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Dai J, Liu J, Shen Y, Zhang B, Li C, Liu Z. Regulation of endoplasmic reticulum stress on autophagy and apoptosis of nucleus pulposus cells in intervertebral disc degeneration and its related mechanisms. PeerJ 2024; 12:e17212. [PMID: 38666076 PMCID: PMC11044878 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.17212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2023] [Accepted: 03/19/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Intervertebral disc degeneration (IVDD) is a common and frequent disease in orthopedics, which seriously affects the quality of life of patients. Endoplasmic reticulum stress (ERS)-regulated autophagy and apoptosis play an important role in nucleus pulposus (NP) cells in IVDD. Hypoxia and serum deprivation were used to induce NP cells. Cell counting kit-8 (CCK-8) assay was used to detect cell activity and immunofluorescence (IF) was applied for the appraisement of glucose regulated protein 78 (GRP78) and green fluorescent protein (GFP)-light chain 3 (LC3). Cell apoptosis was detected by flow cytometry and the expression of LC3II/I was detected by western blot. NP cells under hypoxia and serum deprivation were induced by lipopolysaccharide (LPS), and intervened by ERS inhibitor (4-phenylbutyric acid, 4-PBA) and activator (Thapsigargin, TP). Then, above functional experiments were conducted again and western blot was employed for the evaluation of autophagy-, apoptosis and ERS-related proteins. Finally, NP cells under hypoxia and serum deprivation were stimulated by LPS and intervened using apoptosis inhibitor z-Val-Ala-DL-Asp-fluoromethyl ketone (Z-VAD-FMK) and autophagy inhibitor 3-methyladenine (3-MA). CCK-8 assay, IF, flow cytometry and western blot were performed again. Besides, the levels of inflammatory cytokines were measured with enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and the protein expressions of programmed death markers were estimated with western blot. It showed that serum deprivation induces autophagy and apoptosis. ERS was significantly activated by LPS in hypoxic and serum deprivation environment, and autophagy and apoptosis were significantly promoted. Overall, ERS affects the occurrence and development of IVDD by regulating autophagy, apoptosis and other programmed death.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiuming Dai
- Department of Orthopedics, Binhai County People’s Hospital, Yancheng, China
| | - Jin Liu
- Department of Orthopedics, Binhai County People’s Hospital, Yancheng, China
| | - Yucheng Shen
- Department of Orthopedics, Binhai County People’s Hospital, Yancheng, China
| | - Bing Zhang
- Department of Orthopedics, Binhai County People’s Hospital, Yancheng, China
| | - Chaonian Li
- Department of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Binhai County People’s Hospital, Yancheng, China
| | - Zhidong Liu
- Department of Orthopedics, Binhai County People’s Hospital, Yancheng, China
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2
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Wen ZQ, Lin J, Xie WQ, Shan YH, Zhen GH, Li YS. Insights into the underlying pathogenesis and therapeutic potential of endoplasmic reticulum stress in degenerative musculoskeletal diseases. Mil Med Res 2023; 10:54. [PMID: 37941072 PMCID: PMC10634069 DOI: 10.1186/s40779-023-00485-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2022] [Accepted: 10/09/2023] [Indexed: 11/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Degenerative musculoskeletal diseases are structural and functional failures of the musculoskeletal system, including osteoarthritis, osteoporosis, intervertebral disc degeneration (IVDD), and sarcopenia. As the global population ages, degenerative musculoskeletal diseases are becoming more prevalent. However, the pathogenesis of degenerative musculoskeletal diseases is not fully understood. Previous studies have revealed that endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress is a stress response that occurs when impairment of the protein folding capacity of the ER leads to the accumulation of misfolded or unfolded proteins in the ER, contributing to degenerative musculoskeletal diseases. By affecting cartilage degeneration, synovitis, meniscal lesion, subchondral bone remodeling of osteoarthritis, bone remodeling and angiogenesis of osteoporosis, nucleus pulposus degeneration, annulus fibrosus rupture, cartilaginous endplate degeneration of IVDD, and sarcopenia, ER stress is involved in the pathogenesis of degenerative musculoskeletal diseases. Preclinical studies have found that regulation of ER stress can delay the progression of multiple degenerative musculoskeletal diseases. These pilot studies provide foundations for further evaluation of the feasibility, efficacy, and safety of ER stress modulators in the treatment of musculoskeletal degenerative diseases in clinical trials. In this review, we have integrated up-to-date research findings of ER stress into the pathogenesis of degenerative musculoskeletal diseases. In a future perspective, we have also discussed possible directions of ER stress in the investigation of degenerative musculoskeletal disease, potential therapeutic strategies for degenerative musculoskeletal diseases using ER stress modulators, as well as underlying challenges and obstacles in bench-to-beside research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ze-Qin Wen
- Department of Orthopaedics, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410008, China
- Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, 410013, China
| | - Jun Lin
- Department of Orthopaedics, Suzhou Dushu Lake Hospital, Dushu Lake Hospital Affiliated to Soochow University, Medical Center of Soochow University, Suzhou, 215001, China
| | - Wen-Qing Xie
- Department of Orthopaedics, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410008, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410008, China
| | - Yun-Han Shan
- Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, 410013, China
- Department of General Surgery, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410008, China
| | - Ge-Hua Zhen
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, School of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA.
| | - Yu-Sheng Li
- Department of Orthopaedics, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410008, China.
- National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410008, China.
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3
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Jiang F, Li XX, Xie ZY, Liu L, Wu XT, Wang YT. Scientific Bibliometric and Visual Analysis of Studies on Autophagy in Intervertebral Disc Degeneration Based on Web of Science. World Neurosurg 2023; 179:e601-e613. [PMID: 37708973 DOI: 10.1016/j.wneu.2023.09.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2023] [Revised: 09/06/2023] [Accepted: 09/07/2023] [Indexed: 09/16/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To analyze the current research trends and potential mechanisms related to the role of autophagy in intervertebral disc degeneration (IVDD) and to provide new ideas for future research in this field. METHODS All articles on IVDD and autophagy were retrieved and extracted from the Web of Science (WoS) core collection database. The results were evaluated and visualized using the bibliometric Web site, CiteSpace, and VOSviewer software, including annual articles published, countries, institutions, authors, journals, research areas, funding agencies, citations, and keywords. RESULTS From January 1, 2011, to December 31, 2022, 323 reviews and original articles were included, and the overall trend in the number of articles was increasing rapidly. China and the United States were the countries with the most scientific research achievements. The 323 articles received a total number of citations of 6949, with an H index of 43 and an average citation of 21.51. The top publication country, institution, author, journal, research area, and funding agency were China, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Cao Yang of Tongji Medical College, Oxidative Medicine and Cellular Longevity, cell biology, and National Natural Science Foundation of China, respectively. Most of the keywords were associated with the mechanisms and regulatory networks of autophagy. In addition, with increasing evidence showing the key role of autophagy in IVDD, therapy, signaling pathway, and mitophagy are emerging as new research hot spots that should be paid more attention. CONCLUSIONS This study provided a scientific perspective on autophagy in IVDD and elucidated the current research status and hot spots in this field. The mechanism of autophagy and the application of regulating autophagy in the treatment of IVDD deserve further research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feng Jiang
- Southeast University Medical College, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Xin-Xin Li
- Southeast University Medical College, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Zhi-Yang Xie
- Department of Spine Surgery, Southeast University ZhongDa Hospital, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Lei Liu
- Department of Spine Surgery, Southeast University ZhongDa Hospital, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Xiao-Tao Wu
- Southeast University Medical College, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China; Department of Spine Surgery, Southeast University ZhongDa Hospital, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Yun-Tao Wang
- Southeast University Medical College, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China; Department of Spine Surgery, Southeast University ZhongDa Hospital, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China.
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4
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Lv N, Shen S, Chen Q, Tong J. Long noncoding RNAs: glycolysis regulators in gynaecologic cancers. Cancer Cell Int 2023; 23:4. [PMID: 36639695 PMCID: PMC9838043 DOI: 10.1186/s12935-023-02849-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2022] [Accepted: 01/05/2023] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
The three most common gynaecologic cancers that seriously threaten female lives and health are ovarian cancer, cervical cancer, and endometrial cancer. Glycolysis plays a vital role in gynaecologic cancers. Several long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) are known to function as oncogenic molecules. LncRNAs impact downstream target genes by acting as ceRNAs, guides, scaffolds, decoys, or signalling molecules. However, the role of glycolysis-related lncRNAs in regulating gynaecologic cancers remains poorly understood. In this review, we emphasize the functional roles of many lncRNAs that have been found to promote glycolysis in gynaecologic cancers and discuss reasonable strategies for future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nengyuan Lv
- grid.268505.c0000 0000 8744 8924Department of the Fourth School of Clinical Medicine, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, 310053 Zhejiang Province People’s Republic of China ,grid.13402.340000 0004 1759 700XDepartment of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Affiliated Hangzhou First People’s Hospital, Zhejiang University of Medicine, Hangzhou, 310006 Zhejiang Province People’s Republic of China
| | - Siyi Shen
- grid.268505.c0000 0000 8744 8924Department of the Fourth School of Clinical Medicine, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, 310053 Zhejiang Province People’s Republic of China ,grid.13402.340000 0004 1759 700XDepartment of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Affiliated Hangzhou First People’s Hospital, Zhejiang University of Medicine, Hangzhou, 310006 Zhejiang Province People’s Republic of China
| | - Qianying Chen
- grid.268505.c0000 0000 8744 8924Department of the Fourth School of Clinical Medicine, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, 310053 Zhejiang Province People’s Republic of China ,grid.13402.340000 0004 1759 700XDepartment of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Affiliated Hangzhou First People’s Hospital, Zhejiang University of Medicine, Hangzhou, 310006 Zhejiang Province People’s Republic of China
| | - Jinyi Tong
- grid.268505.c0000 0000 8744 8924Department of the Fourth School of Clinical Medicine, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, 310053 Zhejiang Province People’s Republic of China ,grid.13402.340000 0004 1759 700XDepartment of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Affiliated Hangzhou First People’s Hospital, Zhejiang University of Medicine, Hangzhou, 310006 Zhejiang Province People’s Republic of China
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5
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Zhou N, Shen B, Bai C, Ma L, Wang S, Wu D. Nutritional deficiency induces nucleus pulposus cell apoptosis via the ATF4-PKM2-AKT signal axis. BMC Musculoskelet Disord 2022; 23:946. [PMID: 36324122 PMCID: PMC9628105 DOI: 10.1186/s12891-022-05853-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2022] [Accepted: 09/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The intervertebral disc is the largest avascular tissue in the human body. The nucleus pulposus (NP) consumes glucose and oxygen to generate energy to maintain cellular metabolism via nutrients that diffuse from the cartilage endplate. The microenvironment in the intervertebral disc becomes nutritionally deficient during degeneration, and nutritional deficiency has been shown to inhibit the viability and proliferation of NP cells. Methods To investigate the molecular mechanism by which nutritional deficiency reduces viability and decreases proliferation, we created an in vitro model by using decreasing serum concentration percentages. Results In this study, we found that nutritional deficiency reduced NP cell viability and increased cell apoptosis and that the upregulation of ATF4 expression and the downregulation of PKM2 expression were involved in this process. Moreover, we found that PKM2 inhibition can reduce the cell apoptosis induced by ATF4 silence under nutritional deficiency. Conclusion Our findings revealed that PKM2 inhibition reduces the cell apoptosis induced by ATF4 silence under nutritional deficiency by inhibiting AKT phosphate. Revealing the function and mechanism of NP cell development under nutritional deficiency will provide new insights into the etiology, diagnosis, and treatment of intervertebral disc and related diseases. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12891-022-05853-1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ningfeng Zhou
- grid.24516.340000000123704535Department of Spinal Surgery, Shanghai East Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Bin Shen
- grid.24516.340000000123704535Department of Spinal Surgery, Shanghai East Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Chong Bai
- grid.24516.340000000123704535Department of Spinal Surgery, Shanghai East Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Liang Ma
- grid.24516.340000000123704535Department of Spinal Surgery, Shanghai East Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Shanjin Wang
- grid.24516.340000000123704535Department of Spinal Surgery, Shanghai East Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Desheng Wu
- grid.24516.340000000123704535Department of Spinal Surgery, Shanghai East Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
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6
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Bermudez-Lekerika P, Crump KB, Tseranidou S, Nüesch A, Kanelis E, Alminnawi A, Baumgartner L, Muñoz-Moya E, Compte R, Gualdi F, Alexopoulos LG, Geris L, Wuertz-Kozak K, Le Maitre CL, Noailly J, Gantenbein B. Immuno-Modulatory Effects of Intervertebral Disc Cells. Front Cell Dev Biol 2022; 10:924692. [PMID: 35846355 PMCID: PMC9277224 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2022.924692] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2022] [Accepted: 05/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Low back pain is a highly prevalent, chronic, and costly medical condition predominantly triggered by intervertebral disc degeneration (IDD). IDD is often caused by structural and biochemical changes in intervertebral discs (IVD) that prompt a pathologic shift from an anabolic to catabolic state, affecting extracellular matrix (ECM) production, enzyme generation, cytokine and chemokine production, neurotrophic and angiogenic factor production. The IVD is an immune-privileged organ. However, during degeneration immune cells and inflammatory factors can infiltrate through defects in the cartilage endplate and annulus fibrosus fissures, further accelerating the catabolic environment. Remarkably, though, catabolic ECM disruption also occurs in the absence of immune cell infiltration, largely due to native disc cell production of catabolic enzymes and cytokines. An unbalanced metabolism could be induced by many different factors, including a harsh microenvironment, biomechanical cues, genetics, and infection. The complex, multifactorial nature of IDD brings the challenge of identifying key factors which initiate the degenerative cascade, eventually leading to back pain. These factors are often investigated through methods including animal models, 3D cell culture, bioreactors, and computational models. However, the crosstalk between the IVD, immune system, and shifted metabolism is frequently misconstrued, often with the assumption that the presence of cytokines and chemokines is synonymous to inflammation or an immune response, which is not true for the intact disc. Therefore, this review will tackle immunomodulatory and IVD cell roles in IDD, clarifying the differences between cellular involvements and implications for therapeutic development and assessing models used to explore inflammatory or catabolic IVD environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paola Bermudez-Lekerika
- Tissue Engineering for Orthopaedics and Mechanobiology, Bone and Joint Program, Department for BioMedical Research (DBMR), Faculty of Medicine, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland.,Department of Orthopaedic Surgery and Traumatology, Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, Medical Faculty, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Katherine B Crump
- Tissue Engineering for Orthopaedics and Mechanobiology, Bone and Joint Program, Department for BioMedical Research (DBMR), Faculty of Medicine, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland.,Department of Orthopaedic Surgery and Traumatology, Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, Medical Faculty, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | | | - Andrea Nüesch
- Biomolecular Sciences Research Centre, Sheffield Hallam University, Sheffield, United Kingdom
| | - Exarchos Kanelis
- ProtATonce Ltd., Athens, Greece.,School of Mechanical Engineering, National Technical University of Athens, Zografou, Greece
| | - Ahmad Alminnawi
- GIGA In Silico Medicine, University of Liège, Liège, Belgium.,Skeletal Biology and Engineering Research Center, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | | | | | - Roger Compte
- Twin Research and Genetic Epidemiology, St Thomas' Hospital, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Francesco Gualdi
- Institut Hospital Del Mar D'Investigacions Mèdiques (IMIM), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Leonidas G Alexopoulos
- ProtATonce Ltd., Athens, Greece.,School of Mechanical Engineering, National Technical University of Athens, Zografou, Greece
| | - Liesbet Geris
- GIGA In Silico Medicine, University of Liège, Liège, Belgium.,Skeletal Biology and Engineering Research Center, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium.,Biomechanics Research Unit, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Karin Wuertz-Kozak
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Rochester Institute of Technology, Rochester, NY, United States.,Spine Center, Schön Klinik München Harlaching Academic Teaching Hospital and Spine Research Institute of the Paracelsus Private Medical University Salzburg (Austria), Munich, Germany
| | - Christine L Le Maitre
- Biomolecular Sciences Research Centre, Sheffield Hallam University, Sheffield, United Kingdom
| | | | - Benjamin Gantenbein
- Tissue Engineering for Orthopaedics and Mechanobiology, Bone and Joint Program, Department for BioMedical Research (DBMR), Faculty of Medicine, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland.,Department of Orthopaedic Surgery and Traumatology, Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, Medical Faculty, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
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7
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Wang D, He X, Zheng C, Wang C, Peng P, Gao C, Xu X, Ma Y, Liu M, Yang L, Luo Z. Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress: An Emerging Therapeutic Target for Intervertebral Disc Degeneration. Front Cell Dev Biol 2022; 9:819139. [PMID: 35178406 PMCID: PMC8843852 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2021.819139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2021] [Accepted: 12/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Low back pain (LBP) is a global health issue. Intervertebral disc degeneration (IDD) is a major cause of LBP. Although the explicit mechanisms underpinning IDD are unclear, endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress caused by aberrant unfolded or misfolded proteins may be involved. The accumulation of unfolded/misfolded proteins may result in reduced protein synthesis and promote aberrant protein degradation to recover ER function, a response termed the unfolded protein response. A growing body of literature has demonstrated the potential relationships between ER stress and the pathogenesis of IDD, indicating some promising therapeutic targets. In this review, we summarize the current knowledge regarding the impact of ER stress on the process of IDD, as well as some potential therapeutic strategies for alleviating disc degeneration by targeting different pathways to inhibit ER stress. This review will facilitate understanding the pathogenesis and progress of IDD and highlights potential therapeutic targets for treating this condition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dong Wang
- Institute of Orthopedic Surgery, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Xin He
- Pharmacy Department, Air Force Hospital of Eastern Theater Command, Nanjing, China
| | - Chao Zheng
- Institute of Orthopedic Surgery, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Chengzhe Wang
- Rehabilitation Department, Dongchangfu Traditional Chinese Medicine Hospital, Liaocheng, China
| | - Pandi Peng
- Institute of Flexible Electronics, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Chu Gao
- Medical Research Institute, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Xiaolong Xu
- Institute of Orthopedic Surgery, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Yachao Ma
- Institute of Orthopedic Surgery, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Mei Liu
- Pharmacy Department, Air Force Hospital of Eastern Theater Command, Nanjing, China
| | - Liu Yang
- Institute of Orthopedic Surgery, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China.,Medical Research Institute, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Zhuojing Luo
- Institute of Orthopedic Surgery, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China.,Medical Research Institute, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an, China
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8
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Zhong H, Yang C, Gao Y, Cao P, Tian Y, Shen X, Wang R, Xu C, Chen H, Yuan W. PERK signaling activation restores nucleus pulposus degeneration by activating autophagy under hypoxia environment. Osteoarthritis Cartilage 2022; 30:341-353. [PMID: 34767959 DOI: 10.1016/j.joca.2021.11.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2021] [Revised: 11/01/2021] [Accepted: 11/02/2021] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Intervertebral disc (IVD) degeneration is an important disease with no efficient biological therapy identified. Autophagy, a wildly known therapeutic target for human disease, has been demonstrated to be activated under hypoxia, with underlying mechanism remains elusive. Thus, this study aims to specify the role of autophagy in IVD degeneration, the regulating mechanism of hypoxia-inducing autophagy, and the therapeutic value of autophagy for IVD degeneration. METHODS RNA-seq was used to screen the primary pathway affected in NP cells under hypoxia, the specific link between hypoxia and autophagy were investigated using ChIP-seq and dual luciferase reporter assay. Conditional ATG7 knockout mice (ATG7-/-) were constructed for assessing the effect of autophagy on IVD degeneration, and puncture induced mice model of IVD degeneration were used for intradiscal injection to evaluate the therapeutic value of autophagy. RESULTS We demonstrated that hypoxia induces autophagy by transcriptional activation of autophagic gene LC3B and ATG7, which is controlled by PERK signaling. Then, we observed that inhibiting autophagy or PERK signaling leads to impaired NP cell viability and function, furthermore, using ATG7 knockout (ATG7-/-) mice, we identified the protective role of autophagy in IVD. Furthermore, we found that intradiscal injection of PERK signaling agonist, CCT020312, significantly restores the degeneration level of needle punctured mice IVD. CONCLUSION We showed that the activation of PERK signaling upon hypoxia serves as a vital mechanism to induce autophagy and identified the therapeutic value of PERK signaling agonist for IVD degeneration treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Zhong
- Spine Center, Department of Orthopedics, Shanghai Changzheng Hospital, Naval Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - C Yang
- Spine Center, Department of Orthopedics, Shanghai Changzheng Hospital, Naval Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Y Gao
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - P Cao
- Spine Center, Department of Orthopedics, Shanghai Changzheng Hospital, Naval Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Y Tian
- Spine Center, Department of Orthopedics, Shanghai Changzheng Hospital, Naval Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - X Shen
- Spine Center, Department of Orthopedics, Shanghai Changzheng Hospital, Naval Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - R Wang
- Spine Center, Department of Orthopedics, Shanghai Changzheng Hospital, Naval Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - C Xu
- Spine Center, Department of Orthopedics, Shanghai Changzheng Hospital, Naval Medical University, Shanghai, China.
| | - H Chen
- Spine Center, Department of Orthopedics, Shanghai Changzheng Hospital, Naval Medical University, Shanghai, China.
| | - W Yuan
- Spine Center, Department of Orthopedics, Shanghai Changzheng Hospital, Naval Medical University, Shanghai, China.
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9
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Kritschil R, Scott M, Sowa G, Vo N. Role of autophagy in intervertebral disc degeneration. J Cell Physiol 2022; 237:1266-1284. [PMID: 34787318 PMCID: PMC8866220 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.30631] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2021] [Revised: 10/13/2021] [Accepted: 11/01/2021] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Intervertebral disc degeneration (IDD) is a leading contributor to low back pain. The intervertebral disc (IVD) is composed of three tissue types: the central gelatinous nucleus pulposus (NP) tissue, the surrounding annulus fibrosus (AF) tissue, and the inferior and superior cartilage endplates. The IVD microenvironment is hypoxic, acidic, hyperosmotic, and low in nutrients because it is mostly avascular. The cellular processes that underlie IDD initiation and progression are still poorly understood. Specifically, a lack of understanding regarding NP cell metabolism and physiology hinders the development of effective therapeutics to treat IDD patients. Autophagy is a vital intracellular degradation process that removes damaged organelles, misfolded proteins, and intracellular pathogens and recycles the degraded components for cellular energy and function. NP cells have adapted to survive within their harsh tissue microenvironment using processes that are largely unknown, and we postulate autophagy is one of these undiscovered mechanisms. In this review, we describe unique features of the IVD tissue, review how physiological stressors impact autophagy in NP cells in vitro, survey the current understanding of autophagy regulation in the IVD, and assess the relationship between autophagy and IDD. Published studies confirm autophagy markers are present in IVD tissue, and IVD cells can regulate autophagy in response to cellular stressors in vitro. However, data are still lacking to determine the exact mechanisms regulating autophagy in IVD cells. More in-depth research is needed to establish whether autophagy is necessary to maintain IVD cell health and validate autophagy as a relevant therapeutic target for treating IDD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca Kritschil
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA
| | - Melanie Scott
- Department of Surgery, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA,Pittsburgh Trauma Research Center, Pittsburgh, PA
| | - Gwendolyn Sowa
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA,Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA
| | - Nam Vo
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA
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10
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Zhu L, Xie ZY, Jiang ZL, Wang XH, Shi H, Chen L, Wu XT. Unfolded protein response alleviates acid-induced premature senescence by promoting autophagy in nucleus pulposus cells. Cell Biol Int 2022; 46:568-578. [PMID: 35019194 DOI: 10.1002/cbin.11751] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2021] [Revised: 12/11/2021] [Accepted: 12/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Acid-induced cellular senescence is a critical underlying mechanism of intervertebral disc (IVD) degeneration (IDD). Acid stimulation activates a variety of biological changes including autophagy, endoplasmic reticulum stress, and related unfolded protein response (UPR), which are important regulators of cellular senescence. However, the precise mechanism of acid-mediated UPR and autophagy in nucleus pulposus cell (NPC) senescence has not been fully elucidated. In this study, we used acid to mimic the acidic microenvironment of IVD, and rat NPCs were cultured with or without autophagy or UPR signaling small-interfering RNAs. The related proteins and genes were assessed by immunofluorescence staining assay, Western blot analyses, and quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction to monitor the activation of these signals and classify the molecular mechanisms underlying the correlation between autophagy and UPR pathway. Cell cycle analyses, senescence-associated β-galactosidase staining, gene expression, and immunoblotting analyses were performed to observe NPC senescence. Results showed that acid stimulation not only induced NPC senescence, but also initiated UPR and autophagy. Silencing the binding immunoglobulin protein signaling of UPR or autophagy signaling promoted rat NPC senescence. Knock-down of the UPR also blocked NPC autophagy. Taken together, UPR inhibits NPC senescence under acidic condition by activating autophagy. Hence, UPR-dependent autophagy could be an effective biologic target for the treatment of IDD in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Zhu
- Department of Spine Surgery, Zhongda Hospital, School of Medicine, Southeast University, Nanjing, China
| | - Zhi-Yang Xie
- Department of Spine Surgery, Zhongda Hospital, School of Medicine, Southeast University, Nanjing, China
| | - Zan-Li Jiang
- Department of Spine Surgery, Zhongda Hospital, School of Medicine, Southeast University, Nanjing, China
| | - Xiao-Hu Wang
- Department of Spine Surgery, Zhongda Hospital, School of Medicine, Southeast University, Nanjing, China
| | - Hang Shi
- Department of Spine Surgery, Zhongda Hospital, School of Medicine, Southeast University, Nanjing, China
| | - Lu Chen
- Department of Spine Surgery, Zhongda Hospital, School of Medicine, Southeast University, Nanjing, China
| | - Xiao-Tao Wu
- Department of Spine Surgery, Zhongda Hospital, School of Medicine, Southeast University, Nanjing, China
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11
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Cheng F, Yang H, Cheng Y, Liu Y, Hai Y, Zhang Y. The role of oxidative stress in intervertebral disc cellular senescence. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2022; 13:1038171. [PMID: 36561567 PMCID: PMC9763277 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2022.1038171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2022] [Accepted: 11/18/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
With the aggravation of social aging and the increase in work intensity, the prevalence of spinal degenerative diseases caused by intervertebral disc degeneration(IDD)has increased yearly, which has driven a heavy economic burden on patients and society. It is well known that IDD is associated with cell damage and degradation of the extracellular matrix. In recent years, it has been found that IDD is induced by various mechanisms (e.g., genetic, mechanical, and exposure). Increasing evidence shows that oxidative stress is a vital activation mechanism of IDD. Reactive oxygen species (ROS) and reactive nitrogen species (RNS) could regulate matrix metabolism, proinflammatory phenotype, apoptosis, autophagy, and aging of intervertebral disc cells. However, up to now, our understanding of a series of pathophysiological mechanisms of oxidative stress involved in the occurrence, development, and treatment of IDD is still limited. In this review, we discussed the oxidative stress through its mechanisms in accelerating IDD and some antioxidant treatment measures for IDD.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Yuzeng Liu
- *Correspondence: Yuzeng Liu, ; Yong Hai, ; ; Yangpu Zhang,
| | - Yong Hai
- *Correspondence: Yuzeng Liu, ; Yong Hai, ; ; Yangpu Zhang,
| | - Yangpu Zhang
- *Correspondence: Yuzeng Liu, ; Yong Hai, ; ; Yangpu Zhang,
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12
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Huang J, Zhou Q, Ren Q, Luo L, Ji G, Zheng T. Endoplasmic reticulum stress associates with the development of intervertebral disc degeneration. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2022; 13:1094394. [PMID: 36714579 PMCID: PMC9877331 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2022.1094394] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2022] [Accepted: 12/27/2022] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Endoplasmic reticulum (ER) is an important player in various intracellular signaling pathways that regulate cellular functions in many diseases. Intervertebral disc degeneration (IDD), an age-related degenerative disease, is one of the main clinical causes of low back pain. Although the pathological development of IDD is far from being fully elucidated, many studies have been shown that ER stress (ERS) is involved in IDD development and regulates various processes, such as inflammation, cellular senescence and apoptosis, excessive mechanical loading, metabolic disturbances, oxidative stress, calcium homeostasis imbalance, and extracellular matrix (ECM) dysregulation. This review summarizes the formation of ERS and the potential link between ERS and IDD development. ERS can be a promising new therapeutic target for the clinical management of IDD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jishang Huang
- Department of Orthopedics, First Affiliated Hospital of Gannan Medical University, Ganzhou, China
| | - Qingluo Zhou
- Department of Orthopedics, First Affiliated Hospital of Gannan Medical University, Ganzhou, China
| | - Qun Ren
- College of Pharmacy, Gannan Medical University, Ganzhou, China
| | - Liliang Luo
- Department of Orthopedics, Shangyou Hospital of traditional Chinese Medicine, Ganzhou, China
| | - Guanglin Ji
- Department of Orthopedics, First Affiliated Hospital of Gannan Medical University, Ganzhou, China
| | - Tiansheng Zheng
- Department of Orthopedics, First Affiliated Hospital of Gannan Medical University, Ganzhou, China
- *Correspondence: Tiansheng Zheng,
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13
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Panebianco CJ, Dave A, Charytonowicz D, Sebra R, Iatridis JC. Single-cell RNA-sequencing atlas of bovine caudal intervertebral discs: Discovery of heterogeneous cell populations with distinct roles in homeostasis. FASEB J 2021; 35:e21919. [PMID: 34591994 DOI: 10.1096/fj.202101149r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2021] [Revised: 08/19/2021] [Accepted: 08/31/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Back and neck pain are significant healthcare burdens that are commonly associated with pathologies of the intervertebral disc (IVD). The poor understanding of the cellular heterogeneity within the IVD makes it difficult to develop regenerative IVD therapies. To address this gap, we developed an atlas of bovine (Bos taurus) caudal IVDs using single-cell RNA-sequencing (scRNA-seq). Unsupervised clustering resolved 15 unique clusters, which we grouped into the following annotated partitions: nucleus pulposus (NP), outer annulus fibrosus (oAF), inner AF (iAF), notochord, muscle, endothelial, and immune cells. Analyzing the pooled gene expression profiles of the NP, oAF, and iAF partitions allowed us to identify novel markers for NP (CP, S100B, H2AC18, SNORC, CRELD2, PDIA4, DNAJC3, CHCHD7, and RCN2), oAF (IGFBP6, CTSK, LGALS1, and CCN3), and iAF (MGP, COMP, SPP1, GSN, SOD2, DCN, FN1, TIMP3, WDR73, and GAL) cells. Network analysis on subpopulations of NP and oAF cells determined that clusters NP1, NP2, NP4, and oAF1 displayed gene expression profiles consistent with cell survival, suggesting these clusters may uniquely support viability under the physiological stresses of the IVD. Clusters NP3, NP5, oAF2, and oAF3 expressed various extracellular matrix (ECM)-associated genes, suggesting their role in maintaining IVD structure. Lastly, transcriptional entropy and pseudotime analyses found that clusters NP3 and NP1 had the most stem-like gene expression signatures of the NP partition, implying these clusters may contain IVD progenitor cells. Overall, results highlight cell type diversity within the IVD, and these novel cell phenotypes may enhance our understanding of IVD development, homeostasis, degeneration, and regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher J Panebianco
- Leni and Peter W. May Department of Orthopaedics, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
| | - Arpit Dave
- Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
| | - Daniel Charytonowicz
- Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
| | - Robert Sebra
- Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA.,Icahn Institute for Data Science and Genomics Technology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA.,Black Family Stem Cell Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA.,Sema4, a Mount Sinai venture, Stamford, Connecticut, USA
| | - James C Iatridis
- Leni and Peter W. May Department of Orthopaedics, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
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14
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Comprehensive Profile Analysis of Differentially Expressed circRNAs in Glucose Deprivation-Induced Human Nucleus Pulposus Cell Degeneration. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2021; 2021:4770792. [PMID: 34285912 PMCID: PMC8275381 DOI: 10.1155/2021/4770792] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2021] [Accepted: 06/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Nucleus pulposus (NP) is the core substance to maintain the homeostasis of intervertebral disc and stability of biomechanics. The insufficient supply of nutrition (especially glucose) is an important factor that leads to the degeneration of NP cells. circRNAs play an important role in the process of intervertebral disc degeneration (IDD) by regulating the functions of NP cells. However, glucose deprivation-related circRNAs and their functions in IDD have not been reported. In this study, the differentially expressed circRNAs in NP cells after 0, 6, 12, and 24 h of glucose deprivation culture were detected by a microarray assay. Besides, time series clustering analysis by STEM software obtained the differentially up- and downregulated circRNAs during glucose deficiency. Then, the main functions and pathways of up- and downregulated circRNAs were predicted by the functional enrichment analysis. By constructing the circRNA-miRNA regulatory network, the potential mechanisms of the most differentially expressed circRNAs were predicted. In addition, according to in vitro validation, circ_0075062 was upregulated in degenerating NP tissues and glucose deprivation-induced NP cell degeneration. Based on Sanger sequencing and RNase tolerance assay, circ_0075062 was the circular transcript. Interfering with circ_0075062 expression could potentially alleviate the imbalance of extracellular matrix (ECM) synthesis and degradation in the NP cells induced by glucose deprivation. Together, these findings help us gain a comprehensive understanding of the underlying mechanisms of IDD, and circ_0075062 may be a promising therapeutic target of IDD.
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15
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Bao J, Qian Z, Liu L, Hong X, Che H, Wu X. Pharmacological Disruption of Phosphorylated Eukaryotic Initiation Factor-2α/Activating Transcription Factor 4/Indian Hedgehog Protects Intervertebral Disc Degeneration via Reducing the Reactive Oxygen Species and Apoptosis of Nucleus Pulposus Cells. Front Cell Dev Biol 2021; 9:675486. [PMID: 34164397 PMCID: PMC8215438 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2021.675486] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2021] [Accepted: 04/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Excessive reactive oxygen species (ROS) and apoptosis in nucleus pulposus (NP) cells accelerate the process of intervertebral disc degeneration (IDD). Here, we integrated pathological samples and in vitro and in vivo framework to investigate the impact of phosphorylation of eukaryotic initiation factor-2α (eIF2α)/activating transcription factor 4 (ATF4)/Indian hedgehog (Ihh) signaling in the IDD. From the specimen analysis of the IDD patients, we found phosphorylated eIF2α (p-eIF2α), ATF4 and Ihh protein levels were positively related while the NP tissue went degenerative. In vitro, tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α caused the NP cell degeneration and induced a cascade of upregulation of p-eIF2α, ATF4, and Ihh. Interestingly, ATF4 could enhance Ihh expression through binding its promoter region, and silencing of ATF4 decreased Ihh and protected the NP cells from degeneration. Moreover, ISRIB inhibited the p-eIF2α, which resulted in a suppression of ATF4/Ihh, and alleviated the TNF-α-induced ROS production and apoptosis of NP cells. On the contrary, further activating p-eIF2α aggravated the NP cell degeneration, with amplification of ATF4/Ihh and a higher level of ROS and apoptosis. Additionally, applying cyclopamine (CPE) to suppress Ihh was efficient to prevent NP cell apoptosis but did not decrease the ROS level. In an instability-induced IDD model in mice, ISRIB suppressed p-eIF2α/ATF4/Ihh and prevented IDD via protecting the anti-oxidative enzymes and decreased the NP cell apoptosis. CPE prevented NP cell apoptosis but did not affect anti-oxidative enzyme expression. Taken together, p-eIF2α/ATF4/Ihh signaling involves the ROS level and apoptosis in NP cells, the pharmacological disruption of which may provide promising methods in preventing IDD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junping Bao
- Spine Center, The Affiliated Zhongda Hospital of Southeast University, Nanjing, China.,School of Medicine, Southeast University, Nanjing, China
| | - Zhanyang Qian
- Spine Center, The Affiliated Zhongda Hospital of Southeast University, Nanjing, China.,School of Medicine, Southeast University, Nanjing, China
| | - Lei Liu
- Spine Center, The Affiliated Zhongda Hospital of Southeast University, Nanjing, China.,School of Medicine, Southeast University, Nanjing, China
| | - Xin Hong
- Spine Center, The Affiliated Zhongda Hospital of Southeast University, Nanjing, China.,School of Medicine, Southeast University, Nanjing, China
| | - Hui Che
- Faculty of Medicine, Medical Center, Albert-Ludwigs-University of Freiburg, Freiburg im Breisgau, Germany
| | - Xiaotao Wu
- Spine Center, The Affiliated Zhongda Hospital of Southeast University, Nanjing, China.,School of Medicine, Southeast University, Nanjing, China
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16
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Yin X, Motorwala A, Vesvoranan O, Levene HB, Gu W, Huang CY. Effects of Glucose Deprivation on ATP and Proteoglycan Production of Intervertebral Disc Cells under Hypoxia. Sci Rep 2020; 10:8899. [PMID: 32483367 PMCID: PMC7264337 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-65691-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2019] [Accepted: 03/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
As the most common cause of low back pain, the cascade of intervertebral disc (IVD) degeneration is initiated by the disappearance of notochordal cells and progressive loss of proteoglycan (PG). Limited nutrient supply in the avascular disc environment restricts the production of ATP which is an essential energy source for cell survival and function such as PG biosynthesis. The objective of this study was to examine ATP level and PG production of porcine IVD cells under prolonged exposure to hypoxia with physiological glucose concentrations. The results showed notochordal NP and AF cells responded differently to changes of oxygen and glucose. Metabolic activities (including PG production) of IVD cells are restricted under the in-vivo nutrient conditions while NP notochordal cells are likely to be more vulnerable to reduced nutrition supply. Moreover, provision of energy, together or not with genetic regulation, may govern PG production in the IVD under restricted nutrient supply. Therefore, maintaining essential levels of nutrients may reduce the loss of notochordal cells and PG in the IVD. This study provides a new insight into the metabolism of IVD cells under nutrient deprivation and the information for developing treatment strategies for disc degeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xue Yin
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Miami, Coral Gables, FL, USA
| | - Aarif Motorwala
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Miami, Coral Gables, FL, USA
| | - Oraya Vesvoranan
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Miami, Coral Gables, FL, USA
| | - Howard B Levene
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, USA
| | - Weiyong Gu
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Miami, Coral Gables, FL, USA.,Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, University of Miami, Coral Gables, FL, USA
| | - Chun-Yuh Huang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Miami, Coral Gables, FL, USA.
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17
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The circadian rhythm in intervertebral disc degeneration: an autophagy connection. Exp Mol Med 2020; 52:31-40. [PMID: 31983731 PMCID: PMC7000407 DOI: 10.1038/s12276-019-0372-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2019] [Revised: 09/01/2019] [Accepted: 09/17/2019] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
There is one circadian clock in the central nervous system and another in the peripheral organs, and the latter is driven by an autoregulatory molecular clock composed of several core clock genes. The height, water content, osmotic pressure and mechanical characteristics of intervertebral discs (IVDs) have been demonstrated to exhibit a circadian rhythm (CR). Recently, a molecular clock has been shown to exist in IVDs, abolition of which can lead to stress in nucleus pulposus cells (NPCs), contributing to intervertebral disc degeneration (IDD). Autophagy is a fundamental cellular process in eukaryotes and is essential for individual cells or organs to respond and adapt to changing environments; it has also been demonstrated to occur in human NPCs. Increasing evidence supports the hypothesis that autophagy is associated with CR. Thus, we review the connection between CR and autophagy and the roles of these mechanisms in IDD.
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18
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Liao M, Liao W, Xu N, Li B, Liu F, Zhang S, Wang Y, Wang S, Zhu Y, Chen D, Xie W, Jiang Y, Cao L, Yang BB, Zhang Y. LncRNA EPB41L4A-AS1 regulates glycolysis and glutaminolysis by mediating nucleolar translocation of HDAC2. EBioMedicine 2019; 41:200-213. [PMID: 30796006 PMCID: PMC6444057 DOI: 10.1016/j.ebiom.2019.01.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2018] [Revised: 01/02/2019] [Accepted: 01/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND LncRNAs have been found to be involved in various aspects of biological processes. In this study, we aimed to uncover the molecular mechanisms of lncRNA EPB41L4A-AS1 in regulating glycolysis and glutaminolysis in cancer cells. METHODS The expression of EPB41L4A-AS1 in cancer patients was analyzed in TCGA and GEO datasets. The level of cellular metabolism was determined by extracellular flux analyzer. The relationship between p53 and EPB41L4A-AS1 was explored by qRT-PCR, luciferase assay and ChIP assay. The interactions between EPB41L4A-AS1 and HDAC2 or NPM1 were determined by RNA immunoprecipitation, RNA pull-down assay and RNA-FISH- immunofluorescence. FINDINGS EPB41L4A-AS1 was a p53-regulated gene. Low expression and deletion of lncRNA EPB41L4A-AS1 were found in a variety of human cancers and associated with poor prognosis of cancer patients. Knock down EPB41L4A-AS1 expression triggered Warburg effect, demonstrated as increased aerobic glycolysis and glutaminolysis. EPB41L4A-AS1 interacted and colocalized with HDAC2 and NPM1 in nucleolus. Silencing EPB41L4A-AS1 reduced the interaction between HDAC2 and NPM1, released HDAC2 from nucleolus and increased its distribution in nucleoplasm, enhanced HDAC2 occupation on VHL and VDAC1 promoter regions, and finally accelerated glycolysis and glutaminolysis. Depletion of EPB41L4A-AS1 increased the sensitivity of tumor to glutaminase inhibitor in tumor therapy. INTERPRETATION EPB41L4A-AS1 functions as a repressor of the Warburg effect and plays important roles in metabolic reprogramming of cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meijian Liao
- School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, PR China; Key Lab in Healthy Science and Technology, Division of Life Science, Graduate School at Shenzhen, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen 518055, PR China
| | - Weijie Liao
- School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, PR China; Key Lab in Healthy Science and Technology, Division of Life Science, Graduate School at Shenzhen, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen 518055, PR China
| | - Naihan Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Oncogenomics, Graduate School at Shenzhen, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen, PR China; Key Lab in Healthy Science and Technology, Division of Life Science, Graduate School at Shenzhen, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen 518055, PR China; Open FIESTA Center, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen 518055, PR China
| | - Bing Li
- School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, PR China; Key Lab in Healthy Science and Technology, Division of Life Science, Graduate School at Shenzhen, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen 518055, PR China
| | - Fuhai Liu
- Key Lab in Healthy Science and Technology, Division of Life Science, Graduate School at Shenzhen, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen 518055, PR China; Open FIESTA Center, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen 518055, PR China
| | - Shikuan Zhang
- School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, PR China; Key Lab in Healthy Science and Technology, Division of Life Science, Graduate School at Shenzhen, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen 518055, PR China
| | - Yanzhi Wang
- School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, PR China; Key Lab in Healthy Science and Technology, Division of Life Science, Graduate School at Shenzhen, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen 518055, PR China
| | - Songmao Wang
- Key Lab in Healthy Science and Technology, Division of Life Science, Graduate School at Shenzhen, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen 518055, PR China
| | - Yuanchang Zhu
- School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, PR China; Key Lab in Healthy Science and Technology, Division of Life Science, Graduate School at Shenzhen, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen 518055, PR China
| | - Deheng Chen
- Second Clinical Medical College of Jinan University, Shenzhen People's Hospital, Shenzhen 518055, PR China
| | - Weidong Xie
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Oncogenomics, Graduate School at Shenzhen, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen, PR China; Key Lab in Healthy Science and Technology, Division of Life Science, Graduate School at Shenzhen, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen 518055, PR China; Open FIESTA Center, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen 518055, PR China
| | - Yuyang Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Oncogenomics, Graduate School at Shenzhen, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen, PR China
| | - Liu Cao
- Key Laboratory of Medical Cell Biology, China Medical University, Shenyang 110013, PR China.
| | - Burton B Yang
- Sunnybrook Research Institute, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
| | - Yaou Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Oncogenomics, Graduate School at Shenzhen, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen, PR China; Key Lab in Healthy Science and Technology, Division of Life Science, Graduate School at Shenzhen, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen 518055, PR China; Open FIESTA Center, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen 518055, PR China.
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19
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Liu H, Zhang X, Zhang S, Huang H, Wu J, Wang Y, Yuan L, Liu C, Zeng X, Cheng X, Zhuang D, Zhang H. Oxidative Stress Mediates Microcystin-LR-Induced Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress and Autophagy in KK-1 Cells and C57BL/6 Mice Ovaries. Front Physiol 2018; 9:1058. [PMID: 30131715 PMCID: PMC6090159 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2018.01058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2018] [Accepted: 07/16/2018] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Microcystin-leucine arginine (MC-LR) is a cyclic heptapeptide intracellular toxin released by cyanobacteria that exhibits strong reproductive toxicity. However, little is known about its biotoxicity to the female reproductive system. The present study investigates unexplored molecular pathways by which oxidative stress acts on MC-LR-induced endoplasmic reticulum stress (ERs) and autophagy. In the present study, immortalized murine ovarian granular cells (KK-1 cells) were exposed to 8.5, 17, and 34 μg/mL (IC50) of MC-LR with or without N-acetyl-l-cysteine (NAC, 10 mM) for 24 h, and C57BL/6 mice were treated with 12.5, 25.0, and 40.0 μg/kg⋅bw of MC-LR with or without NAC (200 mg/kg⋅bw) for 14 days. The results revealed that MC-LR could induce cells apoptosis and morphologic changes in ovarian tissues, induce oxidative stress by stimulating the generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS), destroying antioxidant capacity, and subsequently trigger ERs and autophagy by inducing the hyper-expression of ATG12, ATG5, ATG16, EIF2α (phosphorylated at S51), CHOP, XBP1, GRP78, Beclin1, and PERK (Thr980). Furthermore, NAC pretreatment partly inhibited MC-LR-induced ERs and autophagy via the PERK/ATG12 and XBP1/Beclin1 pathways. These results suggest that oxidative stress mediated MC-LR-induced ERs and autophagy in KK-1 cells and C57BL/6 mice ovaries. Therefore, oxidative stress plays an important role in female toxicity induced by MC-LR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haohao Liu
- Department of Environmental Health, College of Public Health, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Xiaofeng Zhang
- Department of Environmental Health, College of Public Health, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Shenshen Zhang
- Department of Environmental Health, College of Public Health, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Hui Huang
- Department of Environmental Health, College of Public Health, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Jinxia Wu
- Department of Environmental Health, College of Public Health, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Yueqin Wang
- Department of Environmental Health, College of Public Health, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Le Yuan
- Department of Environmental Health, College of Public Health, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Chuanrui Liu
- Department of Environmental Health, College of Public Health, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Xin Zeng
- Department of Environmental Health, College of Public Health, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Xuemin Cheng
- Department of Environmental Health, College of Public Health, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Donggang Zhuang
- Department of Environmental Health, College of Public Health, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Huizhen Zhang
- Department of Environmental Health, College of Public Health, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
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