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Gananandan K, Wiese S, Møller S, Mookerjee RP. Cardiac dysfunction in patients with cirrhosis and acute decompensation. Liver Int 2024; 44:1832-1841. [PMID: 38712826 DOI: 10.1111/liv.15896] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2024] [Revised: 02/25/2024] [Accepted: 03/04/2024] [Indexed: 05/08/2024]
Abstract
The prevalence of cirrhotic cardiomyopathy (CCM) has been reported as high as 60%-70% in patients with liver cirrhosis and is associated with various negative outcomes. There has been a growing understanding of CCM over recent years. Indeed, the development of imaging techniques has enabled new diagnostic criteria to be proposed by the Cirrhotic Cardiomyopathy Consortium. However, important unanswered questions remain over pathophysiological mechanisms, optimal diagnostic modalities and potential treatment options. While there has been an increasing volume of literature evaluating CCM, there is a lack of clarity on its implications in acute decompensation, acute-on-chronic liver failure and following interventions such as transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunt insertion and liver transplantation. This review aims to summarise the literature in these challenging domains and suggest where future research should focus. We conclude that systemic inflammation and structural myocardial changes are likely to be crucial in the pathophysiology of the disease, but the relative contribution of different components remains elusive. Furthermore, future studies need to use standardised diagnostic criteria for CCM as well as incorporate newer imaging techniques assessing both myocardial structure and function. Finally, while specific treatments are currently lacking, therapeutics targeting systemic inflammation, microbial dysbiosis and bacterial translocation are promising targets and warrant further research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kohilan Gananandan
- Liver Failure Group, Institute for Liver and Digestive Health, University College London, London, UK
| | - Signe Wiese
- Centre of Functional Imaging and Research, Department of Clinical Physiology and Nuclear Medicine, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Gastroenterology Unit, Medical Division, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Søren Møller
- Centre of Functional Imaging and Research, Department of Clinical Physiology and Nuclear Medicine, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Rajeshwar P Mookerjee
- Liver Failure Group, Institute for Liver and Digestive Health, University College London, London, UK
- Department of Hepatology and Gastroenterology, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark
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2
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Bläsius K, Ludwig L, Knapp S, Flaßhove C, Sonnabend F, Keller D, Tacken N, Gao X, Kahveci-Türköz S, Grannemann C, Babendreyer A, Adrain C, Huth S, Baron JM, Ludwig A, Düsterhöft S. Pathological mutations reveal the key role of the cytosolic iRhom2 N-terminus for phosphorylation-independent 14-3-3 interaction and ADAM17 binding, stability, and activity. Cell Mol Life Sci 2024; 81:102. [PMID: 38409522 PMCID: PMC10896983 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-024-05132-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2023] [Accepted: 01/15/2024] [Indexed: 02/28/2024]
Abstract
The protease ADAM17 plays an important role in inflammation and cancer and is regulated by iRhom2. Mutations in the cytosolic N-terminus of human iRhom2 cause tylosis with oesophageal cancer (TOC). In mice, partial deletion of the N-terminus results in a curly hair phenotype (cub). These pathological consequences are consistent with our findings that iRhom2 is highly expressed in keratinocytes and in oesophageal cancer. Cub and TOC are associated with hyperactivation of ADAM17-dependent EGFR signalling. However, the underlying molecular mechanisms are not understood. We have identified a non-canonical, phosphorylation-independent 14-3-3 interaction site that encompasses all known TOC mutations. Disruption of this site dysregulates ADAM17 activity. The larger cub deletion also includes the TOC site and thus also dysregulated ADAM17 activity. The cub deletion, but not the TOC mutation, also causes severe reductions in stimulated shedding, binding, and stability of ADAM17, demonstrating the presence of additional regulatory sites in the N-terminus of iRhom2. Overall, this study contrasts the TOC and cub mutations, illustrates their different molecular consequences, and reveals important key functions of the iRhom2 N-terminus in regulating ADAM17.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katharina Bläsius
- Institute of Molecular Pharmacology, Medical Faculty, RWTH Aachen University, Wendlingweg 2, 52074, Aachen, Germany
| | - Lena Ludwig
- Institute of Molecular Pharmacology, Medical Faculty, RWTH Aachen University, Wendlingweg 2, 52074, Aachen, Germany
| | - Sarah Knapp
- Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Medical Faculty, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
| | - Charlotte Flaßhove
- Institute of Molecular Pharmacology, Medical Faculty, RWTH Aachen University, Wendlingweg 2, 52074, Aachen, Germany
| | - Friederike Sonnabend
- Institute of Molecular Pharmacology, Medical Faculty, RWTH Aachen University, Wendlingweg 2, 52074, Aachen, Germany
| | - Diandra Keller
- Institute of Molecular Pharmacology, Medical Faculty, RWTH Aachen University, Wendlingweg 2, 52074, Aachen, Germany
| | - Nikola Tacken
- Institute of Molecular Pharmacology, Medical Faculty, RWTH Aachen University, Wendlingweg 2, 52074, Aachen, Germany
| | - Xintong Gao
- Institute of Molecular Pharmacology, Medical Faculty, RWTH Aachen University, Wendlingweg 2, 52074, Aachen, Germany
| | - Selcan Kahveci-Türköz
- Institute of Molecular Pharmacology, Medical Faculty, RWTH Aachen University, Wendlingweg 2, 52074, Aachen, Germany
| | - Caroline Grannemann
- Institute of Molecular Pharmacology, Medical Faculty, RWTH Aachen University, Wendlingweg 2, 52074, Aachen, Germany
| | - Aaron Babendreyer
- Institute of Molecular Pharmacology, Medical Faculty, RWTH Aachen University, Wendlingweg 2, 52074, Aachen, Germany
| | - Colin Adrain
- Patrick G Johnston Centre for Cancer Research, Queen's University, Belfast, Northern Ireland
| | - Sebastian Huth
- Department of Dermatology and Allergology, Medical Faculty, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
| | - Jens Malte Baron
- Department of Dermatology and Allergology, Medical Faculty, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
| | - Andreas Ludwig
- Institute of Molecular Pharmacology, Medical Faculty, RWTH Aachen University, Wendlingweg 2, 52074, Aachen, Germany
| | - Stefan Düsterhöft
- Institute of Molecular Pharmacology, Medical Faculty, RWTH Aachen University, Wendlingweg 2, 52074, Aachen, Germany.
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3
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Jiang S, Yang H, Sun Z, Zhang Y, Li Y, Li J. The basis of complications in the context of SARS-CoV-2 infection: Pathological activation of ADAM17. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2023; 679:37-46. [PMID: 37666046 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2023.08.063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2023] [Revised: 08/24/2023] [Accepted: 08/30/2023] [Indexed: 09/06/2023]
Abstract
The virulence of SARS-CoV-2 decreases with increasing infectivity, the primary approaches for antiviral treatments will be preventing or minimizing the complications resulting from virus infection. ADAM metallopeptidase domain 17 (ADAM17) activation by SARS-CoV-2 infection has a dual effect on the development of the disease: increased release of inflammatory cytokines and dysregulation of Angiotensin converting enzyme II (ACE2) on cell surfaces, inflammatory cytokine infiltration and loss of ACE2 protective function lead to a significant increase in the incidence of related complications. Importantly, pathologically activated ADAM17 showed superior features than S protein in regulating ACE2 expression and participating in the intra cellular replication of SARS-CoV-2. In short, SARS-CoV-2 elicits only a limited immune response when it promotes its own replication and pathogenicity through ADAM17. Therefore, the pathological activation of ADAM17 may also represent a diminished innate antiviral defense and an altered strategy of SARS-CoV-2 infection. In this review, we summarized recent advances in our understanding of the pathophysiology of ADAM17, with a focus on the new findings that SARS-CoV-2 affects ADAM17 expression through Furin protein converting enzyme and Mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathway, and raises the hypothesis that SARS-CoV-2 may mediates the pathological activation of ADAM17 by hijacking the actin regulatory pathway, and discussed the underlying biological principles.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Hao Yang
- Zunyi Medical University Guizhou, China
| | | | - Yi Zhang
- Zunyi Medical University Guizhou, China
| | - Yan Li
- Zunyi Medical University Guizhou, China
| | - Jida Li
- Zunyi Medical University Guizhou, China; Key Laboratory of Maternal & Child Health and Exposure Science of Guizhou Higher Education Institutes, Zunyi, Guizhou, China.
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4
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Yan H, Wu J, Yan H. iRHOM2 regulates inflammation and endothelial barrier permeability via CX3CL1. Exp Ther Med 2023; 26:319. [PMID: 37273752 PMCID: PMC10236134 DOI: 10.3892/etm.2023.12018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2022] [Accepted: 02/16/2023] [Indexed: 06/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Acute lung injury (ALI) is associated with increased lung inflammation and lung permeability. The present study aimed to determine the role of inactive rhomboid-like protein 2 (iRHOM2) in ALI in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced pulmonary microvascular endothelial cell model. Human pulmonary microvascular endothelial cells (HPMVECs) were transfected with small interfering RNA targeting iRHOM2 and C-X3-C motif chemokine ligand 1 (CX3CL1) overexpression plasmids and treated with LPS. Cell viability was detected using a Cell Counting Kit-8 assay, while levels of TNFα, IL-1β, IL-6 and p65 were measured by reverse transcription-quantitative PCR and western blotting. Apoptosis levels were measured using a TUNEL assay. Endothelial barrier permeability was detected, followed by analysis of zonula occludens-1, vascular endothelial-cadherin and occludin by immunofluorescence staining or western blotting. The interaction of iRHOM2 and CX3CL1 was analyzed using an immune-coprecipitation assay. Through bioinformatics analysis, it was found that CX3CL1 was upregulated in the LPS group compared with the control. Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes pathway analysis demonstrated that the TNF signaling pathway affected by iRHOM2 and cytokine-cytokine receptor interaction, including CX3CL1, served a key role in ALI. HPMVECs treated with LPS exhibited a decrease in cell viability and an increase in inflammation, apoptosis and endothelial barrier permeability, while these effects were reversed by iRHOM2 silencing. However, CX3CL1 overexpression inhibited the effects of iRHOM2 silencing on LPS-treated HPMVECs. The present study demonstrated a novel role of iRHOM2 as a regulator that affects inflammation, apoptosis and endothelial barrier permeability; this was associated with CX3CL1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huiyuan Yan
- Department of Internal Medicine, Children's Hospital of Fudan University, Shanghai 201102, P.R. China
| | - Junsong Wu
- Medical College, Qinghai University, Xining, Qinghai 810016, P.R. China
| | - Huilian Yan
- Fenyang College, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, Shanxi 030604, P.R. China
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5
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Geesala R, Issuree PD, Maretzky T. The Role of iRhom2 in Metabolic and Cardiovascular-Related Disorders. Front Cardiovasc Med 2020; 7:612808. [PMID: 33330676 PMCID: PMC7732453 DOI: 10.3389/fcvm.2020.612808] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2020] [Accepted: 10/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Chronic obesity is associated with metabolic imbalance leading to diabetes, dyslipidemia, and cardiovascular diseases (CVDs), in which inflammation is caused by exposure to inflammatory stimuli, such as accumulating sphingolipid ceramides or intracellular stress. This inflammatory response is likely to be prolonged by the effects of dietary and blood cholesterol, thereby leading to chronic low-grade inflammation and endothelial dysfunction. Elevated levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines such as tumor necrosis factor (TNF) are predictive of CVDs and have been widely studied for potential therapeutic strategies. The release of TNF is controlled by a disintegrin and metalloprotease (ADAM) 17 and both are positively associated with CVDs. ADAM17 also cleaves most of the ligands of the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) which have been associated with hypertension, atherogenesis, vascular dysfunction, and cardiac remodeling. The inactive rhomboid protein 2 (iRhom2) regulates the ADAM17-dependent shedding of TNF in immune cells. In addition, iRhom2 also regulates the ADAM17-mediated cleavage of EGFR ligands such as amphiregulin and heparin-binding EGF-like growth factor. Targeting iRhom2 has recently become a possible alternative therapeutic strategy in chronic inflammatory diseases such as lupus nephritis and rheumatoid arthritis. However, what role this intriguing interacting partner of ADAM17 plays in the vasculature and how it functions in the pathologies of obesity and associated CVDs, are exciting questions that are only beginning to be elucidated. In this review, we discuss the role of iRhom2 in cardiovascular-related pathologies such as atherogenesis and obesity by providing an evaluation of known iRhom2-dependent cellular and inflammatory pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ramasatyaveni Geesala
- Inflammation Program, Department of Internal Medicine, Roy J. and Lucille A. Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, United States
| | - Priya D Issuree
- Inflammation Program, Department of Internal Medicine, Roy J. and Lucille A. Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, United States
| | - Thorsten Maretzky
- Inflammation Program, Department of Internal Medicine, Roy J. and Lucille A. Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, United States.,Department of Internal Medicine, Holden Comprehensive Cancer Center, Roy J. and Lucille A. Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, United States
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6
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Adrain C, Cavadas M. The complex life of rhomboid pseudoproteases. FEBS J 2020; 287:4261-4283. [DOI: 10.1111/febs.15548] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2020] [Revised: 08/18/2020] [Accepted: 08/31/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Colin Adrain
- Instituto Gulbenkian de Ciência (IGC) Oeiras Portugal
- Centre for Cancer Research and Cell Biology Queen's University Belfast UK
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7
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Hu H, Fu Y, Li M, Xia H, Liu Y, Sun X, Hu Y, Song F, Cheng X, Li P, Wu Y. Interleukin-35 pretreatment attenuates lipopolysaccharide-induced heart injury by inhibition of inflammation, apoptosis and fibrotic reactions. Int Immunopharmacol 2020; 86:106725. [PMID: 32679538 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2020.106725] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2020] [Revised: 06/07/2020] [Accepted: 06/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Previous studies have demonstrated that targeting inflammation is a promising strategy for treating lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced sepsis and related heart injury. Interleukin-35 (IL-35), which consists of two subunits, Epstein-Barr virus-induced gene 3 (EBI3) and p35, is an immunosuppressive cytokine of the IL-12 family and exhibits strong anti-inflammatory activity. However, the role of IL-35 in LPS-induced heart injury reains obscure. In this study, we explored the role of IL-35 in heart injury induced by LPS and its potential mechanisms. Mice were treated with a plasmid encoding IL-35 (pIL-35) and then injected intraperitoneally (ip) with LPS (10 mg/kg). Cardiac function was assessed by echocardiography 12 h later. LPS apparently decreased the expression of EBI3 and p35 and caused cardiac dysfunction and pathological changes, which were significantly improved by pIL-35 pretreatment. Moreover, pIL-35 pretreatment significantly decreased the levels of cardiac proinflammatory cytokines including TNF-α, IL-6, and IL-1β, and the NLRP3 inflammasome. Furthermore, decreased number of apoptotic myocardial cells, increased BCL-2 levels and decreased BAX levels inhibited apoptosis, and LPS-induced upregulation of the expression of cardiac pro-fibrotic genes (MMP2 and MMP9) and fibrotic factor (Collagen type I) was inhibited. Further investigation indicated that pIL-35 pretreatment might suppressed the activation of the cardiac NF-κBp65 and TGF-β1/Smad2/3 signaling pathways in LPS-treated mice. Similar cardioprotective effects of IL-35 pretreatment were observed in mouse myocardial fibroblasts challenged with LPS in vitro. In summary, IL-35 pretreatment can attenuate cardiac inflammation, apoptosis, and fibrotic reactions induced by LPS, implicating IL-35 as a promising therapeutic target in sepsis-related cardiac injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huan Hu
- Department of Cardiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang 330006, China
| | - Yang Fu
- Department of Cardiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang 330006, China
| | - Meng Li
- Department of Cardiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang 330006, China
| | - Huasong Xia
- Department of Cardiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang 330006, China
| | - Yue Liu
- Department of Cardiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang 330006, China
| | - Xiaopei Sun
- Department of Cardiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang 330006, China
| | - Yang Hu
- Department of Cardiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang 330006, China
| | - Fulin Song
- Department of Cardiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang 330006, China
| | - Xiaoshu Cheng
- Department of Cardiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang 330006, China
| | - Ping Li
- Department of Cardiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang 330006, China
| | - Yanqing Wu
- Department of Cardiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang 330006, China.
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8
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Kitamoto S, Nagao-Kitamoto H, Jiao Y, Gillilland MG, Hayashi A, Imai J, Sugihara K, Miyoshi M, Brazil JC, Kuffa P, Hill BD, Rizvi SM, Wen F, Bishu S, Inohara N, Eaton KA, Nusrat A, Lei YL, Giannobile WV, Kamada N. The Intermucosal Connection between the Mouth and Gut in Commensal Pathobiont-Driven Colitis. Cell 2020; 182:447-462.e14. [PMID: 32758418 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2020.05.048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 312] [Impact Index Per Article: 78.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2019] [Revised: 04/22/2020] [Accepted: 05/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
The precise mechanism by which oral infection contributes to the pathogenesis of extra-oral diseases remains unclear. Here, we report that periodontal inflammation exacerbates gut inflammation in vivo. Periodontitis leads to expansion of oral pathobionts, including Klebsiella and Enterobacter species, in the oral cavity. Amassed oral pathobionts are ingested and translocate to the gut, where they activate the inflammasome in colonic mononuclear phagocytes, triggering inflammation. In parallel, periodontitis results in generation of oral pathobiont-reactive Th17 cells in the oral cavity. Oral pathobiont-reactive Th17 cells are imprinted with gut tropism and migrate to the inflamed gut. When in the gut, Th17 cells of oral origin can be activated by translocated oral pathobionts and cause development of colitis, but they are not activated by gut-resident microbes. Thus, oral inflammation, such as periodontitis, exacerbates gut inflammation by supplying the gut with both colitogenic pathobionts and pathogenic T cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sho Kitamoto
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Hiroko Nagao-Kitamoto
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Yizu Jiao
- Department of Pathology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA; Department of Periodontics and Oral Medicine, University of Michigan School of Dentistry, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Merritt G Gillilland
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Atsushi Hayashi
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA; Research Laboratory, Miyarisan Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Tokyo, Japan
| | - Jin Imai
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Kohei Sugihara
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Mao Miyoshi
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | | | - Peter Kuffa
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Brett D Hill
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Syed M Rizvi
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Fei Wen
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Shrinivas Bishu
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Naohiro Inohara
- Department of Pathology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Kathryn A Eaton
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Asma Nusrat
- Department of Pathology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Yu L Lei
- Department of Periodontics and Oral Medicine, University of Michigan School of Dentistry, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - William V Giannobile
- Department of Periodontics and Oral Medicine, University of Michigan School of Dentistry, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Nobuhiko Kamada
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA.
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Dulloo I, Muliyil S, Freeman M. The molecular, cellular and pathophysiological roles of iRhom pseudoproteases. Open Biol 2020; 9:190003. [PMID: 30890028 PMCID: PMC6451368 DOI: 10.1098/rsob.190003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
iRhom proteins are catalytically inactive relatives of rhomboid intramembrane proteases. There is a rapidly growing body of evidence that these pseudoenzymes have a central function in regulating inflammatory and growth factor signalling and consequent roles in many diseases. iRhom pseudoproteases have evolved new domains from their proteolytic ancestors, which are integral to their modular regulation and functions. Although we cannot yet conclude the full extent of their molecular and cellular mechanisms, there is a clearly emerging theme that they regulate the stability and trafficking of other membrane proteins. In the best understood case, iRhoms act as regulatory cofactors of the ADAM17 protease, controlling its function of shedding cytokines and growth factors. It seems likely that as the involvement of iRhoms in human diseases is increasingly recognized, they will become the focus of pharmaceutical interest, and here we discuss what is known about their molecular mechanisms and relevance in known pathologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iqbal Dulloo
- Dunn School of Pathology, University of Oxford , South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3RE , UK
| | - Sonia Muliyil
- Dunn School of Pathology, University of Oxford , South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3RE , UK
| | - Matthew Freeman
- Dunn School of Pathology, University of Oxford , South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3RE , UK
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10
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Xu MX, Ge CX, Qin YT, Gu TT, Lou DS, Li Q, Hu LF, Tan J. Multicombination Approach Suppresses Listeria monocytogenes-Induced Septicemia-Associated Acute Hepatic Failure: The Role of iRhom2 Signaling. Adv Healthc Mater 2018; 7:e1800427. [PMID: 29944201 DOI: 10.1002/adhm.201800427] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2018] [Revised: 05/26/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
The mortality rate of acute liver failure significantly increases due to fatal septicemia. Inactive rhomboid protein 2 (iRhom2) is an essential regulator of shedding TNF-α by trafficking with TNF-α converting enzyme (TACE). Fisetin, a flavonoid present in various fruits and plants, possesses anti-oxidative stress and anti-inflammatory activities. Here, multi-combination nanoparticles Fe@Au conjugated with fisetin, iRhom2 small interfering RNA (siRNA), and TNF-α inhibitor (FN) are prepared to examine their effects on fatal septicemia-associated hepatic failure induced by Listeria monocytogenes (LM) in mice and to reveal the underlying mechanisms. After LM infection, upregulation of glutamic-oxalacetic transaminease, glutamic-pyruvic transaminase, alkaline phosphatase, TNF-α, malondialdehyde, H2 O2 , and O2- is observedcompared to FN-treated mice. The iRhom2/TACE/TNF-α signals are enhanced in vivo and in vitro, resulting in oxidative stress, which is especially associated with the activation of kupffer cells and other macrophages. Decrease in Nrf2 activation and increase of inflammation-associated regulators are also noted in vivo and in vitro. Furthermore, overexpression of TNF-α derived from macrophages aggravates hepatic failure. Inversely, the processes above are restored by FN nanoparticles through the regulation of the iRhom2/TACE/TNF-α axis and Nrf2 activation. These findings suggest that FN may be a potential approach to protect against bacterial septicemia-related diseases by targeting iRhom2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min-Xuan Xu
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Medicinal Resources in the Three Gorges Reservoir Region; School of Biological and Chemical Engineering; Chongqing University of Education; Chongqing 400067 P. R. China
- Research Center of Brain Intellectual Promotion and Development for Children Aged 0-6 Years; Chongqing University of Education; Chongqing 400067 P. R. China
| | - Chen-Xu Ge
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Medicinal Resources in the Three Gorges Reservoir Region; School of Biological and Chemical Engineering; Chongqing University of Education; Chongqing 400067 P. R. China
- Research Center of Brain Intellectual Promotion and Development for Children Aged 0-6 Years; Chongqing University of Education; Chongqing 400067 P. R. China
| | - Yu-Ting Qin
- School of Medicine and Pharmacy; Ocean University of China; Qingdao 266100 P. R. China
| | - Ting-Ting Gu
- College of Engineering and Applied Sciences; Nanjing University; Nanjing 210023 P. R. China
| | - De-Shuai Lou
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Medicinal Resources in the Three Gorges Reservoir Region; School of Biological and Chemical Engineering; Chongqing University of Education; Chongqing 400067 P. R. China
- Research Center of Brain Intellectual Promotion and Development for Children Aged 0-6 Years; Chongqing University of Education; Chongqing 400067 P. R. China
| | - Qiang Li
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Medicinal Resources in the Three Gorges Reservoir Region; School of Biological and Chemical Engineering; Chongqing University of Education; Chongqing 400067 P. R. China
- Research Center of Brain Intellectual Promotion and Development for Children Aged 0-6 Years; Chongqing University of Education; Chongqing 400067 P. R. China
| | - Lin-Feng Hu
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Medicinal Resources in the Three Gorges Reservoir Region; School of Biological and Chemical Engineering; Chongqing University of Education; Chongqing 400067 P. R. China
- Research Center of Brain Intellectual Promotion and Development for Children Aged 0-6 Years; Chongqing University of Education; Chongqing 400067 P. R. China
| | - Jun Tan
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Medicinal Resources in the Three Gorges Reservoir Region; School of Biological and Chemical Engineering; Chongqing University of Education; Chongqing 400067 P. R. China
- Research Center of Brain Intellectual Promotion and Development for Children Aged 0-6 Years; Chongqing University of Education; Chongqing 400067 P. R. China
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Zhang WB, Zhang HY, Zhang Q, Jiao FZ, Zhang H, Wang LW, Gong ZJ. Glutamine ameliorates lipopolysaccharide-induced cardiac dysfunction by regulating the toll-like receptor 4/mitogen-activated protein kinase/nuclear factor-kB signaling pathway. Exp Ther Med 2017; 14:5825-5832. [PMID: 29285127 PMCID: PMC5740782 DOI: 10.3892/etm.2017.5324] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2017] [Accepted: 08/24/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The inflammatory response of sepsis induced by lipopolysaccharide (LPS) may result in irreversible cardiac dysfunction. Glutamine (GLN) has a multitude of pharmacological effects, including anti-inflammatory abilities. Previous studies have reported that GLN attenuated LPS-induced acute lung injury and intestinal mucosal injury. The present study investigated whether GLN exerts potential protective effects on LPS-induced cardiac dysfunction. Male Sprague-Dawley rats were divided into three groups (15 rats per group), including the control (saline-treated), LPS and LPS+GLN groups. Pretreatment with 1 g/kg GLN was provided via gavage for 5 days in the LPS+GLN group, while the control and LPS groups received the same volume of normal saline. On day 6, a cardiac dysfunction model was induced by administration of LPS (10 mg/kg). After 24 h, the cardiac functions of the rats that survived were detected by echocardiography and catheter-based measurements. The serum levels of tumor necrosis factor α (TNF-α), interleukin (IL)-1β and IL-6 were detected by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, while the mRNA levels of toll-like receptor (TLR)4, TNF-α, IL-1β and IL-6 were examined by reverse transcription-quantitative polymerase chain reaction. The protein expression of TLR4, mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) and nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) were also determined by western blot analysis. The results of echocardiography and catheter-based measurements revealed that GLN treatment attenuated cardiac dysfunction. GLN treatment also attenuated the serum and mRNA levels of the pro-inflammatory cytokines. In addition, the protein levels of TLR4, phosphorylated (p-)extracellular signal-regulated kinase, p-c-Jun N-terminal kinase and p-P38 were reduced upon GLN pretreatment. Furthermore, GLN pretreatment resulted in decreased activation of the NF-κB signaling pathway. In conclusion, GLN has a potential therapeutic effect in the protection against cardiac dysfunction mediated by sepsis through regulating the TLR4/MAPK/NF-κB signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen-Bin Zhang
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei 430060, P.R. China
| | - Hai-Yue Zhang
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei 430060, P.R. China
| | - Qian Zhang
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei 430060, P.R. China
| | - Fang-Zhou Jiao
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei 430060, P.R. China
| | - Hong Zhang
- Department of Pharmacy, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei 430060, P.R. China
| | - Lu-Wen Wang
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei 430060, P.R. China
| | - Zuo-Jiong Gong
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei 430060, P.R. China
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Zou Y, Xiong JB, Ma K, Wang AZ, Qian KJ. Rac2 deficiency attenuates CCl 4-induced liver injury through suppressing inflammation and oxidative stress. Biomed Pharmacother 2017; 94:140-149. [PMID: 28759751 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2017.07.074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2017] [Revised: 06/25/2017] [Accepted: 07/17/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Oxidative stress is a leading cause to liver injury. Rac2 is a Ras-associated guanosine triphosphatase, an important molecule modulating a large number of cells and involved in the regulation of reactive oxygen species (ROS). For the study described here, we supposed that Rac2 knockout protects mice against CCl4-induced acute liver injury. We found that Rac2 expressed highly in CCl4-induced liver tissues. CCl4-treated Rac2 knockout (Rac2-/-) mice had reduced CD24 levels and steatosis. In addition, CCl4-induced high expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines and chemokine were reversed by Rac2 deficiency compared to CCl4-treated wild type (WT) mice. We also found that fibrosis-related signals of MMP-9, MMP-2 and TGF-β1 were also down-regulated in Rac2 knockout mice induced by CCl4. Significantly, oxidative stress induced by CCl4 was also suppressed owing to the lack of Rac2, evidenced by enhanced superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity, and reduced malondialdehyde (MDA) levels, superoxide radical, H2O2, xanthine oxidase (XO), xanthine dehydrogenase (XDH) and XO/XDH ratio. Moreover, c-Jun N-terminal protein kinase mitogen-activated protein kinases (JNK MAPK) was activated by CCl4, which was reversed in the liver of Rac2-/- mice through western blot and immunohistochemical analysis. In vitro, endotoxin (LPS) was treated to hepatocytes isolated from WT mice and Rac2-/- mice. The data further confirmed the role of Rac2 deficiency suppressed pro-inflammatory cytokines and chemokine, as well as fibrosis-related signals. Of note, production of ROS induced by LPS was reduced in Rac2-/- cells, accompanied with enhanced SOD1, SOD2 and reduced XO and phosphorylated-JNK expressions. Our results indicated that Rac2 played an essential role in acute liver injury induced by CCl4, providing the compelling information of the effects of Rac2 on liver injury, and revealing a novel regulatory mechanism for acute liver injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Zou
- Department of Intensive Care Medicine, Shanghai Jiaotong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital, No. 222 Huanhuxisan Road, Pudong, Shanghai 201306, China
| | - Ji-Bin Xiong
- Department of Hyperbaric Oxygen Therapy, Shanghai Jiaotong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital, No. 222 Huanhuxisan Road, Pudong, Shanghai 201306, China
| | - Ke Ma
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Shanghai Jiaotong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital, No. 222 Huanhuxisan Road, Pudong, Shanghai 201306, China
| | - Ai-Zhong Wang
- Department of Anesthesiology, Shanghai Jiaotong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital, No. 222 Huanhuxisan Road, Pudong, Shanghai 201306, China
| | - Ke-Jian Qian
- Department of Intensive Care Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang 330006, China.
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13
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Luo WW, Shu HB. Emerging roles of rhomboid-like pseudoproteases in inflammatory and innate immune responses. FEBS Lett 2017; 591:3182-3189. [PMID: 28815577 DOI: 10.1002/1873-3468.12796] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2017] [Revised: 07/28/2017] [Accepted: 08/07/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Rhomboid-like pseudoproteases are a conserved superfamily of proteins related to the rhomboid intramembrane serine proteases that lack key catalytic residues. iRhom2, a member of the rhomboid-like pseudoprotease superfamily, regulates the maturation and trafficking of ADAM17 and is associated with inflammatory arthritis. Recent studies demonstrate that iRhom2 is also involved in innate immunity by regulating the trafficking and stability of MITA (also called STING), which is a central adaptor in innate antiviral signalling pathways. Here, we summarize recent progress on the roles and mechanisms of iRhom2 and its homologues in innate immunity and also discuss the links between the physiological functions of iRhoms and immunological diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei-Wei Luo
- Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China
| | - Hong-Bing Shu
- Medical Research Institute, School of Medicine, Wuhan University, China
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