Kaempferol inhibits fibroblast collagen synthesis, proliferation and activation in hypertrophic scar via targeting TGF-β receptor type I

Pharmacotherapy for Keloids and Hypertrophic Scars

Keloids (KD) and hypertrophic scars (HTS), which are quite raised and pigmented and have increased vascularization and cellularity, are formed due to the impaired healing process of cutaneous injuries in some individuals having family history and genetic factors. These scars decrease the quality of life (QOL) of patients greatly, due to the pain, itching, contracture, cosmetic problems, and so on, depending on the location of the scars. Treatment/prevention that will satisfy patients' QOL is still under development. In this article, we review pharmacotherapy for treating KD and HTS, including the prevention of postsurgical recurrence (especially KD). Pharmacotherapy involves monotherapy using a single drug and combination pharmacotherapy using multiple drugs, where drugs are administered orally, topically and/or through intralesional injection. In addition, pharmacotherapy for KD/HTS is sometimes combined with surgical excision and/or with physical therapy such as cryotherapy, laser therapy, radiotherapy including brachytherapy, and silicone gel/sheeting. The results regarding the clinical effectiveness of each mono-pharmacotherapy for KD/HTS are not always consistent but rather scattered among researchers. Multimodal combination pharmacotherapy that targets multiple sites simultaneously is more effective than mono-pharmacotherapy. The literature was searched using PubMed, Google Scholar, and Online search engines.

The Pathophysiology and Management of Pathologic Scarring-a Contemporary Review

Significance: Pathologic scarring occurs secondary to imbalances in the cellular mechanisms of wound healing and affects millions of people annually. This review article aims to provide a concise overview of the pathophysiology and management of pathologic scarring for clinicians and scientists alike. Recent Advances: Contemporary research in the field has identified aberrations in transforming growth factor-β/small mothers against decapentaplegic (TGF-β/SMAD) signaling pathways as key drivers of pathologic scar formation; indeed, this pathway is targeted by many treatment modalities and translational investigations currently underway. Although intralesional injection of corticosteroids has been the gold standard in the treatment of pathologic scarring, studies show greater treatment efficacy with the use of combination injections such as triamcinolone/5-fluorouracil and triamcinolone/botulinum toxin. Adjunctive therapies including ablative fractional carbon dioxide/erbium-doped yttrium aluminum garnet and non-ablative pulsed-dye lasers, microneedling, and carboxytherapy have shown encouraging results in small cohort studies. Translational investigations involving the use of nanogels, RNA interference, and small molecules targeting TGF-β/SMAD pathways are also currently underway and hold promise for the future. Critical Issues: The heterogeneous nature of hypertrophic scars and keloids poses significant challenges in formulating standardized treatment and assessment protocols, thereby limiting the conclusions that can be drawn. Future Directions: Rigorous clinical trials into the individual and synergistic effects of these therapies would be ideal before any definitive conclusions or evidence-based treatment recommendations can be made. Owing to the heterogeneity of the pathology and patient population, well-conducted cohort studies may be the next best option.

Multistep Approach Points to Compounds Responsible for the Biological Activity and Safety of Hydrolates from Nine Lamiaceae Medicinal Plants on Human Skin Fibroblasts

As byproducts of essential oil distillation, hydrolates are used in natural cosmetics/biomedicine due to their beneficial skin effects. However, data on their safety with relevant biological targets, such as human skin cells, are scarce. Therefore, we have tested nine hydrolates from the Lamiaceae family with skin fibroblasts that are responsible for extracellular collagenous matrix builds. Thyme, oregano, and winter savoury hydrolates showed several times higher total phenolics, which correlated strongly with their radical scavenging and antioxidative capacity; there was no correlation between their viability profiles and the reducing sugar levels. No proteins/peptides were detected. All hydrolates appeared safe for prolonged skin exposure except for 10-fold diluted lavender, which showed cytotoxicity (~20%), as well as rosemary and lavandin (~10%) using viability, DNA synthesis, and cell count testing. Clary sage, oregano, lemon balm, and thyme hydrolates (10-fold diluted) increased fibroblast viability and/or proliferation by 10-30% compared with the control, while their viability remained unaffected by Mentha and winter savoury. In line with the STITCH database, increased viability could be attributed to thymol presence in oregano and thyme hydrolates in lemon balm, which is most likely attributable to neral and geranial. The proliferative effect of clary sage could be supported by alpha-terpineol, not linalool. The major volatile organic compounds (VOCs) associated with cytotoxic effects on fibroblasts were borneol, 1,8-cineole, and terpinene-4-ol. Further research with pure compounds is warranted to confirm the roles of VOCs in the observed effects that are relevant to cosmetic and wound healing aspects.

Inhibition Effect of Physalis angulata Leaf Extract on Viability, Collagen Type I, and Tissue Inhibitor of Metalloproteinase 1 (TIMP-1) but Not Plasminogen Activator Inhibitor-1 (PAI-1) of Keloid Fibroblast Culture

Introduction

Keloids are excessive fibroproliferative diseases that are caused by abnormal wound healing. The anti-proliferative activity of Physalis angulata compounds has potential as a keloid therapeutic agent. This study aimed to observe the effects of P. angulata on fibroblast viability and collagen type I, tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase 1 (TIMP-1), and plasminogen activator inhibitor 1 (PAI-1) levels in human keloid fibroblasts.

Methods

We conducted an experimental study of P. angulata ethanol extract on three primary human keloid fibroblast 3 passage cultures with four replications. Fibroblast viability was measured using the MTT assay after incubation with 3, 5, and 10 µg/mL P. angulata. Concentrations of P. angulata used to observe effects on TIMP-1, PAI-1, and collagen type I levels were 10%, 20%, 30%, and 40% of inhibitory concentration 50 (IC50). The levels of collagen type I, TIMP-1, and PAI-1 were measured by ELISA. Mean comparisons between multiple treatment groups were analyzed using one-way ANOVA followed by post-hoc analysis.

Results

The 10 µg/mL P. angulata group had significantly lower fibroblast viability than the control group (p<0.05) with an IC50 6.3 µg/mL. The collagen type I level of 10% IC50 (0.63 µg/mL) P. angulata group was lower than control (12.910 vs 47.866 ng/mL) (p=0.042). Level of TIMP-1 in 40% IC50 (2.51 µg/mL) P. angulata group was lower than control (5.350 vs 9.972 ng/mL) (p=0.043). There was no significant difference in the PAI-1 levels.

Conclusion

This study showed the inhibitory effect of 10 µg/mL P. angulata extract on keloid fibroblast viability, with an IC50 of 6.3 µg/mL. This study also showed collagen type-1 and TIMP-1 inhibition, but not PAI-1 inhibition, after P. angulate treatment.

Positive feedback loops between fibroblasts and the mechanical environment contribute to dermal fibrosis

Dermal fibrosis is characterized by excessive deposition of extracellular matrix in the dermis and affects millions of people worldwide and causes limited movement, disfigurement and psychological distress in patients. Fibroblast dysfunction of plays a central role in the pathogenesis of dermal fibrosis and is controlled by distinct factors. Recent studies support the hypothesis that fibroblasts can drive matrix deposition and stiffening, which in turn can exacerbate the functional dysregulation of fibroblasts. Ultimately, through a positive feedback loop, uncontrolled pathological fibrosis develops. This review aims to summarize the phenomenon and mechanism of the positive feedback loop in dermal fibrosis, and discuss potential therapeutic targets to help further elucidate the pathogenesis of dermal fibrosis and develop therapeutic strategies. In this review, fibroblast-derived compositional and structural changes in the ECM that lead to altered mechanical properties are briefly discussed. We focus on the mechanisms by which mechanical cues participate in dermal fibrosis progression. The mechanosensors discussed in the review include integrins, DDRs, proteoglycans, and mechanosensitive ion channels. The FAK, ERK, Akt, and Rho pathways, as well as transcription factors, including MRTF and YAP/TAZ, are also discussed. In addition, we describe stiffness-induced biological changes in the ECM on fibroblasts that contribute to the formation of a positive feedback loop. Finally, we discuss therapeutic strategies to treat the vicious cycle and present important suggestions for researchers conducting in-depth research.

Horsetail (Equisetum hyemale) Extract Accelerates Wound Healing in Diabetic Rats by Modulating IL-10 and MCP-1 Release and Collagen Synthesis

Traditionally, Equisetum hyemale has been used for wound healing. However, its mechanism of action remains to be elucidated. For this purpose, a 40% ethanolic extract of E. hyemale was prepared. Phytochemical screening revealed the presence of minerals, sterols, phenolic acids, flavonols, a lignan, and a phenylpropenoid. The extract reduced the viability of RAW 264.7 cells and skin fibroblasts at all times evaluated. On the third day of treatment, this reduction was 30–40% and 15–40%, respectively. In contrast, the extract increased the proliferation of skin fibroblasts only after 48 h. In addition, the extract increased IL-10 release and inhibited MCP-1 release. However, the extract did not affect both TGF-β1 and TNF-α released by RAW 264.7 cells. The higher release of IL-10 could be related to the up-/downregulation of inflammatory pathways mediated by the extract components associated with their bioactivity. The extract inhibited the growth of Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli. Topical application of the extract accelerated wound healing in diabetic rats by increasing fibroblast collagen synthesis. These results suggest that E. hyemale extract has great potential for use in the treatment of wounds thanks to its phytochemical composition that modulates cytokine secretion, collagen synthesis, and bacterial growth.

Ursolic acid inhibits human dermal fibroblasts hyperproliferation, migration, and collagen deposition induced by TGF-β via regulating the Smad2/3 pathway

Hypertrophic scar (HS) is a skin condition characterized by excessive fibrosis with disordered collagens from skin fibroblasts, which causes abnormal esthetic and even functional symptoms, thereby affecting millions of people. Ursolic acid (UA) is widely used in skincare and exerts anti-fibrotic effects. The present study aimed to delve into the impact of UA on HS and the mechanism. Fibroblasts (FBs) were incubated with TGF-β to investigate physiological characteristics compared with FBs isolated from normal skin (NSFBs) and hyperplastic scars (HSFBs). TGF-β-incubated FBs were subjected to treatment with UA (0-20 μM). The expressions of Vimentin, α-SMA, Collagen I, and Collagen III were examined using immunofluorescence, RT-qPCR, and western blot. Cell viability, proliferation, apoptosis, migration, and contractility were examined by CCK-8, EdU, Annexin V-FITC/PI, Transwell, and collagen gel contraction assays, respectively. The activation of Smad2/3 signaling was also determined by western blot. The binding sites for UA of TGF-βR1 (ALK5) were predicted by the Autodock tool. Compared with NSFBs, the cell proliferation, migration, and contractility of both HSFBs and TGF-β-incubated FBs were all significantly up-regulated. UA markedly impaired the TGF-β-induced increase in cell proliferation, migration, and contractility, α-SMA, collagen I, and Collagen III expression of FBs. UA significantly inhibited the phosphorylation levels of Smad2/3 in TGF-β-incubated FBs with no influence on TGF-βR1 and TGF-βR2 expressions, which might be because of the binding of UA to the catalytic domain of ALK5 protein. UA attenuated TGF-β1-induced hyperproliferation, migration, and collagen deposition in FBs via regulating the Smad2/3 pathway.

Polymeric Nanoparticles for Delivery of Natural Bioactive Agents: Recent Advances and Challenges

In the last few decades, several natural bioactive agents have been widely utilized in the treatment and prevention of many diseases owing to their unique and versatile therapeutic effects, including antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, anticancer, and neuroprotective action. However, their poor aqueous solubility, poor bioavailability, low GIT stability, extensive metabolism as well as short duration of action are the most shortfalls hampering their biomedical/pharmaceutical applications. Different drug delivery platforms have developed in this regard, and a captivating tool of this has been the fabrication of nanocarriers. In particular, polymeric nanoparticles were reported to offer proficient delivery of various natural bioactive agents with good entrapment potential and stability, an efficiently controlled release, improved bioavailability, and fascinating therapeutic efficacy. In addition, surface decoration and polymer functionalization have opened the door to improving the characteristics of polymeric nanoparticles and alleviating the reported toxicity. Herein, a review of the state of knowledge on polymeric nanoparticles loaded with natural bioactive agents is presented. The review focuses on frequently used polymeric materials and their corresponding methods of fabrication, the needs of such systems for natural bioactive agents, polymeric nanoparticles loaded with natural bioactive agents in the literature, and the potential role of polymer functionalization, hybrid systems, and stimuli-responsive systems in overcoming most of the system drawbacks. This exploration may offer a thorough idea of viewing the polymeric nanoparticles as a potential candidate for the delivery of natural bioactive agents as well as the challenges and the combating tools used to overcome any hurdles.

Platycodin D inhibits the proliferation and migration of hypertrophic scar-derived fibroblasts and promotes apoptosis through a caspase-dependent pathway

Abnormal fibroblast proliferation and excessive extracellular matrix (ECM) deposition lead to the formation of hypertrophic scars (HSs). However, there is no satisfactory method to inhibit the occurrence and development of HSs. In our study, platycodin D (PD), a natural compound extracted from Platycodon grandiflorus, inhibited HSs formation both in vitro and in vivo. First, qRT-PCR and Western blot were used to confirm PD dose-dependently downregulated the expression of Col I, Col III and α-SMA in human hypertrophic scar-derived fibroblasts (HSFs) (p < 0.05). Second, cck-8, transwell and wound healing assays verified PD suppressed the proliferation (p < 0.05) and migration of HSFs (p < 0.05), and inhibited the differentiation of HSFs into myofibroblasts. Moreover, PD-induced HSFs apoptosis were analyzed by flow cytometry and the apoptosis was activated through a caspase-dependent pathway. The rabbit ear scar model was used to further confirm the inhibitory effect of PD on collagen and α-SMA deposition. Finally, Western blot analysis showed that PD reduced TGF-β RI expression (p < 0.05) and affected matrix metalloproteinase 2 (MMP2) protein levels (p < 0.05). In conclusion, our study showed that PD inhibited the proliferation and migration of HSFs by inhibiting fibrosis-related molecules and promoting apoptosis via a caspase-dependent pathway. The TGF-β/Smad pathway also mediated the inhibition of HSFs proliferation and HSFs differentiation into myofibroblasts. Therefore, PD is a potential therapeutic agent for HSs and other fibrotic diseases.

Traditional Chinese medicine for hypertrophic scars—A review of the therapeutic methods and potential effects

Hypertrophic scar (HS) is a typical pathological response during skin injury, which can lead to pain, itching, and contracture in patients and even affect their physical and mental health. The complexity of the wound healing process leads to the formation of HS affected by many factors. Several treatments are available for HS, whereas some have more adverse reactions and can even cause new injuries with exacerbated scarring. Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM) has a rich source, and most botanical drugs have few side effects, providing new ideas and methods for treating HS. This paper reviews the formation process of HS, the therapeutic strategy for HS, the research progress of TCM with its relevant mechanisms in the treatment of HS, and the related new drug delivery system of TCM, aiming to provide ideas for further research of botanical compounds in the treatment of HS, to promote the discovery of more efficient botanical candidates for the clinical treatment of HS, to accelerate the development of the new drug delivery system and the final clinical application, and at the same time, to promote the research on the anti-HS mechanism of multiherbal preparations (Fufang), to continuously improve the quality control and safety and effectiveness of anti-HS botanical drugs in clinical application.

Regulation of transforming growth factor-β signaling as a therapeutic approach to treating colorectal cancer

According to data from 2020, Slovakia has long been among the top five countries with the highest incidence rate of colorectal cancer (CRC) worldwide, and the rate is continuing to rise every year. In approximately 80% of CRC cases, allelic loss (loss of heterozygosity, LOH) occurs in the long arm of chromosome 18q. The most important genes that can be silenced by 18q LOH or mutations are small mothers against decapentaplegic homolog (SMAD) 2 and SMAD4, which are intracellular mediators of transforming growth factor (TGF)-β superfamily signals. TGF-β plays an important role in the pro-oncogenic processes, including such properties as invasion, epithelial-mesenchymal transition (commonly known as EMT), promotion of angiogenesis, and immunomodulatory effects. Several recent studies have reported that activation of TGF-β signaling is related to drug resistance in CRC. Because the mechanisms of drug resistance are different between patients in different stages of CRC, personalized treatment is more effective. Therefore, knowledge of the activation and inhibition of factors that affect the TGF-β signaling pathway is very important.

Kaempferol Inhibits Hepatic Stellate Cell Activation by Regulating miR-26b-5p/Jag1 Axis and Notch Pathway

Kaempferol, a natural flavonoid molecule, has demonstrated anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial and antioxidant activities. Recent studies have shown the beneficial effects of kaempferol on liver fibrosis. Notch pathway has been reported to be involved in the aberrant activation of hepatic stellate cells (HSCs). However, whether Notch pathway plays a key role in the anti-fibrotic effects of kaempferol is largely unknown. In this study, kaempferol significantly suppressed liver fibrosis in CCl₄ mice, with reduced collagen deposition as well as restored liver function. In vitro, kaempferol enhanced the suppression of HSC activation, with a decrease in α-SMA as well as collagen level. It was found that Notch pathway played an important role in kaempferol-reduced the activation of HSCs. Jag1, a ligand of Notch pathway, was obviously inhibited by kaempferol. Overexpression of Jag1 effectively abolished kaempferol-induced HSC inactivation. Furthermore, Jag1 was demonstrated as a target of microRNA-26b-5p (miR-26b-5p). Interestingly, miR-26b-5p inhibitor prevented HSC activation inhibition caused by kaempferol. Further studies indicated that kaempferol inhibited Notch pathway via miR-26b-5p and Jag1, leading to HSC inactivation. Collectively, we demonstrate that kaempferol could inhibit HSC activation, at least in part, via miR-26b-5p-mediated Jag1 axis and Notch pathway. Kaempferol may serve as a promising drug in the application of treating liver fibrosis.

The Biology of Extracellular Matrix Proteins in Hypertrophic Scarring

Significance: Hypertrophic scars (HTS) are a fibroproliferative disorder that occur following deep dermal injury and affect up to 72% of burn patients. These scars result in discomfort, impaired mobility, disruption of normal function and cosmesis, and significant psychological distress. Currently, there are no satisfactory methods to treat or prevent HTS, as the cellular and molecular mechanisms are complex and incompletely understood. This review summarizes the biology of proteins in the dermal extracellular matrix (ECM), which are involved in wound healing and hypertrophic scarring. Recent Advances: New basic research continues toward understanding the diversity of cellular and molecular mechanisms of normal wound healing and hypertrophic scarring. Broadening the understanding of these mechanisms creates insight into novel methods for preventing and treating HTS. Critical Issues: Although there is an abundance of research conducted on collagen in the ECM and its relationship to HTS, there is a significant gap in understanding the role of proteoglycans and their specific isoforms in dermal fibrosis. Future Directions: Exploring the biological roles of ECM proteins and their unique isoforms in HTS, mature scars, and normal skin will further the understanding of abnormal wound healing and create a more robust understanding of what constitutes dermal fibrosis. Research into the biological roles of ECM protein isoforms and their regulation during wound healing warrants a more extensive investigation to identify their distinct biological functions in cellular processes and outcomes.

Genes and compounds that increase type VII collagen expression as potential treatments for dystrophic epidermolysis bullosa

Dystrophic epidermolysis bullosa (DEB) is a skin-blistering disease caused by mutations in COL7A1, which encodes type VII collagen (C7). There is no cure for DEB, but previous work has shown potential therapeutic benefit of increased production of even partially functional C7. Genome-wide screens using CRISPR-Cas9 have enabled the identification of genes involved in cancer development, drug resistance, and other genetic diseases, suggesting that they could be used to identify drivers of C7 production. A keratinocyte C7 reporter cell line was created and used in a genome-wide CRISPR activation (CRISPRa) screen to identify genes and pathways that increase C7 expression. The CRISPRa screen results were used to develop a targeted drug screen to identify compounds that upregulate C7 expression. The C7_tdTomato cell line was validated as an effective reporter for detection of C7 upregulation. The CRISPRa screen identified DENND4B and TYROBP as top gene hits plus pathways related to calcium uptake and immune signaling in C7 regulation. The targeted drug screen identified several compounds that increase C7 expression in keratinocytes, of which kaempferol, a plant flavonoid, also significantly increased C7 mRNA and protein in DEB patient cells.

Anti-Liver Fibrosis Activity and the Potential Mode of Action of Ruangan Granules: Integrated Network Pharmacology and Metabolomics

Ruangan granules (RGGs) have been used to treat liver fibrosis with good clinical efficacy for many years. However, the potential mechanism of action of RGGs against liver fibrosis is still unclear. In this study, we evaluated the quality and safety of this preparation and aimed to explore the anti-liver fibrosis activity and potential mode of action of RGGs using network pharmacology and metabolomics. The results showed that RGGs contained abundant ferulic acid, salvianolic acid B and paeoniflorin, and at the given contents and doses, RGGs were safe and presented anti-liver fibrosis activity. They presented anti-liver fibrosis activity by improving liver function (ALT and AST, p < 0.01) and pathology and decreasing fibrosis markers in the serum of rats caused by CCl₄, including HA, LN, PC III, HYP, CoII-V, and α-SMA, and the oxidant stress and inflammatory response were also alleviated in a dose-dependent manner, especially for high-dose RGGs (p < 0.01). Further studies showed that RGGs inhibited the activation of the PI3K-Akt signaling pathway in rats induced by CCl₄, regulated pyrimidine metabolism, improved oxidative stress and the inflammatory response by regulating mitochondrial morphology, and alleviated liver fibrosis. Luteolin, quercetin, morin and kaempferol were active compounds and presented the cytotoxicity toward to LX-02 cells. This study provides an overall view of the mechanism underlying the action of RGGs protecting against liver fibrosis.

Is the future scarless? - Fibroblasts as targets for scarless wound healing: a narrative review

Introduction: Scarless healing is the ideal outcome of wound healing and is exhibited in some species. This narrative review assembles the current understanding of fibroblast heterogenicity along with the latest fibroblast-related targets for scar reduction therapies. Human regenerative wound healing is deemed possible due to the wound regeneration already seen in the early gestation foetus. Methods: This literature narrative review was undertaken by searching PubMed and Web of Science databases and Google Scholar to find articles concerning the fibroblast involvement in wound healing. We evaluated and collated these articles to form a consensus of the current understanding of the field. Discussion: This article describes current understanding of fibroblast heterogenicity and involvement in wound healing, focusing on the role of fibroblasts during physiological scarring. We also present the current most promising targets involving fibroblasts in the reduction of scarring and how we can manipulate the behaviour of fibroblasts to mimic the wound regeneration models in the human foetus. These targets include the pro-fibrotic EN1 positive fibroblast lineage, TGFβ1 inhibition, and genetic therapies utilising miRNAs and siRNAs. Conclusion: No therapies are currently available to eradicate scarring; however, treatment options are available to reduce the appearance of scarring. Further research into the heterogenicity and interactions of fibroblasts in both the foetus and adult is needed, and this may lead to the development of novel treatments against scarring.

Tangshen Formula Improves Diabetes-Associated Myocardial Fibrosis by Inhibiting TGF-β/Smads and Wnt/β-Catenin Pathways

Cardiovascular disease has become the main cause of death among complications of diabetes. Myocardial fibrosis is a crucial pathological change of cardiovascular disease. Tangshen Formula (TSF) shows a good clinical effect in the treatment of diabetic kidney disease (DKD). However, whether TSF alleviates diabetes-associated myocardial fibrosis is still unknown. In the present research, we studied the effect and mechanism of TSF in the treatment of myocardial fibrosis in vivo and in vitro. We found that TSF treatment significantly downregulates myocardial fibrosis-related markers, including collagens I and III, and α-SMA. TSF also protects primary mouse cardiac fibroblast (CF) from transforming growth factor-β1- (TGF-β1-) induced damage. Moreover, TSF decreased the expression levels of TGF-β/Smad-related genes (α-SMA, collagens I and III, TGF-β1, and pSmad2/3), and increased Smad7 gene expression. Finally, TSF decreased the expressions of wnt1, active-β-catenin, FN, and MMP7 to regulate the Wnt/β-catenin pathway. Taken together, TSF seems to attenuate myocardial fibrosis in KKAy mice by inhibiting TGF-β/Smad2/3 and Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathways.

Euglena gracilis and Its Aqueous Extract Constructed With Chitosan-Hyaluronic Acid Hydrogel Facilitate Cutaneous Wound Healing in Mice Without Inducing Excessive Inflammatory Response

Naturally occurring compounds isolated from the microalga Euglena gracilis, such as polysaccharide paramylon, exhibit antimicrobial, anti-viral, antitumor, and anti-inflammatory activities. Whether live E. gracilis cells and its aqueous extract accelerate burn wound healing remains to be investigated. In this study, live E. gracilis cells and its aqueous extract were mixed with chitosan-hyaluronic acid hydrogel (CS/HA) to form cell + CS/HA and extract + CS/HA, which were then smeared onto the deeply burned skin of mice. The efficacy of these mixtures in accelerating wound healing was assessed through wound size reduction measurement, histological and immunofluorescence analyses, and serum pro-inflammatory cytokine level (INF-γ, IL-1β, and IL-6) determination. The live E. gracilis cells and its aqueous extract were found to facilitate wound healing by enhancing re-epithelization and reducing fibroplasia without stimulating excessive inflammatory response. In conclusion, live E. gracilis cells and its aqueous extract can be potentially used to treat cutaneous wounds.

MiR-133a-3p inhibits scar formation in scalded mice and suppresses the proliferation and migration of scar derived-fibroblasts by targeting connective tissue growth factor

Excessive scar formation post burn injury can cause great pain to the patients. MiR-133a-3p has been demonstrated to be anti-fibrotic in some fibrosis-related diseases. However, its possible role in scar formation has not been elucidated yet. In present study, the effect of miR-133a-3p on scar formation was investigated in a scalded model of mice. Moreover, the function of miR-133a-3p on proliferation and migration of scar-derived fibroblasts (SFs) was studied in vitro. It was found that miR-133a-3p was dramatically downregulated in scar tissue of scalded mice. Upregulation of miR-133a-3p by miR-133a-3p agomir obviously inhibited the scar formation in scalded mice. Histological staining showed that upregulation of miR-133a-3p attenuated the excessive deposition of collagen in scar tissue of scalded mice. In vitro study showed that upregulation of miR-133a-3p effectively suppressed the proliferation and migration of SFs. Besides, upregulation of miR-133a-3p attenuated the protein levels of α-smooth muscle actin (α-SMA) and collagen I, indicating that miR-133a-3p could suppress the activation of SFs. The expression of connective tissue growth factor (CTGF), a critical mediator in cell proliferation, migration and extracellular matrix (ECM) synthesis, was also downregulated by the upregulation of miR-133a-3p. Luciferase reporter assay validated that CTGF was directly targeted by miR-133a-3p. In addition, overexpression of CTGF abolished the effect of miR-133a-3p on inhibiting the proliferation, migration and activation of SFs, indicating that miR-133a-3p functioned by targeting CTGF. Therefore, miR-133a-3p might be a promising target for treating pathological scars.

EGFR-conjugated hydrogel accelerates wound healing on ulcer-induced burn wounds by targeting collagen and inflammatory cells using photoimmunomodulatory inhibition

In the present study, we fabricated an epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR)-conjugated hydrogel to promote wound healing in cold restraint-induced gastric ulceration on burn wounds targeting collagen and inflammatory cells for the treatment of burns and gastric ulcers. Cytotoxicity and cell proliferation assays demonstrated good biocompatibility of hydrogel as a suitable extracellular matrix for targeted cells and support for regenerative cell growth. These findings were confirmed by staining methods. In vitro wound healing was confirmed cell migration in the targeted cells. The effect of the EGFR-H was investigated in cold restraint-induced gastric ulcers in rats, where the treatment was started immediately after ulcer induction. In the in vivo experiment, the EGFR-H demonstrated enhanced ulcer healing ability and less scarring compared to the hydrogel alone and controls. Thus, EGFR-H promotes healing of cold restraint-induced gastric ulcer via EGFR conjugated with a hydrogel. The present study demonstrates a novel pathway to fabricate hydrogels as suitable wound dressing biomaterials to improve deep partial thickness burn wound healing and prevent scar formation when aided by laser therapy.

Tanshinone IIA down-regulated p-Smad3 signaling to inhibit TGF-β1-mediated fibroblast proliferation via lncRNA-HSRL/SNX9

INTRODUCTION

Tanshinone IIA (TSIIA), an active component of Salvia miltiorrhiza (Danshen), is reported to inhibit cell proliferation in hypertrophic scars (HS). In our previous study, we observed that lncRNA human-specific regulatory loci (HSRL) was up-regulated in HS tissues. However, whether TSIIA serves as an effective treatment for HS through affecting HSRL is still unexplored.

METHODS

TGF-β1-stimulated fibroblast were used as the in vitro HS model. The effects of TSIIA on cell proliferation were evaluated using CCK-8, Edu staining and colony formation assays. By performing loss-of-function and rescue experiments, we explored the role of HSRL and Sorting nexin 9 (SNX9) in TGF-β1-stimulated fibroblast. Employing RNA-protein pull-down assay and Co-immunoprecipitation, we further investigated the mechanisms through which TSIIA attenuated TGF-β1-stimulated fibroblast.

RESULTS

Our data demonstrated that TSIIA could effectively attenuate TGF-β1-mediated fibroblast proliferation in a dose-dependent manner. Meanwhile, TSIIA could down-regulate the expression of α-SMA, VEGFA, Collagen 1, HSRL, SNX9 and p-Smad2/3 in TGF-β1-stimulated HSF. In addition, we found that SNX9 overexpression reversed the effects of HSRL knockdown on TGF-β1-stimulated HSF. Furthermore, we confirmed that TSIIA treatment weakens the interaction between p-Smad3 and SNX9 in HS models.

CONCLUSIONS

Tanshinone IIA down-regulated p-Smad3 signaling to inhibit TGF-β1-mediated fibroblast proliferation via lncRNA-HSRL/SNX9.

Baicalein alleviated TGF β1-induced type I collagen production in lung fibroblasts via downregulation of connective tissue growth factor

Although we have reported that baicalein ameliorated bleomycin-induced pulmonary fibrosis in rats and inhibited fibroblast-to-myofibroblast differentiation, the mechanisms of the capability of baicalein to suppress the production of type I collagen in fibroblasts remains unclear. Here, we showed that baicalein suppressed transforming growth factor β1 (TGF β1)-stimulated the production of type I collagen in lung fibroblast MRC-5 cells. By applying SILAC-based proteomic technology, 158 proteins were identified as baicalein-modulated proteins in TGF β1-stimulated the accumulation of type I collagen in MRC-5 cells. Our proteomic and biochemical analysis demonstrated that baicalein decreased the expression levels of connective tissue growth factor (CTGF) in TGF β1-stimulated MRC-5 cells. In addition, CTGF overexpression elevated the levels of type I collagen in baicalein-treated fibroblasts. Moreover, our results demonstrated that baicalein-downregulated CTGF expression might be related with the decrease of Smad2 phosphorylation, but not SP1. This work not only linked CTGF to TGF β1-stimulated the production of type I collagen in its attribution to the effects of baicalein, but also might provide valuable information for enhancing the knowledge of the pharmacological inhibition of collagen production, which might represent a promising strategy for the treatment of pulmonary fibrosis.

Medicinal Properties of Lilium candidum L. and Its Phytochemicals

Lilium candidum L., known as Madonna, meadow, or white lily, is a bulbous plant from the Liliaceae family, originating in the Middle East. L. candidum has been abundantly used in folk medicine since ancient times to relieve a variety of ailments, including age-related diseases, burns, ulcers, and coughs. The aim of this article is to investigate the anti-inflammatory and anti-diabetic activities of L. candidum extracts and its active phytochemicals. Some active volatile phytochemicals were identified using gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC-MS) analysis. Significant (p < 0.001) anti-diabetic properties of the extracts kaempferol, linalool, citronellal, and humulene were demonstrated by an elevation in glucose uptake by adipocytes. The significant (p < 0.01) effect of the plant extracts kaempferol, citronellal, and humulene on the secretion of pro-inflammatory cytokines interleukin 6 (IL-6) and interleukin 8 (IL-8) was demonstrated using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Altogether, L. candidum and its rich collection of phytochemicals hold promising medicinal potential, and further investigations of its therapeutic prospects are encouraged.

Current potential therapeutic strategies targeting the TGF-β/Smad signaling pathway to attenuate keloid and hypertrophic scar formation

Aberrant scar formation, which includes keloid and hypertrophic scars, is associated with a pathological disorganized wound healing process with chronic inflammation. The TGF-β/Smad signaling pathway is the most canonical pathway through which the formation of collagen in the fibroblasts and myofibroblasts is regulated. Sustained activation of the TGF-β/Smad signaling pathway results in the long-term overactivation of fibroblasts and myofibroblasts, which is necessary for the excessive collagen formation in aberrant scars. There are two categories of therapeutic strategies that aim to target the TGF-β/Smad signaling pathway in fibroblasts and myofibroblasts to interfere with their cellular functions and reduce cell proliferation. The first therapeutic strategy includes medications, and the second strategy is composed of genetic and cellular therapeutics. Therefore, the focus of this review is to critically evaluate these two main therapeutic strategies that target the TGF-β/Smad pathway to attenuate abnormal skin scar formation.

Collagen Peptides Isolated from Salmo salar and Tilapia nilotica Skin Accelerate Wound Healing by Altering Cutaneous Microbiome Colonization via Upregulated NOD2 and BD14

Collagen peptides can promote wound healing and are closely related to microbiome colonization. We investigated the relationship among collagen peptides, wound healing, and wound microflora colonization by administering the murine wound model with Salmo salar skin collagen peptides (Ss-SCPs) and Tilapia nilotica skin collagen peptides (Tn-SCPs). We analyzed the vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), fibroblast growth factors (β-FGF), pattern recognition receptor (NOD2), antimicrobial peptides (β-defence14, BD14), proinflammatory (TNF-α, IL-6, and IL-8) and anti-inflammatory (IL-10) cytokines, macrophages, neutrophil infiltration levels, and microbial communities in the rat wound. The healing rates of the Ss-SCP- and Tn-SCP-treated groups were significantly accelerated, associated with decreased TNF-α, IL-6, and IL-8 and upregulated BD14, NOD2, IL-10, VEGF, and β-FGF. Accelerated healing in the collagen peptide group shows that the wound microflora such as Leuconostoc, Enterococcus, and Bacillus have a positive effect on wound healing (P < 0.01). Other microbiome species such as Stenotrophomonas, Bradyrhizobium, Sphingomonas, and Phyllobacterium had a negative influence and decreased colonization (P < 0.01). Altogether, these studies show that collagen peptide could upregulate wound NOD2 and BD14, which were implicated in microflora colonization regulation in the wound tissue and promoted wound healing by controlling the inflammatory reaction and increasing wound angiogenesis and collagen deposition.

Chronic pelvic pain syndrome: Highlighting medicinal plants toward biomolecules discovery for upcoming drugs formulation

Chronic pelvic pain syndrome (CPPS) can be triggered by a various types of gynecological, gastrointestinal, urological, and musculoskeletal disorders. Recently, the role of the central nervous system has proven to be an integral part on the development of any chronic pain syndrome, including CPPS. However, owing to the complex and heterogeneous etiology and pathophysiology of CPPS, the establishment of effective therapeutic interventions remains challenging for both physicians and patients. Nonetheless, recent studies have pointed that medicinal plants and their secondary metabolites can be effectively used in CPPS therapy, besides contributing to restore the patients' quality of life and potentiate the conventional CPPS management. In this sense, this review aims to provide a careful overview on the biomedical data for the use of medicinal plants use and their secondary metabolites on CPPS management.

Decreased expression of microRNA-145 promotes the biological functions of fibroblasts in hypertrophic scar tissues by upregulating the expression of transcription factor SOX-9

The present study aimed to determine the expression of microRNA (miRNA or miR)-145 in hypertrophic scars at the tissue and cellular levels, and to investigate its biological functions and mechanism of action. A total of 36 patients who were diagnosed with hypertrophic scar were included in the present study. Reverse transcription-quantitative polymerase chain reaction was used to determine the expression of miR-145 in tissues and fibroblasts. Primary fibroblasts were transfected with negative control miRNA, miR-145 mimics or inhibitor. A Cell Counting Kit-8 assay was performed to determine the level of proliferation of fibroblasts. Flow cytometry was employed for cell cycles determination and apoptosis in fibroblasts. A Matrigel assay was used to evaluate the invasion ability of fibroblasts. Western blotting was used to determine the expression of the transcription factor SOX-9 (SOX-9) protein in fibroblasts. Rescue experiments were performed to examine the effect of SOX-9 on the regulation of fibroblasts by miR-145. The dual luciferase reporter assay was performed to identify the direct interaction between SOX-9 and miR-145. The expression of miR-145 was reduced in hypertrophic tissues and fibroblasts. Overexpression of miR-145 inhibited the proliferation, G1/S phase transition and invasion of fibroblasts, and promoted the apoptosis of fibroblasts. In addition, overexpression of miR-145 inhibited SOX-9 protein expression. By contrast, the expression of SOX-9 reversed the effects of miR-145 on the proliferation, cell cycle, apoptosis and invasion of fibroblasts. The miR-145 seed region was able to bind with the 3′-untranslated region of the SOX-9 mRNA to regulate its expression. The present study demonstrated that miR-145 expression is reduced in hypertrophic scar tissues and negatively associated with SOX-9 expression. In addition, miR-145 inhibits the proliferation, cell cycle and invasion, and promotes the apoptosis of fibroblasts by down-regulating the expression of SOX-9. The current study provides a potential target for the clinical diagnosis and treatment of hypertrophic scars.

Recent progress regarding kaempferol for the treatment of various diseases

Kaempferol, also known as kaempferol-3 or kaempferide, is a flavonoid compound that naturally occurs in tea, as well as numerous common vegetables and fruits, including beans, broccoli, cabbage, gooseberries, grapes, kale, strawberries, tomatoes, citrus fruits, brussel sprouts, apples and grapefruit. The present review mainly summarizes the application of kaempferol in treating diseases and the underlying mechanisms that are currently being studied. Due to its anti-inflammatory properties, it may be used to treat numerous acute and chronic inflammation-induced diseases, including intervertebral disc degeneration and colitis, as well as post-menopausal bone loss and acute lung injury. In addition, it has beneficial effects against cancer, liver injury, obesity and diabetes, inhibits vascular endothelial inflammation, protects the cranial nerve and heart function, and may be used for treating fibroproliferative disorders, including hypertrophic scar.

Deciphering the Potential Pharmaceutical Mechanism of GUI-ZHI-FU-LING-WAN on Systemic Sclerosis based on Systems Biology Approaches

Systemic sclerosis (SSc; scleroderma) is a complicated idiopathic connective tissue disease with seldom effective treatment. GUI-ZHI-FU-LING-WAN (GFW) is a classic Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM) formula widely used for the treatment of SSc. However, the mechanism of how the GFW affects SSc remains unclear. In this study, the system biology approach was utilized to analyze herb compounds and related targets to get the general information of GFW. The KEGG enrichment analysis of 1645 related targets suggested that the formula is involved in the VEGF signaling pathway, the Toll-like receptor signaling pathway, etc. Quantitative and qualitative analysis of the relationship among the 3 subsets (formula targets, drug targets and disease genes) showed that the formula targets overlapped with 38.0% drug targets and 26.0% proteins encoded by disease genes. Through the analysis of SSc related microarray statistics from the GEO database, we also validated the consistent expression behavior among the 3 subsets before and after treatment. To further reveal the mechanism of prescription, we constructed a network among 3 subsets and decomposed it into 24 modules to decipher how GFW interfere in the progress of SSc. The modules indicated that the intervention may come into effect through following pathogenic processes: vasculopathy, immune dysregulation and tissue fibrosis. Vitro experiments confirmed that GFW could suppress the proliferation of fibroblasts and decrease the Th1 cytokine (TNF-α, MIP-2 and IL-6) expression for lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and bleomycin (BLM) stimulation in macrophages, which is consistent with previous conclusion that GFW is able to relieve SSc. The systems biology approach provides a new insight for deepening understanding about TCM.

Recent advances in topical delivery of flavonoids: A review

Flavonoids are one of the vital classes of bioactive chemicals, abundantly found in plants. These are natural polyphenolic compounds derived from plant metabolites. Their lipophilic nature and poor solubility lead to variable and limited oral bioavailability. The substantial pharmacological properties of flavonoids include antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, antiproliferative, photoprotective, depigmentation, anti-aging which are very promising in the treatment of several skin disorders. Thus, various topical delivery systems of flavonoids have been extensively studied. Mostly, colloidal carriers of flavonoids were reported which are very efficient for topical route with good encapsulation potential, reduced toxicity, and overcome the limitations of conventional dosage forms. This review focuses on various formulations aspects, in vitro characterization and in vivo studies of different classes of flavonoids administered by topical route. Although flavonoids offer tremendous potential in healing the skin conditions categorically, its clinical translation needs in depth safety and efficacy data, meeting established regulatory standards.

Exploring Pharmacological Mechanisms of Xuefu Zhuyu Decoction in the Treatment of Traumatic Brain Injury via a Network Pharmacology Approach

Objectives

Xuefu Zhuyu decoction (XFZYD), a traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) formula, has been demonstrated to be effective for the treatment of traumatic brain injury (TBI). However, the underlying pharmacological mechanisms remain unclear. This study aims to explore the potential action mechanisms of XFZYD in the treatment of TBI and to elucidate the combination principle of this herbal formula.

Methods

A network pharmacology approach including ADME (absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion) evaluation, target prediction, known therapeutic targets collection, network construction, and molecule docking was used in this study.

Results

A total of 119 bioactive ingredients from XFZYD were predicted to act on 47 TBI associated specific proteins which intervened in several crucial pathological processes including apoptosis, inflammation, antioxidant, and axon genesis. Almost each of the bioactive ingredients targeted more than one protein. The molecular docking simulation showed that 91 pairs of chemical components and candidate targets had strong binding efficiencies. The “Jun”, “Chen”, and “Zuo-Shi” herbs from XFZYD triggered their specific targets regulation, respectively.

Conclusion

Our work successfully illuminates the “multicompounds, multitargets” therapeutic action of XFZYD in the treatment of TBI by network pharmacology with molecule docking method. The present work may provide valuable evidence for further clinical application of XFZYD as therapeutic strategy for TBI treatment.

Synthesis and characterization of kaempferol-based ruthenium (II) complex: A facile approach for superior anticancer application

In this study, we synthesized a novel metal flavonoid complex and investigated its effects on the non-small cell lung cancer cell lines, A549 and toxicity on the human dermal fibroblast cell lines, HDFa. ¹H, ¹³C NMR, single crystal X-ray diffraction and elemental micro analysis (C,H,N,S/O) were used to characterize the synthesized kaempferol-based Ru (II) complex. Cell toxicity was studied using MTT assay and electric cell substrate impedance sensing (ECIS). It was evident from the MTT results that no significant cytotoxicity in HDFa cells occurs with the synthesized complex, but in case of A549 cells, significant cytotoxicity was observed even at low concentrations (10-20 μm). In addition, the effect of the newly synthesized complex on the A549 cell line was studied by investigating the cellular damage via atomic force microscopy and DNA fragmentation assay. The obtained results revealed that the synthesized complex was able to inhibit the cancer cells and have shown moderate anticancer activity against A549 cancer cell lines. In addition, it was evident that the complex was more active than kaempferol and well tolerated by normal cell lines.

Retrospective observational cohort study on cosmetic outcome of using Ti-Ni memory alloy wire for intradermal suture following mastectomy in patients with breast cancer

The method of suturing for incisions is crucial for the comprehensive treatment of clinical patients with breast cancer. Suturing is considered a major part of post-surgical recovery and may serve as a marker for evaluation of surgical outcome. The present study aimed to establish an effective means of suturing for patients who received modified radical surgery that helps to improve the cosmetic outcome of the incision. Enrolled patients were divided into an active and a control group. Ti-Ni memory alloy wire for intradermal suture in the active group and silk for interruption suture in the control group were applied to assess the different prognosis-associated factors. The Vancouver Scar Scale (VSS) was used to evaluate the wound size and the recovery time of the scars. The association between diabetes and the number of days of wound healing was also analyzed. The results indicated that the mean VSS score of the active group was decreased compared with that of the control group (P<0.001). The VSS scores of four main features (vascularity, pigmentation, pliability and height) between the two groups also statistically differed (P<0.001). Furthermore, the mean number of days of wound healing was significantly decreased for the active group compared with that for the control group (P=0.0026) in the patients with diabetes. In addition, the usage of Ti-Ni memory alloy wire was able to decrease the mean number of wound healing days between patients with diabetes and their non-diabetic counterparts (P=0.7009). The present study indicated that intradermal suture offers improved cosmetic outcome for patients undergoing mastectomy with or without axillary surgery. This technique may be useful for preventing scar overgrowth and for facilitating the recovery process in patients with diabetes.

The decrease in number of splenic lymphocytes in mice fed Rhodiola kirilowii during pregnancy and lactation concerns mainly CD19+ and CD4+ cells

In previous work we described the decline in the number of splenocytes of mice which during pregnancy and lactation were fed Rhodiola kirilowii. In this work we present the size of individual subpopulations of splenic lymphocytes in these mice. Experiments were performed on adult inbred female Balb/c mice, 8-9 weeks old, 20-22 g b.m., mated with adult males from the same strain. Females, from when the copulatory plug was noted up to the 28^th day after delivery, were supplemented daily with lyophilized aqueous (RKW) or 50% hydro-ethanolic (RKW-A) extract (20 mg/kg b.m.) dissolved in distilled water. Then, mice were euthanized, spleens dissected, cells counted and the total numbers of CD3+, CD19+, CD4+, CD8+ and CD335+ splenic lymphocytes were evaluated by cytometry.

The number of CD3+ lymphocytes per 1 g of splenic tissue was higher in RKW-A than in RKW spleens and did not differ from the control. The number of CD3+ lymphocytes in RKW spleens was lower than in the controls. The number of CD19+ and CD4+ cells was lower in both experimental groups than in the controls. The number of CD335+(NK) cells was lower in RKW spleens than in the control.

Kaempferol increases apoptosis in human acute promyelocytic leukemia cells and inhibits multidrug resistance genes

Acute promyelocytic leukemia (APL) is one of the most life-threatening hematological malignancies. Defects in the cell growth and apoptotic pathways are responsible for both disease pathogenesis and treatment resistance. Therefore, pro-apoptotic agents are potential candidates for APL treatment. Kaempferol is a flavonoid with antioxidant and anti-tumor properties. This study was designed to investigate the cytotoxic, pro-apoptotic, and differentiation-inducing effects of kaempferol on HL-60 and NB4 leukemia cells. Resazurin assay was used to determine cell viability following treatment with kaempferol (12.5-100 μM) and all-trans retinoic acid (ATRA; 10 μM; used as a positive control). Apoptosis and differentiation were also detected using propidium iodide and NBT staining techniques, respectively. Furthermore, the expression levels of genes involved in apoptosis (PI3 K, AKT, BCL2, BAX, p53, p21, PTEN, CASP3, CASP8, and CASP9), differentiation (PML-RAR and HDAC1), and multi-drug resistance (ABCB1 and ABCC1) were determined using quantitative real-time PCR. The protein expressions of Bax/Bcl2 and casp3 were confirmed using Western blot. The results showed that kaempferol decreased cell viability and increased subG1 population in the tested leukemic cells. This effect was associated with decreased expression of Akt, BCL2, ABCB1, and ABCC1 genes, while the expression of CASP3 and BAX/BCL-2 ratio were significantly increased at both gene and protein levels. Kaempferol promoted apoptosis and inhibited multidrug resistance in a concentration-dependent manner, without any differential effect on leukemic cells. In conclusion, this study suggested that kaempferol may be utilized as an appropriate alternative for ATRA in APL patients.

Honokiol Alleviates Hypertrophic Scar by Targeting Transforming Growth Factor-β/Smad2/3 Signaling Pathway

Hypertrophic scar (HPS) presents as excessive extracellular matrix deposition and abnormal function of fibroblasts. However, there is no single satisfactory method to prevent HPS formation so far. Here, we found that honokiol (HKL), a natural compound isolated from Magnolia tree, had an inhibitory effect on HPS both in vitro and in vivo. Firstly, HKL could dose-dependently down-regulate the mRNA and protein levels of type I collagen, type III collagen, and α-smooth muscle actin (α-SMA) in hypertrophic scar-derived fibroblasts (HSFs). Secondly, HKL suppressed the proliferation, migration abilities of HSFs and inhibited HSFs activation to myofibroblasts, but had no effect on cell apoptosis. Besides, the in vivo rabbit ear scar model further affirmed the inhibitory effects of HKL on collagen deposition, proliferating cell nuclear antigen and α-SMA. Finally, Western blot results showed that HKL reduced the phosphorylation status of Smad2/3, as well as affected the protein levels of matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) and tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase1. Taken together, this study demonstrated that HKL alleviated HPS by suppressing fibrosis-related molecules and inhibiting HSFs proliferation, migration as well as activation to myofibroblasts via Smad-dependent pathway. Therefore, HKL could be used as a potential agent for treating HPS and other fibrotic diseases.

Kaempferol increases apoptosis in human cervical cancer HeLa cells via PI3K/AKT and telomerase pathways

Cervical cancer is one of the most frequent cancers in women worldwide. Defects in the apoptotic pathways are responsible for both the disease pathogenesis and its therapy resistance. It is thus a good candidate for treatment by pro-apoptotic agents. Kaempferol as a flavonoid has antioxidant and anti-tumor properties. Kaempferol has been shown to induce apoptosis and cell death in cancer cells. However, due to the problems in the treatment of cervical cancer, this study is designed to investigate the molecular mechanism by which kaempferol suppresses the growth of cervical cancer HeLa cell as compared with HFF cells (normal cells). Cells treated with kaempferol (12-100μM) and 5-FU (1-10μM), as the positive control, up to 72h. Cell viability was determined by MTT assay and real time PCR was used to investigate apoptosis and telomerase genes expression. The results showed that kaempferol decreased cell viability as concentration- and time-dependently. IC₅₀ values were 10.48μM for HeLa and 707.00μM for HFF cells, as compared with 1.40μM and 16.38μM for 5-FU after 72h treatment, respectively. Also, kaempferol induced cellular apoptosis and aging through down-regulating the PI3K/AKT and hTERT pathways. This study suggests that kaempferol may be a useful adjuvant therapeutic agent in the treatment of cervical cancer.