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Qin S, Liu M, Tang S, Shuai E, Wang Z, Yu K, Cai W. Rapid Characterization and Action Mechanism of the Antidiabetic Effect of Diospyros lotus L Using UHPLC-Q-Exactive Orbitrap MS and Network Pharmacology. JOURNAL OF ANALYTICAL METHODS IN CHEMISTRY 2022; 2022:8000126. [PMID: 36624749 PMCID: PMC9825215 DOI: 10.1155/2022/8000126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2022] [Revised: 11/27/2022] [Accepted: 12/15/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Diospyros lotus L, F. Ebenaceae, is an edible fruit that is widely distributed in China and other Asian countries. Presently, Diospyros lotus L can be used to treat patients with diabetes; however, its chemical composition and pharmacological profiles remain to be elucidated. This study investigated the potential bioactive compounds of Diospyros lotus L and their mechanisms of action using LC-MS and network pharmacology analysis. First, the components of Diospyros lotus L were identify using a reliable strategy for UHPLC-Q-Exactive Orbitrap mass spectrometry combined with parallel reaction monitoring (PRM) in the negative ion mode. Second, a network pharmacology study, including target gene prediction and functional enrichment, was applied to screen the main quality markers of Diospyros lotus L and explore its potential mechanism for the treatment of diabetes. The results showed that a total of 159 compounds were identified from Diospyros lotus L, among which, 140 were reported for the first time. Furthermore, 40 active components, such as quercetin, luteolin, and kaempferol, were proposed as active components of Diospyros lotus L for the treatment of diabetes based on network pharmacology analysis. In addition, 92 relevant antidiabetic targets were mainly related to positive regulation of transcription from the RNA polymerase II promoter, extracellular space, and protein binding, suggesting the involvement of TNF, PI3K-Akt, and HIF-1 signaling pathways in the antidiabetic effect of Diospyros lotus L. Our results may provide a useful approach to identify potential active components and molecular mechanisms of Diospyros lotus L for the treatment of diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shihan Qin
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sino-Pakistan Center on Traditional Chinese Medicine, Hunan University of Medicine, Huaihua 418000, China
- School of Pharmacy, Weifang Medical University, Weifang 261000, China
| | - Mingjuan Liu
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sino-Pakistan Center on Traditional Chinese Medicine, Hunan University of Medicine, Huaihua 418000, China
| | - Sunv Tang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sino-Pakistan Center on Traditional Chinese Medicine, Hunan University of Medicine, Huaihua 418000, China
| | - E. Shuai
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sino-Pakistan Center on Traditional Chinese Medicine, Hunan University of Medicine, Huaihua 418000, China
- School of Pharmacy, Weifang Medical University, Weifang 261000, China
| | - Ziming Wang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sino-Pakistan Center on Traditional Chinese Medicine, Hunan University of Medicine, Huaihua 418000, China
| | - Kaiquan Yu
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sino-Pakistan Center on Traditional Chinese Medicine, Hunan University of Medicine, Huaihua 418000, China
| | - Wei Cai
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sino-Pakistan Center on Traditional Chinese Medicine, Hunan University of Medicine, Huaihua 418000, China
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Fareed N, El-Kersh DM, Youssef FS, Labib RM. Unveiling major ethnopharmacological aspects of genus Diospyros in context to its chemical diversity: A comprehensive overview. J Food Biochem 2022; 46:e14413. [PMID: 36136087 DOI: 10.1111/jfbc.14413] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2022] [Revised: 07/22/2022] [Accepted: 08/30/2022] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Diospyros species (DS), "Ebenaceae," were known for their therapeutic uses in folk medicine since days of yore. Thereafter, scientific evidence related their health benefits to a myriad of chemical classes, for instance, naphthoquinones, flavonoids, tannins, coumarins, norbergenin derivatives, sterols, secoiridoids, sesquiterpenes, diterpenoids, triterpenoids, volatile organic compounds (VOCs), and carotenoids. The available literature showed that more than 200 compounds were isolated and identified via spectroscopic techniques. Many pharmacological activities of DS have been previously described, such as antioxidant, neuroprotective, antibacterial, antiviral, antiprotozoal, antifungal, antiinflammatory, analgesic, antipyretic and cosmeceutical, investigated, and confirmed through versatile in vitro and in vivo assays. Previous studies proved that genus Diospyros is a rich reservoir of valuable bioactive compounds. However, further comparative studies among its different species are recommended for more precise natural source-based drug discovery and clinical application. Accordingly, this review is to recall the chemical abundance and diversity among different members of genus Diospyros and their ethnopharmacological and pharmacological uses. PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS: Practically, providing sufficient background on both secondary metabolites divergence and pharmacological properties of genus Diospyros has many fruitful aspects. As demonstrated below, extracts and many isolated compounds have significant curative properties, which can lead to the discovery of pharmaceutically relevant alternative substitutes to conventional medicine. Consequently, molecular docking on various receptors can be applied. On the grounds, Naoxinqing tablets, a standardized herbal product containing D. kaki leaves extract, have been patented and recorded in Chinese Pharmacopeia as an approved Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM) for the treatment of cerebro- and cardiovascular diseases, although the underlying mechanism remains under advisement. Moreover, the antimicrobial applications of DS are of considerable concern; since the widespread use of antibiotics resulted in different forms of bacterial resistance, hence, limiting and compromising effective treatment. In addition, as a result of contemporary rampant memory disorders, neuroprotective activities of different extracts of DS became of great emphasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nada Fareed
- Pharmacognosy Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, The British University in Egypt (BUE), Cairo, 11837, Egypt
| | - Dina M El-Kersh
- Pharmacognosy Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, The British University in Egypt (BUE), Cairo, 11837, Egypt
| | - Fadia S Youssef
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Ain Shams University, Abbasia, Cairo, 11566, Egypt
| | - Rola M Labib
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Ain Shams University, Abbasia, Cairo, 11566, Egypt
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Al-Awthan YS, Rauf A, Rashid U, Bawazeer S, Naz S, Bahattab O, Bawazeer S, Muhammad N, Waggas DS, Batiha GES, Shariati MA, Derkho M, Suleria HAR. Sedative-hypnotic effect and in silico study of dinaphthodiospyrols isolated from Diospyros lotus Linn. Biomed Pharmacother 2021; 140:111745. [PMID: 34020246 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2021.111745] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2021] [Revised: 05/08/2021] [Accepted: 05/13/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Traditionally, Diospyros lotus Linn is used for insomnia and other associated disorders. Insomnia is a worldwide disorder with different etiology which is treated with different synthetic medicine associated with addiction. Natural products are generally devoid of such addition with good efficacy. Current research was conducted to evaluate the sedative and hypnotic effects of dimeric naphthoquinones such as dinaphthodiospyrol A (1), dinaphthodiospyrol B (2), dinaphthodiospyrol C (3), dinaphthodiospyrol D (4), dinaphthodiospyrol E (5) and dinaphthodiospyrol F (6) isolated from the chloroform fractions of D. lotus. The sedative and hypnotic effects at the dose of 5 and 10 mg/kg (each compound) were assessed through open field and phenobarbital induced sleep test, respectively. In the case of open field test the administration of tested compounds significantly hindered the movement of animals, while in case of hypnotic effect the tested samples significantly improved the onset and duration of sleep as compared to control. The overall effects were in a dose dependent manner. The compounds were also assessed for acute toxicity, but no toxicity was observed. In this regard, our research triumphantly announced the strong chemical base for the folkloric values of the plant with their fringe benefits and implemented a platform for further aspects of mechanistic and clinical studies. A possible mechanism of in vivo inhibition was studied by using docking simulations on GABA receptors. Binding orientations and types of interactions revealed that a possible mechanism behind these pharmacological actions might be interaction with GABA receptors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yahya S Al-Awthan
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, University of Tabuk, Tabuk, Saudi Arabia; Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Ibb University, Ibb, Yemen
| | - Abdur Rauf
- Department of Chemistry, University of Swabi, Swabi, Anbar 23430, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa (KP), Pakistan.
| | - Umer Rashid
- Department of Chemistry, COMSATS University Islamabad, Islamabad 22060, Pakistan
| | - Sami Bawazeer
- Pharmacognosy Department, College of Pharmacy, Umm Al-Qura University, Makkah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Saima Naz
- Department of Biotechnology, Woman University Mardan, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan
| | - Omar Bahattab
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, University of Tabuk, Tabuk, Saudi Arabia
| | - Saud Bawazeer
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Umm Al-Qura University, P.O. Box 42, Makkah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Naveed Muhammad
- Department of Pharmacy, Abdul Wali Khan University Mardan, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan
| | - Dania Saad Waggas
- Department of Pharmacology, Fakeeh College for Medical Sciences, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Gaber El-Saber Batiha
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Damanhour University, Damanhour 22511, El-Beheira, Egypt
| | - Mohammad Ali Shariati
- K.G. Razumovsky Moscow State University of Technologies and Management (the First Cossack University), Moscow, Russian Federation
| | - Marina Derkho
- South-Ural State Agrarian University, Troitsk, Russian Federation
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Bawazeer S, Rauf A. In Vivo Anti-inflammatory, Analgesic, and Sedative Studies of the Extract and Naphthoquinone Isolated from Diospyros kaki (Persimmon). ACS OMEGA 2021; 6:9852-9856. [PMID: 33869965 PMCID: PMC8047645 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.1c00537] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2021] [Accepted: 03/26/2021] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
Anti-inflammatory, analgesic, and sedative medicine is used with numerous side effects, including peptic ulcer, headache, addiction, and other complications. In this regard, discovery research is undergoing a process to discover effective, safe, and economical drugs with no side effects. The aim of this study was to assess chloroform extracts and isolated compounds for anti-inflammatory, analgesic, and sedative activities in animal models. The anti-inflammatory potential was measured by using the carrageenan-induced and histamine-induced paw edema procedure, while the analgesic potential was determined using a hot plate analgesiometer. The sedative effect was observed in an animal model for screening of the locomotor effect of the extract and isolated compound 1. Our data exhibited that the extract and compound 1 attenuated carrageenan-induced and histamine-induced paw edema (93.98 and 89.54%, respectively). Furthermore, compound 1 attenuated biphasic edema associated with histamine and prostaglandins. The chloroform extract showed a moderate analgesic effect; however, compound 1 showed a significant analgesic potential (p < 0.001) by increasing the latency time of the animals in the thermally induced algesia model. Compound 1 exhibited a significant sedative effect and dose-dependent analgesic activity. It is concluded that the chloroform extract and compound 1 showed remarkable anti-inflammatory, analgesic, and sedative activities. This research work strongly rationalizes the folkloric usage of Diospyros kaki in the treatment of inflammation, pain, and insomnia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saud Bawazeer
- Department
of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Umm Al-Qura University, P.O. Box 42, Makkah 21955, Saudi Arabia
| | - Abdur Rauf
- Department
of Chemistry University of Swabi, Swabi, Anbar 23430, KPK, Pakistan
- ; . Tel.: 923469488944
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Aljohny B, Rauf A, Anwar Y, Naz S, Wadood A. Antibacterial, Antifungal, Antioxidant, and Docking Studies of Potential Dinaphthodiospyrols from Diospyros lotus Linn Roots. ACS OMEGA 2021; 6:5878-5885. [PMID: 33681626 PMCID: PMC7931376 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.0c06297] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2020] [Accepted: 02/08/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The main aims of this investigation were the isolation of dimeric naphthoquinones, a new class of dinaphthodiospyrols (1-7), from chloroform fractions and screening them for antibacterial, antifungal, and antioxidant potential. The susceptibility of the isolated compounds, namely, dinaphthodiospyrol A (1), dinaphthodiospyrol B (2), dinaphthodiospyrol C (3), dinaphthodiospyrol D (4), dinaphthodiospyrol E (5), dinaphthodiospyrol F (6), and dinaphthodiospyrol G (7) was assessed for antibacterial potential using well diffusion methods. The isolated compounds showed excellent antibacterial activity against selected bacterial strains, including Gram-positive Bacillus subtilis, Streptococcus epidermis, and Bacillus subtilis, and Gram-negative bacteria Klebsiella pneumonia with the zones of inhibition 6 to 26 nm. The standard drug Imipenem showed a maximum inhibitory zone 30 to 35 nm. Similarly, the isolated compounds were screened for antifungal properties, which showed an excellent reduction in the growth of selected fungal strain including Candida albicans, Aspergillus flavus, Fusarium solani, Trichyton logifusus, Microsporum canis , and Candida glabrata. Among all the screened compounds, 7 exhibited good activity (30-49 mm), followed by compounds 5 and 6, (35-46 mm), while compounds 1-4 showed a moderate effect (8-28 mm) against the selected fungal strain against miconazole which showed potent effects (101-110.98 mm). The isolated compounds were also screened for 1, 1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) activity. In vitro-based free radical was employed using ascorbic acid as a standard antioxidant. The tested compounds (1-7) exhibited significant antioxidant activity in a concentration-dependent manner. The dinaphthodiospyrol 7 exhibited 97.32% scavenging activity, followed by dinaphthodiospyrol 6, 92.01%, and compounds 5 and 4 with 89.90 and 88.43% scavenging activity at 100 μg/mL, respectively; ascorbic acid showed 96.45% scavenging effect. Furthermore, docking analysis was performed to know the exact binding mode of the tetra-substituted derivatives of dinaphthodiospyrols to the selected target proteins. From the docking analysis, it was found that the docking results are well correlated with the experimental observations. In conclusion, the dinaphthodiospyrols exhibited excellent antibacterial, antifungal, and free radical scavenging potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bassam
Oudh Aljohny
- Department
of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21441 Kingdom
of Saudi Arabia
| | - Abdur Rauf
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Swabi, Swabi, Ambar 23430, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa (KP), Pakistan
| | - Yasir Anwar
- Department
of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21441 Kingdom
of Saudi Arabia
| | - Saima Naz
- Department
of Biotechnology, Woman University Mardan, Mardan 23200, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa (KP), Pakistan
| | - Abdul Wadood
- Department
of Biochemistry, Abdul Wali Khan, University
Mardan, Mardan, KPK 23200 Pakistan
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Ain Q, Khan H. Pharmacological basis for sedative and hypnotic like effects of Pyrus pashia using in vivo experimental models. Int J Geriatr Psychiatry 2019; 34:1345-1350. [PMID: 30609127 DOI: 10.1002/gps.5059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2018] [Accepted: 12/19/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Pyrus pashia has traditionally been used as a therapeutic agent including sedative. In this regard, hydroethanolic extract of Pyrus pashia (HEPP) was screened for phytochemical investigation, acute toxicity, and sedative-hypnotic activity to provide a scientific rationale to its ethno-medicinal uses. METHODS Mice were used in acute toxicity test; sedative potential was observed in open field test while thiopental-induced sleeping time and barbiturate-induced sleeping time tests were used for the assessment of hypnotic like effects of HEPP. Various phytochemical groups were detected in preliminary phytochemical tests. RESULTS In acute toxicity study, the extract was found safe up to 1g/kg while the extract caused 50% death at 1500 mg/kg. In all animal models, the extract had shown sedative and hypnotic effects but the most significant effect observed at increased dose in comparison with standard diazepam-treated group. In open field test, the extract at doses of 200 and 400 mg/kg, there is mild decrease in number of lines crossed by tested animals (mice) while significant reduction shown at 600 mg/kg compared with diazepam-treated group at dose 0.5 mg/kg. In phytochemical investigation HEPP subjected to different phytochemical tests. From the thoroughly study, it is revealed that these constituents mainly participating in sedation and hypnosis. CONCLUSIONS The results of the present study showed significant sedative-hypnotic effects of the HEPP in mice and that the central benzodiazepine receptors are involved in the sedative-hypnotic effects of this plant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Quratul Ain
- Department of Pharmacy, Abdul Wali Khan University, Mardan, Pakistan
| | - Haroon Khan
- Department of Pharmacy, Abdul Wali Khan University, Mardan, Pakistan
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Ullah H, Khan H. Anti-Parkinson Potential of Silymarin: Mechanistic Insight and Therapeutic Standing. Front Pharmacol 2018; 9:422. [PMID: 29755356 PMCID: PMC5934474 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2018.00422] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2018] [Accepted: 04/11/2018] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Parkinson’s disease (PD) involves aggregation of α-synuclein and progressive loss of dopaminergic neurons. Pathogenesis of PD may also be related to one’s genetic background. PD is most common among geriatric population and approximately 1–2% of population suffers over age 65 years. Currently no successful therapies are in practice for the management of PD and available therapies tend to decrease the symptoms of PD only. Furthermore, these are associated with diverse range of adverse effects profile. The neuroprotective effects of polyphenols are widely studied and documented. Among phytochemicals, silymarin is one of the most widely used flavonoids because of its extensive therapeutic properties and has been indicated in pathological conditions of prostate, CNS, lungs, skin, liver, and pancreas. Silymarin is a mixture of flavonolignans (silybin, isosilybin, and silychristin), small amount of flavonoids (taxifolin), fatty acids, and other polyphenolic compounds extracted from the dried fruit of Silybum marianum and is clinically used for hepatoprotective effects since ancient times. Neuroprotective effects of silymarin have been studied in various models of neurological disorders such as Alzheimer’s disease, PD, and cerebral ischemia. The aim of the present study is to provide a comprehensive review of the recent literature exploring the effects of silymarin administration on the progression of PD. Reducing oxidative stress, inflammatory cytokines, altering cellular apoptosis machinery, and estrogen receptor machinery are mechanisms that are responsible for neuroprotection by silymarin, as discussed in this review. Additionally, because of poor aqueous solubility, the bioavailability of silymarin is low and only 23–47% of silymarin reaches systemic circulation after oral administration. Our primary focus is on the chemical basis of the pharmacology of silymarin in the treatment of PD and its mechanisms and possible therapeutic/clinical status while addressing the bioavailability limitation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hammad Ullah
- Department of Pharmacy, Abdul Wali Khan University Mardan, Mardan, Pakistan
| | - Haroon Khan
- Department of Pharmacy, Abdul Wali Khan University Mardan, Mardan, Pakistan
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Khan H, Marya, Amin S, Kamal MA, Patel S. Flavonoids as acetylcholinesterase inhibitors: Current therapeutic standing and future prospects. Biomed Pharmacother 2018; 101:860-870. [PMID: 29635895 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2018.03.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 140] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2017] [Revised: 03/04/2018] [Accepted: 03/05/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Acetylcholinesterase (AChE), a serine hydrolase, is primarily responsible for the termination of signal transmission in the cholinergic system, owing to its outstanding hydrolyzing potential. Its substrate acetylcholine (ACh), is a neurotransmitter of the cholinergic system, with a predominant effect on motor neurons involved in memory formation. So, by decreasing the activity of this enzyme by employment of specific inhibitors, a number of motor neuron disorders such as myasthenia gravis, glaucoma, Lewy body dementia, and Alzheimer's disease, among others, can be treated. However, the current-available AChE inhibitors have several limitations in terms of efficacy, therapeutic range, and safety. SCOPE AND APPROACH Primarily due to the non-compliance of current therapies, new, effective and safe inhibitors are being searched for, especially those which act through multiple receptor sites, but do not elicit undesirable effects. In this regard, the evaluation of phytochemicals such as flavonoids, can be a rational approach. The therapeutic potential of flavonoids has already been recognized agaisnt several ailments. This review deals with various plant-derived flavonoids, their preclinical potential as AChE inhibitors, in established assays, possible mechanisms of action, and structural activity relationship (SAR). RESULTS AND CONCLUSIONS Subsequently, a number of plant-derived flavonoids with outstanding efficacy and potency as AChE inhibitors, the mechanistic, their safety profiles, and pharmacokinetic attributes have been discussed. Through derivatization of these reported flavonoids, some limitation in efficacy or pharmacokinetic parameters can be addressed. The selected flavonoids ought to be tested in clinical studies to discover new neuro-therapeutic candidates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haroon Khan
- Department of Pharmacy, Abdul Wali Khan University, Mardan, 23200, Pakistan.
| | - Marya
- Department of Pharmacy, Abdul Wali Khan University, Mardan, 23200, Pakistan
| | - Surriya Amin
- Department of Botany, Islamia College Peshawar, Pakistan
| | - Mohammad Amjad Kamal
- King Fahd Medical Research Center, King Abdulaziz University, Saudi Arabia; Enzymoics, 7 Peterlee Place, Hebersham, NSW, 2770, Australia; Novel Global Community Educational Foundation, Australia
| | - Seema Patel
- Bioinformatics and Medical Informatics Research Center, San Diego State University, San Diego, CA, 92182, USA.
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Sedative and muscle relaxant activities of diterpenoids from Phlomidoschema parviflorum. REVISTA BRASILEIRA DE FARMACOGNOSIA-BRAZILIAN JOURNAL OF PHARMACOGNOSY 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bjp.2017.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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