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Effects of 5-Aza on neurogenesis contribute to learning and memory in the mouse hippocampus. Biomed Pharmacother 2022; 154:113623. [PMID: 36081289 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2022.113623] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2022] [Revised: 08/26/2022] [Accepted: 08/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND 5-Aza-2'-deoxycytidine (5-Aza-CdR) is a demethylating agent that has various biological effects related to DNA methylation. DNA methylation plays important roles in learning and memory. We have reported that 5-Aza-CdR improved the performance of mice in the water maze and step-down tests. Some behaviours have been well recognized to be mediated by neurogenesis in the hippocampus. The Notch signalling pathway plays a key role in adult hippocampal neurogenesis. In this study, we examined whether 5-Aza-CdR (DNA methyltransferase inhibitor) affects neurogenesis and Notch1 expression. METHODS The learning and memory behaviour of mice was evaluated by a conditioned avoidance learning 24 h after 5-Aza-CdR treatment. The mRNA and protein expression levels of Notch1 and HES1 were measured by real-time PCR and Western blotting. The 5-bromo-2'-deoxyuridine (BrdU)-positive cells and the expression of Notch1 in the hippocampal DG were observed through laser confocal microscopy. To further clarify whether 5-Aza-CdR affects behaviour through neurogenesis, the expression level of Notch1, cell viability and cell cycle were analysed using the HT22 cell line. RESULTS The behaviour in conditioned avoidance learning was improved, while neurogenesis and the Notch1 pathway were increased in the hippocampus of mice that were injected with 5-Aza-CdR. In vitro experiments showed that 5-Aza-CdR increased the expression of the Notch1 pathway and upregulated S-phase in the cell cycle and cell viability. CONCLUSIONS Our results suggest that the effect of 5-Aza-CdR on behaviour may be related to an increase in neurogenesis with upregulation of the Notch1 pathway in the hippocampus.
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Fernandes V, Preeti K, Sood A, Nair KP, Khan S, Rao BSS, Khatri DK, Singh SB. Neuroepigenetic Changes in DNA Methylation Affecting Diabetes-Induced Cognitive Impairment. Cell Mol Neurobiol 2022:10.1007/s10571-022-01278-5. [PMID: 36138280 DOI: 10.1007/s10571-022-01278-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2022] [Accepted: 08/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Chronic diabetic conditions have been associated with certain cerebral complications, that include neurobehavioral dysfunctional patterns and morphological alterations of neurons, especially the hippocampus. Neuroanatomical studies done by the authors have shown decreased total dendritic length, intersections, dendritic length per branch order and nodes in the CA1 hippocampal region of the diabetic brain as compared to its normal control group, indicating reduced dendritic arborization of the hippocampal CA1 neurons. Epigenetic alterations in the brain are well known to affect age-associated disorders, however its association with the evolving diabetes-induced damage in the brain is still not fully understood. DNA hypermethylation within the neurons, tend to silent the gene expression of several regulatory proteins. The findings in the study have shown an increase in global DNA methylation in palmitic acid-induced lipotoxic Neuro-2a cells as well as within the diabetic mice brain. Inhibiting DNA methylation, restored the levels of HSF1 and certain HSPs, suggesting plausible effect of DNMTs in maintaining the proteostasis and synaptic fidelity. Neuroinflammation, as exhibited by the astrocyte activation (GFAP), were further significantly decreased in the 5-azadeoxycytidine group (DNMT inhibitor). This was further evidenced by decrease in proinflammatory cytokines TNF⍺, IL-6, and mediators iNOS and Phospho-NFkB. Our results suggest that changes in DNA methylation advocate epigenetic dysregulation and its involvement in disrupting the synaptic exactitude in the hippocampus of diabetic mice model, providing an insight into the pathophysiology of diabetes-induced neuroepigenetic changes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valencia Fernandes
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), Hyderabad, Telangana, 500037, India
| | - Kumari Preeti
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), Hyderabad, Telangana, 500037, India
| | - Anika Sood
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), Hyderabad, Telangana, 500037, India
| | - Kala P Nair
- Department of Neurophysiology, National Institute of Mental Health and Neuroscience (NIMHANS), Bengaluru, Karnataka, 560029, India
| | - Sabiya Khan
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), Hyderabad, Telangana, 500037, India
| | - B S Shankaranarayana Rao
- Department of Neurophysiology, National Institute of Mental Health and Neuroscience (NIMHANS), Bengaluru, Karnataka, 560029, India
| | - Dharmendra Kumar Khatri
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), Hyderabad, Telangana, 500037, India.
| | - Shashi Bala Singh
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), Hyderabad, Telangana, 500037, India.
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Wang R, Yang M, Wu Y, Liu R, Liu M, Li Q, Su X, Xin Y, Huo W, Deng Q, Ba Y, Huang H. SIRT1 modifies DNA methylation linked to synaptic deficits induced by Pb in vitro and in vivo. Int J Biol Macromol 2022; 217:219-228. [PMID: 35839949 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2022.07.060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2022] [Revised: 06/29/2022] [Accepted: 07/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
To investigate the mechanism of Silent information regulator 1 (SIRT1) regulation of DNA methylation and thus the expression of synaptic plasticity-related genes induced by lead (Pb) exposure, the early-life Sprague-Dawley rats and PC12 cells were used to establish Pb exposure models and treated with SIRT1 agonists (resveratrol and SRT1720). In vivo results demonstrated that Pb exposure increased the expression of DNMTs, MeCP2, PP1 and cleaved caspase3, decreased the expression of SIRT1, BDNF and RELIN and altered DNA methylation levels of synaptic plasticity genes. Moreover, we observed marked pathological damage in the hippocampal CA1 region of the 0.2 % Pb-exposure group. After treatment with resveratrol, the effects of Pb exposure on the expression of the above molecules and pathological features were significantly ameliorated in the hippocampus of rats. In vitro results showed that after the treatment with SRT1720, the expression of SIRT1 was activated and thus reversed the effect on DNMTs, MeCP2, apoptosis and synaptic plasticity-related genes and their DNA methylation levels induced by Pb exposure. In conclusion, we validated the important protective role of SIRT1 in neurotoxicity induced by Pb exposure through in vivo and in vitro experiments, providing potential therapeutic targets for the treatment and prevention of brain damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruike Wang
- Department of Environmental Health, College of Public Health, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan province, China; Environment and Health Innovation Team, College of Public Health, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan province 450001, China
| | - Mingzhi Yang
- Department of Environmental Health, College of Public Health, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan province, China; Environment and Health Innovation Team, College of Public Health, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan province 450001, China
| | - Yingying Wu
- Department of Environmental Health, College of Public Health, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan province, China; Environment and Health Innovation Team, College of Public Health, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan province 450001, China
| | - Rundong Liu
- Department of Environmental Health, College of Public Health, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan province, China; Environment and Health Innovation Team, College of Public Health, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan province 450001, China
| | - Mengchen Liu
- Department of Environmental Health, College of Public Health, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan province, China; Environment and Health Innovation Team, College of Public Health, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan province 450001, China
| | - Qiong Li
- Department of Environmental Health, College of Public Health, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan province, China; Environment and Health Innovation Team, College of Public Health, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan province 450001, China
| | - Xiao Su
- Department of Environmental Health, College of Public Health, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan province, China; Environment and Health Innovation Team, College of Public Health, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan province 450001, China
| | - Yongjuan Xin
- Department of Environmental Health, College of Public Health, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan province, China
| | - Wenqian Huo
- Department of Environmental Health, College of Public Health, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan province, China
| | - Qihong Deng
- Department of Environmental Health, College of Public Health, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan province, China
| | - Yue Ba
- Department of Environmental Health, College of Public Health, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan province, China; Environment and Health Innovation Team, College of Public Health, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan province 450001, China
| | - Hui Huang
- Department of Environmental Health, College of Public Health, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan province, China; Environment and Health Innovation Team, College of Public Health, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan province 450001, China.
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Duan S, Li C, Gao Y, Meng P, Ji S, Xu Y, Mao Y, Wang H, Tian J. The tyrosine kinase inhibitor LPM4870108 impairs learning and memory and induces transcriptomic and gene‑specific DNA methylation changes in rats. Arch Toxicol 2022; 96:845-857. [PMID: 35098321 DOI: 10.1007/s00204-022-03226-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2021] [Accepted: 01/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
Tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs), which have been developed and approved for cancer treatment in the last few years, are involved in synaptic plasticity of learning and memory. Epigenetic modifications also play crucial roles in the process of learning and memory, but its relationship with TKI-induced learning and memory impairment has not been investigated. We hypothesized that LPM4870108, an effective anti-cancer Trk inhibitor, might affect the learning and memory via epigenetic modifications. In this study, rats were orally administered with LPM4870108 (0, 1.25, 2.5, or 5.0 mg/kg) twice daily for 28 days, after which animals were subjected to a Morris water maze test. LPM4870108 exposure caused learning and memory impairments in this test in a dose-dependent manner and reduced the spine densities. Whole-genome transcriptomic analysis revealed significant differences in the patterns of hippocampal gene expression in LPM4870108-treated rats. These transcriptomic data were combined with next-generation bisulfite sequencing analysis, after which RT-PCR and pyrosequencing were conducted, revealing epigenetic alterations associated with genes (Snx8, Fgfr1, Dusp4, Vav2, and Satb2) known to regulate learning and memory. Increased mRNA and protein expression levels of hippocampal Dnmt1 and Dnmt3a were also observed in these rats. Overall, these data suggest that gene-specific alterations in patterns of DNA methylation can potentially contribute to the incidence of learning and memory deficits associated with exposure to LPM4870108.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sijin Duan
- School of Pharmacy, Key Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology and Drug Evaluation (Yantai University), Ministry of Education, Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Drug Delivery System and Biotech Drugs in Universities of Shandong, Yantai University, Yantai, 264005, People's Republic of China
| | - Chunmei Li
- School of Pharmacy, Key Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology and Drug Evaluation (Yantai University), Ministry of Education, Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Drug Delivery System and Biotech Drugs in Universities of Shandong, Yantai University, Yantai, 264005, People's Republic of China
| | - Yonglin Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Long-Acting Targeting Drug Delivery Technologies (Luye Pharma Group Ltd.), Yantai, 264003, People's Republic of China
- School of Life Science, Yantai University, Yantai, 264005, People's Republic of China
| | - Ping Meng
- School of Pharmacy, Key Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology and Drug Evaluation (Yantai University), Ministry of Education, Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Drug Delivery System and Biotech Drugs in Universities of Shandong, Yantai University, Yantai, 264005, People's Republic of China
| | - Shengmin Ji
- School of Pharmacy, Key Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology and Drug Evaluation (Yantai University), Ministry of Education, Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Drug Delivery System and Biotech Drugs in Universities of Shandong, Yantai University, Yantai, 264005, People's Republic of China
| | - Yangyang Xu
- School of Pharmacy, Key Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology and Drug Evaluation (Yantai University), Ministry of Education, Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Drug Delivery System and Biotech Drugs in Universities of Shandong, Yantai University, Yantai, 264005, People's Republic of China
| | - Yutong Mao
- School of Pharmacy, Key Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology and Drug Evaluation (Yantai University), Ministry of Education, Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Drug Delivery System and Biotech Drugs in Universities of Shandong, Yantai University, Yantai, 264005, People's Republic of China
| | - Hongbo Wang
- School of Pharmacy, Key Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology and Drug Evaluation (Yantai University), Ministry of Education, Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Drug Delivery System and Biotech Drugs in Universities of Shandong, Yantai University, Yantai, 264005, People's Republic of China
| | - Jingwei Tian
- School of Pharmacy, Key Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology and Drug Evaluation (Yantai University), Ministry of Education, Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Drug Delivery System and Biotech Drugs in Universities of Shandong, Yantai University, Yantai, 264005, People's Republic of China.
- State Key Laboratory of Long-Acting Targeting Drug Delivery Technologies (Luye Pharma Group Ltd.), Yantai, 264003, People's Republic of China.
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Li S, Ren C, Stone C, Chandra A, Xu J, Li N, Han C, Ding Y, Ji X, Shao G. Hamartin: An Endogenous Neuroprotective Molecule Induced by Hypoxic Preconditioning. Front Genet 2020; 11:582368. [PMID: 33193709 PMCID: PMC7556298 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2020.582368] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2020] [Accepted: 09/08/2020] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Hypoxic/ischemic preconditioning (HPC/IPC) is an innate neuroprotective mechanism in which a number of endogenous molecules are known to be involved. Tuberous sclerosis complex 1 (TSC1), also known as hamartin, is thought to be one such molecule. It is also known that hamartin is involved as a target in the rapamycin (mTOR) signaling pathway, which functions to integrate a variety of environmental triggers in order to exert control over cellular metabolism and homeostasis. Understanding the role of hamartin in ischemic/hypoxic neuroprotection will provide a novel target for the treatment of hypoxic-ischemic disease. Therefore, the proposed molecular mechanisms of this neuroprotective role and its preconditions are reviewed in this paper, with emphases on the mTOR pathway and the relationship between the expression of hamartin and DNA methylation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sijie Li
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Hypoxic Conditioning Translational Medicine, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.,Inner Mongolia Key Laboratory of Hypoxic Translational Medicine, Baotou Medical College, Baotou, China
| | - Changhong Ren
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Hypoxic Conditioning Translational Medicine, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.,Inner Mongolia Key Laboratory of Hypoxic Translational Medicine, Baotou Medical College, Baotou, China
| | - Christopher Stone
- Department of Neurosurgery, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI, United States
| | - Ankush Chandra
- Department of Neurosurgery, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI, United States
| | - Jiali Xu
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Hypoxic Conditioning Translational Medicine, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Ning Li
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Hypoxic Conditioning Translational Medicine, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Cong Han
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Fifth Medical Centre of PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Yuchuan Ding
- Department of Neurosurgery, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI, United States
| | - Xunming Ji
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Hypoxic Conditioning Translational Medicine, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Guo Shao
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Hypoxic Conditioning Translational Medicine, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.,Inner Mongolia Key Laboratory of Hypoxic Translational Medicine, Baotou Medical College, Baotou, China.,Public Health Department, Biomedicine Research Center, Basic Medical College, Baotou, China.,Baotou Medical College of Neuroscience Institute, Baotou Medical College, Baotou, China
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DNMT3B Expression Might Contribute to Abnormal Methylation of RASSF1A in Lager Colorectal Adenomatous Polyps. Gastroenterol Res Pract 2020; 2020:1798729. [PMID: 33061956 PMCID: PMC7547352 DOI: 10.1155/2020/1798729] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2020] [Revised: 08/04/2020] [Accepted: 09/15/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background It is pretty well known that DNA methyltransferases (DNMTs) are actively involved in abnormal cell growth. The goal of the current study is to explore the correlation between DNMT expression and colorectal adenomatous polyps (CAPs). Method Twenty pairs of CAP samples with a diameter ≥ 10 mm and corresponding normal colorectal mucosa (NCM) tissues from patients were used in the present study. The expression levels and activity of DNA methyltransferases (DNMTs) were measured in the CAP tissues. The global methylation and the promoter methylation level of 3 kinds of tumour suppressor gene were detected. Results mRNA and protein levels of DNMT3B were found to be elevated in the CAP tissues compared with the control tissue. Additionally, the methylation of long interspersed nuclear elements-1 (LINE-1/L1) was decreased in the CAP tissue. Furthermore, methylation of the promoter of a tumour suppressor gene Ras association domain family 1A (RASSF1A) was increased in the CAP tissues, while the mRNA levels of RASSF1A were decreased. Conclusions These results suggest that the overexpression of DNMT3B may contribute to a role in the genesis of CAPs through the hypomethylation of chromosomes in the whole cell and promoter hypermethylation of RASSF1A.
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Cui J, Liu N, Chang Z, Gao Y, Bao M, Xie Y, Xu W, Liu X, Jiang S, Liu Y, Shi R, Xie W, Jia X, Shi J, Ren C, Gong K, Zhang C, Bade R, Shao G, Ji X. Exosomal MicroRNA-126 from RIPC Serum Is Involved in Hypoxia Tolerance in SH-SY5Y Cells by Downregulating DNMT3B. MOLECULAR THERAPY-NUCLEIC ACIDS 2020; 20:649-660. [PMID: 32380415 PMCID: PMC7210387 DOI: 10.1016/j.omtn.2020.04.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2020] [Revised: 04/18/2020] [Accepted: 04/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Ischemic tolerance in the brain can be induced by transient limb ischemia, and this phenomenon is termed remote ischemic preconditioning (RIPC). It still remains elusive how this transfer of tolerance occurs. Exosomes can cross the blood-brain barrier, and some molecules may transfer neuroprotective signals from the periphery to the brain. Serum miRNA-126 is associated with ischemic stroke, and exosomal miRNA-126 has shown protective effects against acute myocardial infarction. Therefore, this study aims to explore whether exosomal miRNA-126 from RIPC serum can play a similar neuroprotective role. Exosomes were isolated from the venous serum of four healthy young male subjects, both before and after RIPC. Exosomal miRNA-126 was measured by real-time PCR. The miRNA-126 target sequence was predicted by bioinformatics software. SH-SY5Y neuronal cells were incubated with exosomes, and the cell cycle was analyzed by flow cytometry. The expression and activity of DNA methyltransferase (DNMT) 3B, a potential target gene of miRNA-126, were examined in SH-SY5Y cells. The cell viability of SH-SY5Y cells exposed to oxygen-glucose deprivation (OGD) was also investigated. To confirm the association between miRNA-126 and DNMT3B, we overexpressed miRNA-126 in SH-SY5Y cells using lentiviral transfection. miRNA-126 expression was upregulated in RIPC exosomes, and bioinformatics prediction showed that miRNA-126 could bind with DNMT3B. DNMT levels and DNMT3B activity were downregulated in SH-SY5Y cells incubated with RIPC exosomes. After overexpression of miRNA-126 in SH-SY5Y cells, global methylation levels and DNMT3B gene expression were downregulated in these cells, consistent with the bioinformatics predictions. RIPC exosomes can affect the cell cycle and increase OGD tolerance in SH-SY5Y cells. RIPC seems to have neuroprotective effects by downregulating the expression of DNMTs in neural cells through the upregulation of serum exosomal miRNA-126.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junhe Cui
- Inner Mongolia Key Laboratory of Hypoxic Translational Medicine, Baotou Medical College, Inner Mongolia, PRC; Biomedicine Research Center, Basic Medical College and Baotou Medical College of the Neuroscience Institute, Baotou Medical College, Inner Mongolia, PRC; Beijing Key Laboratory of Hypoxic Conditioning Translational Medicine, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, PRC
| | - Na Liu
- Inner Mongolia Key Laboratory of Hypoxic Translational Medicine, Baotou Medical College, Inner Mongolia, PRC; Biomedicine Research Center, Basic Medical College and Baotou Medical College of the Neuroscience Institute, Baotou Medical College, Inner Mongolia, PRC; Beijing Key Laboratory of Hypoxic Conditioning Translational Medicine, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, PRC
| | - Zhehan Chang
- Inner Mongolia Key Laboratory of Hypoxic Translational Medicine, Baotou Medical College, Inner Mongolia, PRC; Biomedicine Research Center, Basic Medical College and Baotou Medical College of the Neuroscience Institute, Baotou Medical College, Inner Mongolia, PRC; Beijing Key Laboratory of Hypoxic Conditioning Translational Medicine, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, PRC
| | - Yongsheng Gao
- Inner Mongolia Key Laboratory of Hypoxic Translational Medicine, Baotou Medical College, Inner Mongolia, PRC; Biomedicine Research Center, Basic Medical College and Baotou Medical College of the Neuroscience Institute, Baotou Medical College, Inner Mongolia, PRC
| | - Mulan Bao
- Inner Mongolia Key Laboratory of Hypoxic Translational Medicine, Baotou Medical College, Inner Mongolia, PRC; Biomedicine Research Center, Basic Medical College and Baotou Medical College of the Neuroscience Institute, Baotou Medical College, Inner Mongolia, PRC
| | - Yabin Xie
- Inner Mongolia Key Laboratory of Hypoxic Translational Medicine, Baotou Medical College, Inner Mongolia, PRC; Biomedicine Research Center, Basic Medical College and Baotou Medical College of the Neuroscience Institute, Baotou Medical College, Inner Mongolia, PRC; Beijing Key Laboratory of Hypoxic Conditioning Translational Medicine, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, PRC
| | - Wenqiang Xu
- Inner Mongolia Key Laboratory of Hypoxic Translational Medicine, Baotou Medical College, Inner Mongolia, PRC; Biomedicine Research Center, Basic Medical College and Baotou Medical College of the Neuroscience Institute, Baotou Medical College, Inner Mongolia, PRC
| | - Xiaolei Liu
- Inner Mongolia Key Laboratory of Hypoxic Translational Medicine, Baotou Medical College, Inner Mongolia, PRC; Biomedicine Research Center, Basic Medical College and Baotou Medical College of the Neuroscience Institute, Baotou Medical College, Inner Mongolia, PRC
| | - Shuyuan Jiang
- Inner Mongolia Key Laboratory of Hypoxic Translational Medicine, Baotou Medical College, Inner Mongolia, PRC; Biomedicine Research Center, Basic Medical College and Baotou Medical College of the Neuroscience Institute, Baotou Medical College, Inner Mongolia, PRC
| | - You Liu
- Inner Mongolia Key Laboratory of Hypoxic Translational Medicine, Baotou Medical College, Inner Mongolia, PRC; Biomedicine Research Center, Basic Medical College and Baotou Medical College of the Neuroscience Institute, Baotou Medical College, Inner Mongolia, PRC
| | - Rui Shi
- Inner Mongolia Key Laboratory of Hypoxic Translational Medicine, Baotou Medical College, Inner Mongolia, PRC; Biomedicine Research Center, Basic Medical College and Baotou Medical College of the Neuroscience Institute, Baotou Medical College, Inner Mongolia, PRC
| | - Wei Xie
- Inner Mongolia Key Laboratory of Hypoxic Translational Medicine, Baotou Medical College, Inner Mongolia, PRC; Biomedicine Research Center, Basic Medical College and Baotou Medical College of the Neuroscience Institute, Baotou Medical College, Inner Mongolia, PRC
| | - Xiaoe Jia
- Inner Mongolia Key Laboratory of Hypoxic Translational Medicine, Baotou Medical College, Inner Mongolia, PRC; Biomedicine Research Center, Basic Medical College and Baotou Medical College of the Neuroscience Institute, Baotou Medical College, Inner Mongolia, PRC
| | - Jinghua Shi
- Inner Mongolia Key Laboratory of Hypoxic Translational Medicine, Baotou Medical College, Inner Mongolia, PRC; Biomedicine Research Center, Basic Medical College and Baotou Medical College of the Neuroscience Institute, Baotou Medical College, Inner Mongolia, PRC; Beijing Key Laboratory of Hypoxic Conditioning Translational Medicine, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, PRC
| | - Changhong Ren
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Hypoxic Conditioning Translational Medicine, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, PRC
| | - Kerui Gong
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Chunyang Zhang
- Department of Neurosurgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Baotou Medical College, Inner Mongolia, China
| | - Rengui Bade
- Inner Mongolia Key Laboratory of Hypoxic Translational Medicine, Baotou Medical College, Inner Mongolia, PRC; Biomedicine Research Center, Basic Medical College and Baotou Medical College of the Neuroscience Institute, Baotou Medical College, Inner Mongolia, PRC.
| | - Guo Shao
- Inner Mongolia Key Laboratory of Hypoxic Translational Medicine, Baotou Medical College, Inner Mongolia, PRC; Biomedicine Research Center, Basic Medical College and Baotou Medical College of the Neuroscience Institute, Baotou Medical College, Inner Mongolia, PRC; Beijing Key Laboratory of Hypoxic Conditioning Translational Medicine, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, PRC; Department of Neurosurgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Baotou Medical College, Inner Mongolia, China.
| | - Xunming Ji
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Hypoxic Conditioning Translational Medicine, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, PRC.
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Qi R, Zhang X, Xie Y, Jiang S, Liu Y, Liu X, Xie W, Jia X, Bade R, Shi R, Li S, Ren C, Gong K, Zhang C, Shao G. 5-Aza-2'-deoxycytidine increases hypoxia tolerance-dependent autophagy in mouse neuronal cells by initiating the TSC1/mTOR pathway. Biomed Pharmacother 2019; 118:109219. [PMID: 31325707 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2019.109219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2019] [Revised: 07/03/2019] [Accepted: 07/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Our previous study found that 5-Aza-2'-deoxycytidine (5-Aza-CdR) can repress the expression and activity of protein serine/threonine phosphatase-1γ (PP1γ) in mouse hippocampus. It is well known that PP1γ regulates cell metabolism, which is related to hypoxia/ischaemia tolerance. It has been reported that it can also induce autophagy in cancer cells. Autophagy is important for maintaining cellular homeostasis associated with metabolism. In this study, we examined whether 5-Aza-CdR increases hypoxia tolerance-dependent autophagy by initiating the TSC1/mTOR/autophagy signalling pathway in neuronal cells. METHODS 5-Aza-CdR was either administered to mice via intracerebroventricular injection (i.c.v) or added to cultured hippocampal-derived neuronal cell line (HT22 cell) in the medium for cell culture. The hypoxia tolerance of mice was measured by hypoxia tolerance time and Perl's iron stain. The mRNA and protein expression levels of tuberous sclerosis complex 1 (TSC1), mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) and autophagy marker light chain 3 (LC3) were measured by real-time PCR and western blot. The p-mTOR and p-p70S6k proteins were used as markers for mTOR activity. In addition, the role of autophagy was determined by correlating its intensity with hypoxia tolerance in a time-dependent manner. At the same time, the involvement of the TSC1/mTOR pathway in autophagy was also examined through transfection with TSC1 (hamartin) plasmid. RESULTS 5-Aza-CdR was revealed to increase hypoxia tolerance and induce autophagy, accompanied by an increase in mRNA and protein expression levels of TSC1, reduction in p-mTOR (Ser2448) and p-p70S6k (Thr389) protein levels, and an increase in the ratio of LC3-II/LC3-I in both mouse hippocampus and hippocampal-derived neuronal cell line (HT22). The fluorescence intensity of hamartin was enhanced in the hippocampus of mice exposed to 5-Aza-CdR. Moreover, HT22 cells that over-expressed TSC1 showed more autophagy. CONCLUSIONS 5-Aza-CdR can increase hypoxia tolerance by inducing autophagy by initiating the TSC1/mTOR pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruifang Qi
- Department of Neurobiology and Center of Stroke, Beijing Institute for Brain Disorders, School of Basic Medical Science, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China; Inner Mongolia Key laboratory of Hypoxic Translational Medicine, Baotou Medical College, Inner Mongolia, China; Beijing key laboratory of Hypoxic Conditioning Translational Medicine, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaolu Zhang
- Inner Mongolia Key laboratory of Hypoxic Translational Medicine, Baotou Medical College, Inner Mongolia, China; Beijing key laboratory of Hypoxic Conditioning Translational Medicine, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Yabin Xie
- Inner Mongolia Key laboratory of Hypoxic Translational Medicine, Baotou Medical College, Inner Mongolia, China; Beijing key laboratory of Hypoxic Conditioning Translational Medicine, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Shuyuan Jiang
- Inner Mongolia Key laboratory of Hypoxic Translational Medicine, Baotou Medical College, Inner Mongolia, China; Beijing key laboratory of Hypoxic Conditioning Translational Medicine, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - You Liu
- Inner Mongolia Key laboratory of Hypoxic Translational Medicine, Baotou Medical College, Inner Mongolia, China; Beijing key laboratory of Hypoxic Conditioning Translational Medicine, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaolei Liu
- Inner Mongolia Key laboratory of Hypoxic Translational Medicine, Baotou Medical College, Inner Mongolia, China; Beijing key laboratory of Hypoxic Conditioning Translational Medicine, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Wei Xie
- Inner Mongolia Key laboratory of Hypoxic Translational Medicine, Baotou Medical College, Inner Mongolia, China; Beijing key laboratory of Hypoxic Conditioning Translational Medicine, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaoe Jia
- Inner Mongolia Key laboratory of Hypoxic Translational Medicine, Baotou Medical College, Inner Mongolia, China; Beijing key laboratory of Hypoxic Conditioning Translational Medicine, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Rengui Bade
- Inner Mongolia Key laboratory of Hypoxic Translational Medicine, Baotou Medical College, Inner Mongolia, China; Beijing key laboratory of Hypoxic Conditioning Translational Medicine, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Ruili Shi
- Inner Mongolia Key laboratory of Hypoxic Translational Medicine, Baotou Medical College, Inner Mongolia, China; Beijing key laboratory of Hypoxic Conditioning Translational Medicine, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Sijie Li
- Beijing key laboratory of Hypoxic Conditioning Translational Medicine, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Changhong Ren
- Beijing key laboratory of Hypoxic Conditioning Translational Medicine, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Kerui Gong
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, USA
| | - Chunyang Zhang
- Department of neurosurgery, the First Affiliated Hospital of Baotou Medical College, Inner Mongolia, China
| | - Guo Shao
- Department of Neurobiology and Center of Stroke, Beijing Institute for Brain Disorders, School of Basic Medical Science, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China; Inner Mongolia Key laboratory of Hypoxic Translational Medicine, Baotou Medical College, Inner Mongolia, China; Beijing key laboratory of Hypoxic Conditioning Translational Medicine, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.
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9
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Tian XL, Jiang SY, Zhang XL, Yang J, Cui JH, Liu XL, Gong KR, Yan SC, Zhang CY, Shao G. Potassium bisperoxo (1,10-phenanthroline) oxovanadate suppresses proliferation of hippocampal neuronal cell lines by increasing DNA methyltransferases. Neural Regen Res 2019; 14:826-833. [PMID: 30688268 PMCID: PMC6375031 DOI: 10.4103/1673-5374.249230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2018] [Accepted: 09/25/2018] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Bisperoxo (1,10-phenanthroline) oxovanadate (BpV) can reportedly block the cell cycle. The present study examined whether BpV alters gene expression by affecting DNA methyltransferases (DNMTs), which would impact the cell cycle. Immortalized mouse hippocampal neuronal precursor cells (HT22) were treated with 0.3 or 3 μM BpV. Proliferation, morphology, and viability of HT22 cells were detected with an IncuCyte real-time video imaging system or inverted microscope and 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-5(3-carboxymethonyphenol)-2-(4-sulfophenyl)-2H-tetrazolium, respectively. mRNA and protein expression of DNMTs and p21 in HT22 cells was detected by real-time polymerase chain reaction and immunoblotting, respectively. In addition, DNMT activity was measured with an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Effects of BpV on the cell cycle were analyzed using flow cytometry. Results demonstrated that treatment with 0.3 μM BpV did not affect cell proliferation, morphology, or viability; however, treatment with 3 μM BpV decreased cell viability, increased expression of both DNMT3B mRNA and protein, and inhibited the proliferation of HT22 cells; and 3 μM BpV also blocked the cell cycle and increased expression of the regulatory factor p21 by increasing DNMT expression in mouse hippocampal neurons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Li Tian
- Biomedicine Research Center, Basic Medical College and Baotou Medical College of Neuroscience Institute, Baotou Medical College, Baotou, Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region, China
- Inner Mongolia Key Laboratory of Hypoxic Translational Medicine, Baotou Medical College, Baotou, Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region, China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Hypoxic Conditioning Translational Medicine, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Shu-Yuan Jiang
- Biomedicine Research Center, Basic Medical College and Baotou Medical College of Neuroscience Institute, Baotou Medical College, Baotou, Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region, China
- Inner Mongolia Key Laboratory of Hypoxic Translational Medicine, Baotou Medical College, Baotou, Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region, China
| | - Xiao-Lu Zhang
- Biomedicine Research Center, Basic Medical College and Baotou Medical College of Neuroscience Institute, Baotou Medical College, Baotou, Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region, China
- Inner Mongolia Key Laboratory of Hypoxic Translational Medicine, Baotou Medical College, Baotou, Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region, China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Hypoxic Conditioning Translational Medicine, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Jie Yang
- Biomedicine Research Center, Basic Medical College and Baotou Medical College of Neuroscience Institute, Baotou Medical College, Baotou, Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region, China
- Inner Mongolia Key Laboratory of Hypoxic Translational Medicine, Baotou Medical College, Baotou, Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region, China
| | - Jun-He Cui
- Biomedicine Research Center, Basic Medical College and Baotou Medical College of Neuroscience Institute, Baotou Medical College, Baotou, Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region, China
- Inner Mongolia Key Laboratory of Hypoxic Translational Medicine, Baotou Medical College, Baotou, Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region, China
| | - Xiao-Lei Liu
- Biomedicine Research Center, Basic Medical College and Baotou Medical College of Neuroscience Institute, Baotou Medical College, Baotou, Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region, China
- Inner Mongolia Key Laboratory of Hypoxic Translational Medicine, Baotou Medical College, Baotou, Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region, China
| | - Ke-Rui Gong
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, University of California San Francsico, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Shao-Chun Yan
- Biomedicine Research Center, Basic Medical College and Baotou Medical College of Neuroscience Institute, Baotou Medical College, Baotou, Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region, China
- Inner Mongolia Key Laboratory of Hypoxic Translational Medicine, Baotou Medical College, Baotou, Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region, China
| | - Chun-Yang Zhang
- Department of Neurosurgery, the First Affiliated Hospital of Baotou Medical College, Baotou, Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region, China
| | - Guo Shao
- Biomedicine Research Center, Basic Medical College and Baotou Medical College of Neuroscience Institute, Baotou Medical College, Baotou, Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region, China
- Inner Mongolia Key Laboratory of Hypoxic Translational Medicine, Baotou Medical College, Baotou, Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region, China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Hypoxic Conditioning Translational Medicine, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
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10
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Effects of 5-Aza on p-Y1472 NR2B related to learning and memory in the mouse hippocampus. Biomed Pharmacother 2018; 109:701-707. [PMID: 30551522 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2018.10.090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2018] [Revised: 10/15/2018] [Accepted: 10/15/2018] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND We have previously reported that 5-Aza-2-deoxycytidine (5-Aza-cdR) can repress protein serine/threonine phosphatase-1γ (PP1γ) expression and activity in the mouse hippocampus and affect the behaviour of mice in a water maze. It is well known that the phosphorylation of N-methyl-d-aspartate receptor 2B subunit (NR2B) plays a role in behaviour. In this study, we examined whether 5-Aza-cdR affects NR2B phosphorylation at tyrosine 1472 (p-Y1472 NR2B) and whether it affected the responses of the mice in a passive avoidance test. METHODS 5-Aza-cdR (10 μM) was administered to mice via intracerebroventricular injection (i.c.v). The learning and memory behaviour of the mice were evaluated by measuring their response in a step-down type passive avoidance test 24 h after the injection. The mRNA level of NR2B was measured by real-time PCR. NR2B and p-Y1472 NR2B protein expression in the mouse hippocampus was detected by western blot and immunofluorescence. CDK5 activity was detected by the ADP-Glo™ + CDK5/p35 Kinase Enzyme System. To further clarify whether the 5-Aza-cdR effects on behaviour were dependent on cellular proliferation or not, the effect of 5-Aza-cdR on the expression level of NR2B, the phosphorylation level of p-Y1472 NR2B, cell viability and the cell cycle were analysed using the immortalized mouse hippocampal neuronal cells neural cell line HT22 treated with 10 μM 5-Aza-cdR compared with an untreated control group. RESULTS After injection with 5-Aza-cdR, the behaviour of the mice in the step-down test was improved, while their phosphorylation level of p-Y1472 NR2B was increased and their CDK5 activity was decreased in the hippocampus. In vitro experiments showed 10 μM 5-Aza-cdR increased the p-Y1472 NR2B phosphorylation level with inhibition of cell viability and cell cycle arrest. CONCLUSIONS Our results suggested that the effect of 5-Aza-cdR on behaviour may be related to the increase in phosphorylation of p-Y1472 NR2B in the hippocampus.
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11
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Neuroendocrine aging precedes perimenopause and is regulated by DNA methylation. Neurobiol Aging 2018; 74:213-224. [PMID: 30497015 DOI: 10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2018.09.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2018] [Revised: 09/21/2018] [Accepted: 09/21/2018] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Perimenopause marks initiation of female reproductive senescence. Age of onset is only 47% heritable suggesting that additional factors other than inheritance regulate this endocrine aging transition. To elucidate these factors, we characterized transcriptional and epigenomic changes across endocrine aging using a rat model that recapitulates characteristics of the human perimenopause. RNA-seq analysis revealed that hypothalamic aging precedes onset of perimenopause. In the hypothalamus, global DNA methylation declined with both age and reproductive senescence. Genome-wide epigentic analysis revealed changes in DNA methylation in genes required for hormone signaling, glutamate signaling, and melatonin and circadian pathways. Specific epignetic changes in these signaling pathways provide insight into the origin of perimenopause-associated neurological symptoms such as insomnia. Treatment with 5-aza-2'-deoxycytidine, a DNA-methyltransferase-1 inhibitor, accelerated transition to reproductive senescence/ whereas supplementation with methionine, a S-adenosylmethionine precursor, delayed onset of perimenopause and endocrine aging. Collectively, these data provide evidence for a critical period of female neuroendocrine aging in brain that precedes ovarian failure and that DNA methylation regulates the transition duration of perimenopause to menopause.
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12
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Yang J, Tian X, Yang J, Cui J, Jiang S, Shi R, Liu Y, Liu X, Xu W, Xie W, Jia X, Bade R, Zhang T, Zhang M, Gong K, Yan S, Yang Z, Shao G. 5-Aza-2'-deoxycytidine, a DNA methylation inhibitor, induces cytotoxicity, cell cycle dynamics and alters expression of DNA methyltransferase 1 and 3A in mouse hippocampus-derived neuronal HT22 cells. JOURNAL OF TOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH. PART A 2017; 80:1222-1229. [PMID: 28880816 DOI: 10.1080/15287394.2017.1367143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Epigenetic processes such as DNA methylation are essential for processes of gene expression in normal mammalian development. DNA methyltransferases (DNMT) are responsible for initiating and maintaining DNA methylation. It is known that 5-Aza-CdR, an inhibitor of DNMT induces cytotoxicity by reducing DNMT activity in various tumor cell lines. However, disturbances in neuronal DNA methylation may also play a role in altered brain functions. Thus, it was of interest to determine whether alterations in DNA methylation might be associated with neuronal functions by using 5-Aza-CdR, on mouse hippocampus-derived neuronal HT22 cell line. In particular, the aim of this study was to investigate the effects of 5-Aza-CdR on cell growth inhibition, cell cycle arrest, apoptosis as well as the expression levels of DNMT in HT22 cells. HT22 cells were incubated with 5 or 20 μmol/L 5-Aza-CdR for 24 h. Data showed that 5-Aza-CdR at both concentrations significantly inhibited proliferation of HT22 cells and exacerbated cytoplasmic vacuolization. Flow cytometry analysis demonstrated that 5-Aza-CdR treatment at both concentrations decreased early apoptosis but enhanced late apoptosis. Cell cycle analysis illustrated that 5-Aza-CdR treatment induced S phase arrest. Further, incubation with 5-Aza-CdR produced a down-regulation in expression of mRNA and protein DNMT1 and 3A but no marked changes were noted in DNMT 3B and p21 expression. In addition, DNMT1 activity was significantly decreased at both 5-Aza-CdR concentrations. Evidence indicates that 5-Aza-CdR induced cytotoxicity was associated with altered mRNA and protein expression of DNMT 1 and 3A associated with reduced DNMT1 activity in HT22 cells which might affect brain functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Yang
- a Department of Neurobiology and Center of Stroke , Beijing Institute for Brain Disorders, Capital Medical University , Beijing , P.R.C
- b Inner Mongolia Key laboratory of Hypoxic Translational Medicine , Baotou Medical College , Inner Mongolia , P.R.C
- c Beijing key laboratory of Hypoxic Conditioning Translational Medicine, Xuanwu Hospital , Capital Medical University , Beijing , P.R.C
| | - Xiaoli Tian
- b Inner Mongolia Key laboratory of Hypoxic Translational Medicine , Baotou Medical College , Inner Mongolia , P.R.C
- c Beijing key laboratory of Hypoxic Conditioning Translational Medicine, Xuanwu Hospital , Capital Medical University , Beijing , P.R.C
| | - Jie Yang
- b Inner Mongolia Key laboratory of Hypoxic Translational Medicine , Baotou Medical College , Inner Mongolia , P.R.C
- c Beijing key laboratory of Hypoxic Conditioning Translational Medicine, Xuanwu Hospital , Capital Medical University , Beijing , P.R.C
| | - Junhe Cui
- b Inner Mongolia Key laboratory of Hypoxic Translational Medicine , Baotou Medical College , Inner Mongolia , P.R.C
- c Beijing key laboratory of Hypoxic Conditioning Translational Medicine, Xuanwu Hospital , Capital Medical University , Beijing , P.R.C
| | - Shuyuan Jiang
- b Inner Mongolia Key laboratory of Hypoxic Translational Medicine , Baotou Medical College , Inner Mongolia , P.R.C
- c Beijing key laboratory of Hypoxic Conditioning Translational Medicine, Xuanwu Hospital , Capital Medical University , Beijing , P.R.C
| | - Rui Shi
- b Inner Mongolia Key laboratory of Hypoxic Translational Medicine , Baotou Medical College , Inner Mongolia , P.R.C
- c Beijing key laboratory of Hypoxic Conditioning Translational Medicine, Xuanwu Hospital , Capital Medical University , Beijing , P.R.C
| | - You Liu
- b Inner Mongolia Key laboratory of Hypoxic Translational Medicine , Baotou Medical College , Inner Mongolia , P.R.C
- c Beijing key laboratory of Hypoxic Conditioning Translational Medicine, Xuanwu Hospital , Capital Medical University , Beijing , P.R.C
| | - Xiaolei Liu
- b Inner Mongolia Key laboratory of Hypoxic Translational Medicine , Baotou Medical College , Inner Mongolia , P.R.C
- c Beijing key laboratory of Hypoxic Conditioning Translational Medicine, Xuanwu Hospital , Capital Medical University , Beijing , P.R.C
| | - Wenqiang Xu
- b Inner Mongolia Key laboratory of Hypoxic Translational Medicine , Baotou Medical College , Inner Mongolia , P.R.C
- c Beijing key laboratory of Hypoxic Conditioning Translational Medicine, Xuanwu Hospital , Capital Medical University , Beijing , P.R.C
| | - Wei Xie
- b Inner Mongolia Key laboratory of Hypoxic Translational Medicine , Baotou Medical College , Inner Mongolia , P.R.C
- c Beijing key laboratory of Hypoxic Conditioning Translational Medicine, Xuanwu Hospital , Capital Medical University , Beijing , P.R.C
| | - Xiaoe Jia
- b Inner Mongolia Key laboratory of Hypoxic Translational Medicine , Baotou Medical College , Inner Mongolia , P.R.C
- c Beijing key laboratory of Hypoxic Conditioning Translational Medicine, Xuanwu Hospital , Capital Medical University , Beijing , P.R.C
| | - Rengui Bade
- b Inner Mongolia Key laboratory of Hypoxic Translational Medicine , Baotou Medical College , Inner Mongolia , P.R.C
- c Beijing key laboratory of Hypoxic Conditioning Translational Medicine, Xuanwu Hospital , Capital Medical University , Beijing , P.R.C
| | - Tao Zhang
- b Inner Mongolia Key laboratory of Hypoxic Translational Medicine , Baotou Medical College , Inner Mongolia , P.R.C
- c Beijing key laboratory of Hypoxic Conditioning Translational Medicine, Xuanwu Hospital , Capital Medical University , Beijing , P.R.C
| | - Ming Zhang
- b Inner Mongolia Key laboratory of Hypoxic Translational Medicine , Baotou Medical College , Inner Mongolia , P.R.C
- c Beijing key laboratory of Hypoxic Conditioning Translational Medicine, Xuanwu Hospital , Capital Medical University , Beijing , P.R.C
| | - Kerui Gong
- d Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery , University of California San Francsico , San Francisco , USA
| | - Shaochun Yan
- b Inner Mongolia Key laboratory of Hypoxic Translational Medicine , Baotou Medical College , Inner Mongolia , P.R.C
- c Beijing key laboratory of Hypoxic Conditioning Translational Medicine, Xuanwu Hospital , Capital Medical University , Beijing , P.R.C
| | - Zhanjun Yang
- b Inner Mongolia Key laboratory of Hypoxic Translational Medicine , Baotou Medical College , Inner Mongolia , P.R.C
- c Beijing key laboratory of Hypoxic Conditioning Translational Medicine, Xuanwu Hospital , Capital Medical University , Beijing , P.R.C
| | - Guo Shao
- a Department of Neurobiology and Center of Stroke , Beijing Institute for Brain Disorders, Capital Medical University , Beijing , P.R.C
- b Inner Mongolia Key laboratory of Hypoxic Translational Medicine , Baotou Medical College , Inner Mongolia , P.R.C
- c Beijing key laboratory of Hypoxic Conditioning Translational Medicine, Xuanwu Hospital , Capital Medical University , Beijing , P.R.C
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