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Kostyo J, Lallande AT, Sells CA, Shuda MR, Kane RR. Sulfonamide Prodrugs with a Two-Stage Release Mechanism for the Efficient Delivery of the TLR4 Antagonist TAK-242. ACS Med Chem Lett 2023; 14:110-115. [PMID: 36660224 PMCID: PMC9841982 DOI: 10.1021/acsmedchemlett.2c00492] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2022] [Accepted: 12/05/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
We previously demonstrated that the potent TLR4 inhibitor TAK-242 could be covalently conjugated to pancreatic islets using a linker that afforded an effective sustained delivery of the active drug after transplant. This drug-eluting tissue achieved local inhibition of TLR4-linked inflammation and proved beneficial to the islet graft survival. Here, we describe a new family of prodrugs with a modular design featuring a self-immolative para-aminobenzyl spacer bonded directly to the TAK-242 sulfonamide nitrogen, a tether for bioconjugation, and a β-eliminative arylsulfone "trigger". The inclusion of the para-aminobenzyl spacer affords a more stable prodrug which exhibits complex drug-release kinetics due to a two-stage release mechanism. This manuscript reports the preparation and characterization of several TAK-242 prodrugs fitted with different triggers and linkers and demonstrates that these second-generation prodrugs effectively release TAK-242 while avoiding nonproductive sulfonamide hydrolysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica
H. Kostyo
- Department
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Baylor University, Waco, Texas76798, United States
| | - Avery T. Lallande
- Department
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Baylor University, Waco, Texas76798, United States
| | - Chloë A. Sells
- Department
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Baylor University, Waco, Texas76798, United States
| | - Mina R. Shuda
- Department
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Baylor University, Waco, Texas76798, United States
| | - Robert R. Kane
- Department
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Baylor University, Waco, Texas76798, United States
- Institute
of Biomedical Studies, Baylor University, Waco, Texas76798, United States
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Cai J, Li Y, Hu P, Xu R, Yuan H, Zhang W, Feng T, Liu R, Li W, Zhu C. Plerixafor and resatorvid inhibit hepatitis B virus in vitro by upregulating elongation factor Tu GTP-binding domain containing 2. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2023; 13:1118801. [PMID: 36891156 PMCID: PMC9986551 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2023.1118801] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2022] [Accepted: 02/06/2023] [Indexed: 02/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Background An increase in the demand for a functional cure has accelerated research on new methods of therapy for chronic hepatitis B, which is mainly focused on restoring antiviral immunity for controlling viral infections. Previously, we had described elongation factor Tu GTP-binding domain containing 2 (EFTUD2) as an innate immune regulator and suggested that it might be an antiviral target. Methods In this study, we generated the Epro-LUC-HepG2 cell model for screening compounds that target EFTUD2. Plerixafor and resatorvid were screened from 261 immunity and inflammation-related compounds due to their ability to highly upregulate EFTUD2. The effects of plerixafor and resatorvid on hepatitis B virus (HBV) were examined in HepAD38 cells and HBV-infected HepG2-NTCP cells. Results The dual-luciferase reporter assays showed that the EFTUD2 promoter hEFTUD2pro-0.5 kb had the strongest activity. In Epro-LUC-HepG2 cells, plerixafor and resatorvid significantly upregulated the activity of the EFTUD2 promoter and the expression of the gene and protein. In HepAD38 cells and HBV-infected HepG2-NTCP cells, treatment with plerixafor and resatorvid strongly inhibited HBsAg, HBV DNA, HBV RNAs, and cccDNA in a dose-dependent manner. Furthermore, the anti-HBV effect was enhanced when entecavir was administered along with either of the previous two compounds, and the effect could be blocked by knocking down EFTUD2. Conclusion We established a convenient model for screening compounds that target EFTUD2 and further identified plerixafor and resatorvid as novel HBV inhibitors in vitro. Our findings provided information on the development of a new class of anti-HBV agents that act on host factors rather than viral enzymes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinyuan Cai
- 1Department of Infectious Disease, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
- Department of Infectious Disease, Zhongda Hospital, Southeast University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yuwen Li
- Department of Pediatrics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Pingping Hu
- Department of Infectious Disease, Zhongda Hospital, Southeast University, Nanjing, China
| | - Ruirui Xu
- Department of Infectious Disease, Zhongda Hospital, Southeast University, Nanjing, China
| | - Hui Yuan
- Department of Infectious Disease, Zhongda Hospital, Southeast University, Nanjing, China
| | - Wen Zhang
- Department of Infectious Disease, Zhongda Hospital, Southeast University, Nanjing, China
| | - Tiantong Feng
- Department of Infectious Disease, Zhongda Hospital, Southeast University, Nanjing, China
| | - Rui Liu
- Department of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Hainan Medical University, Hainan, China
| | - Wenting Li
- Department of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Hainan Medical University, Hainan, China
| | - Chuanlong Zhu
- 1Department of Infectious Disease, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
- Department of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Hainan Medical University, Hainan, China
- *Correspondence: Chuanlong Zhu,
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TAK-242 Ameliorates Hepatic Fibrosis by Regulating the Liver-Gut Axis. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2022; 2022:4949148. [PMID: 36017390 PMCID: PMC9398794 DOI: 10.1155/2022/4949148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2022] [Revised: 07/15/2022] [Accepted: 07/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Objective. The aims of this study were to investigate the impact of TAK-242 on the Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4)/myeloid differentiation factor 88 (MyD88)/nuclear transcription factor-κB (NF-κB) signal transduction pathway in rats with hepatic fibrosis (HF) using the liver gut axis and to investigate the molecular mechanism of its intervention on HF. Methods. SPF grade SD male rats were randomly allocated to the control, model, and TAK-242 groups. For 8 weeks, the model and TAK-242 groups received 3 mL·kg-1 (the initial dose 5 mL·kg-1) intraperitoneal injections of 40% CCL4 olive oil solution. TAK-242 (5 mg·kg-1) was administered once a day for 5 days after modeling. The pathological alterations of liver and small intestine tissues in each group were observed using H&E and Masson staining. ELISA was used to measure serum levels of alanine aminotransferase (ALT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), direct bilirubin (DBIL), total bilirubin (TBIL), interleukin-1β (IL-1β), interleukin-6 (IL-6), and tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α). RT-qPCR was utilized to identify the mRNA expression level of IL-1β, IL-6, TNF-α, TLR4, MyD88, and NF-κB in rat liver and small intestine tissues. The protein level of IL-1β, IL-6, TNF-α, TLR4, MyD88, and NF-κB protein in rat liver and small intestine tissues was determined utilizing Western blot and IHC. Results. TAK-242 significantly reduced AST, ALT, TBIL, and DBIL expression in HF rats’ serum (
) and alleviated liver tissue injury. Hematoxylin-eosin (H&E) and Masson staining revealed inflammatory cell infiltration and fibrous proliferation in the liver and small intestine tissue in the model group and partial cell swelling in the TAK-242 group, which indicated a considerable improvement compared to the model group. RT-qPCR, Western blot, and IHC data indicated that TAK-242 reduced the IL-1β, IL-6, TNF-α, TLR4, MyD88, and NF-κB expression in the liver and small intestine tissues of HF rats. Conclusion. TAK-242 might downregulate the TLR4/MyD88/NF-κB signal pathway through the liver-gut axis, suppress the inflammatory response, and eventually alleviate HF in rats.
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Sun Q, Xu X, Wang T, Xu Z, Lu X, Li X, Chen G. Neurovascular Units and Neural-Glia Networks in Intracerebral Hemorrhage: from Mechanisms to Translation. Transl Stroke Res 2021; 12:447-460. [PMID: 33629275 DOI: 10.1007/s12975-021-00897-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2020] [Revised: 02/07/2021] [Accepted: 02/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH), the most lethal type of stroke, often leads to poor outcomes in the clinic. Due to the complex mechanisms and cell-cell crosstalk during ICH, the neurovascular unit (NVU) was proposed to serve as a promising therapeutic target for ICH research. This review aims to summarize the development of pathophysiological shifts in the NVU and neural-glia networks after ICH. In addition, potential targets for ICH therapy are discussed in this review. Beyond cerebral blood flow, the NVU also plays an important role in protecting neurons, maintaining central nervous system (CNS) homeostasis, coordinating neuronal activity among supporting cells, forming and maintaining the blood-brain barrier (BBB), and regulating neuroimmune responses. During ICH, NVU dysfunction is induced, along with neuronal cell death, microglia and astrocyte activation, endothelial cell (EC) and tight junction (TJ) protein damage, and BBB disruption. In addition, it has been shown that certain targets and candidates can improve ICH-induced secondary brain injury based on an NVU and neural-glia framework. Moreover, therapeutic approaches and strategies for ICH are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qing Sun
- Department of Neurosurgery & Brain and Nerve Research Laboratory, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, 188 Shizi Street, Suzhou, 215006, China
| | - Xiang Xu
- Department of Neurosurgery & Brain and Nerve Research Laboratory, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, 188 Shizi Street, Suzhou, 215006, China
| | - Tianyi Wang
- Department of Neurosurgery & Brain and Nerve Research Laboratory, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, 188 Shizi Street, Suzhou, 215006, China
| | - Zhongmou Xu
- Department of Neurosurgery & Brain and Nerve Research Laboratory, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, 188 Shizi Street, Suzhou, 215006, China
| | - Xiaocheng Lu
- Department of Neurosurgery & Brain and Nerve Research Laboratory, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, 188 Shizi Street, Suzhou, 215006, China.
| | - Xiang Li
- Department of Neurosurgery & Brain and Nerve Research Laboratory, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, 188 Shizi Street, Suzhou, 215006, China.
| | - Gang Chen
- Department of Neurosurgery & Brain and Nerve Research Laboratory, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, 188 Shizi Street, Suzhou, 215006, China
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Zhou W, Lin D, Zhong Z, Ye Q. Roles of TRAFs in Ischemia-Reperfusion Injury. Front Cell Dev Biol 2020; 8:586487. [PMID: 33224951 PMCID: PMC7674171 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2020.586487] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2020] [Accepted: 10/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Tumor necrosis factor receptor-associated factor (TRAF) proteins are a family of signaling molecules that function downstream of multiple receptor signaling pathways, and they play a pivotal role in the regulation of intracellular biological progresses. These TRAF-dependent signaling pathways and physiological functions have been involved in the occurrence and progression of ischemia-reperfusion injury (IRI), which is a common pathophysiological process that occurs in a wide variety of clinical events, including ischemic shock, organ transplantation, and thrombolytic therapy, resulting in a poor prognosis and high mortality. IRI occurs in multiple organs, including liver, kidney, heart, lung, brain, intestine, and retina. In recent years, mounting compelling evidence has confirmed that the genetic alterations of TRAFs can cause subversive phenotype changes during IRI of those organs. In this review, based on current knowledge, we summarized and analyzed the regulatory effect of TRAFs on the IRI of various organs, providing clear direction and a firm theoretical basis for the development of treatment strategies to manipulate TRAF proteins or TRAF-dependent signaling pathways in IRI-related diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Zhou
- Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Institute of Hepatobiliary Diseases of Wuhan University, Transplant Center of Wuhan University, Hubei Key Laboratory of Medical Technology on Transplantation, Engineering Research Center of Natural Polymer-based Medical Materials in Hubei Province, Wuhan, China
| | - Danni Lin
- Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Institute of Hepatobiliary Diseases of Wuhan University, Transplant Center of Wuhan University, Hubei Key Laboratory of Medical Technology on Transplantation, Engineering Research Center of Natural Polymer-based Medical Materials in Hubei Province, Wuhan, China.,The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Pancreatic Disease, Innovation Center for the Study of Pancreatic Diseases, Hangzhou, China
| | - Zibiao Zhong
- Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Institute of Hepatobiliary Diseases of Wuhan University, Transplant Center of Wuhan University, Hubei Key Laboratory of Medical Technology on Transplantation, Engineering Research Center of Natural Polymer-based Medical Materials in Hubei Province, Wuhan, China
| | - Qifa Ye
- Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Institute of Hepatobiliary Diseases of Wuhan University, Transplant Center of Wuhan University, Hubei Key Laboratory of Medical Technology on Transplantation, Engineering Research Center of Natural Polymer-based Medical Materials in Hubei Province, Wuhan, China.,The Third Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Research Center of National Health Ministry on Transplantation Medicine Engineering and Technology, Changsha, China
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Wang H, Li X, Dong G, Yan F, Zhang J, Shi H, Ning Z, Gao M, Cheng D, Ma Q, Wang C, Zhao M, Dai J, Li C, Li Z, Zhang H, Xiong H. Toll-like Receptor 4 Inhibitor TAK-242 Improves Fulminant Hepatitis by Regulating Accumulation of Myeloid-Derived Suppressor Cell. Inflammation 2020; 44:671-681. [PMID: 33083887 DOI: 10.1007/s10753-020-01366-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2020] [Revised: 09/16/2020] [Accepted: 10/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Fulminant hepatitis (FH) is an acute clinical disease with a poor prognosis and high mortality rate. The purpose of this study was to determine the protective effect of the Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) inhibitor TAK-242 on lipopolysaccharide (LPS)/D-galactosamine (D-GalN)-induced explosive hepatitis and explore in vivo and in vitro mechanisms. Mice were pretreated with TAK-242 for 3 h prior to LPS (10 μg/kg)/D-GalN (250 mg/kg) administration. Compared to the LPS/D-GalN group, the TAK-242 pretreatment group showed significantly prolonged survival, reduced serum alanine aminotransferase and aspartate aminotransferase levels, relieved oxidative stress, and reduced inflammatory interleukin (IL)-6, IL-12, and tumor necrosis factor-α levels. In addition, TAK-242 increased the accumulation of myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSCs). Next, mice were treated with an anti-Gr-1 antibody to deplete MDSCs, and adoptive transfer experiments were performed. We found that TAK-242 protected against FH by regulating MDSCs. In the in vitro studies, TAK-242 regulated the accumulation of MDSCs and promoted the release of immunosuppressive inflammatory cytokines. In addition, TAK-242 inhibited protein expression of nuclear factor-κB and mitogen-activated protein kinases. In summary, TAK-242 had a hepatoprotective effect against LPS/D-GalN-induced explosive hepatitis in mice. Its protective effect may be involved in suppressing inflammation, reducing oxidative stress, and increasing the proportion of MDSCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haiyan Wang
- Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Xuehui Li
- Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Guanjun Dong
- Institute of Immunology and Molecular Medicine, Jining Medical University, Jining, 272067, Shandong, China
| | - Fenglian Yan
- Institute of Immunology and Molecular Medicine, Jining Medical University, Jining, 272067, Shandong, China
| | - Junfeng Zhang
- Institute of Immunology and Molecular Medicine, Jining Medical University, Jining, 272067, Shandong, China
| | - Hui Shi
- Institute of Immunology and Molecular Medicine, Jining Medical University, Jining, 272067, Shandong, China
| | - Zhaochen Ning
- Institute of Immunology and Molecular Medicine, Jining Medical University, Jining, 272067, Shandong, China
| | - Min Gao
- Clinical Laboratory, Jining First People's Hospital, Shandong Province, Jining, 272011, China
| | - Dalei Cheng
- Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Qun Ma
- Institute of Immunology and Molecular Medicine, Jining Medical University, Jining, 272067, Shandong, China
| | - Changying Wang
- Institute of Immunology and Molecular Medicine, Jining Medical University, Jining, 272067, Shandong, China
| | - Mingsheng Zhao
- Institute of Immunology and Molecular Medicine, Jining Medical University, Jining, 272067, Shandong, China
| | - Jun Dai
- Institute of Immunology and Molecular Medicine, Jining Medical University, Jining, 272067, Shandong, China
| | - Chunxia Li
- Institute of Immunology and Molecular Medicine, Jining Medical University, Jining, 272067, Shandong, China
| | - Zhihua Li
- Institute of Immunology and Molecular Medicine, Jining Medical University, Jining, 272067, Shandong, China
| | - Hui Zhang
- Institute of Immunology and Molecular Medicine, Jining Medical University, Jining, 272067, Shandong, China.
| | - Huabao Xiong
- Institute of Immunology and Molecular Medicine, Jining Medical University, Jining, 272067, Shandong, China.
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7
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Amiresmaili S, Khaksari M, Shahrokhi N, Abolhassani M. Evolution of TLR4 role in mediating the hepatoprotective effects of estradiol after traumatic brain injury in male rats. Biochem Pharmacol 2020; 178:114044. [PMID: 32445868 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2020.114044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2020] [Accepted: 05/18/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Several studies have shown that 17β-estradiol (E2) exerted beneficial effects on liver disease, and it has a protective impact on brain damage after traumatic brain injury (TBI). TBI-induced liver injury is associated with the activation of TLR4. However, it remains unknown whether E2 can modulate TBI-induced liver injury through TLR4. The objective of this study was to determine the role of TLR4 in hepatoprotective mechanisms of E2 after TBI. Diffuse TBI induced by the Marmarou model in male rats. TAK-242 as a selective antagonist of TLR4 (3 mg/kg) and E2 (33.3 μg/kg) were injected (i.p) respectively 30 min before and 30 min after TBI. The results showed that E2 and TAK-242 markedly inhibited TBI-induced liver injury, which was characterized by decreased aminotransferase activities, inhibition of the oxidative stress, and reduced levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) and IL-17 in the liver. We also found that TBI induced significant upregulation of TLR4 in the liver, with peak expression occurring 24 h after TBI, and that treatment with E2 significantly inhibited the upregulation of TLR4. Also, both classic [Estrogen receptors alpha (ERα) and beta (ERβ)] and non-classic (G protein-coupled estrogen receptor GPER) E2 receptors are involved in modulating the expression of TLR4. These results suggested that the hepatoprotective effects of estradiol after TBI may be mediated via the downregulation expression of TLR4.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sedigheh Amiresmaili
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran; Department of Physiology, Bam University of Medical Sciences, Bam, Iran
| | - Mohammad Khaksari
- Neuroscince and Endocrinology and Metabolism Research Centers, Institute of Neuropharmacology, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran.
| | - Nader Shahrokhi
- Neuroscience Research Center, Institute of Neuropharmacology, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
| | - Moslem Abolhassani
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
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Engelmann C, Sheikh M, Sharma S, Kondo T, Loeffler-Wirth H, Zheng YB, Novelli S, Hall A, Kerbert AJC, Macnaughtan J, Mookerjee R, Habtesion A, Davies N, Ali T, Gupta S, Andreola F, Jalan R. Toll-like receptor 4 is a therapeutic target for prevention and treatment of liver failure. J Hepatol 2020; 73:102-112. [PMID: 31987990 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhep.2020.01.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2019] [Revised: 12/22/2019] [Accepted: 01/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) plays an essential role in mediating organ injury in acute liver failure (ALF) and acute-on-chronic liver failure (ACLF). Herein, we assess whether inhibiting TLR4 signaling can ameliorate liver failure and serve as a potential treatment. METHODS Circulating TLR4 ligands and hepatic TLR4 expression were measured in plasma samples and liver biopsies from patients with cirrhosis. TAK-242 (TLR4 inhibitor) was tested in vivo (10 mg/kg intraperitoneally) in rodent models of ACLF (bile duct ligation + lipopolysaccharide [LPS]; carbon tetrachloride + LPS) and ALF (galactosamine + LPS) and in vitro on immortalized human monocytes (THP-1) and hepatocytes (HHL5). The in vivo therapeutic effect was assessed by coma-free survival, organ injury and cytokine release and in vitro by measuring IL-6, IL-1β or cell injury (TUNEL), respectively. RESULTS In patients with cirrhosis, hepatic TLR4 expression was upregulated and circulating TLR4 ligands were increased (p <0.001). ACLF in rodents was associated with a switch from apoptotic cell death in ALF to non-apoptotic forms of cell death. TAK-242 reduced LPS-induced cytokine secretion and cell death (p = 0.002) in hepatocytes and monocytes in vitro. In rodent models of ACLF, TAK-242 administration improved coma-free survival, reduced the degree of hepatocyte cell death in the liver (p <0.001) and kidneys (p = 0.048) and reduced circulating cytokine levels (IL-1β, p <0.001). In a rodent model of ALF, TAK-242 prevented organ injury (p <0.001) and systemic inflammation (IL-1β, p <0.001). CONCLUSION This study shows that TLR4 signaling is a key factor in the development of both ACLF and ALF; its inhibition reduces the severity of organ injury and improves outcome. TAK-242 may be of therapeutic relevance in patients with liver failure. LAY SUMMARY Toll-like receptor 4 (or TLR4) mediates endotoxin-induced tissue injury in liver failure and cirrhosis. This receptor sensitizes cells to endotoxins, which are produced by gram-negative bacteria. Thus, inhibiting TLR4 signaling with an inhibitor (TAK-242) ameliorates organ injury and systemic inflammation in rodent models of acute and acute-on-chronic liver failure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cornelius Engelmann
- Liver Failure Group, Institute for Liver and Digestive Health, University College London, Royal Free Campus, London, United Kingdom; Section Hepatology, Clinic for Gastroenterology and Rheumatology, University Hospital Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany; Medical Department, Division of Hepatology and Gastroenterology, Campus Virchow-Klinikum, Charite - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Germany
| | - Mohammed Sheikh
- Liver Failure Group, Institute for Liver and Digestive Health, University College London, Royal Free Campus, London, United Kingdom
| | - Shreya Sharma
- Liver Failure Group, Institute for Liver and Digestive Health, University College London, Royal Free Campus, London, United Kingdom
| | - Takayuki Kondo
- Liver Failure Group, Institute for Liver and Digestive Health, University College London, Royal Free Campus, London, United Kingdom; Department of Gastroenterology, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, Chiba, Japan
| | - Henry Loeffler-Wirth
- Interdisciplinary Centre for Bioinformatics, University Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Yu Bao Zheng
- Department of Infectious Diseases, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University, No. 600 Tianhe Road, Guangzhou, 510630, China
| | - Simone Novelli
- Liver Failure Group, Institute for Liver and Digestive Health, University College London, Royal Free Campus, London, United Kingdom; Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Andrew Hall
- Sheila Sherlock Liver Centre, Royal Free London NHS Foundation Trust, Institute for Liver and Digestive Health, University College London, Royal Free Hospital, London, United Kingdom
| | - Annarein J C Kerbert
- Liver Failure Group, Institute for Liver and Digestive Health, University College London, Royal Free Campus, London, United Kingdom
| | - Jane Macnaughtan
- Liver Failure Group, Institute for Liver and Digestive Health, University College London, Royal Free Campus, London, United Kingdom
| | - Rajeshwar Mookerjee
- Liver Failure Group, Institute for Liver and Digestive Health, University College London, Royal Free Campus, London, United Kingdom
| | - Abeba Habtesion
- Liver Failure Group, Institute for Liver and Digestive Health, University College London, Royal Free Campus, London, United Kingdom
| | - Nathan Davies
- Liver Failure Group, Institute for Liver and Digestive Health, University College London, Royal Free Campus, London, United Kingdom
| | - Tauhid Ali
- Takeda Pharmaceuticals International Co, Cambridge, United States of America
| | - Saurabh Gupta
- Takeda Pharmaceuticals International Co, Cambridge, United States of America
| | - Fausto Andreola
- Liver Failure Group, Institute for Liver and Digestive Health, University College London, Royal Free Campus, London, United Kingdom
| | - Rajiv Jalan
- Liver Failure Group, Institute for Liver and Digestive Health, University College London, Royal Free Campus, London, United Kingdom.
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Li X, Wang L, Yang X, Huang C. Metformin Attenuates Ischemia-reperfusion Injury of Fatty Liver in Rats Through Inhibition of the TLR4/NF-κB Axis. Balkan Med J 2020; 37:196-202. [PMID: 32270948 PMCID: PMC7285667 DOI: 10.4274/balkanmedj.galenos.2020.2019.9.31] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Donor organs for liver transplantation may often have fatty liver disease, which confers a higher sensitivity to ischemia/reperfusion injury. At present, there is no effective treatment for the condition. Evidence has suggested that metformin, the first-line medication for diabetes, has protective effects against many disorders. However, the potential role of metformin in ischemia/reperfusion injury in fatty liver disease remains unclear. Aims To examine the effect of metformin treatment during ischemia/reperfusion injury in fatty liver and determine the possible mechanisms. Study Design Animal experimentation. Methods Sprague-Dawley male rats were fed a high-fat diet (520 kcal/100 g) for 14 weeks and then were subjected to the orthotopic autologous liver transplantation model. Sections of liver tissue were stained with hematoxylin and eosin to visualize the damage. Blood and liver samples were used to analyze the related proteins and components involved in the inflammatory signaling pathway. Results We found that metformin significantly ameliorated the ischemia/reperfusion injury of the fatty liver through a reduction in alanine aminotransferase/aspartate aminotransferase concentrations in the serum and a decrease in dead cells, as shown by the terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase-mediated dUTP nick-end labeling assay (p<0.05). In addition, metformin significantly attenuated interleukin (IL)-6, IL-1β, and tumor necrosis factor-α production and increased the expression of active caspase-3 and Bax in the liver (p<0.05). Mechanistically, metformin suppressed the activation of toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4)/NF-κB signaling (p<0.05), resulting in a decreased inflammatory response and apoptosis. Conclusion Our findings demonstrated that metformin attenuated ischemia/reperfusion injury in fatty liver disease via the TLR4/NF-κB axis, suggesting that metformin could have potential therapeutic applications in ischemia/reperfusion injury associated with liver transplantation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaohua Li
- Department of General Surgery, Affiliated Hospital of Jiujiang University Jiangxi, China
| | - Liangliang Wang
- Department of Pathology, Affiliated Hospital of Jiujiang University, Jiangxi, China
| | - Xiaoguang Yang
- Department of Ultrasonic, Affiliated Hospital of Jiujiang University, Jiangxi, China
| | - Chunyan Huang
- Department of Hospitality, Affiliated Hospital of Jiujiang University, Jiangxi, China
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Zhao L, Ma R, Zhang L, Yuan X, Wu J, He L, Liu G, Du R. Inhibition of HIF-1a-mediated TLR4 activation decreases apoptosis and promotes angiogenesis of placental microvascular endothelial cells during severe pre-eclampsia pathogenesis. Placenta 2019; 83:8-16. [PMID: 31477211 DOI: 10.1016/j.placenta.2019.06.375] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2019] [Revised: 06/12/2019] [Accepted: 06/14/2019] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Hypoxia-induced factor 1a (HIF-1a) and Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) are involved in pre-eclampsia (PE) pathogenesis. However, little is known about their relationships. This study aimed to investigate the interaction of HIF-1a and TLR4 in PE pathogenesis. METHODS The expression of HIF-1a and TLR4 were analyzed by qRT-PCR. Celluar PE model was established by hypoxia/reoxygenation treatment of human placental microvascular endothelial cells (hPMEC). Cell proliferation, apoptosis, invasion and migration were analyzed by CCK-8, flow cytometry, Transwell and scratch adhesion test, respectively. Angiogenesis was performed by tube formation, Ang-1 in culture supernatant was analyzed by ELISA. RESULTS HIF-1a and TLR4 expression were significantly elevated in placental tissues from early-onset and late-onset severe pre-eclampsia patients compared with control, with increased Bax, TRIF and PUMA, and decreased Bcl-2 and VEGFA; Down-regulation of HIF-1a expression decreased TLR4 expression, promoted proliferation, invasion, migration and angiogenesis but suppressed apoptosis in cellular model. In addition, silencing HIF-1a and TAK232 treatment synergically promoted some more proliferation, invasion, migration and angiogenesis but suppressed apoptosis in cellular model. CONCLUSION HIF-1a could promote hPMEC apoptosis by regulating TLR4 expression during PE pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lina Zhao
- Department of Obstetrics, Guangdong Woman and Children Hospital, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Ruixia Ma
- Department of Obstetrics, Guangdong Woman and Children Hospital, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Li Zhang
- Department of Obstetrics, Guangdong Woman and Children Hospital, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Xiaolan Yuan
- Department of Obstetrics, Guangdong Woman and Children Hospital, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Jinhua Wu
- Department of Obstetrics, Guangdong Woman and Children Hospital, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Lirong He
- Department of Obstetrics, Guangdong Woman and Children Hospital, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Guocheng Liu
- Department of Obstetrics, Guangdong Woman and Children Hospital, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China.
| | - Rui Du
- Depaertment of Pathology, Guangdong Woman and Children Hospital, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China.
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Li X, Feng D, Chen G. An Update On Medical Treatment for Intracerebral Hemorrhage. Transl Stroke Res 2018; 9:10.1007/s12975-018-0664-5. [PMID: 30206812 DOI: 10.1007/s12975-018-0664-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2018] [Accepted: 09/04/2018] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Xiang Li
- Department of Neurosurgery & Brain and Nerve Research Laboratory, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, 188 Shizi Street, Suzhou, 215006, China
| | - Dongxia Feng
- Department of Neurosurgery, Baylor Scott & White Medical Center, Texas A&M University College of Medicine, Temple, 76508, USA
| | - Gang Chen
- Department of Neurosurgery & Brain and Nerve Research Laboratory, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, 188 Shizi Street, Suzhou, 215006, China.
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Early TLR4 Blockade Attenuates Sterile Inflammation-mediated Stress in Islets During Isolation and Promotes Successful Transplant Outcomes. Transplantation 2018; 102:1505-1513. [DOI: 10.1097/tp.0000000000002287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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Biochemical targets of drugs mitigating oxidative stress via redox-independent mechanisms. Biochem Soc Trans 2017; 45:1225-1252. [PMID: 29101309 DOI: 10.1042/bst20160473] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2017] [Revised: 09/24/2017] [Accepted: 09/26/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Acute or chronic oxidative stress plays an important role in many pathologies. Two opposite approaches are typically used to prevent the damage induced by reactive oxygen and nitrogen species (RONS), namely treatment either with antioxidants or with weak oxidants that up-regulate endogenous antioxidant mechanisms. This review discusses options for the third pharmacological approach, namely amelioration of oxidative stress by 'redox-inert' compounds, which do not inactivate RONS but either inhibit the basic mechanisms leading to their formation (i.e. inflammation) or help cells to cope with their toxic action. The present study describes biochemical targets of many drugs mitigating acute oxidative stress in animal models of ischemia-reperfusion injury or N-acetyl-p-aminophenol overdose. In addition to the pro-inflammatory molecules, the targets of mitigating drugs include protein kinases and transcription factors involved in regulation of energy metabolism and cell life/death balance, proteins regulating mitochondrial permeability transition, proteins involved in the endoplasmic reticulum stress and unfolded protein response, nuclear receptors such as peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors, and isoprenoid synthesis. The data may help in identification of oxidative stress mitigators that will be effective in human disease on top of the current standard of care.
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