Anticoagulant properties and cytotoxic effect against HCT116 human colon cell line of sulfated glycosaminoglycans isolated from the Norway lobster ( Nephrops norvegicus ) shell

Extraction and characterization of valuable compounds from chicken sternal cartilage: Type II collagen and chondroitin sulfate

Type II collagen (Col II) and chondroitin sulfate (CS) are the main macromolecules in the extracellular matrix. This study investigated the characteristics of Col II and CS obtained from chicken sternal cartilage (CSC) via enzymatic hydrolysis for various treatment times. For Col II and CS, the highest efficiency of enzymatic hydrolysis was achieved after 24 and 6 h of treatment, respectively. The average molecular weights were α1 chain-130 kDa, β chain-270 kDa for Col II, and 80.27 kDa for CS. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy revealed that the Col II samples maintained their triple-helical structure and that the predominant type of CS was chondroitin-4-sulfate. Scanning electron microscopy revealed that the Col II and CS samples possessed fibrillar and clustered structures, respectively. This study suggests that collagen and CS obtained from CSC can be used as promising molecules for application in food and pharmaceutical industries.

Recent progress in marine chondroitin sulfate, dermatan sulfate, and chondroitin sulfate/dermatan sulfate hybrid chains as potential functional foods and therapeutic agents

Chondroitin sulfate (CS), dermatan sulfate (DS), and CS/DS hybrid chains are natural complex glycosaminoglycans with high structural diversity and widely distributed in marine organisms, such as fish, shrimp, starfish, and sea cucumber. Numerous CS, DS, and CS/DS hybrid chains with various structures and activities have been obtained from marine animals and have received extensive attention. However, only a few of these hybrid chains have been well-characterized and commercially developed. This review presents information on the extraction, purification, structural characterization, biological activities, potential action mechanisms, and structure-activity relationships of marine CS, DS, and CS/DS hybrid chains. We also discuss the challenges and perspectives in the research of CS, DS, and CS/DS hybrid chains. This review may provide a useful reference for the further investigation, development, and application of CS, DS, and CS/DS hybrid chains in the fields of functional foods and therapeutic agents.

The Southern European Atlantic Diet and Its Supplements: The Chemical Bases of Its Anticancer Properties

Scientific evidence increasingly supports the strong link between diet and health, acknowledging that a well-balanced diet plays a crucial role in preventing chronic diseases such as obesity, diabetes, cardiovascular issues, and certain types of cancer. This perspective opens the door to developing precision diets, particularly tailored for individuals at risk of developing cancer. It encompasses a vast research area and involves the study of an expanding array of compounds with multilevel "omics" compositions, including genomics, transcriptomics, proteomics, epigenomics, miRNomics, and metabolomics. We review here the components of the Southern European Atlantic Diet (SEAD) from both a chemical and pharmacological standpoint. The information sources consulted, complemented by crystallographic data from the Protein Data Bank, establish a direct link between the SEAD and its anticancer properties. The data collected strongly suggest that SEAD offers an exceptionally healthy profile, particularly due to the presence of beneficial biomolecules in its foods. The inclusion of olive oil and paprika in this diet provides numerous health benefits, and scientific evidence supports the anticancer properties of dietary supplements with biomolecules sourced from vegetables of the brassica genus. Nonetheless, further research is warranted in this field to gain deeper insights into the potential benefits of the SEAD's bioactive compounds against cancer.

Heparanized chitosans: towards the third generation of chitinous biomaterials

The functionalization of chitosans is an emerging research area in the design of solutions for a wide range of biomedical applications. In particular, the modification of chitosans to incorporate sulfate groups has generated great interest since they show structural similarity to heparin and heparan sulfates. Most of the biomedical applications of heparan sulfates are derived from their ability to bind different growth factors and other proteins, as through these interactions they can modulate the cellular response. This review aims to summarize the most recent advances in the synthesis, and structural and physicochemical characterization of heparanized chitosan, a remarkably interesting family of polysaccharides that have demonstrated the ability to mimic heparan sulfates as ligands for different proteins, thereby exerting their biological activity by mimicking the function of these glycosaminoglycans.

Anti-platelet Drug-loaded Targeted Technologies for the Effective Treatment of Atherothrombosis

Atherothrombosis results from direct interaction between atherosclerotic plaque and arterial thrombosis and is the most common type of cardiovascular disease. As a long term progressive disease, atherosclerosis frequently results in an acute atherothrombotic event through plaque rupture and platelet-rich thrombus formation. The pathophysiology of atherothrombosis involves cholesterol accumulation endothelial dysfunction, dyslipidemia, immuno-inflammatory, and apoptotic aspects. Platelet activation and aggregation is the major cause for stroke because of its roles, including thrombus, contributing to atherosclerotic plaque, and sealing off the bleeding vessel. Platelet aggregates are associated with arterial blood pressure and cardiovascular ischemic events. Under normal physiological conditions, when a blood vessel is damaged, the task of platelets within the circulation is to arrest the blood loss. Antiplatelet inhibits platelet function, thereby decreasing thrombus formation with complementary modes of action to prevent atherothrombosis. In the present scientific scenario, researchers throughout the world are focusing on the development of novel drug delivery systems to enhance patient's compliance. Immediate responding pharmaceutical formulations become an emerging trend in the pharmaceutical industries with better patient compliance. The proposed review provides details related to the molecular pathogenesis of atherothrombosis and recent novel formulation approaches to treat atherothrombosis with particular emphasis on commercial formulation and upcoming technologies.

Obtaining glycosaminoglycans from tilapia (oreochromis niloticus) scales and evaluation of its anticoagulant and cytotoxic activities: Glycosaminoglycans from tilapia scales: anticoagulant and cytotoxic activities

Large amounts of by-products are generated during fish processing. The study aimed to assess whether tilapia scales are a potential source for obtaining glycosaminoglycans, as well as to determine their anticoagulant and cytotoxic/antiproliferative activities, against different tumor lines. The glycosaminoglycans were extracted, purified, and fractionated. The fractions that indicated the presence of uronic acid and sulfated GAGs were characterized by electrophoresis, NMR, and degree of sulfation (DS). The extraction process using the papain enzyme had a yield of 0.86%. Fraction V (FV) revealed the presence of chondroitin sulfate chains CS-A and CS-C, with DS of 0.146. FV demonstrated anticoagulant potential, as it was able to increase aPTT time. FV showed a cytotoxic effect for HTC metabolizing cells at 24, 48, and 72 h. However, it did not show activity for neuroblastoma cells in any of the evaluated times. The results indicate that the tilapia scales are a possible source for obtaining chondroitin sulfate, with potential use as anticoagulant and cytotoxic/antitumor.

Aquaculture and its by-products as a source of nutrients and bioactive compounds

Underutilized marine resources (e.g., algae, fish, and shellfish processing by-products), as sustainable alternatives to livestock protein and interesting sources of bioactive compounds, have attracted the attention of the researchers. Aquatic products processing industries are growing globally and producing huge amounts of by-products that often discarded as waste. However, recent studies pointed out that marine waste contains several valuable components including high-quality proteins, lipids, minerals, vitamins, enzymes, and bioactive compounds that can be used against cancer and some cardiovascular disorders. Besides, previously conducted studies on algae have shown the presence of some unique biologically active compounds and valuable proteins. Hence, this chapter points out recent advances in this area of research and discusses the importance of aquaculture and fish processing by-products as alternative sources of proteins and bioactive compounds.

Extraction Optimization, Structural Characterization, and Anticoagulant Activity of Acidic Polysaccharides from Auricularia auricula-judae

To explore Auricularia auricula-judae polysaccharides (AAP) as natural anticoagulants for application in the functional food industry, ultrasound assisted extraction (UAE) was optimized for the extraction of AAP by using a response surface methodology (RSM). The maximum extraction yield of crude AAP (14.74 mg/g) was obtained at the optimized extraction parameters as follows: Extraction temperature (74 °C), extraction time (27 min), the ratio of liquid to raw material (103 mL/g), and ultrasound power (198 W). Furthermore, the acidic AAP (aAAP) was precipitated with cetyltrimethylammonium bromide (CTAB) from crude AAP (cAAP). aAAP was further purified using ion exchange chromatography with a DEAE Purose 6 Fast Flow column to obtain aAAP-1. Additionally, according to the HPLC analysis, the aAAP-1 was mainly composed of mannose, glucuronic acid, glucose, galactose, and xylose, with a molar ratio of 80.63:9.88:2.25:1:31.13. Moreover, the results of the activated partial thromboplastin time (APTT), prothrombin time (PT), and thrombin time (TT) indicated aAAP-1 had anticoagulant activity, which was a synergic anticoagulant activity by the endogenous and exogenous pathway.

Purification, compositional analysis, and anticoagulant capacity of chondroitin sulfate/dermatan sulfate from bone of corb (Sciaena umbra)

Chondroitin sulfate/dermatan sulfate (CS/DS) were isolated and purified for the first time from the bone of corb (Sciaena umbra) (CBG) and their chemical composition and anticoagulant activity were assessed. Infrared spectrum and agarose-gel electrophoresis for extracted CS/DS were also investigated. The results showed that the purified CS/DS obtained at a yield of 10% contains about 31.28% sulfate and an average molecular mass of 23.35 kDa. Disaccharide analysis indicated that CBG was composed of monosulfated disaccharides in positions 6 and 4 of the N-acetylgalactosamine (8.6% and 40.0%, respectively) and disulfated disaccharides in different percentages. The charge density was 1.4 and the ratio of 4:6 sulfated residues was equal to 4.64. Chondroitinase AC showed that the purified CS/DS contained mainly 74% CS and 26% DS. Moreover, the new CS/DS extracted from bone of corb showed a strong anticoagulant effect through activated partial thrombosis time (aPTT), thrombin time (TT) and prothrombin time (PT). In fact, CBG prolonged significantly (p < 0.05), aPTT and PT about 2.62 and 1.26 fold, respectively, greater than that of the negative control at a concentration of 1000 μg/mL. However, TT assay of CBG was prolonged 3.53 fold compared with the control at 100 μg/mL. The purified CS/DS displayed a promising anticoagulant potential, which may be used as a novel and soothing drug.

Extraction, structural characterization, and thermal and biomedical properties of sulfated polysaccharides from razor clam Solen marginatus

In this study, the antioxidant, antibacterial and anticoagulant activities of sulfated polysaccharides extracted from Solen marginatus flesh were investigated via physicochemical characterization of the crude polysaccharide SM-CP and its deproteinized fraction (SM-DP); their total sugar contents were 47.15% and 66.01%. The results obtained via molecular weight evaluation showed that SM-CP mainly had a high molecular weight (1075 kDa), whereas SM-DP had a lower molecular weight (almost 237.9 kDa); in addition, thermal analysis (differential scanning calorimetry and thermogravimetry) was conducted; the results indicated that SM-CP was thermally more stable as its degradation temperature was 307 °C, whereas SM-DP was thermally less stable, with the degradation temperature of 288 °C. Moreover, the results obtained via the investigation of biological properties revealed that the extracted polysaccharides exhibited strong antioxidant and anticoagulant activities. Subsequently, SM-CP was fractionated using the DEAE-cellulose column. The peak (FII) eluted at high NaCl concentrations indicated highest anticoagulant activity as designated by the prolongation of the activated partial thromboplastin time (over 120 s), prothrombin time (28 s) and low level of fibrinogen (0.7 g l⁻¹). The overall data demonstrated the significant therapeutic potential of the polysaccharides extracted from razor clam flesh.

In this study, some biological activities of sulfated polysaccharides extracted from Solen marginatus flesh were investigated via physicochemical characterization of the crude polysaccharide SM-CP and its deproteinized fraction SM-DP.

Effects of Juglans regia Root Bark Extract on Platelet Aggregation, Bleeding Time, and Plasmatic Coagulation: In Vitro and Ex Vivo Experiments

Platelets have an important role in thrombosis and haemostasis. Hyperactivity of the platelets has been associated with thromboembolic diseases and represents the main cause of complications of cardiovascular diseases. Crude aqueous extract (CAE) of Juglans regia root bark was evaluated for bleeding time, antiaggregant activity by using agonists, thrombin, ADP, collagen, or arachidonic acid (in vitro and ex vivo), and anticoagulant activity by measuring the clotting parameters: activated partial thromboplastin time, prothrombin time, thrombin time, and fibrinogen dosage (in vitro and ex vivo). The result of this study reported that the strongest antiaggregant effect of CAE in vitro was observed on the ADP-induced aggregation with inhibitions up to 90 %, while, in ex vivo experiments, the inhibition (more than 80 %) was observed with all agonists. Anticoagulant effect of CAE significantly prolonged the TT and decreased the fibrinogen level in vitro and ex vivo without interfering with APTT and PT. The bleeding time in mice and rats was significantly increased by CAE. The antiplatelet and anticoagulant effect observed in this study suggest that Juglans regia could have antithrombotic and/or thrombolytic activities and provide an alternative therapy against thrombotic complications related to cardiovascular diseases.

Isolation, Purification and Structural Characterestics of Chondroitin Sulfate from Smooth hound Cartilage: In vitro Anticoagulant and Antiproliferative Properties

Chondroitin sulfate was extracted from the cartilage of smooth hound (CSSH) and then purified by anion exchange chromatography. The structual characteristic of CSSH was evaluated by acetate cellulose electrophoresis, FTIR, ¹³C NMR and SAX-HPLC. Molecular weight of CSSH was average 68.78 KDa. Disaccharide analysis indicated that CSSH was predominately composed of monosulfated disaccharides in position 6 and 4 of the N-acetylgalactosamine (45.34% and 32.49%, respectively). CSSH was tested for in vitro anticoagulant activity using the three classical coagulation assays (activated partial thromboplastin time (aPTT), prothrombine time (TT) and thrombin time (PT) tests). The finding showed that CSSH prolonged significatively (p < 0.05), aPTT, TT and PT about 1.4, 3.44 and 1.21 fold, respectively, greater than that of the negative control at a concentration of 100 μg/ml. The CSSH caused a significant antiproliferative activity against HCT116 cell, which was 79% of cell proliferation inhibition at the concentration of 1000 μg/ml. Further, CSSH presented no toxicity against the normal cells and no hemolysis towards bovine erythrocytes for all concentrations tested. CSSH demonstrated hopeful antiproliferative and anticoagulant potential, which may be used as a novel and effective drug.

Purification and structural elucidation of chondroitin sulfate/dermatan sulfate from Atlantic bluefin tuna (Thunnus thynnus) skins and their anticoagulant and ACE inhibitory activities

Chondroitin sulfate/dermatan sulfate (CS/DS) was extracted from Atlantic bluefin tuna (Thunnus thynnus) skin (SGAT) and was purified and characterized. SGAT was characterized by acetate cellulose electrophoresis, FTIR spectroscopy, ¹³C NMR spectroscopy and SAX-HPLC. According to the results obtained for specific chondroitinases (ABC and AC) and the SAX-HPLC separation of generated unsaturated repeating disaccharides, the polymer was found to contain a disaccharide monosulfated in positions 6 and 4 of GalNAc and disulfated disaccharides in different percentages. These results were confirmed by ¹³C NMR experiments. The average molecular mass was 24.07 kDa, as determined by PAGE analysis. SGAT was evaluated for its in vitro anticoagulant activity via activated partial thromboplastin time, thrombin time and prothrombin time tests. The polymer showed strong inhibitory activity against angiotensin I-converting enzyme (IC₅₀ = 0.25 mg mL⁻¹). Overall, the results suggest that this newly extracted CS/DS can be useful for pharmacological applications.

Chondroitin sulfate/dermatan sulfate (CS/DS) was extracted from Atlantic bluefin tuna (Thunnus thynnus) skin (SGAT) and was purified and characterized.

Biological activities and pharmaceutical applications of polysaccharide from natural resources: A review

Pharmacotherapy using natural substances can be currently regarded as a very promising future alternative to conventional therapy. As biological macromolecules, polysaccharide together with protein and polynucleotide, are extremely important biomacromoleules which play important roles in the growth and development of living organism. Polysaccharide is important component of higher plants, membrane of the animal cell and the cell wall of microbes. It is also closely related to the physiological functions. Recently, increasing attention has been paid on polysaccharides as an important class of bioactive natural products. Numerous researches have demonstrated the bioactivities of natural polysaccharides, which lead to the application of polysaccharides in the treatment of disease. In this paper, the various aspects of the investigation results of the bioactivities of polysaccharides were summarized, including its diversity pharmacological applications, such as immunoregulatory, anti-tumor, anti-virus, antioxidation, and hypoglycemic activity, and their application of polysaccharides in the treatment of disease are also discussed. We hope this review can offer some theoretical basis and inspiration for the mechanism study of the bioactivity of polysaccharides.

Microwave-assisted extraction and pharmacological evaluation of polysaccharides from Posidonia oceanica

Microwave-assisted extraction was employed for the isolation of polysaccharides from Posidonia oceanica (PPO). The extracting parameters were optimized adopting response surface methodology. The highest polysaccharide yield (2.55 ± 0.09%), which is in concordance with the predicted value (2.76%), was obtained under the following conditions: extraction time 60 s, liquid–solid ratio of 50:1 (mL/g) and power of 800 W. This polysaccharide, with molecular weight of 524 KDa, characterized by gas chromatography–mass spectrometry showed that PPO was mainly composed of galactose, glucose, and arabinose with molar percentages 25.38, 24.37, and 21.64%, respectively. The pharmacological evaluation of PPO using animal models at the dose of 100 mg/kg indicated a significant anti-inflammatory activity with a percentage of inhibition of edema of 54.65% and a significant antinociceptive activity with 78.91% inhibition of writhing for peripheral analgesic activity and an increase in the hot plate reaction time for central analgesic activity.

Glycosaminoglycans from marine sources as therapeutic agents

Glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) in marine animals are different to those of terrestrial organisms, mainly in terms of molecular weight and sulfation. The therapeutic properties of GAGs are related to their ability to interact with proteins, which is very much influenced by sulfation position and patterns. Since currently GAGs cannot be chemically synthesized, they are sourced from natural products, with high intra- but also inter-species variability, in terms of chain length, disaccharide composition and sulfation pattern. Consequently, sulfated GAGs are the most interesting molecules in the marine environment and constitute the focus of the present review. In particular, chondroitin sulfate (CS) appears as the most promising compound. CS-E chains [GlcA-GalNAc(4S,6S)] extracted from squid possess antiviral and anti-metastatic activities and seem to impart signalling properties and improve the mechanical performance of cartilage engineering constructs; Squid CS-E and octopus CS-K [GlcA(3S)-GalNAc(4S)], dermatan sulfate (DS) from sea squirts [-iK units, IdoA(3S)-GalNAc(4S)] and sea urchins [-iE units, IdoA-GalNAc(4S,6S)] and hybrids CS/DS from sharks (-B/iB [GlcA/IdoA(2S)-GalNAc(4S)], -D/iD [GlcA/IdoA(2S)-GalNAc(6S)] and -E/iE units [GlcA/IdoA-GalNAc(4S,6S)]) promote neurite outgrowth and could be valuable materials for nerve regeneration. Also displaying antiviral and anti-metastatic properties, a rare CS with fucosylated branches isolated from sea cucumbers is an anticoagulant and anti-inflammatory agent. In this same line, marine heparin extracted from shrimp and sea squirt has proven anti-inflammatory properties, with the added advantage of decreased risk of bleeding because of its low anticoagulant activity.