parameters, cardiopulmonary function, motor function, plasma risk indices, physical parameters or psychological outcomes after receiving 12 weeks of regular Tai Chi training compared with those who maintained their original physical activities. Therefore, we designed a randomised controlled trial that will systematically evaluate the protective effects of Tai Chi exercise on ischaemic stroke risk in an elderly community population with risk factors for ischaemic stroke. METHODS AND ANALYSIS A total of 170 eligible participants were randomly allocated into either the Tai Chi training group or the usual physical activity group. This paper reports on the design, intervention development and baseline characteristics of the participants. There were no significant differences between comparison groups in demographic characteristics or the baseline data of primary or secondary outcomes. Participants in the Tai Chi training group will receive 12 weeks of Tai Chi training with a frequency of 5 days/week and 60 min/day, while those in the usual physical activities group will maintain their original activities. Primary and secondary outcomes will be measured at the 12-week and 24-week follow-ups. ETHICS AND DISSEMINATION Ethical approval has been obtained from the Medical Ethics Committee of The Affiliated People's Hospital of Fujian University of Traditional Chinese Medicine (number 2013-020-02). The findings of this study will be communicated to healthcare professionals, participants and the public through peer-reviewed publications or scientific conferences. TRIAL REGISTRATION NUMBER ChiCTR-TRC-13003601; Pre-results.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Guohua Zheng
- College of Rehabilitation Medicine, Fujian University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Fuzhou, Fujian, China
| | - Xin Zheng
- College of Rehabilitation Medicine, Fujian University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Fuzhou, Fujian, China
| | - Junzhe Li
- College of Rehabilitation Medicine, Fujian University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Fuzhou, Fujian, China
| | - Tingjin Duan
- Department of Physical Education, Fujian University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Fuzhou, Fujian, China
| | - Dalu Qi
- Department of Physical Education, Fujian University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Fuzhou, Fujian, China
| | - Kun Ling
- Department of Physical Education, Fujian University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Fuzhou, Fujian, China
| | - Jian He
- College of Rehabilitation Medicine, Fujian University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Fuzhou, Fujian, China
| | - Lidian Chen
- Fujian University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Fuzhou, Fujian, China
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Carallo C, Franceschi MSD, Tripolino C, Iovane C, Catalano S, Giudice A, Crispino A, Figliuzzi M, Irace C, Fortunato L, Gnasso A. Periodontal Treatment Elevates Carotid Wall Shear Stress in the Medium Term. Medicine (Baltimore) 2015; 94:e1724. [PMID: 26496285 PMCID: PMC4620837 DOI: 10.1097/md.0000000000001724] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Periodontal disease is associated with endothelial dysfunction of the brachial artery and hemodynamic alterations of the common carotid artery. Periodontal therapy improves endothelial function. It is not known if it is able also to improve the hemodynamics of the carotid artery. The aim of the current study was to evaluate the efficacy of 2 different periodontal treatments on carotid hemodynamics: scaling and root planing (SRP) alone or together with low-level laser therapy (LLLT). Forty patients were recruited and randomly treated with SRP (n = 20) or SRP + LLLT (n = 20). Periodontal indices (plaque, gingival, and probing depth indices) were measured before and 5 months after treatment. Blood viscosity, common carotid wall shear stress, circumferential wall tension, and Peterson elastic modulus were evaluated before, soon after and 5 months after treatment. It was found that the periodontal indices improved in both groups, but significantly more so for SRP + LLLT than for SRP (decrease in gingival index 69.3% versus 45.4%, respectively, P = 0.04). In the SRP + LLLT group, after a transient reduction by 5% immediately after therapy, shear stress increased by 11% after 5 months. In SRP only group, however, shear stress variations were less marked. No significant changes were found for the other hemodynamic parameters in either of the groups. Periodontal disease treatment by SRP + LLLT can therefore be said to improve common carotid wall shear stress. This suggests a possible mechanism by which the treatment of periodontal disease has beneficial effects on the cardiovascular system.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Claudio Carallo
- From the Department of Chemical Engineering, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom (CC, SC); Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Institute of Dentistry, "Magna Graecia" University (MSDF, CI, AG, AC, MF, LF); and Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Metabolic Disease Unit, "Magna Graecia" University, Catanzaro, Italy (CC, MSDF, CT, CI, AG)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
12
|
Carallo C, De Franceschi MS, Tripolino C, Figliuzzi M, Irace C, Fortunato L, Gnasso A. Common carotid and brachial artery hemodynamic alterations in periodontal disease. J Clin Periodontol 2013; 40:431-6. [PMID: 23517219 DOI: 10.1111/jcpe.12099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/11/2013] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
AIM In patients affected by periodontal disease, hypertension and systemic inflammation might cause an arterial hemodynamic derangement; this, in turn, can act as a mediator of the atherogenic process often seen in these patients. This study aimed at a comprehensive hemodynamic evaluation in periodontal patients. METHODS Fourty-eight subjects participating to a cardiovascular prevention programme were enrolled. Periodontitis, classical risk factors for atherosclerosis, and shear and tensile forces in both carotid and brachial arteries were evaluated. Calculated periodontal indexes were plaque, gingival and pocket deep (PD) indexes. Simple and multiple regression analyses were performed. Afterwards, 30 of them with normal PD index were compared with 30 carefully - matched patients with periodontitis. RESULTS Brachial and carotid parietal tension were significantly associated with periodontal indexes, especially PD-Sum, in both simple (r = 0.42, p < 0.001 for carotid artery and r = 0.36, p < 0.02 for brachial artery) and multiple regression analyses. Shear stress gave similar results. In case-control analysis, shear stress was lower by 15% and 30%, respectively, in carotid and brachial artery in patients with high PD; common carotid parietal tension was higher. Arterial stiffness resulted not associated with periodontitis. CONCLUSIONS Periodontal disease is associated to a complex atherosclerotic prone hemodynamic derangement, particularly in large elastic arteries.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Claudio Carallo
- Metabolic Diseases Unit, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Magna Graecia University, Viale Europa, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
13
|
Rowley JW, Finn AV, French PA, Jennings LK, Bluestein D, Gross PL, Freedman JE, Steinhubl SR, Zimmerman GA, Becker RC, Dauerman HL, Smyth SS. Cardiovascular devices and platelet interactions: understanding the role of injury, flow, and cellular responses. Circ Cardiovasc Interv 2012; 5:296-304. [PMID: 22511738 DOI: 10.1161/circinterventions.111.965426] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
|
14
|
Halliday I, Atherton M, Care C, Collins M, Evans D, Evans P, Hose D, Khir A, König C, Krams R, Lawford P, Lishchuk S, Pontrelli G, Ridger V, Spencer T, Ventikos Y, Walker D, Watton P. Multi-scale interaction of particulate flow and the artery wall. Med Eng Phys 2011; 33:840-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.medengphy.2010.09.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2010] [Revised: 08/05/2010] [Accepted: 09/10/2010] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
|
15
|
Padilla J, Simmons GH, Bender SB, Arce-Esquivel AA, Whyte JJ, Laughlin MH. Vascular effects of exercise: endothelial adaptations beyond active muscle beds. Physiology (Bethesda) 2011; 26:132-45. [PMID: 21670160 PMCID: PMC3286126 DOI: 10.1152/physiol.00052.2010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 144] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Endothelial adaptations to exercise training are not exclusively conferred within the active muscle beds. Herein, we summarize key studies that have evaluated the impact of chronic exercise on the endothelium of vasculatures perfusing nonworking skeletal muscle, brain, viscera, and skin, concluding with discussion of potential mechanisms driving these endothelial adaptations.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jaume Padilla
- Biomedical Sciences, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri, USA.
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
16
|
Wang J, An FS, Zhang W, Gong L, Wei SJ, Qin WD, Wang XP, Zhao YX, Zhang Y, Zhang C, Zhang MX. Inhibition of c-Jun N-terminal kinase attenuates low shear stress-induced atherogenesis in apolipoprotein E-deficient mice. Mol Med 2011; 17:990-9. [PMID: 21629969 DOI: 10.2119/molmed.2011.00073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2011] [Accepted: 05/24/2011] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Atherosclerosis begins as local inflammation of arterial walls at sites of disturbed flow, such as vessel curvatures and bifurcations with low shear stress. c-Jun NH₂-terminal kinase (JNK) is a major regulator of flow-dependent gene expression in endothelial cells in atherosclerosis. However, little is known about the in vivo role of JNK in low shear stress in atherosclerosis. We aimed to observe the effect of JNK on low shear stress-induced atherogenesis in apolipoprotein E-deficient (ApoE(-/-)) mice and investigate the potential mechanism in human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs). We divided 84 male ApoE(-/-) mice into two groups for treatment with normal saline (NS) (n = 42) and JNK inhibitor SP600125 (JNK-I) (n = 42). Perivascular shear stress modifiers were placed around the right carotid arteries, and plaque formation was studied at low shear stress regions. The left carotid arteries without modifiers represented undisturbed shear stress as a control. The NS group showed atherosclerotic lesions in arterial regions with low shear stress, whereas the JNK-I group showed almost no atherosclerotic lesions. Corresponding to the expression of proatherogenic vascular cell adhesion molecule 1 (VCAM-1), phospho-JNK (p-JNK) level was higher in low shear stress regions with NS than with JNK-I inhibitor. In HUVECs under low shear stress, siRNA knockdown and SP600125 inhibition of JNK attenuated nuclear factor (NF)-κB activity and VCAM-1 expression. Furthermore, siRNA knockdown of platelet endothelial cell adhesion molecule 1 (PECAM-1) (CD31) reduced p-JNK and VCAM-1 levels after low shear stress stimulation. JNK may play a critical role in low shear stress-induced atherogenesis by a PECAM-1-dependent mechanosensory pathway and modulating NF-κB activity and VCAM-1 expression.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Juan Wang
- Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Remodeling and Function Research, Chinese Ministry of Education and Chinese Ministry of Public Health, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
17
|
Abstract
Regular physical activity (endurance training, ET) has a strong positive link with cardiovascular health. The aim of this review is to draw together the current knowledge on gene expression in different cell types comprising the vessels of the circulatory system, with special emphasis on the endothelium, and how these gene products interact to influence vascular health. The effect beneficial effects of ET on the endothelium are believed to result from increased vascular shear stress during ET bouts. A number of mechanosensory mechanisms have been elucidated that may contribute to the effects of ET on vascular function, but there are questions regarding interactions among molecular pathways. For instance, increases in flow brought on by ET can reduce circulating levels of viscosity and haemostatic and inflammatory variables that may interact with increased shear stress, releasing vasoactive substances such as nitric oxide and prostacyclin, decreasing permeability to plasma lipoproteins as well as the adhesion of leucocytes. At this time the optimal rate-of-flow and rate-of-change in flow for determining whether anti-atherogenic or pro-atherogenic processes proceed remain unknown. In addition, the impact of haemodynamic variables differs with vessel size and tissue type in which arteries are located. While the hurdles to understanding the mechanism responsible for ET-induced alterations in vascular cell gene expression are significant, they in no way undermine the established benefits of regular physical activity to the cardiovascular system and to general overall health. This review summarizes current understanding of control of vascular cell gene expression by exercise and how these processes lead to improved cardiovascular health.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- J J Whyte
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Missouri-Columbia, Columbia, MO 65211, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
18
|
Carallo C, Fortunato L, de Franceschi MS, Irace C, Tripolino C, Cristofaro MG, Giudice M, Gnasso A. Periodontal disease and carotid atherosclerosis: are hemodynamic forces a link? Atherosclerosis 2010; 213:263-7. [PMID: 20732683 DOI: 10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2010.07.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2010] [Revised: 07/09/2010] [Accepted: 07/19/2010] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The link between periodontal disease and atherosclerosis has not yet been clarified, though systemic inflammation seems to be the common soil for both conditions. Inflammation influences also hemodynamic forces, that act as local risk factors for carotid plaques. It is not known if the link between periodontitis and carotid atherosclerosis is mediated, at least in part, by physical forces. Therefore, aim of the present study was to evaluate the association between carotid shear stress force and periodontal disease. METHODS Thirty-three subjects underwent complete cardiovascular screening, carotid hemodynamic evaluation and dental inspection. Presence of classical risk factors for atherosclerosis, common carotid peak and mean wall shear stress values and periodontal indices of disease (plaque index, gingival index and pocket deep) have been evaluated. RESULTS Worse periodontal health was associated to the presence of carotid atherosclerosis. Patients with carotid plaques (n=19) had higher periodontal indices compared with subjects without plaques (n=14) (gingival index: 1.40 ± 0.71 vs. 0.69 ± 0.64, p=0.006). These relations were independent of the presence of cardiovascular risk factors in multiple logistic regression analysis. In the 66 examined common carotids, wall shear stress was inversely related to all periodontal indices (r=0.54, p<0.00001 for peak wall shear stress and gingival index). These relations remained significant also in multiple regression analysis, after correction for cardiovascular risk factors, gender and age. CONCLUSIONS The present study identifies for the first time a link between periodontal indices and wall shear stress, suggesting that an alteration of hemodynamic profile might contribute to atherosclerosis in subjects with periodontal disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Claudio Carallo
- Metabolic Diseases Unit, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine G. Salvatore, Magna Græcia University, Viale Europa, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
19
|
Tousi N, Wang B, Pant K, Kiani MF, Prabhakarpandian B. Preferential adhesion of leukocytes near bifurcations is endothelium independent. Microvasc Res 2010; 80:384-8. [PMID: 20624406 DOI: 10.1016/j.mvr.2010.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2010] [Accepted: 07/02/2010] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Leukocyte-endothelial interactions play central roles in many pathological conditions. However, the in vivo mechanisms responsible for nonuniform spatial distribution of adhering leukocytes to endothelial cells in microvascular networks are not clear. We used a combination of in vitro and in vivo methodologies to explain of this complex phenomenon. A mouse cremaster muscle model was used to study the spatial distribution of leukocyte-endothelial cell interaction in vivo. A PDMS-based synthetic microvascular network (SMN) device was used to study interactions of functionalized microspheres using a receptor-ligand system in a (endothelial) cell-free environment for the in vitro studies. Our in vivo and in vitro findings indicate that both leukocytes in vivo and microspheres in vitro preferentially adhere near bifurcation (within 1-2 diameters from the bifurcation). This adhesion pattern was found to be independent of the diameter of the vessels. These findings support our hypothesis that the fluidic patterns near bifurcations/junctions, and not the presence or cellular aspects of the system (e.g. cell deformation, cell signaling, heterogeneous distribution of adhesion molecules), is the main controlling factor behind the preferential adhesion patterns of leukocytes near bifurcations.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nazanin Tousi
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
20
|
Zhang Y, He X, Liu D, Wu G, Chen X, Ma H, Du Z, Dong Y, Jin Y, He W, Wang K, Lawson WE, Hui JC, Zheng Z. Enhanced External Counterpulsation Attenuates Atherosclerosis Progression Through Modulation of Proinflammatory Signal Pathway. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2010; 30:773-80. [PMID: 20150561 DOI: 10.1161/atvbaha.109.197806] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Objective—
Shear stress may be the most crucial local factor affecting atherogenesis. The present study investigated the effect of exposure to increased shear stress promoted by enhanced external counterpulsation (EECP) on the progression of atherosclerosis and the underlying inflammation-related molecular mechanisms in a porcine model of hypercholesterolemia.
Methods and Results—
Hypercholesterolemic pigs were subjected to a 7-week EECP intervention while being fed a high-cholesterol diet. EECP resulted in a 34.38% increase of mean wall shear stress and a significantly lower pulsatility index in the brachial artery. The animals receiving EECP showed a marked reduction in atherosclerotic lesion size in the coronary artery and abdominal aorta compared with the hypercholesterolemic control group, associated with a decrease in macrophage accumulation. The expression of a set of genes involved in inflammation (including C-reactive protein [CRP], complement 3a, vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 [VCAM-1], and inducible nitric oxide synthase), mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK)-p38 phosphorylation, and nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) activation, was attenuated.
Conclusion—
These findings suggested that long-term EECP exerts a retarding effect on atherosclerosis by downregulating proinflammatory gene expression. The underlying mechanisms are related to chronic exposure to increased pulsatile shear stress promoted by EECP; this exposure suppresses the overactivation of the MAPK-P38/NF-κB/VCAM-1 signaling pathway induced by hypercholesterolemia.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yan Zhang
- From Key Laboratory on Assisted Circulation, Ministry of Health, Guangzhou, China 510080 (Y.Z., X.H., G.W., X.C., H.M., Z.Z.); Division of Cardiology, First Affiliated Hospital (H.M., Z.D., Y.D., Y.J., W.H., Z.Z.), Division of Ultrasound, First Affiliated Hospital (D.L.), and Department of Biomedical Engineering (K.W.), Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China; and Division of Cardiology, State University of New York at Stony Brook, Stony Brook, N.Y. (W.E.L.)
| | - Xiaohong He
- From Key Laboratory on Assisted Circulation, Ministry of Health, Guangzhou, China 510080 (Y.Z., X.H., G.W., X.C., H.M., Z.Z.); Division of Cardiology, First Affiliated Hospital (H.M., Z.D., Y.D., Y.J., W.H., Z.Z.), Division of Ultrasound, First Affiliated Hospital (D.L.), and Department of Biomedical Engineering (K.W.), Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China; and Division of Cardiology, State University of New York at Stony Brook, Stony Brook, N.Y. (W.E.L.)
| | - Donghong Liu
- From Key Laboratory on Assisted Circulation, Ministry of Health, Guangzhou, China 510080 (Y.Z., X.H., G.W., X.C., H.M., Z.Z.); Division of Cardiology, First Affiliated Hospital (H.M., Z.D., Y.D., Y.J., W.H., Z.Z.), Division of Ultrasound, First Affiliated Hospital (D.L.), and Department of Biomedical Engineering (K.W.), Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China; and Division of Cardiology, State University of New York at Stony Brook, Stony Brook, N.Y. (W.E.L.)
| | - Guifu Wu
- From Key Laboratory on Assisted Circulation, Ministry of Health, Guangzhou, China 510080 (Y.Z., X.H., G.W., X.C., H.M., Z.Z.); Division of Cardiology, First Affiliated Hospital (H.M., Z.D., Y.D., Y.J., W.H., Z.Z.), Division of Ultrasound, First Affiliated Hospital (D.L.), and Department of Biomedical Engineering (K.W.), Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China; and Division of Cardiology, State University of New York at Stony Brook, Stony Brook, N.Y. (W.E.L.)
| | - Xiaolin Chen
- From Key Laboratory on Assisted Circulation, Ministry of Health, Guangzhou, China 510080 (Y.Z., X.H., G.W., X.C., H.M., Z.Z.); Division of Cardiology, First Affiliated Hospital (H.M., Z.D., Y.D., Y.J., W.H., Z.Z.), Division of Ultrasound, First Affiliated Hospital (D.L.), and Department of Biomedical Engineering (K.W.), Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China; and Division of Cardiology, State University of New York at Stony Brook, Stony Brook, N.Y. (W.E.L.)
| | - Hong Ma
- From Key Laboratory on Assisted Circulation, Ministry of Health, Guangzhou, China 510080 (Y.Z., X.H., G.W., X.C., H.M., Z.Z.); Division of Cardiology, First Affiliated Hospital (H.M., Z.D., Y.D., Y.J., W.H., Z.Z.), Division of Ultrasound, First Affiliated Hospital (D.L.), and Department of Biomedical Engineering (K.W.), Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China; and Division of Cardiology, State University of New York at Stony Brook, Stony Brook, N.Y. (W.E.L.)
| | - Zhimin Du
- From Key Laboratory on Assisted Circulation, Ministry of Health, Guangzhou, China 510080 (Y.Z., X.H., G.W., X.C., H.M., Z.Z.); Division of Cardiology, First Affiliated Hospital (H.M., Z.D., Y.D., Y.J., W.H., Z.Z.), Division of Ultrasound, First Affiliated Hospital (D.L.), and Department of Biomedical Engineering (K.W.), Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China; and Division of Cardiology, State University of New York at Stony Brook, Stony Brook, N.Y. (W.E.L.)
| | - Yugang Dong
- From Key Laboratory on Assisted Circulation, Ministry of Health, Guangzhou, China 510080 (Y.Z., X.H., G.W., X.C., H.M., Z.Z.); Division of Cardiology, First Affiliated Hospital (H.M., Z.D., Y.D., Y.J., W.H., Z.Z.), Division of Ultrasound, First Affiliated Hospital (D.L.), and Department of Biomedical Engineering (K.W.), Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China; and Division of Cardiology, State University of New York at Stony Brook, Stony Brook, N.Y. (W.E.L.)
| | - Yafei Jin
- From Key Laboratory on Assisted Circulation, Ministry of Health, Guangzhou, China 510080 (Y.Z., X.H., G.W., X.C., H.M., Z.Z.); Division of Cardiology, First Affiliated Hospital (H.M., Z.D., Y.D., Y.J., W.H., Z.Z.), Division of Ultrasound, First Affiliated Hospital (D.L.), and Department of Biomedical Engineering (K.W.), Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China; and Division of Cardiology, State University of New York at Stony Brook, Stony Brook, N.Y. (W.E.L.)
| | - Wen He
- From Key Laboratory on Assisted Circulation, Ministry of Health, Guangzhou, China 510080 (Y.Z., X.H., G.W., X.C., H.M., Z.Z.); Division of Cardiology, First Affiliated Hospital (H.M., Z.D., Y.D., Y.J., W.H., Z.Z.), Division of Ultrasound, First Affiliated Hospital (D.L.), and Department of Biomedical Engineering (K.W.), Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China; and Division of Cardiology, State University of New York at Stony Brook, Stony Brook, N.Y. (W.E.L.)
| | - Kuijian Wang
- From Key Laboratory on Assisted Circulation, Ministry of Health, Guangzhou, China 510080 (Y.Z., X.H., G.W., X.C., H.M., Z.Z.); Division of Cardiology, First Affiliated Hospital (H.M., Z.D., Y.D., Y.J., W.H., Z.Z.), Division of Ultrasound, First Affiliated Hospital (D.L.), and Department of Biomedical Engineering (K.W.), Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China; and Division of Cardiology, State University of New York at Stony Brook, Stony Brook, N.Y. (W.E.L.)
| | - William E. Lawson
- From Key Laboratory on Assisted Circulation, Ministry of Health, Guangzhou, China 510080 (Y.Z., X.H., G.W., X.C., H.M., Z.Z.); Division of Cardiology, First Affiliated Hospital (H.M., Z.D., Y.D., Y.J., W.H., Z.Z.), Division of Ultrasound, First Affiliated Hospital (D.L.), and Department of Biomedical Engineering (K.W.), Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China; and Division of Cardiology, State University of New York at Stony Brook, Stony Brook, N.Y. (W.E.L.)
| | - John C.K. Hui
- From Key Laboratory on Assisted Circulation, Ministry of Health, Guangzhou, China 510080 (Y.Z., X.H., G.W., X.C., H.M., Z.Z.); Division of Cardiology, First Affiliated Hospital (H.M., Z.D., Y.D., Y.J., W.H., Z.Z.), Division of Ultrasound, First Affiliated Hospital (D.L.), and Department of Biomedical Engineering (K.W.), Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China; and Division of Cardiology, State University of New York at Stony Brook, Stony Brook, N.Y. (W.E.L.)
| | - Zhensheng Zheng
- From Key Laboratory on Assisted Circulation, Ministry of Health, Guangzhou, China 510080 (Y.Z., X.H., G.W., X.C., H.M., Z.Z.); Division of Cardiology, First Affiliated Hospital (H.M., Z.D., Y.D., Y.J., W.H., Z.Z.), Division of Ultrasound, First Affiliated Hospital (D.L.), and Department of Biomedical Engineering (K.W.), Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China; and Division of Cardiology, State University of New York at Stony Brook, Stony Brook, N.Y. (W.E.L.)
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Padilla J, Sheldon RD, Sitar DM, Newcomer SC. Impact of acute exposure to increased hydrostatic pressure and reduced shear rate on conduit artery endothelial function: a limb-specific response. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 2009; 297:H1103-8. [DOI: 10.1152/ajpheart.00167.2009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Unlike quadrupeds, humans exhibit a larger hydrostatic pressure in the lower limbs compared with the upper limbs during a major part of the day. It is plausible that repeated episodes of elevated pressure in the legs may negatively impact the endothelium, hence contributing to the greater predisposition of atherosclerosis in the legs. We tested the hypothesis that an acute exposure to increased hydrostatic pressure would induce conduit artery endothelial dysfunction. In protocol 1, to mimic the hemodynamic environment of the leg, we subjected the brachial artery to a hydrostatic pressure gradient (∼15 mmHg) by vertically hanging the arm for 3 h. Brachial artery flow-mediated dilation (FMD) was assessed in both arms before and following the intervention. In protocol 2, we directly evaluated popliteal artery FMD before and after a 3-h upright sitting (pressure gradient ∼48 mmHg) and control (supine position) intervention. Our arm-hanging model effectively resembled the hemodynamic milieu (high pressure and low shear rate) present in the lower limbs during the seated position. Endothelium-dependent vasodilation at the brachial artery was attenuated following arm hanging ( P < 0.05); however, contrary to our hypothesis, upright sitting did not have an impact on popliteal artery endothelial function ( P > 0.05). These data suggest an intriguing vascular-specific response to increased hydrostatic pressure and reduced shear rate. Further efforts are needed to determine if this apparent protection of the leg vasculature against an acute hydrostatic challenge is attributable to posture-induced chronic adaptations.
Collapse
|
22
|
Dose Effect of Shear Stress on Platelet Complement Activation in a Cone and Plate Shearing Device. Cell Mol Bioeng 2009. [DOI: 10.1007/s12195-009-0055-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022] Open
|
23
|
Hoskins PR, Hardman D. Three-dimensional imaging and computational modelling for estimation of wall stresses in arteries. Br J Radiol 2009; 82 Spec No 1:S3-17. [DOI: 10.1259/bjr/96847348] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
|