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Dirks ML, McDougal OM. Pharmacology of Veratrum californicum Alkaloids as Hedgehog Pathway Antagonists. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2024; 17:123. [PMID: 38256956 PMCID: PMC10821092 DOI: 10.3390/ph17010123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2023] [Revised: 01/10/2024] [Accepted: 01/15/2024] [Indexed: 01/24/2024] Open
Abstract
Veratrum californicum contains steroidal alkaloids that function as inhibitors of hedgehog (Hh) signaling, a pathway involved in the growth and differentiation of cells and normal tissue development. This same Hh pathway is abnormally active for cell proliferation in more than 20 types of cancer. In this current study, alkaloids have been extracted from the root and rhizome of V. californicum, followed by their separation into five fractions using high performance liquid chromatography. Mass spectrometry was used to identify the presence of twenty-five alkaloids, nine more than are commonly cited in literature reports, and the Bruker Compass Data Analysis software was used to predict the molecular formula for every detected alkaloid. The Gli activity of the raw extract and each fraction were compared to 0.1 µM cyclopamine, and fractions 1, 2, and 4 showed increased bioactivity through suppression of the Hh signaling pathway. Fractions 2 and 4 had enhanced bioactivity, but fraction 1 was most effective in inhibiting Hh signaling. The composition of fraction 1 consisted of veratrosine, cycloposine, and potential isomers of each.
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Affiliation(s)
- Madison L. Dirks
- Biomolecular Sciences Graduate Programs, Boise State University, Boise, ID 83725, USA;
| | - Owen M. McDougal
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Boise State University, Boise, ID 83725, USA
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Shi P, Tian J, Mallinger JC, Ling D, Deleyrolle LP, McIntyre JC, Caspary T, Breunig JJ, Sarkisian MR. Increasing Ciliary ARL13B Expression Drives Active and Inhibitor-Resistant Smoothened and GLI into Glioma Primary Cilia. Cells 2023; 12:2354. [PMID: 37830570 PMCID: PMC10571910 DOI: 10.3390/cells12192354] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2023] [Revised: 09/14/2023] [Accepted: 09/20/2023] [Indexed: 10/14/2023] Open
Abstract
ADP-ribosylation factor-like protein 13B (ARL13B), a regulatory GTPase and guanine exchange factor (GEF), enriches in primary cilia and promotes tumorigenesis in part by regulating Smoothened (SMO), GLI, and Sonic Hedgehog (SHH) signaling. Gliomas with increased ARL13B, SMO, and GLI2 expression are more aggressive, but the relationship to cilia is unclear. Previous studies have showed that increasing ARL13B in glioblastoma cells promoted ciliary SMO accumulation, independent of exogenous SHH addition. Here, we show that SMO accumulation is due to increased ciliary, but not extraciliary, ARL13B. Increasing ARL13B expression promotes the accumulation of both activated SMO and GLI2 in glioma cilia. ARL13B-driven increases in ciliary SMO and GLI2 are resistant to SMO inhibitors, GDC-0449, and cyclopamine. Surprisingly, ARL13B-induced changes in ciliary SMO/GLI2 did not correlate with canonical changes in downstream SHH pathway genes. However, glioma cell lines whose cilia overexpress WT but not guanine exchange factor-deficient ARL13B, display reduced INPP5e, a ciliary membrane component whose depletion may favor SMO/GLI2 enrichment. Glioma cells overexpressing ARL13B also display reduced ciliary intraflagellar transport 88 (IFT88), suggesting that altered retrograde transport could further promote SMO/GLI accumulation. Collectively, our data suggest that factors increasing ARL13B expression in glioma cells may promote both changes in ciliary membrane characteristics and IFT proteins, leading to the accumulation of drug-resistant SMO and GLI. The downstream targets and consequences of these ciliary changes require further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ping Shi
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA; (P.S.); (J.T.); (J.C.M.); (D.L.); (J.C.M.)
| | - Jia Tian
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA; (P.S.); (J.T.); (J.C.M.); (D.L.); (J.C.M.)
| | - Julianne C. Mallinger
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA; (P.S.); (J.T.); (J.C.M.); (D.L.); (J.C.M.)
| | - Dahao Ling
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA; (P.S.); (J.T.); (J.C.M.); (D.L.); (J.C.M.)
| | - Loic P. Deleyrolle
- Preston A. Wells Jr. Center for Brain Tumor Therapy, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA;
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA
| | - Jeremy C. McIntyre
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA; (P.S.); (J.T.); (J.C.M.); (D.L.); (J.C.M.)
| | - Tamara Caspary
- Department of Human Genetics, Emory School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA;
| | - Joshua J. Breunig
- Board of Governors Regenerative Medicine Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA 90048, USA;
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA 90048, USA
- Samuel Oschin Comprehensive Cancer Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA 90048, USA
| | - Matthew R. Sarkisian
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA; (P.S.); (J.T.); (J.C.M.); (D.L.); (J.C.M.)
- Preston A. Wells Jr. Center for Brain Tumor Therapy, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA;
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Diot C, Richard CA, Risso-Ballester J, Martin D, Fix J, Eléouët JF, Sizun C, Rameix-Welti MA, Galloux M. Hardening of Respiratory Syncytial Virus Inclusion Bodies by Cyclopamine Proceeds through Perturbation of the Interactions of the M2-1 Protein with RNA and the P Protein. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:13862. [PMID: 37762166 PMCID: PMC10531356 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241813862] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2023] [Revised: 08/20/2023] [Accepted: 09/04/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) RNA synthesis takes place in cytoplasmic viral factories also called inclusion bodies (IBs), which are membrane-less organelles concentrating the viral RNA polymerase complex. The assembly of IBs is driven by liquid-liquid phase separation promoted by interactions between the viral nucleoprotein N and the phosphoprotein P. We recently demonstrated that cyclopamine (CPM) inhibits RSV multiplication by disorganizing and hardening IBs. Although a single mutation in the viral transcription factor M2-1 induced resistance to CPM, the mechanism of action of CPM still remains to be characterized. Here, using FRAP experiments on reconstituted pseudo-IBs both in cellula and in vitro, we first demonstrated that CPM activity depends on the presence of M2-1 together with N and P. We showed that CPM impairs the competition between P and RNA binding to M2-1. As mutations on both P and M2-1 induced resistance against CPM activity, we suggest that CPM may affect the dynamics of the M2-1-P interaction, thereby affecting the relative mobility of the proteins contained in RSV IBs. Overall, our results reveal that stabilizing viral protein-protein interactions is an attractive new antiviral approach. They pave the way for the rational chemical optimization of new specific anti-RSV molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cédric Diot
- Institut Pasteur, Université Paris Cité, M3P, F-75015 Paris, France;
- INSERM, UMR 1173 (2I), Université Paris-Saclay-Versailles St. Quentin, M3P, F-78180 Versailles, France;
| | - Charles-Adrien Richard
- INRAE, Unité de Virologie et Immunologie Moléculaires (VIM), Université Paris-Saclay-Versailles St. Quentin, F-78350 Jouy-en-Josas, France; (C.-A.R.); (D.M.); (J.F.); (J.-F.E.)
| | - Jennifer Risso-Ballester
- INSERM, UMR 1173 (2I), Université Paris-Saclay-Versailles St. Quentin, M3P, F-78180 Versailles, France;
| | - Davy Martin
- INRAE, Unité de Virologie et Immunologie Moléculaires (VIM), Université Paris-Saclay-Versailles St. Quentin, F-78350 Jouy-en-Josas, France; (C.-A.R.); (D.M.); (J.F.); (J.-F.E.)
| | - Jenna Fix
- INRAE, Unité de Virologie et Immunologie Moléculaires (VIM), Université Paris-Saclay-Versailles St. Quentin, F-78350 Jouy-en-Josas, France; (C.-A.R.); (D.M.); (J.F.); (J.-F.E.)
| | - Jean-François Eléouët
- INRAE, Unité de Virologie et Immunologie Moléculaires (VIM), Université Paris-Saclay-Versailles St. Quentin, F-78350 Jouy-en-Josas, France; (C.-A.R.); (D.M.); (J.F.); (J.-F.E.)
| | - Christina Sizun
- Institut de Chimie des Substances Naturelles, CNRS, Université Paris-Saclay, F-91190 Gif-sur-Yvette, France;
| | - Marie-Anne Rameix-Welti
- INSERM, UMR 1173 (2I), Université Paris-Saclay-Versailles St. Quentin, M3P, F-78180 Versailles, France;
- Laboratoire de Microbiologie, Hôpital Ambroise Paré, Assistance Publique des Hôpitaux de Paris, DMU15, F-75015 Paris, France
| | - Marie Galloux
- INRAE, Unité de Virologie et Immunologie Moléculaires (VIM), Université Paris-Saclay-Versailles St. Quentin, F-78350 Jouy-en-Josas, France; (C.-A.R.); (D.M.); (J.F.); (J.-F.E.)
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Fix J, Descamps D, Galloux M, Ferret C, Bouguyon E, Zohari S, Näslund K, Hägglund S, Altmeyer R, Valarcher JF, Riffault S, Eléouët JF. Screening antivirals with a mCherry-expressing recombinant bovine respiratory syncytial virus: a proof of concept using cyclopamine. Vet Res 2023; 54:36. [PMID: 37069656 PMCID: PMC10111787 DOI: 10.1186/s13567-023-01165-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2022] [Accepted: 03/17/2023] [Indexed: 04/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Bovine respiratory syncytial virus (BRSV) is a pathogenic pneumovirus and a major cause of acute respiratory infections in calves. Although different vaccines are available against BRSV, their efficiency remains limited, and no efficient and large-scale treatment exists. Here, we developed a new reverse genetics system for BRSV expressing the red fluorescent protein mCherry, based on a field strain isolated from a sick calf in Sweden. Although this recombinant fluorescent virus replicated slightly less efficiently compared to the wild type virus, both viruses were shown to be sensitive to the natural steroidal alkaloid cyclopamine, which was previously shown to inhibit human RSV replication. Our data thus point to the potential of this recombinant fluorescent BRSV as a powerful tool in preclinical drug discovery to enable high throughput compound screening.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jenna Fix
- Université Paris-Saclay, INRAE, UVSQ, VIM, 78350, Jouy-en-Josas, France
| | - Delphyne Descamps
- Université Paris-Saclay, INRAE, UVSQ, VIM, 78350, Jouy-en-Josas, France
| | - Marie Galloux
- Université Paris-Saclay, INRAE, UVSQ, VIM, 78350, Jouy-en-Josas, France
| | - Cécile Ferret
- Université Paris-Saclay, INRAE, UVSQ, VIM, 78350, Jouy-en-Josas, France
| | - Edwige Bouguyon
- Université Paris-Saclay, INRAE, UVSQ, VIM, 78350, Jouy-en-Josas, France
| | - Siamak Zohari
- Department of Microbiology, National Veterinary Institute (SVA), Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Katarina Näslund
- Department of Microbiology, National Veterinary Institute (SVA), Uppsala, Sweden
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Sara Hägglund
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden
| | | | - Jean-François Valarcher
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Sabine Riffault
- Université Paris-Saclay, INRAE, UVSQ, VIM, 78350, Jouy-en-Josas, France
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Li L, Dong Q, Wang Y, Feng Q, Zhou P, Ou X, Meng Q, He T, Luo J. [Retracted] Hedgehog signaling is involved in the BMP9‑induced osteogenic differentiation of mesenchymal stem cells. Int J Mol Med 2023; 51:30. [PMID: 36825560 PMCID: PMC10049012 DOI: 10.3892/ijmm.2023.5233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2014] [Accepted: 03/30/2015] [Indexed: 02/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Subsequently to the publication of the above paper, a concerned reader drew to the authors' attention that there were a number of overlapping data panels featured in the cellular images shown in Fig. 2C on p. 1644, and Figs. 3D and 4 on p. 1645, such that data that were allegedly obtained under different experimental conditions appeared to have been derived from some of the same original sources. Given the number of errors that had been made during the compilation of the figures in this article, the Editor of International Journal of Molecular Medicine has decided that this article should be retracted from the publication owing to a lack of overall confidence in the presented data. The authors were asked for an explanation to account for these concerns, but the Editorial Office did not receive a reply. The Editor apologizes to the readership for any inconvenience that might result from the retraction of this article. [International Journal of Molecular Medicine 35: 1641‑1650, 2015; DOI: 10.3892/ijmm.2015.2172].
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Li
- Key Laboratory of Diagnostic Medicine Designated by The Chinese Ministry of Education, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, P.R. China
| | - Qian Dong
- Key Laboratory of Diagnostic Medicine Designated by The Chinese Ministry of Education, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, P.R. China
| | - Yufeng Wang
- Key Laboratory of Diagnostic Medicine Designated by The Chinese Ministry of Education, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, P.R. China
| | - Qiaoling Feng
- Key Laboratory of Diagnostic Medicine Designated by The Chinese Ministry of Education, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, P.R. China
| | - Pengfei Zhou
- Chongqing Key Laboratory for Oral Diseases and Biomedical Sciences, The Affiliated Hospital of Stomatology, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 401147, P.R. China
| | - Xinying Ou
- Key Laboratory of Diagnostic Medicine Designated by The Chinese Ministry of Education, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, P.R. China
| | - Qiurong Meng
- Key Laboratory of Diagnostic Medicine Designated by The Chinese Ministry of Education, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, P.R. China
| | - Tongchuan He
- Key Laboratory of Diagnostic Medicine Designated by The Chinese Ministry of Education, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, P.R. China
| | - Jinyong Luo
- Key Laboratory of Diagnostic Medicine Designated by The Chinese Ministry of Education, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, P.R. China
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Seale JT, Carpenter JE, Eisenstat MD, Kiernan EA, Morgan BW, Nogee DP, Pu X, Therriault CA, Yeh M, McDougal OM. Veratrum parviflorum poisoning: identification of steroidal alkaloids in patient blood and breast milk. Clin Toxicol (Phila) 2022; 60:1309-1317. [PMID: 36301078 PMCID: PMC9822863 DOI: 10.1080/15563650.2022.2132166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2022] [Accepted: 09/29/2022] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The Veratrum genus is composed of plants containing a diverse set of steroidal alkaloids. Veratrum plant material has been utilized for centuries as herbal medicines, however the alkaloids have such a low therapeutic index that they are not used in modern medicine. Here we report an incident of inadvertent ingestion of V. parviflorum by hikers in Georgia that allowed detection, and in several instances identification of alkaloids from the plant, and correlated their presence within patient blood and breast milk specimens. CASE HISTORY Eight patients, three male and five female, presented in the spring of 2020 and 2021 with symptoms requiring emergent medical attention after ingestion of Veratrum parviflorum. All patients believed the plants to be a local native species of wild leek, Allium tricoccum, locally known as ramps. Plants were identified using photographs as well as fresh and cooked plant material provided by patients, in consultation with botanists at the University of Georgia Herbarium. Written consent was obtained from all patients for collection of blood and breast milk specimens for laboratory identification of Veratrum alkaloids. METHODS V. parviflorum plant material, and patient serum and breast milk were analyzed by high performance liquid chromatography-quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry (HPLC-QTOF) to identify steroidal alkaloids. RESULTS The V. parviflorum extract was confirmed to contain cyclopamine, veratramine, jervine, and muldamine. Two out of the eight patients had detectable concentrations of Veratrum alkaloids. Of the alkaloids identified in the plant, cyclopamine and jervine were detected within patient serum, and cyclopamine and veratramine were observed to be present in breast milk. DISCUSSION Toxicity resulting from Veratrum steroidal alkaloids has primarily been reported from V. album and V. viride. This is the second report of V. parviflorum poisoning. The present work reports for the first time the presence of muldamine and jervine within V. parviflorum. This work provides the first instance of identification of Veratrum alkaloids in breast milk. Thus, the findings presented herein add to literature record causative agents contributing to the toxicity of V. parviflorum when ingested and potential for secondary poisoning through breastfeeding. CONCLUSION V. parviflorum toxicity was observed to cause nausea, vomiting, hypotension, bradycardia, abdominal pain, light-headedness, blurred vision, and tingling in the arms. Patients experiencing mild symptoms improved with supportive care, IV fluids, and antiemetics, but hemodynamically unstable patients required atropine and vasopressors. This study demonstrated that more lipophilic Veratrum alkaloids can be passed along in breast milk, which suggests additional precautions may be critical to limit further poisonings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jared T Seale
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, Boise State University, Boise, ID, USA
| | - Joseph E Carpenter
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
- Georgia Poison Center, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Matthew D Eisenstat
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
- Georgia Poison Center, Atlanta, GA, USA
- Department of Emergency Medicine, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, USA
| | - Emily A Kiernan
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
- Georgia Poison Center, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Brent W Morgan
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
- Georgia Poison Center, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Daniel P Nogee
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
- Georgia Poison Center, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Xinzhu Pu
- Biomolecular Research Center, Boise State University, Boise, ID, USA
| | - Colin A Therriault
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
- Georgia Poison Center, Atlanta, GA, USA
- Department of Emergency Medicine, University of Illinois College of Medicine at Peoria, Peoria, IL, USA
| | - Michael Yeh
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
- Georgia Poison Center, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Owen M McDougal
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, Boise State University, Boise, ID, USA
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Seale JT, McDougal OM. Veratrum parviflorum: An Underexplored Source for Bioactive Steroidal Alkaloids. Molecules 2022; 27. [PMID: 36014585 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27165349] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2022] [Revised: 08/15/2022] [Accepted: 08/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Plants of the Veratrum genus have been used throughout history for their emetic properties, rheumatism, and for the treatment of high blood pressure. However, inadvertent consumption of these plants, which resemble wild ramps, induces life-threatening side effects attributable to an abundance of steroidal alkaloids. Several of the steroidal alkaloids from Veratrum spp. have been investigated for their ability to antagonize the Hedgehog (Hh) signaling pathway, a key pathway for embryonic development and cell proliferation. Uncontrolled activation of this pathway is linked to the development of various cancers; most notably, basal cell carcinoma and acute myeloid leukemia. Additional investigation of Veratrum spp. may lead to the identification of novel alkaloids with the potential to serve as chemotherapeutics. V. parviflorum is a relatively uncommon species of Veratrum that resides in the southeastern regions of North America. The phytochemical profile of this plant remains largely unexplored; however, bioactive steroidal alkaloids, including cyclopamine, veratramine, veratridine, and verazine were identified in its extract. The structural elucidation and bioactivity assessment of steroidal alkaloids in lesser abundance within the extract of V. parviflorum may yield potent Hh pathway inhibitors. This review seeks to consolidate the botanical and phytochemical information regarding V. parviflorum.
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Kotulak-Chrzaszcz A, Rybarczyk A, Klacz J, Matuszewski M, Kmiec Z, Wierzbicki PM. Expression levels of sonic hedgehog pathway genes and their targets are upregulated in early clear cell renal cell carcinoma. Int J Mol Med 2022; 49:58. [PMID: 35266008 PMCID: PMC8920499 DOI: 10.3892/ijmm.2022.5114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2021] [Accepted: 01/18/2022] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Clear cell renal cell carcinoma (ccRCC) is the most common and aggressive subtype of kidney cancer, with high mortality rates worldwide. The sonic hedgehog (SHH) molecular cascade is altered in various malignancies in tumorigenesis, and several SHH pathway inhibitors have been considered as potential anticancer drugs. The aim of the present study was to determine the expression profile of SHH signaling components and their target genes in ccRCC. Additionally, the present study examined the effects of SHH pathway inhibitory drugs (RU-SKI43, cyclopamine and GLI-antagonist 61) on cell viability, cell cycle progression, expression levels of SHH target genes and migration ability in 786-O, ACHN and HK2 cells. The study also included paired tumor and normal samples from 62 patients with ccRCC. The mRNA levels in clinical samples and cell lines were measured via reverse transcription-quantitative PCR. Cell viability was examined using a sulforhodamine B assay. Flow cytometry was used to investigate cell cycle progression and the migratory rate of cells was assessed using a wound healing assay. High mRNA levels of SHH, smoothened (SMO), glioma-associated zinc finger protein (GLI)1-3, BCL2 apoptosis regulator (BCL2), MYC proto-oncogene (MYC), vascular endothelial growth factor A (VEGFA) and cyclin D1 (CCND1) were observed in the tumor tissues, especially in early ccRCC, according to the TNM stage or World Health Organization/International Society of Urological Pathology (ISUP) grade. High expression levels of VEGFA, as well as low CCND1 mRNA expression, were associated with short overall survival, and increased VEGFA expression was an independent prognostic factor of a poor outcome in patients with advanced ISUP grade (Cox hazard ratio test). Cyclopamine treatment was found to arrest 786-O cells in the G2/M phase and decreased the expression levels of GLI1, BCL2, VEGFA and CCND1. RU-SKI43 inhibited cell migration and decreased the expression levels of BCL2, MYC and CCND1 in ACHN cells. Overall, the results of the present study suggested that SHH signaling may be involved in the early development of ccRCC, and the expression levels of CCND1 and VEGFA may serve as prognostic factors of this disease. Cyclopamine and RU-SKI43 appear to be potential anti-renal cell carcinoma drugs; however, this hypothesis requires verification by further in vivo studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Kotulak-Chrzaszcz
- Department of Histology, Faculty of Medicine, Medical University of Gdansk, 80211 Gdansk, Poland
| | - Agnieszka Rybarczyk
- Department of Histology, Faculty of Medicine, Medical University of Gdansk, 80211 Gdansk, Poland
| | - Jakub Klacz
- Department of Urology, Faculty of Medicine, Medical University of Gdansk, 80402 Gdansk, Poland
| | - Marcin Matuszewski
- Department of Urology, Faculty of Medicine, Medical University of Gdansk, 80402 Gdansk, Poland
| | - Zbigniew Kmiec
- Department of Histology, Faculty of Medicine, Medical University of Gdansk, 80211 Gdansk, Poland
| | - Piotr M Wierzbicki
- Department of Histology, Faculty of Medicine, Medical University of Gdansk, 80211 Gdansk, Poland
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Qiu X, Chen H, Feng D, Dong W. [G-protein coupled receptor Smo positively regulates proliferation and migration of adult neural stem cells in vitro]. Nan Fang Yi Ke Da Xue Xue Bao 2021; 41:1588-1592. [PMID: 34755677 DOI: 10.12122/j.issn.1673-4254.2021.10.20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To investigate the role of G-protein coupled receptor Smoothened (Smo) in regulating proliferation and migration of adult neural stem cells (ANSCs) and explore the underlying mechanism. METHODS Cultured ANSCs were treated with purmorphamine (PM, an agonist of Smo) or cyclopamine (CPM, an inhibitor of Smo), and the changes in cell proliferation migration abilities were assessed using cell counting kit-8 (CCK8) assay and wound healing assay, respectively. The mRNA expressions of membrane receptor Patched 1 (Ptch1), Smo, glioma-associated oncogene homolog 1 (Gli1), axon guidance cue slit1 (Slit1) and brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) in the treated cells were detected using real-time quantitative PCR (RT-PCR). RESULTS PM significantly promoted the proliferation (P < 0.01) and migration of ANSCs (P < 0.01), and up-regulated the mRNA expressions of Ptch1, Smo, Gli1, Slit1 and BDNF. Treatment with CPM significantly inhibited the proliferation and migration of ANSCs. CONCLUSION Modulating Smo activity can positively regulate the proliferation and migration of ANSCs possibly by regulating the expressions of BDNF and Slit1.
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Affiliation(s)
- X Qiu
- Experiment Teaching and Administration Center, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China
| | - H Chen
- Department of Neurosurgery, Third Affiliated Hospital of Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510630, China
| | - D Feng
- Institute of Oncology, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China
| | - W Dong
- Experiment Teaching and Administration Center, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China
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Abstract
Veratrum spp. grow throughout the world and are especially prevalent in high mountain meadows of North America. All parts of Veratrum plants have been used for the treatment of ailments including injuries, hypertension, and rheumatic pain since as far back as the 1600s. Of the 17-45 Veratrum spp., Veratrum californicum alkaloids have been proven to possess favorable medicinal properties associated with inhibition of hedgehog (Hh) pathway signaling. Aberrant Hh signaling leads to proliferation of over 20 cancers, including basal cell carcinoma, prostate and colon among others. Six of the most well-studied V. californicum alkaloids are cyclopamine (1), veratramine (2), isorubijervine (3), muldamine (4), cycloposine (5), and veratrosine (6). Recent inspection of the ethanolic extract from V. californicum root and rhizome via liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry has detected up to five additional alkaloids that are proposed to be verazine (7), etioline (8), tetrahydrojervine (9), dihydrojervine (10), 22-keto-26-aminocholesterol (11). For each alkaloid identified or proposed in V. californicum, this review surveys literature precedents for extraction methods, isolation, identification, characterization and bioactivity to guide natural product drug discovery associated with this medicinal plant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Madison L. Dirks
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Boise State University, Boise, ID 83725, USA; (M.L.D.); (J.T.S.)
| | - Jared T. Seale
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Boise State University, Boise, ID 83725, USA; (M.L.D.); (J.T.S.)
| | - Joseph M. Collins
- Biomolecular Sciences Ph.D. Program, Boise State University, Boise, ID 83725, USA;
| | - Owen M. McDougal
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Boise State University, Boise, ID 83725, USA; (M.L.D.); (J.T.S.)
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11
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Bao J, Qian Z, Liu L, Hong X, Che H, Wu X. Pharmacological Disruption of Phosphorylated Eukaryotic Initiation Factor-2α/Activating Transcription Factor 4/Indian Hedgehog Protects Intervertebral Disc Degeneration via Reducing the Reactive Oxygen Species and Apoptosis of Nucleus Pulposus Cells. Front Cell Dev Biol 2021; 9:675486. [PMID: 34164397 PMCID: PMC8215438 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2021.675486] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2021] [Accepted: 04/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Excessive reactive oxygen species (ROS) and apoptosis in nucleus pulposus (NP) cells accelerate the process of intervertebral disc degeneration (IDD). Here, we integrated pathological samples and in vitro and in vivo framework to investigate the impact of phosphorylation of eukaryotic initiation factor-2α (eIF2α)/activating transcription factor 4 (ATF4)/Indian hedgehog (Ihh) signaling in the IDD. From the specimen analysis of the IDD patients, we found phosphorylated eIF2α (p-eIF2α), ATF4 and Ihh protein levels were positively related while the NP tissue went degenerative. In vitro, tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α caused the NP cell degeneration and induced a cascade of upregulation of p-eIF2α, ATF4, and Ihh. Interestingly, ATF4 could enhance Ihh expression through binding its promoter region, and silencing of ATF4 decreased Ihh and protected the NP cells from degeneration. Moreover, ISRIB inhibited the p-eIF2α, which resulted in a suppression of ATF4/Ihh, and alleviated the TNF-α-induced ROS production and apoptosis of NP cells. On the contrary, further activating p-eIF2α aggravated the NP cell degeneration, with amplification of ATF4/Ihh and a higher level of ROS and apoptosis. Additionally, applying cyclopamine (CPE) to suppress Ihh was efficient to prevent NP cell apoptosis but did not decrease the ROS level. In an instability-induced IDD model in mice, ISRIB suppressed p-eIF2α/ATF4/Ihh and prevented IDD via protecting the anti-oxidative enzymes and decreased the NP cell apoptosis. CPE prevented NP cell apoptosis but did not affect anti-oxidative enzyme expression. Taken together, p-eIF2α/ATF4/Ihh signaling involves the ROS level and apoptosis in NP cells, the pharmacological disruption of which may provide promising methods in preventing IDD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junping Bao
- Spine Center, The Affiliated Zhongda Hospital of Southeast University, Nanjing, China.,School of Medicine, Southeast University, Nanjing, China
| | - Zhanyang Qian
- Spine Center, The Affiliated Zhongda Hospital of Southeast University, Nanjing, China.,School of Medicine, Southeast University, Nanjing, China
| | - Lei Liu
- Spine Center, The Affiliated Zhongda Hospital of Southeast University, Nanjing, China.,School of Medicine, Southeast University, Nanjing, China
| | - Xin Hong
- Spine Center, The Affiliated Zhongda Hospital of Southeast University, Nanjing, China.,School of Medicine, Southeast University, Nanjing, China
| | - Hui Che
- Faculty of Medicine, Medical Center, Albert-Ludwigs-University of Freiburg, Freiburg im Breisgau, Germany
| | - Xiaotao Wu
- Spine Center, The Affiliated Zhongda Hospital of Southeast University, Nanjing, China.,School of Medicine, Southeast University, Nanjing, China
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12
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Pan Y, Zhou J, Zhang W, Yan L, Lu M, Dai Y, Zhou H, Zhang S, Yang J. The Sonic Hedgehog signaling pathway regulates autophagy and migration in ovarian cancer. Cancer Med 2021; 10:4510-4521. [PMID: 34076346 PMCID: PMC8267163 DOI: 10.1002/cam4.4018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2019] [Revised: 04/08/2021] [Accepted: 04/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The Sonic Hedgehog (SHH) signaling pathway plays an important role in various types of human cancers including ovarian cancer; however, its function and underlying mechanism in ovarian cancer are still not entirely understood. Methods We detected the expressions of SHH and SQSTM1 in borderline ovarian tumor tissues, epithelial ovarian cancer (EOC) tissues and benign ovarian tumor tissues. Cyclopamine (Cyp, a well‐known inhibitor of SHH signaling pathway) and chloroquine (CQ, the pharmaceutical inhibitor of autophagy) were used in vivo and in vitro (autophagic flux, CCK‐8 assay, wound healing assay, transwell assay, tumor xenograft model). The mechanism of action was explored through Quantitative RT‐PCR and Western Blot. Results We found up‐regulation of SHH and accumulation of SQSTM1/P62 in epithelial ovarian cancer. Cyp induced autophagy through the PI3K/AKT signaling pathway. Moreover, low‐dose Cyp and chloroquine (CQ) significantly promoted the migratory ability of SKOV3 cells. Conclusions Our findings suggest that inhibition of the SHH pathway and autophagy may be a potential and effective therapy for the treatment of ovarian cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yibin Pan
- Assisted Reproduction Unit, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China.,Key Laboratory of Reproductive Dysfunction Management of Zhejiang Province, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Jiena Zhou
- Assisted Reproduction Unit, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China.,Key Laboratory of Reproductive Dysfunction Management of Zhejiang Province, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China.,Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Yaojiang Township Central Hospital, Zhuji City, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Weidan Zhang
- Assisted Reproduction Unit, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China.,Key Laboratory of Reproductive Dysfunction Management of Zhejiang Province, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China.,Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Taizhou Hospital of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang University, Taizhou City, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Lili Yan
- Assisted Reproduction Unit, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China.,Beilun district hospital of traditional Chinese medicine, Ningbo city, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Meifei Lu
- Department of Pharmacy, The Children's Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, National Clinical Research Center for Child Health, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Yongdong Dai
- Assisted Reproduction Unit, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China.,Key Laboratory of Reproductive Dysfunction Management of Zhejiang Province, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Hanjing Zhou
- Assisted Reproduction Unit, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China.,Key Laboratory of Reproductive Dysfunction Management of Zhejiang Province, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Songying Zhang
- Assisted Reproduction Unit, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China.,Key Laboratory of Reproductive Dysfunction Management of Zhejiang Province, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Jianhua Yang
- Assisted Reproduction Unit, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China.,Key Laboratory of Reproductive Dysfunction Management of Zhejiang Province, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
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13
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Abstract
TRIM46 is a RING finger E3 ligase which belongs to TRIM (tripartite motif-containing) protein family. TRIM46 is required for neuronal polarity and axon specification by driving the formation of parallel microtubule arrays, whereas its embryological functions remain to be determined yet. Expression patterns and biological functions of trim46a, a zebrafish homologue of TRIM46, were studied in zebrafish embryo. First, maternal transcripts of trim46a were present at 1 cell stage whereas zygotic messages were abundant in the eyes, MHB (Midbrain-Hindbrain Boundary) and hindbrain at 24 hpf (hours post fertilization). Second, transcriptional regulatory region of trim46a contains cis-acting elements binding a transcriptional factor Foxa2. Transcription of foxa2 is positively regulated by Sonic Hedgehog (SHH), and treatment of cyclopamine, an SHH inhibitor, represses transcription of foxa2 in 4 hpf through 24 hpf embryos. Third, the transcriptional repression of foxa2 inhibited transcription of trim46a to cause developmental defects in the midbrain and MHB. Finally, spatiotemporal expression patterns of a midbrain marker otx2b in the developmental defects confirmed inhibition of SHH by cyclopamine caused underdevelopment of the midbrain and MHB at 24 hpf. We propose a signaling network where trim46a contributes to development of the midbrain and MHB via Foxa2, a downstream element of SHH signaling in zebrafish embryogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jangham Jung
- Department of Life Science, BK21 Plus Program, Graduate School, Daejeon, South Korea
| | - Jaehun Kim
- Department of Biological Sciences, College of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, South Korea
| | - Tae-Lin Huh
- School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, College of Natural Sciences, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, South Korea
| | - Myungchull Rhee
- Department of Life Science, BK21 Plus Program, Graduate School, Daejeon, South Korea.,Department of Biological Sciences, College of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, South Korea
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14
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Wang H, Geng C, Zhou H, Zhang Z, Chen W. Cyclopamine sensitizes multiple myeloma cells to circularly permuted TRAIL-induced apoptosis. Oncol Lett 2021; 21:295. [PMID: 33732371 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2021.12556] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2020] [Accepted: 01/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Tumor necrosis factor related apoptosis inducing ligand (TRAIL) is a promising anti-myeloma drug prototype. The aim of the present study was to investigate the synergistic effects of cyclopamine and circularly permuted TRAIL (CPT) on the proliferation and apoptosis of multiple myeloma cells. The results showed that the inhibitory effects of cyclopamine on the proliferation of human myeloma RPMI-8226 and SKO-007 cells were weak. RPMI-8226 cells were sensitive to CPT; however, the proliferation of SKO-007 cells was not effectively inhibited by CPT. SKO-007 cells were thus considered resistant to cyclopamine and CPT and used for subsequent experiments. Treatment with a combination of cyclopamine and CPT significantly inhibited cell proliferation. Moreover, the Q value showed that cyclopamine combined with CPT could synergistically inhibit the proliferation of SKO-007 cells. Cyclopamine increased CPT-induced apoptosis in the SKO-007 cells and exhibited a synergistic induction of apoptosis when combined with CPT. Moreover, the combination of cyclopamine and CPT decreased the ratio of myeloma stem cells. Quantitative PCR showed that cyclopamine decreased the mRNA expression levels of GLI1/GLI2/GLI3 and increased the expression levels of death receptor 4. In conclusion, the present study showed that a combination of cyclopamine and CPT exhibited synergistic effects on the inhibition of proliferation and induction of apoptosis in myeloma cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huijuan Wang
- Department of Hematology, Beijing Chaoyang Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100020, P.R. China
| | - Chuanying Geng
- Department of Hematology, Beijing Chaoyang Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100020, P.R. China
| | - Huixing Zhou
- Department of Hematology, Beijing Chaoyang Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100020, P.R. China
| | - Zhiyao Zhang
- Department of Hematology, Beijing Chaoyang Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100020, P.R. China
| | - Wenming Chen
- Department of Hematology, Beijing Chaoyang Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100020, P.R. China
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15
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Zhang T, Li Y, Song Y, Chen X, Li J, Peng Q, He J, Fei X. Curcumin- and Cyclopamine-Loaded Liposomes to Enhance Therapeutic Efficacy Against Hepatic Fibrosis. Drug Des Devel Ther 2020; 14:5667-5678. [PMID: 33380787 PMCID: PMC7767702 DOI: 10.2147/dddt.s287442] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2020] [Accepted: 12/11/2020] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Hepatic fibrosis is a public health problem characterized by activation of hepatic stellate cells (HSCs), which triggers excessive production of extracellular matrix (ECM). Inhibition of HSC activation may be an effective treatment. Since various pathways control HSC activation, a combination of drugs with different mechanisms may be more effective than monotherapy. METHODS Here, we prepared liposomes loaded with curcumin and cyclopamine to inhibit HSC activation. We systematically analyzed the physicochemical characteristics of liposomes loaded with the two drugs, as well as their effects on HSC proliferation, activation and collagen production on gene, protein and cellular levels. RESULTS The prepared liposomes helped solubilize both drugs, contributing to their uptake by cells. Liposomes loaded with both drugs inhibited cell proliferation, migration and invasion, as well as induced more apoptosis and perturbed the cell cycle more than the free combination of both drugs in solution or liposomes loaded with either drug alone. Liposomes loaded with both drugs strongly suppressed HSC activation and collagen secretion. CONCLUSION Our results suggest that liposome encapsulation can increase the uptake of curcumin and cyclopamine as well as the synergism between them in anti-fibrosis. This approach shows potential for treating hepatic fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ting Zhang
- Department of Pharmacy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu610041, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yanping Li
- Laboratory of Clinical Pharmacy and Adverse Drug Reaction, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yi Song
- Department of Pharmacy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu610041, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xiaoshuang Chen
- Department of Pharmacy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu610041, People’s Republic of China
| | - Jing Li
- Department of Pharmacy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu610041, People’s Republic of China
| | - Qiang Peng
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu610041, People’s Republic of China
| | - Jinhan He
- Department of Pharmacy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu610041, People’s Republic of China
- Laboratory of Clinical Pharmacy and Adverse Drug Reaction, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xiaofan Fei
- Department of Pharmacy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu610041, People’s Republic of China
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16
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Xing G, Zhao T, Zhang X, Li H, Li X, Cui P, Li M, Li D, Zhang N, Jiang W. Astrocytic Sonic Hedgehog Alleviates Intracerebral Hemorrhagic Brain Injury via Modulation of Blood-Brain Barrier Integrity. Front Cell Neurosci 2020; 14:575690. [PMID: 33343302 PMCID: PMC7747855 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2020.575690] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2020] [Accepted: 10/08/2020] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH) is a fatal subtype of stroke that lacks effective therapy. Blood-brain barrier (BBB) damage is a hallmark of ICH-induced brain injury that leads to edema formation, leukocytes infiltration, influx of blood components into the perihematomal (PHE) region, and eventually brain injury. Astrocytes are essential for the formation and maintenance of the BBB by providing secreted molecules that contribute to the association between these cells. Sonic hedgehog (SHH) derived from astrocytes promotes the maturity and integrity of the BBB by upregulating tight junctions (TJs) in brain capillary endothelial cells (ECs). However, the effect of SHH on BBB in ICH has not been investigated. Methods: Cyclopamine (CYC) is a potent, selective inhibitor that specifically blocks the SHH signaling pathway. Here, we used pharmacological inhibitions (CYC and its derivatives) to determine a critical role of the SHH signaling pathway in promoting BBB integrity after ICH by mechanisms of regulating the TJ proteins in vivo and in vitro. Results: The expression of astrocytic SHH was upregulated in mouse brains after ICH. Compared with the vehicle-treated group, inhibition of the SHH signaling pathway with CYC and its derivatives treatments aggravated neurological function deficits, brain edema, hematoma volume, and BBB impairment by downregulating TJs in ECs through the SHH-Gli-1 axis in vivo and in vitro. Conclusions: SHH signaling pathway at the level of the BBB provides a barrier-promoting effect, suggesting that the SHH signaling pathway may function as a potential therapeutic target for restoring BBB function in ICH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gebeili Xing
- Department of Neurology, Tianjin Neurological Institute, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, China.,Department of Neurology, Inner Mongolia People's Hospital, Hohhot, China
| | - Tianman Zhao
- Department of Neurology, Tianjin Neurological Institute, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, China
| | - Xiyue Zhang
- Department of Neurology, Tianjin Neurological Institute, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, China
| | - He Li
- Department of Neurology, Tianjin Neurological Institute, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, China
| | - Xiuping Li
- Department of Neurology, Tianjin Neurological Institute, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, China
| | - Pan Cui
- Department of Neurology, Tianjin Neurological Institute, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, China
| | - Minshu Li
- Department of Neurology, Tianjin Neurological Institute, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, China
| | - Daojing Li
- Department of Neurology, Affiliated Hospital of Jining Medical University, Jining, China
| | - Nan Zhang
- Department of Neurology, Tianjin Neurological Institute, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, China
| | - Wei Jiang
- Department of Neurology, Tianjin Neurological Institute, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, China
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17
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Giuntini G, Monaci S, Cau Y, Mori M, Naldini A, Carraro F. Inhibition of Melanoma Cell Migration and Invasion Targeting the Hypoxic Tumor Associated CAXII. Cancers (Basel) 2020; 12:E3018. [PMID: 33080820 PMCID: PMC7602957 DOI: 10.3390/cancers12103018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2020] [Revised: 10/09/2020] [Accepted: 10/14/2020] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Intratumoral hypoxia contributes to cancer progression and poor prognosis. Carbonic anhydrases IX (CAIX) and XII (CAXII) play pivotal roles in tumor cell adaptation and survival, as aberrant Hedgehog (Hh) pathway does. In malignant melanoma both features have been investigated for years, but they have not been correlated before and/or identified as a potential pharmacological target. Here, for the first time, we demonstrated that malignant melanoma cell motility was impaired by targeting CAXII via either CAs inhibitors or through the inhibition of the Hh pathway. METHODS We tested cell motility in three melanoma cell lines (WM-35, SK-MEL28, and A375), with different invasiveness capabilities. To this end we performed a scratch assay in the presence of the smoothened (SMO) antagonist cyclopamine (cyclo) or CAs inhibitors under normoxia or hypoxia. Then, we analyzed the invasiveness potential in the cell lines which were more affected by cyclo and CAs inhibitors (SK-MEL28 and A375). Western blot was employed to assess the expression of the hypoxia inducible factor 1α, CAXII, and FAK phosphorylation. Immunofluorescence staining was performed to verify the blockade of CAXII expression. RESULTS Hh inhibition reduced melanoma cell migration and CAXII expression under both normoxic and hypoxic conditions. Interestingly, basal CAXII expression was higher in the two more aggressive melanoma cell lines. Finally, a direct CAXII blockade impaired melanoma cell migration and invasion under hypoxia. This was associated with a decrease of FAK phosphorylation and metalloprotease activities. CONCLUSIONS CAXII may be used as a target for melanoma treatment not only through its direct inhibition, but also through Hh blockade.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gaia Giuntini
- Department of Molecular and Developmental Medicine, Cellular and Molecular Physiology Unit, University of Siena, 53100 Siena, Italy; (G.G.); (S.M.); (A.N.)
| | - Sara Monaci
- Department of Molecular and Developmental Medicine, Cellular and Molecular Physiology Unit, University of Siena, 53100 Siena, Italy; (G.G.); (S.M.); (A.N.)
| | - Ylenia Cau
- Department of Biotechnology, Chemistry and Pharmacy, University of Siena, 53100 Siena, Italy; (Y.C.); (M.M.)
| | - Mattia Mori
- Department of Biotechnology, Chemistry and Pharmacy, University of Siena, 53100 Siena, Italy; (Y.C.); (M.M.)
| | - Antonella Naldini
- Department of Molecular and Developmental Medicine, Cellular and Molecular Physiology Unit, University of Siena, 53100 Siena, Italy; (G.G.); (S.M.); (A.N.)
| | - Fabio Carraro
- Department of Medical Biotechnologies, Cellular and Molecular Physiology Unit, University of Siena, 53100 Siena, Italy
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18
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Zhu SQ, Zhang YJ, Abbas MN, Hao XW, Zhao YZ, Liang HH, Cui HJ, Yang LQ. Hedgehog promotes cell proliferation in the midgut of silkworm, Bombyx mori. Insect Sci 2020; 27:697-707. [PMID: 30919568 DOI: 10.1111/1744-7917.12672] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2018] [Revised: 01/29/2019] [Accepted: 02/10/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
The Hedgehog (Hh) signaling pathway is one of the major regulators of embryonic development and tissue homeostasis in multicellular organisms. However, the role of this pathway in the silkworm, especially in the silkworm midgut, remains poorly understood. Here, we report that Bombyx mori Hedgehog (BmHh) is expressed in most tissues of silkworm larvae and that its functions are well-conserved throughout evolution. We further demonstrate that the messenger RNA of four Hh signaling components, BmHh ligand, BmPtch receptor, signal transducer BmSmo and transcription factor BmCi, are all upregulated following Escherichia coli or Bacillus thuringiensis infection, indicating the activation of the Hh pathway. Simultaneously, midgut cell proliferation is strongly promoted. Conversely, the repression of Hh signal transduction with double-stranded RNA or cyclopamine inhibits the expression of BmHh and BmCi and reduces cell proliferation. Overall, these findings provide new insights into the Hh signaling pathway in the silkworm, B. mori.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shun-Qin Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
- School of Life Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Ya-Jun Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
- Chongqing Engineering Laboratory of Targeted and Innovative Therapeutics, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Kinase Modulators as Innovative Medicine, IATTI, Chongqing University of Arts and Sciences, Chongqing, China
| | - Muhammad Nadeem Abbas
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Xiang-Wei Hao
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Yu-Zu Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Hang-Hua Liang
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Hong-Juan Cui
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Li-Qun Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
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19
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Spormann L, Rennert C, Kolbe E, Ott F, Lossius C, Lehmann R, Gebhardt R, Berg T, Matz-Soja M. Cyclopamine and Rapamycin Synergistically Inhibit mTOR Signalling in Mouse Hepatocytes, Revealing an Interaction of Hedgehog and mTor Signalling in the Liver. Cells 2020; 9:E1817. [PMID: 32751882 DOI: 10.3390/cells9081817] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2020] [Revised: 07/23/2020] [Accepted: 07/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
In the liver, energy homeostasis is mainly regulated by mechanistic target of rapamycin (mTOR) signalling, which influences relevant metabolic pathways, including lipid metabolism. However, the Hedgehog (Hh) pathway is one of the newly identified drivers of hepatic lipid metabolism. Although the link between mTOR and Hh signalling was previously demonstrated in cancer development and progression, knowledge of their molecular crosstalk in healthy liver is lacking. To close this information gap, we used a transgenic mouse model, which allows hepatocyte-specific deletion of the Hh pathway, and in vitro studies to reveal interactions between Hh and mTOR signalling. The study was conducted in male and female mice to investigate sexual differences in the crosstalk of these signalling pathways. Our results reveal that the conditional Hh knockout reduces mitochondrial adenosine triphosphate (ATP) production in primary hepatocytes from female mice and inhibits autophagy in hepatocytes from both sexes. Furthermore, in vitro studies show a synergistic effect of cyclopamine and rapamycin on the inhibition of mTor signalling and oxidative respiration in primary hepatocytes from male and female C57BL/6N mice. Overall, our results demonstrate that the impairment of Hh signalling influences mTOR signalling and therefore represses oxidative phosphorylation and autophagy.
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20
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Kohara Y, Haraguchi R, Kitazawa R, Imai Y, Kitazawa S. Hedgehog Inhibitors Suppress Osteoclastogenesis in In Vitro Cultures, and Deletion of Smo in Macrophage/Osteoclast Lineage Prevents Age-Related Bone Loss. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:E2745. [PMID: 32326611 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21082745] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2020] [Revised: 04/03/2020] [Accepted: 04/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The functional role of the Hedgehog (Hh)-signaling pathway has been widely investigated in bone physiology/development. Previous studies have, however, focused primarily on Hh functions in bone formation, while its roles in bone resorption have not been fully elucidated. Here, we found that cyclopamine (smoothened (Smo) inhibitor), GANT-58 (GLI1 inhibitor), or GANT-61 (GLI1/2 inhibitor) significantly inhibited RANKL-induced osteoclast differentiation of bone marrow-derived macrophages. Although the inhibitory effects were exerted by cyclopamine or GANT-61 treatment during 0–48 h (early stage of osteoclast differentiation) or 48–96 h (late stage of osteoclast differentiation) after RANKL stimulation, GANT-58 suppressed osteoclast formation only during the early stage. These results suggest that the Smo-GLI1/2 axis mediates the whole process of osteoclastogenesis and that GLI1 activation is requisite only during early cellular events of osteoclastogenesis. Additionally, macrophage/osteoclast-specific deletion of Smo in mice was found to attenuate the aging phenotype characterized by trabecular low bone mass, suggesting that blockage of the Hh-signaling pathway in the osteoclast lineage plays a protective role against age-related bone loss. Our findings reveal a specific role of the Hh-signaling pathway in bone resorption and highlight that its inhibitors show potential as therapeutic agents that block osteoclast formation in the treatment of senile osteoporosis.
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Ma R, Yu Z, Cai Q, Li H, Dong Y, Oksman-Caldentey KM, Rischer H. Agrobacterium-Mediated Genetic Transformation of the Medicinal Plant Veratrum dahuricum. Plants (Basel) 2020; 9:plants9020191. [PMID: 32033134 PMCID: PMC7076492 DOI: 10.3390/plants9020191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2019] [Revised: 01/30/2020] [Accepted: 02/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Veratrum dahuricum L. (Liliaceae), a monocotyledonous species distributed throughout the Changbai mountains of Northeast China, is pharmaceutically important, due to the capacity to produce the anticancer drug cyclopamine. An efficient transformation system of Veratrum dahuricum mediated with Agrobacterium tumefaciens is presented. Murashige and Skoog (MS) medium containing 8 mg/L picloram was used to induce embryogenic calli from immature embryos with 56% efficiency. A. tumefaciens LBA4404 carrying the bar gene driven by the cauliflower mosaic virus 35S promoter was employed for embryogenic callus inoculation. A. tumefaciens cell density OD660 = 0.8 for inoculation, half an hour infection period, and three days of co-culture duration were found to be optimal for callus transformation. Phosphinothricin (PPT, 16 mg/L) was used as the selectable agent, and a transformation efficiency of 15% (transgenic plants/100 infected calli) was obtained. The transgenic nature of the regenerated plants was confirmed by PCR and Southern blot analysis, and expression of the bar gene was detected by RT-PCR and Quick PAT/bar strips. The steroid alkaloids cyclopamine, jervine, and veratramine were detected in transgenic plants, in non-transformed and control plants collected from natural sites. The transformation system constitutes a prerequisite for the production of the pharmaceutically important anticancer drug cyclopamine by metabolic engineering of Veratrum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui Ma
- Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Agricultural Biotechnology, Jilin Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changchun 130033, China; (R.M.); (Z.Y.); (Q.C.); (H.L.)
| | - Zhijing Yu
- Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Agricultural Biotechnology, Jilin Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changchun 130033, China; (R.M.); (Z.Y.); (Q.C.); (H.L.)
| | - Qinan Cai
- Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Agricultural Biotechnology, Jilin Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changchun 130033, China; (R.M.); (Z.Y.); (Q.C.); (H.L.)
| | - Haiyun Li
- Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Agricultural Biotechnology, Jilin Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changchun 130033, China; (R.M.); (Z.Y.); (Q.C.); (H.L.)
| | - Yingshan Dong
- Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Agricultural Biotechnology, Jilin Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changchun 130033, China; (R.M.); (Z.Y.); (Q.C.); (H.L.)
- Correspondence: (Y.D.); (H.R.); Tel.: +86-0431-8706-3008 (Y.D.); +358-20-722-4461 (H.R.)
| | | | - Heiko Rischer
- VTT Technical Research Centre of Finland Ltd., P. O. Box 1000, FI-02044 VTT, Espoo, Finland;
- Correspondence: (Y.D.); (H.R.); Tel.: +86-0431-8706-3008 (Y.D.); +358-20-722-4461 (H.R.)
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22
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Song X, Zhang B, Taorong W, Wang G, Huang Y, Zhang Y, Liu M, Chen X. Effects of Cyclopamine on the Viability of Articular Chondrocytes in Rats with Adjuvant Arthritis in vitro. Ann Clin Lab Sci 2020; 50:85-91. [PMID: 32161016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The aim of the present study is to investigate the effect of cyclopamine, a hedgehog signaling pathway inhibitor, on adjuvant arthritis (AA), rat articular chondrocyte viability, and part mechanisms in vitro In this study, an AA rat model was established by Freund's complete adjuvant (FCA). The arthritis index (AI), secondary paw swelling degree, and HE staining were used to evaluate whether the model was successfully established. Chondrocytes of the ankle joint of AA rats were cultured and identified. Cyclopamine (0, 0.03, 0.1, 0.3, 1, 3, 10 and 30 mg/l) was administered to determine chondrocyte viability. Chondrocyte apoptosis was detected by Annexin V-FITC/PI double dye. The expression of hedgehog signaling pathway-related proteins Shh, Ptch1, and Gli1 in chondrocytes was detected by western blotting. The results show that AA was successfully induced by FCA since the AI of AA rats and secondary paw swelling degree increased and the cartilage tissue of the rats' ankle joint was damaged. Thus, the chondrocytes were successfully cultured in vitro following the identification of toluidine blue and type II collagen. Cyclopamine (0.03, 0.1, 0.3, 1, 3, 10 and 30 mg/l) could increase the viability of chondrocytes in vitro and reduce the apoptotic rate of chondrocytes. As compared with the control group, different doses of cyclopamine (0.3, 3 and 10 mg/l) significantly decreased the expression of Shh, Ptch1 and Gli1 proteins in AA chondrocytes. Therefore, an AA rat model was successfully established in the present study and cyclopamine improved the viability and inhibited the apoptosis of chondrocytes. This is an effect that may be associated with the inhibition of the chondrocyte hedgehog signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xianbing Song
- Department of Human Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, Anhui Medical College, China
| | - Bao Zhang
- Department of Nutrition, the First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, China
| | - Wang Taorong
- Microscopic Morphological Center Laboratory, Anhui Medical University, China
| | - Gaoyuan Wang
- Department of Orthopaedic, the First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Yanping Huang
- Department of Human Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, Anhui Medical College, China
| | - Ye Zhang
- Microscopic Morphological Center Laboratory, Anhui Medical University, China
| | - Meimei Liu
- Department of Human Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, Anhui Medical College, China
| | - Xiaoyu Chen
- Microscopic Morphological Center Laboratory, Anhui Medical University, China
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Feng C, Chen L, Lu Y, Liu J, Liang S, Lin Y, Li Y, Dong C. Programmable Ce6 Delivery via Cyclopamine Based Tumor Microenvironment Modulating Nano-System for Enhanced Photodynamic Therapy in Breast Cancer. Front Chem 2019; 7:853. [PMID: 31867309 PMCID: PMC6906549 DOI: 10.3389/fchem.2019.00853] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2019] [Accepted: 11/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Photodynamic therapy (PDT) has shown great promise in breast cancer treatment. However, simplex target ligand modification or stimuli release cannot meet the requirement of effective drug delivery to solid tumor tissue. To overcome continuous bio-barriers existing in the tumor microenvironment, multi-stage response drug delivery was desirable. Herein, we developed a unique tumor microenvironment tailored nanoplatform for chlorin e6 (Ce6) delivery. We chose bovine serum albumin (BSA) as “mother ships” material for effective tumor periphery resident, cyclopamine (CYC) as extracellular matrix (ECM) inhibitor and synergistic anti-tumor agent, and diselenide containing amphiphilic hyaluronic acid-chlorin e6 polymers (HA-SeSe-Ce6) synthesized as “small bombs” for internal tissue destruction. The above three distinct function compositions were integrated into an independent CYC and HA-SeSe-Ce6 co-delivery albumin nano-system (ABN@HA-SeSe-Ce6/CYC). The obtained nano-system presents good biocompatible, long circulation and effective tumor accumulation. After entering tumor microenvironment, CYC gradually releases to disrupt the ECM barrier to open the way for further penetration of HA-SeSe-Ce6. Subsequently, targeted tumor cell internalization and intracellular redox response release of Ce6 would achieve. Moreover, CYC could also make up the deficiency of Ce6 in hypoxia area, owing to its anti-tumor effect. Improved therapeutic efficacy was verified in a breast cancer cell line and tumor-bearing mice model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chan Feng
- Cancer Center, Shanghai East Hospital, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
| | - Lv Chen
- Cancer Center, Shanghai East Hospital, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yonglin Lu
- Cancer Center, Shanghai East Hospital, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jie Liu
- Cancer Center, Shanghai East Hospital, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
| | - Shujing Liang
- Cancer Center, Shanghai East Hospital, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yun Lin
- Cancer Center, Shanghai East Hospital, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yongyong Li
- The Institute for Biomedical Engineering & Nano Science (iNANO), School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
| | - Chunyan Dong
- Cancer Center, Shanghai East Hospital, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
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24
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Hsiao CH, Zhao J, Gao S, Farhan N, Wang Y, Li C, Chow DSL. Development and validation of a rapid and sensitive UPLC-MS/MS assay for simultaneous quantification of paclitaxel and cyclopamine in mouse whole blood and tissue samples. Biomed Chromatogr 2019; 33:e4518. [PMID: 30805953 DOI: 10.1002/bmc.4518] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2018] [Revised: 02/08/2019] [Accepted: 02/20/2019] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
The prominent stromal compartment surrounds pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma and protects the tumor cells from chemo- or radiotherapy. We hypothesized that our nano formulation carrying cyclopamine (CPA, stroma modulator) and paclitaxel (PTX, antitumor agent) could increase the permeation of PTX through the stromal compartment and improve the intratumoral delivery of PTX. In the present study a sensitive, reliable UPLC-MS/MS method was developed and validated to quantify PTX and CPA simultaneously in mouse whole blood, pancreas, liver and spleen samples. Docetaxel was used as the internal standard. The method demonstrated a linear range of 0.5-2000 ng/mL for whole blood and tissue homogenates for both PTX and CPA. The accuracy and precision of the assay were all within ±15%. Matrix effects for both analytes were within 15%. Recoveries from whole blood, liver, spleen and pancreas homogenates were 92.7-105.2% for PTX and 72.8-99.7% for CPA. The stability was within ±15% in all test biomatrices. The validated method met the acceptance criteria according to US Food and Drug Administration regulatory guidelines. The method was successfully applied to support a pharmacokinetic and biodistribution study for PTX and CPA in mice biomatrices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheng-Hui Hsiao
- Department of Pharmacological and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Houston, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Jun Zhao
- Department of Cancer systems imaging, The University of Texas MD Anderson, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Song Gao
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Environmental Health Sciences, Texas Southern University, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Nashid Farhan
- Department of Pharmacological and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Houston, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Yang Wang
- Department of Pharmacological and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Houston, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Chun Li
- Department of Cancer systems imaging, The University of Texas MD Anderson, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Diana S-L Chow
- Department of Pharmacological and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Houston, Houston, TX, USA
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25
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Lu YL, Ma YB, Feng C, Zhu DL, Liu J, Chen L, Liang SJ, Dong CY. Co-delivery of Cyclopamine and Doxorubicin Mediated by Bovine Serum Albumin Nanoparticles Reverses Doxorubicin Resistance in Breast Cancer by Down-regulating P-glycoprotein Expression. J Cancer 2019; 10:2357-2368. [PMID: 31258739 PMCID: PMC6584414 DOI: 10.7150/jca.30323] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2018] [Accepted: 04/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Combination chemotherapy is considered to be one of the most effective treatments for breast cancer by reducing the emergence of drug resistance. In this study, a novel drug delivery system based on bovine serum albumin nanoparticles (BSA NPs) was successfully developed. Doxorubicin (DOX) and cyclopamine (CYC), a potential anti-cancer agent that inhibits the hedgehog signaling pathway were entrapped into BSA NPs through electrostatic interactions and hydrophobic interactions, respectively. Rather than simple combination of two different chemotherapeutics, the CYC also increased the intracellular DOX accumulation by decreasing the expression of P-glycoprotein (P-gp), which could thus reverse the DOX resistance. Tumor-targeting property of nanoparticles was the prerequisite for its further application. Interestingly, retention of fluorescently-labeled particles in vivo indicated that the dual-drug-loaded BSA NPs could not only target the primary tumors, but also target the metastatic lymph nodes, which would simultaneously inhibit the tumor growth and distant metastasis. Taken together, this study provides a promising strategy for co-delivery of drugs, tumor and metastatic lymph node targeting, and DOX resistance reversing in breast cancer chemotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong-lin Lu
- Breast Cancer Center, Shanghai East Hospital, Tongji University, Shanghai 200120, PR China
| | - Ya-bin Ma
- Department of Pharmacy, Shanghai East Hospital, Tongji University, Shanghai 200120, PR China
| | - Chan Feng
- Breast Cancer Center, Shanghai East Hospital, Tongji University, Shanghai 200120, PR China
| | - Dong-lei Zhu
- Breast Cancer Center, Shanghai East Hospital, Tongji University, Shanghai 200120, PR China
| | - Jie Liu
- Breast Cancer Center, Shanghai East Hospital, Tongji University, Shanghai 200120, PR China
| | - Lv Chen
- Breast Cancer Center, Shanghai East Hospital, Tongji University, Shanghai 200120, PR China
| | - Shu-jing Liang
- Breast Cancer Center, Shanghai East Hospital, Tongji University, Shanghai 200120, PR China
| | - Chun-yan Dong
- Breast Cancer Center, Shanghai East Hospital, Tongji University, Shanghai 200120, PR China
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26
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Li H, Li Q, Yu H. Molecular Characterization of the Hedgehog Signaling Pathway and Its Necessary Function on Larval Myogenesis in the Pacific Oyster Crassostrea gigas. Front Physiol 2018; 9:1536. [PMID: 30568594 PMCID: PMC6290081 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2018.01536] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2018] [Accepted: 10/11/2018] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Hedgehog signaling pathway participates in a chain of necessary physiological activities and dysregulation of the hedgehog signaling has been implicated in birth defects and diseases. Although substantial studies have uncovered that the hedgehog pathway is both sufficient and necessary for patterning vertebrate muscle differentiation, limited knowledge is available about its role in molluscan myogenesis. Here, the present study firstly identified and characterized the key genes (CgHh, CgPtc, CgSmo, CgGli) in the hedgehog pathway of the Pacific oyster Crassostrea gigas, and investigated the function of this pathway in embryonic myogenesis of C. gigas. Bioinformatics analysis revealed that the functional domains of the key genes were highly conserved among species. Quantitative analysis indicated that CgHh, CgPtc, CgGli mRNA began to accumulate during the blastula to gastrulation stages and accumulated throughout trochophore and into the D-shaped stage. RNA localization patterns by whole-mount in situ hybridization revealed that the key genes own the strongest specific staining in gastrulation, trochophore, and D-shaped stage. Hedgehog pathway genes showed a high expression level in myogenesis stage including trochophore and D-shaped stages, suggesting that the hedgehog pathway would be involved in myogenesis of C. gigas. In adult oysters, the key genes were expressed at various tissues, indicating that hedgehog pathway governed a series of development events. To further examine the role of hedgehog signaling in C. gigas myogenesis, we used cyclopamine treatment in C. gigas larvae to inhibit the signaling pathway. The quantification of the expression of the key genes in hedgehog pathway showed that expressions of key genes were severely down-regulated in treated larvae compared with normal larvae. The velum retractors, ventral retractors, anterior adductor, and posterior adductor muscles of larvae treated with cyclopamine at 4-6 μM for 6-12 h were severely destroyed, suggesting that the hedgehog pathway took part in the myogenesis of C. gigas. These findings provide a foundation for uncovering the molecular mechanisms of hedgehog signaling in molluscan physiological activity and enable us to better understand the signaling pathway involving in molluscan physiological activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huijuan Li
- Key Laboratory of Mariculture, Ministry of Education, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, China
| | - Qi Li
- Key Laboratory of Mariculture, Ministry of Education, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, China.,Laboratory for Marine Fisheries Science and Food Production Processes, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, China
| | - Hong Yu
- Key Laboratory of Mariculture, Ministry of Education, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, China.,Laboratory for Marine Fisheries Science and Food Production Processes, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, China
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27
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Bariwal J, Kumar V, Dong Y, Mahato RI. Design of Hedgehog pathway inhibitors for cancer treatment. Med Res Rev 2018; 39:1137-1204. [PMID: 30484872 DOI: 10.1002/med.21555] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2018] [Revised: 10/18/2018] [Accepted: 10/19/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Hedgehog (Hh) signaling is involved in the initiation and progression of various cancers and is essential for embryonic and postnatal development. This pathway remains in the quiescent state in adult tissues but gets activated upon inflammation and injuries. Inhibition of Hh signaling pathway using natural and synthetic compounds has provided an attractive approach for treating cancer and inflammatory diseases. While the majority of Hh pathway inhibitors target the transmembrane protein Smoothened (SMO), some small molecules that target the signaling cascade downstream of SMO are of particular interest. Substantial efforts are being made to develop new molecules targeting various components of the Hh signaling pathway. Here, we have discussed the discovery of small molecules as Hh inhibitors from the diverse chemical background. Also, some of the recently identified natural products have been included as a separate section. Extensive structure-activity relationship (SAR) of each chemical class is the focus of this review. Also, clinically advanced molecules are discussed from the last 5 to 7 years. Nanomedicine-based delivery approaches for Hh pathway inhibitors are also discussed concisely.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jitender Bariwal
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska
| | - Virender Kumar
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska
| | - Yuxiang Dong
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska
| | - Ram I Mahato
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska
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28
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Turner MW, Cruz R, Elwell J, French J, Mattos J, McDougal OM. Native V. californicum Alkaloid Combinations Induce Differential Inhibition of Sonic Hedgehog Signaling. Molecules 2018; 23:E2222. [PMID: 30200443 PMCID: PMC6225318 DOI: 10.3390/molecules23092222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2018] [Revised: 08/22/2018] [Accepted: 08/30/2018] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Veratrum californicum is a rich source of steroidal alkaloids such as cyclopamine, a known inhibitor of the Hedgehog (Hh) signaling pathway. Here we provide a detailed analysis of the alkaloid composition of V. californicum by plant part through quantitative analysis of cyclopamine, veratramine, muldamine and isorubijervine in the leaf, stem and root/rhizome of the plant. To determine whether additional alkaloids in the extracts contribute to Hh signaling inhibition, the concentrations of these four alkaloids present in extracts were replicated using commercially available standards, followed by comparison of extracts to alkaloid standard mixtures for inhibition of Hh signaling using Shh-Light II cells. Alkaloid combinations enhanced Hh signaling pathway antagonism compared to cyclopamine alone, and significant differences were observed in the Hh pathway inhibition between the stem and root/rhizome extracts and their corresponding alkaloid standard mixtures, indicating that additional alkaloids present in these extracts are capable of inhibiting Hh signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew W Turner
- Biomolecular Sciences Graduate Programs, Boise State University, 1910 University Drive, Boise, ID 83725, USA.
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Boise State University, 1910 University Drive, Boise, ID 83725, USA.
| | - Roberto Cruz
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Boise State University, 1910 University Drive, Boise, ID 83725, USA.
| | - Jordan Elwell
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Boise State University, 1910 University Drive, Boise, ID 83725, USA.
| | - John French
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Boise State University, 1910 University Drive, Boise, ID 83725, USA.
| | - Jared Mattos
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Boise State University, 1910 University Drive, Boise, ID 83725, USA.
| | - Owen M McDougal
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Boise State University, 1910 University Drive, Boise, ID 83725, USA.
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29
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Guerrini G, Criscuoli M, Filippi I, Naldini A, Carraro F. Inhibition of smoothened in breast cancer cells reduces CAXII expression and cell migration. J Cell Physiol 2018; 233:9799-9811. [PMID: 30132883 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.26947] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2018] [Accepted: 06/12/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Breast cancer (BC) relapse and metastasis are the leading cause of death and, together with drug resistance, keep mortality still high. The Hedgehog (Hh) pathway is expressed during embryogenesis, organogenesis and in adult tissue homeostasis and its aberrant activation is often associated with cancer. Carbonic anhydrase (CA) enzymes are important during development; they play a key role in controlling several cellular mechanisms, such as pH regulation, survival, and migration, and they are aberrantly expressed in cancer. The goal of this study was to investigate the interplay between the Hh pathway and CAXII in terms of BC cell migration. We here demonstrated that smoothened (SMO) silencing resulted in a reduction of CAXII expression at mRNA and protein level. This led to a decrease in cell migration, which was restored when cells were treated with an SMO agonist, Sag dihydrochloride (SAG), but not when cells were cotreated with SAG and the CAs inhibitor Acetazolamide. This suggested that the ability of SAG to promote cell migration was impaired when CAXII was inhibited. The reduction was also confirmed within hypoxic and inflammatory microenvironment, typical of BC, indicating a key role of the Hh pathway in controlling CAXII expression. Our results may contribute to further understand the physiology of BC cells and indicate that the Hh pathway controls BC cell migration and cell invasion also through CAXII, with important implications in identifying novel therapeutic targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giuditta Guerrini
- Department of Molecular and Developmental Medicine, Cellular and Molecular Physiology Unit, University of Siena, Siena, Italy
| | - Mattia Criscuoli
- Department of Molecular and Developmental Medicine, Cellular and Molecular Physiology Unit, University of Siena, Siena, Italy
| | - Irene Filippi
- Department of Molecular and Developmental Medicine, Cellular and Molecular Physiology Unit, University of Siena, Siena, Italy.,Istituto Toscano Tumori, Firenze, Italy
| | - Antonella Naldini
- Department of Molecular and Developmental Medicine, Cellular and Molecular Physiology Unit, University of Siena, Siena, Italy
| | - Fabio Carraro
- Department of Molecular and Developmental Medicine, Cellular and Molecular Physiology Unit, University of Siena, Siena, Italy.,Istituto Toscano Tumori, Firenze, Italy
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30
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Huang X, Wu W, Hu P, Wang Q. Taurine enhances mouse cochlear neural stem cells proliferation and differentiation to sprial gangli through activating sonic hedgehog signaling pathway. Organogenesis 2018; 14:147-157. [PMID: 30102120 DOI: 10.1080/15476278.2018.1477462] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
To investigate the molecular mechanism underlying taurine-stimulated proliferation and differentiation of cochlear neural stem cells (NSCs) and potential involvement of Sonic Hedgehog (Shh) pathway. The NSCs were characterized with immunofluorescence stained with nestin antibody. Cell viability was determined by MTT assay. The relative proliferation was measured by BrdU incorporation assay. The morphologic index was measured under light microscope. The relative protein level was determined by immunoblotting. Here we presented our findings that taurine stimulated proliferation and neurite outgrowth of NSCs, which was completely abolished by Shh inhibitor cyclopamine. In addition, cyclopamine antagonized taurine's effect on glutamatergic and GABAergic neuron population via suppressing expressions of Ptc-1, Smo and Gli-1. Our data supported the critical role of Shh pathway underlying the protective effect of taurine on auditory neural system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinghua Huang
- a Department of Ultrasound Diagnosis, The Second Xiangya Hospital , Central South University , Changsha , China
| | - Weijing Wu
- b Department of Otolaryngology and Head & Neck surgery, The Second Xiangya Hospital , Central South University , Changsha , China
| | - Peng Hu
- b Department of Otolaryngology and Head & Neck surgery, The Second Xiangya Hospital , Central South University , Changsha , China
| | - Qin Wang
- b Department of Otolaryngology and Head & Neck surgery, The Second Xiangya Hospital , Central South University , Changsha , China
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31
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Liu M, Chen X, Liu H, Di Y. Expression and significance of the Hedgehog signal transduction pathway in oxygen-induced retinal neovascularization in mice. Drug Des Devel Ther 2018; 12:1337-1346. [PMID: 29861625 PMCID: PMC5968796 DOI: 10.2147/dddt.s149594] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Aim The aim of the study was to investigate the signal transduction mechanism of Hedgehog–vascular endothelial growth factor in oxygen-induced retinopathy (OIR) and the effects of cyclopamine on OIR. Methods An OIR model was established in C57BL/6J mice exposed to hyperoxia. Two hundred mice were randomly divided into a control group, an OIR group, an OIR-control group (treated with isometric phosphate-buffered saline by intravitreal injection), and a cyclopamine group (treated with cyclopamine by intravitreal injection), with 50 mice in each group. The retinal vascular morphology was observed using adenosine diphosphatase and number counting using hematoxylin and eosin-stained image. Quantitative real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction was used to detect mRNA expression. Protein location and expression were evaluated using immunohistochemistry and Western blot. Results The OIR group and OIR-control group demonstrated large-area pathological neovascularization and nonperfused area when compared with the control group (both P<0.05). The area of nonperfusion and neovascularization in the cyclopamine group was significantly reduced compared with the OIR and OIR-control groups (both P<0.05). Compared with the control group, the OIR and OIR-control groups had more vascular endothelial cells breaking through the inner limiting membrane. The number of new blood vessel endothelial cell nuclei in the cyclopamine group was significantly reduced (both P<0.05) when compared with the OIR and OIR-control groups. The mRNA and protein expressions of Smoothened, Gli1, and vascular endothelial growth factor in the signal pathway of the OIR and OIR-control groups were significantly higher than those of the control group; however, in the cyclopamine group, these factors were reduced when compared with the OIR and OIR-control groups (all P<0.05). Conclusion Our data suggest that abnormal expression of the Hedgehog signaling pathway may be closely associated with the formation of OIR. Inhibiting the Smoothened receptor using cyclopamine could control retinal neovascularization, providing new ideas and measures for the prevention of oxygen-induced retinal neovascularization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meilin Liu
- Department of Ophthalmology, Shengjing Affiliated Hospital, China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaolong Chen
- Department of Ophthalmology, Shengjing Affiliated Hospital, China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, People's Republic of China
| | - Henan Liu
- Department of Ophthalmology, Shengjing Affiliated Hospital, China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, People's Republic of China
| | - Yu Di
- Department of Ophthalmology, Shengjing Affiliated Hospital, China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, People's Republic of China
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Liu YJ, Ma YC, Zhang WJ, Yang ZZ, Liang DS, Wu ZF, Qi XR. Combination therapy with micellarized cyclopamine and temozolomide attenuate glioblastoma growth through Gli1 down-regulation. Oncotarget 2018; 8:42495-42509. [PMID: 28477008 PMCID: PMC5522083 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.17205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2017] [Accepted: 04/03/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) is the most common and deadly brain cancer, characterized by its aggressive proliferation to adjacent tissue and high recurrence rate. We studied the efficacy and related mechanisms of the combination of cyclopamine (Cyp, a Sonic-hedgehog pathway (Shh) inhibitor) and temozolomide (TMZ, the clinically most used chemotherapeutic agent) in anti-GBM treatment. The micellarized Cyp (MCyp) showed better performance than Cyp solution in inhibiting GBM cells proliferation (3.77-fold against U87 MG cells and 3.28-fold against DBTRG-05MG cells) and clonogenity (1.35-fold against U87 MG cells and 2.17-fold against DBTRG-05MG cells), and preferred behavior of inhibiting cell invasion, colony formation through attenuated Gli1 expression. In addition, combination of MCyp and TMZ exhibited synergistic cytotoxicity, correlating with their ability in inducing apoptosis and eliminating neurospheres formation, and the combination of TMZ was accompanied with the enhanced blockage of Shh pathway. The optimal ratio of MCyp combined to TMZ was 1:20. So we proposed to use TMZ to kill tumor parenchyma and MCyp as the cancer stem cells inhibitor to resist tumor recurrence. These findings demonstrated that combination of TMZ with micellarized Cyp is a promising strategy for exerting different functions of drugs for tumor treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Jie Liu
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Molecular Pharmaceutics and New Drug Delivery System, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, 100191, PR China
| | - Ying-Cong Ma
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Molecular Pharmaceutics and New Drug Delivery System, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, 100191, PR China
| | - Wen-Jie Zhang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Molecular Pharmaceutics and New Drug Delivery System, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, 100191, PR China
| | - Zhen-Zhen Yang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Molecular Pharmaceutics and New Drug Delivery System, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, 100191, PR China
| | - De-Sheng Liang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Molecular Pharmaceutics and New Drug Delivery System, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, 100191, PR China
| | - Zhi-Fu Wu
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Baise University, Guangxi Baise, 533000, PR China
| | - Xian-Rong Qi
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Molecular Pharmaceutics and New Drug Delivery System, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, 100191, PR China
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Zhang B, Wang H, Jiang T, Jin K, Luo Z, Shi W, Mei H, Wang H, Hu Y, Pang Z, Jiang X. Cyclopamine treatment disrupts extracellular matrix and alleviates solid stress to improve nanomedicine delivery for pancreatic cancer. J Drug Target 2018. [PMID: 29533111 DOI: 10.1080/1061186x.2018.1452243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
As one of the most intractable tumours, pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDA) has a dense extracellular matrix (ECM) which could increase solid stress within tumours to compress tumour vessels, reduce tumour perfusion and compromise nanomedicine delivery for PDA. Thus, alleviating solid stress represents a potential therapeutic target for PDA treatment. In this study, cyclopamine, a special inhibitor of the hedgehog signalling pathway which contributes a lot to ECM formation of PDA, was exploited to alleviate solid stress and improve nanomedicine delivery to PDA. Results demonstrated that cyclopamine successfully disrupted ECM and lowered solid stress within PDA, which increased functional tumour vessels and resulted in enhanced tumour perfusion as well as improved tumour nanomedicine delivery in PDA-bearing animal models. Therefore, solid stress within PDA represents a new therapeutic target for PDA treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo Zhang
- a Institute of Hematology , Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science & Technology , Wuhan , China
| | - Honglan Wang
- a Institute of Hematology , Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science & Technology , Wuhan , China
| | - Ting Jiang
- a Institute of Hematology , Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science & Technology , Wuhan , China
| | - Kai Jin
- b School of Pharmacy , Fudan University, Key Laboratory of Smart Drug Delivery, Ministry of Education , Shanghai , China
| | - Zimiao Luo
- b School of Pharmacy , Fudan University, Key Laboratory of Smart Drug Delivery, Ministry of Education , Shanghai , China
| | - Wei Shi
- a Institute of Hematology , Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science & Technology , Wuhan , China
| | - Heng Mei
- a Institute of Hematology , Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science & Technology , Wuhan , China
| | - Huafang Wang
- a Institute of Hematology , Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science & Technology , Wuhan , China
| | - Yu Hu
- a Institute of Hematology , Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science & Technology , Wuhan , China
| | - Zhiqing Pang
- b School of Pharmacy , Fudan University, Key Laboratory of Smart Drug Delivery, Ministry of Education , Shanghai , China
| | - Xinguo Jiang
- b School of Pharmacy , Fudan University, Key Laboratory of Smart Drug Delivery, Ministry of Education , Shanghai , China
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Anwar M, Turner M, Farrell N, Zomlefer WB, McDougal OM, Morgan BW. Hikers poisoned: Veratrum steroidal alkaloid toxicity following ingestion of foraged Veratrum parviflorum. Clin Toxicol (Phila) 2018; 56:841-845. [PMID: 29490507 DOI: 10.1080/15563650.2018.1442007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Steroidal alkaloids are found in plants of the genus Veratrum. Their toxicity manifests as gastrointestinal symptoms followed by a Bezold-Jarisch reflex: hypopnea, hypotension, and bradycardia. Some Veratrum steroidal alkaloids are also teratogens interfering with the hedgehog-2 signaling pathway, which causes cyclopsia and holoprosencephaly. We present a case of accidental poisoning from Veratrum parviflorum mistaken for the edible Allium tricoccum (ramps, wild leek). CASE HISTORY A 27-year-old man and his 25-year-old wife presented to the emergency department with nausea, vomiting, hypotension, and bradycardia after foraging and ingesting plants that they believed to be a local native species of wild leek. METHODS We collected and analyzed the implicated fresh plant material and both patients' serum/plasma. We used liquid chromatography-mass spectroscopy and high-resolution electrospray ionization time of flight tandem mass spectrometry to extract and characterize steroidal alkaloids from the foraged plant and patients' serum. RESULTS Our V. parviflorum samples contained verazine, veratramine, veratridine, and cyclopamine. DISCUSSION Steroidal alkaloids have been previously isolated from Veratrum viride and Veratrum album and toxicity has been reported mainly from V. album species. CONCLUSION V. parviflorum toxicity manifests with gastrointestinal and cardiac symptoms. Treatment is symptomatic and supportive as with previous case reports of toxicity with other Veratrum species.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Matthew Turner
- b Biomolecular Sciences Graduate Programs , Boise State University , Boise , ID , USA
| | | | - Wendy B Zomlefer
- d Department of Plant Biology , University of Georgia , Athens , GA , USA
| | - Owen M McDougal
- e Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry , Boise State University , Boise , ID , USA
| | - Brent W Morgan
- f Emory University School of Medicine , Atlanta , GA , USA
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Jiang T, Zhang B, Zhang L, Wu X, Li H, Shen S, Luo Z, Liu X, Hu Y, Pang Z, Jiang X. Biomimetic nanoparticles delivered hedgehog pathway inhibitor to modify tumour microenvironment and improved chemotherapy for pancreatic carcinoma. Artif Cells Nanomed Biotechnol 2018; 46:1088-1101. [PMID: 29484905 DOI: 10.1080/21691401.2018.1445093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2018] [Revised: 02/19/2018] [Accepted: 02/20/2018] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
The unique tumour microenvironment (TM) of pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDA) including highly desmoplastic ECM and low tumour perfusion supports a considerable barrier for effective delivery of nanomedicines. Effectively modulating PDA microenvironment to enhance tumour drug delivery represents a pinpoint in the field of PDA treatment. In this study, it was the first time that biomimetic nanoparticles, which were designed in the form of erythrocyte membrane-camouflaged PLGA nanoparticles (MNP), were utilized for PDA microenvironment modulation. Cyclopamine (CYC), an inhibitor of Hedgehog pathway that contributed a lot to desmoplastic ECM of PDA, was selected as the model drug and successfully encapsulated into MNP. Advantages of CYC-loaded MNP (CMNP) included favourable biocompatibility, long circulation time, and powerful TM modulation effect. CMNP could effectively deliver CYC to the tumour site, disrupt tumour ECM, increase functional vessels, and improve tumour perfusion significantly. The combination treatment with CMNP and PTX-loaded MNP (PMNP) successfully improved PTX delivery to tumour, resulting in remarkable tumour growth inhibition in vivo. Therefore, biomimetic nanoparticles provide a new strategy for modulating PDA TM and will have great potential to improve the therapeutic effects of nanomedicines for PDA patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ting Jiang
- a School of Pharmacy , Fudan University, Key Laboratory of Smart Drug Delivery, Ministry of Education , Shanghai , China
- b Institute of Hematology, Union Hospital , Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science & Technology , Wuhan , Hubei , PR China
| | - Bo Zhang
- b Institute of Hematology, Union Hospital , Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science & Technology , Wuhan , Hubei , PR China
| | - Long Zhang
- a School of Pharmacy , Fudan University, Key Laboratory of Smart Drug Delivery, Ministry of Education , Shanghai , China
| | - Xuemei Wu
- a School of Pharmacy , Fudan University, Key Laboratory of Smart Drug Delivery, Ministry of Education , Shanghai , China
| | - Haichun Li
- a School of Pharmacy , Fudan University, Key Laboratory of Smart Drug Delivery, Ministry of Education , Shanghai , China
| | - Shun Shen
- a School of Pharmacy , Fudan University, Key Laboratory of Smart Drug Delivery, Ministry of Education , Shanghai , China
| | - Zimiao Luo
- a School of Pharmacy , Fudan University, Key Laboratory of Smart Drug Delivery, Ministry of Education , Shanghai , China
| | - Xianping Liu
- a School of Pharmacy , Fudan University, Key Laboratory of Smart Drug Delivery, Ministry of Education , Shanghai , China
| | - Yu Hu
- b Institute of Hematology, Union Hospital , Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science & Technology , Wuhan , Hubei , PR China
| | - Zhiqing Pang
- a School of Pharmacy , Fudan University, Key Laboratory of Smart Drug Delivery, Ministry of Education , Shanghai , China
| | - Xinguo Jiang
- a School of Pharmacy , Fudan University, Key Laboratory of Smart Drug Delivery, Ministry of Education , Shanghai , China
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Zhang J, Cui Y, Sun S, Cao J, Fang X. Casticin inhibits the epithelial-mesenchymal transition in ovarian carcinoma via the hedgehog signaling pathway. Oncol Lett 2018. [PMID: 29541219 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2018.7880] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Casticin inhibits migration, invasion and induced apoptosis in numerous cancer cells; however, the Hedgehog (Hh) signaling pathway is a key factor in the epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT). The present study aimed to assess whether casticin affects the expression of members of the Hh signaling pathway and EMT effectors in ovarian carcinoma. The ovarian cancer SKOV3 cell line was incubated in the presence of various concentrations of casticin or cyclopamine. Next, the expression levels of the main Hh signaling effector glioma-associated oncogene-1 (Gli-1) and EMT-associated factors [Twist-related protein 1 (Twist1), E-cadherin and N-cadherin] were determined by western blotting and reverse transcription-quantitative polymerase chain reaction. Cell proliferation and growth were assessed using MTT and soft agar assays; cell migration and invasion was evaluated using an in vitro migration assay and a transwell invasion assay, respectively. Compared with control group values, Gli-1, Twist1 and N-cadherin expression levels were reduced, whereas E-cadherin levels were increased in the casticin- and cyclopamine-treated groups. Incubation with casticin or cyclopamine resulted in markedly reduced SKOV3 cell viability, migration and invasion, in a dose-dependent manner. To the best of our knowledge, the findings of the present study indicated for first time that casticin may inhibit EMT via Hh signaling in vitro, reducing the migratory ability of ovarian cancer cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Zhang
- Department of Gynaecology and Obstetrics, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410011, P.R. China.,Department of Gynaecology and Obstetrics, The First Affiliated Hospital of University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan 421001, P.R. China
| | - Yinghong Cui
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Medical College, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, Hunan 410013, P.R. China
| | - Shuwen Sun
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Medical College, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, Hunan 410013, P.R. China
| | - Jianguo Cao
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Medical College, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, Hunan 410013, P.R. China
| | - Xiaoling Fang
- Department of Gynaecology and Obstetrics, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410011, P.R. China
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Almawash SA, Mondal G, Mahato RI. Coadministration of Polymeric Conjugates of Docetaxel and Cyclopamine Synergistically Inhibits Orthotopic Pancreatic Cancer Growth and Metastasis. Pharm Res 2018; 35:17. [PMID: 29305793 DOI: 10.1007/s11095-017-2303-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2017] [Accepted: 11/07/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE The aim of this study was to determine whether co-administration of hedgehog (Hh) pathway inhibitor cyclopamine (CYP) and microtubule stabilizer docetaxel (DTX) as polymer-drug conjugates, methoxy poly(ethylene glycol)-block-poly(2-methyl-2-carboxyl-propylenecarbonate-graft-dodecanol-graft-cyclopamine) (P-CYP) and methoxy poly(ethylene glycol)-block-poly(2-methyl-2-carboxyl-propylene carbonate-graft-dodecanol-graft-docetaxel) (P-DTX) could synergistically inhibit orthotopic pancreatic tumor growth in NSG mice. METHODS P-DTX and P-CYP were synthesized from mPEG-b-PCC through carbodiimide coupling reaction and characterized by 1H-NMR. The micelles were prepared by film hydration and particle size was measured by dynamic light scattering (DLS). Cytotoxicity, apoptosis and cell cycle analysis of P-DTX and P-CYP were evaluated in MIA PaCa-2 cells. In vivo efficacy of P-DTX and P-CYP were evaluated in NSG mice bearing MIA PaCa-2 cells derived orthotopic pancreatic tumor. RESULTS P-CYP and P-DTX self-assembled into micelles of <90 nm and their combination therapy efficiently inhibited the proliferation of MIA PaCa-2 cells, induced apoptosis and cell cycle arrest at M-phase more efficiently than P-CYP and P-DTX monotherapies. Furthermore, the combination therapy of P-CYP and P-DTX significantly reduced Hh component expression compared to P-CYP alone as determined by Western blot analysis. Lastly, the combination therapy induced greater inhibition of orthotopic pancreatic tumor growth in NSG mice compared to their monotherapies. CONCLUSION Combination of polymer conjugated anticancer drug (P-DTX) with polymer conjugated Hh inhibitor (P-CYP) enhanced pancreatic cancer cell killing, apoptosis as well as in vivo tumor growth inhibition with no obvious toxicities.
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Jiang T, Zhang B, Shen S, Tuo Y, Luo Z, Hu Y, Pang Z, Jiang X. Tumor Microenvironment Modulation by Cyclopamine Improved Photothermal Therapy of Biomimetic Gold Nanorods for Pancreatic Ductal Adenocarcinomas. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces 2017; 9:31497-31508. [PMID: 28849917 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.7b09458] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Due to the rich stroma content and poor blood perfusion, pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDA) is a tough cancer that can hardly be effectively treated by chemotherapeutic drugs. Tumor microenvironment modulation or advanced design of nanomedicine to achieve better therapeutic benefits for PDA treatment was widely advocated by many reviews. In the present study, a new photothermal therapy strategy of PDA was developed by combination of tumor microenvironment modulation and advanced design of biomimetic gold nanorods. On one hand, biomimetic gold nanorods were developed by coating gold nanorods (GNRs) with erythrocyte membrane (MGNRs). It was shown that MGNRs exhibited significantly higher colloidal stability in vitro, stronger photothermal therapeutic efficacy in vitro, and longer circulation in vivo than GNRs. On the other hand, tumor microenvironment modulation by cyclopamine treatment successfully disrupted the extracellular matrix of PDA and improved tumor blood perfusion. Moreover, cyclopamine treatment significantly increased the accumulation of MGNRs in tumors by 1.8-fold and therefore produced higher photothermal efficiency in vivo than the control group. Finally, cyclopamine treatment combined with photothermal MGNRs achieved the most significant shrinkage of Capan-2 tumor xenografts among all the treatment groups. Therefore, with the integrated advantages of tumor microenvironment regulation and long-circulation biomimetic MGNRs, effective photothermal therapy of PDA was achieved. In general, this new strategy of combining tumor microenvironment modulation and advanced design of biomimetic nanoparticles might have great potential in PDA therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ting Jiang
- Institute of Hematology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science & Technology , Wuhan, Hubei 430022, P. R. China
- School of Pharmacy, Fudan University, Key Laboratory of Smart Drug Delivery, Ministry of Education , 826 Zhangheng Road, Shanghai 201203, P. R. China
| | - Bo Zhang
- Institute of Hematology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science & Technology , Wuhan, Hubei 430022, P. R. China
| | - Shun Shen
- School of Pharmacy, Fudan University, Key Laboratory of Smart Drug Delivery, Ministry of Education , 826 Zhangheng Road, Shanghai 201203, P. R. China
| | - Yanyan Tuo
- School of Pharmacy, Fudan University, Key Laboratory of Smart Drug Delivery, Ministry of Education , 826 Zhangheng Road, Shanghai 201203, P. R. China
| | - Zimiao Luo
- School of Pharmacy, Fudan University, Key Laboratory of Smart Drug Delivery, Ministry of Education , 826 Zhangheng Road, Shanghai 201203, P. R. China
| | - Yu Hu
- Institute of Hematology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science & Technology , Wuhan, Hubei 430022, P. R. China
| | - Zhiqing Pang
- School of Pharmacy, Fudan University, Key Laboratory of Smart Drug Delivery, Ministry of Education , 826 Zhangheng Road, Shanghai 201203, P. R. China
| | - Xinguo Jiang
- School of Pharmacy, Fudan University, Key Laboratory of Smart Drug Delivery, Ministry of Education , 826 Zhangheng Road, Shanghai 201203, P. R. China
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Fumagalli G, Stella B, Pastushenko I, Ricci F, Christodoulou MS, Damia G, Mazza D, Arpicco S, Giannini C, Morosi L, Dosio F, Sotiropoulou PA, Passarella D. Heteronanoparticles by self-Assembly of Doxorubicin and Cyclopamine Conjugates. ACS Med Chem Lett 2017; 8:953-957. [PMID: 28947943 PMCID: PMC5601370 DOI: 10.1021/acsmedchemlett.7b00262] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2017] [Accepted: 08/01/2017] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The preparation of heteronanoparticles (NPs) with doxorubicin (DOXO) and cyclopamine (CYP) conjugates is presented. Biological evaluation on A431 cell lines confirms the maintenance of the activity of the parental drugs. The in vivo study shows that self-assembled NPs reduce tumor growth and toxicity of chemotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gaia Fumagalli
- Dipartimento
di Chimica, Università degli Studi
di Milano, Milano 20133, Italy
| | - Barbara Stella
- Dipartimento
di Scienza e Tecnologia del Farmaco, Università
degli Studi di Torino, Torino 10125, Italy
| | - Ievgenia Pastushenko
- Interdisciplinary
Research Institute (IRIBHM), Université
Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Brussels 1070, Belgium
| | - Francesca Ricci
- Laboratory
of Molecular Pharmacology, IRCCS-Istituto
di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri, Milano 20156, Italy
| | | | - Giovanna Damia
- Laboratory
of Molecular Pharmacology, IRCCS-Istituto
di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri, Milano 20156, Italy
| | - Davide Mazza
- Centro
di Imaging Sperimentale San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milano 20132, Italy
- Centro
Europeo di Nanomedicina, Milano 20133, Italy
| | - Silvia Arpicco
- Dipartimento
di Scienza e Tecnologia del Farmaco, Università
degli Studi di Torino, Torino 10125, Italy
| | - Clelia Giannini
- Dipartimento
di Chimica, Università degli Studi
di Milano, Milano 20133, Italy
| | - Lavinia Morosi
- Laboratory
of Cancer Pharmacology, IRCCS-Istituto di
Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri, Milano 20156, Italy
| | - Franco Dosio
- Dipartimento
di Scienza e Tecnologia del Farmaco, Università
degli Studi di Torino, Torino 10125, Italy
| | - Panagiota A. Sotiropoulou
- Interdisciplinary
Research Institute (IRIBHM), Université
Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Brussels 1070, Belgium
| | - Daniele Passarella
- Dipartimento
di Chimica, Università degli Studi
di Milano, Milano 20133, Italy
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Levanat S, Sabol M, Musani V, Ozretic P, Trnski D. Hedgehog Signaling Pathway as Genetic and Epigenetic Target in Ovarian Tumors. Curr Pharm Des 2017; 23:73-94. [PMID: 27719639 DOI: 10.2174/1381612822666161006154705] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2016] [Accepted: 09/29/2016] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Hedgehog signaling pathway is a developmental pathway mostly inactive in adult tissues, with the exception of stem cells. It is often found upregulated in various tumors, and associated with cancer stem cell maintenance. METHODS This review focuses on different aspects of Hedgehog activation in tumors, with special emphasis on ovarian tumors and their treatment. RESULTS Mutations in pathway components lead to a series of developmental malformations and syndromes. Aberrant activation of the pathway can be caused by mutations, noncanonical transcriptional regulation, or epigenetic changes. CONCLUSION This pathway is an interesting target in cancer therapy, especially when combined with therapies targeting other signaling pathways. Combination therapy can be used to bypass resistance or to target cancer stem cells in a more efficient way.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sonja Levanat
- Laboratory for Hereditary Cancer, Division of Molecular Medicine, Ruder Boskovic Institute, Bijenicka cesta 54, 10002 Zagreb, Croatia
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Piérard-Franchimont C, Hermanns-Lê T, Paquet P, Herfs M, Delvenne P, Piérard GE. Hedgehog- and mTOR-targeted therapies for advanced basal cell carcinomas. Future Oncol 2015; 11:2997-3002. [PMID: 26437034 DOI: 10.2217/fon.15.181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Basal cell carcinomas (BCCs) are the most frequent human cancer. Over 90% of all BCCs have a mutation in PTCH1 or smoothened, two conducting proteins of the Hedgehog pathway. They rarely progress deeply and metastasize; however, if they do, these advanced basal cell carcinoma become amenable to treatment by inhibiting the Hedgehog and the P13K-mTOR pathways. Such innovative drugs include vismodegib, cyclopamine, itraconazole, everolimus and a few other agents that are in early clinical development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudine Piérard-Franchimont
- Laboratory of Skin Bioengineering & Imaging (LABIC), Department of Clinical Sciences, University of Liège, Belgium.,Department of Dermatopathology, Unilab Lg, Liège University Hospital, Liège, Belgium
| | - Trinh Hermanns-Lê
- Department of Dermatopathology, Unilab Lg, Liège University Hospital, Liège, Belgium
| | - Philippe Paquet
- Department of Dermatopathology, Unilab Lg, Liège University Hospital, Liège, Belgium
| | - Michael Herfs
- Laboratory of Experimental Pathology, Liège University Hospital, Liège, Belgium
| | - Philippe Delvenne
- Department of Dermatopathology, Unilab Lg, Liège University Hospital, Liège, Belgium.,Laboratory of Experimental Pathology, Liège University Hospital, Liège, Belgium.,Departments of Pathology, Unilab Lg, Liège University Hospital, Liège, Belgium
| | - Gérald E Piérard
- Laboratory of Skin Bioengineering & Imaging (LABIC), Department of Clinical Sciences, University of Liège, Belgium
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42
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Qualtrough D, Rees P, Speight B, Williams AC, Paraskeva C. The Hedgehog Inhibitor Cyclopamine Reduces β-Catenin-Tcf Transcriptional Activity, Induces E-Cadherin Expression, and Reduces Invasion in Colorectal Cancer Cells. Cancers (Basel) 2015; 7:1885-99. [PMID: 26393651 PMCID: PMC4586800 DOI: 10.3390/cancers7030867] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2015] [Revised: 08/26/2015] [Accepted: 09/11/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Colorectal cancer is a major global health problem resulting in over 600,000 deaths world-wide every year with the majority of these due to metastatic disease. Wnt signalling, and more specifically β-catenin-related transcription, has been shown to drive both tumorigenesis and the metastatic process in colorectal neoplasia, yet its complex interactions with other key signalling pathways, such as hedgehog, remain to be elucidated. We have previously shown that the Hedgehog (HH) signalling pathway is active in cells from colorectal tumours, and that inhibition of the pathway with cyclopamine induces apoptosis. We now show that cyclopamine treatment reduces β-catenin related transcription in colorectal cancer cell lines, and that this effect can be reversed by addition of Sonic Hedgehog protein. We also show that cyclopamine concomitantly induces expression of the tumour suppressor and prognostic indicator E-cadherin. Consistent with a role for HH in regulating the invasive potential we show that cyclopamine reduces the expression of transcription factors (Slug, Snail and Twist) associated with the epithelial-mesenchymal transition and reduces the invasiveness of colorectal cancer cells in vitro. Taken together, these data show that pharmacological inhibition of the hedgehog pathway has therapeutic potential in the treatment of colorectal cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Qualtrough
- Department of Biological, Biomedical & Analytical Sciences, University of the West of England, Faculty of Health and Applied Sciences, University of the West of England, Frenchay, Bristol BS16 1QY, UK.
| | - Phil Rees
- School of Cellular & Molecular Medicine, University of Bristol, Medical Sciences Building, University Walk, Bristol BS8 1TD, UK.
| | - Beverley Speight
- School of Cellular & Molecular Medicine, University of Bristol, Medical Sciences Building, University Walk, Bristol BS8 1TD, UK.
| | - Ann C Williams
- School of Cellular & Molecular Medicine, University of Bristol, Medical Sciences Building, University Walk, Bristol BS8 1TD, UK.
| | - Christos Paraskeva
- School of Cellular & Molecular Medicine, University of Bristol, Medical Sciences Building, University Walk, Bristol BS8 1TD, UK.
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43
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Ridzewski R, Rettberg D, Dittmann K, Cuvelier N, Fulda S, Hahn H. Hedgehog Inhibitors in Rhabdomyosarcoma: A Comparison of Four Compounds and Responsiveness of Four Cell Lines. Front Oncol 2015; 5:130. [PMID: 26106586 PMCID: PMC4459089 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2015.00130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2015] [Accepted: 05/22/2015] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Rhabdomyosarcoma (RMS) is the most common soft tissue sarcoma in children and is divided into two major histological subgroups, i.e., embryonal (ERMS) and alveolar RMS (ARMS). RMS can show HEDGEHOG/SMOOTHENED (HH/SMO) signaling activity and several clinical trials using HH inhibitors for therapy of RMS have been launched. We here compared the antitumoral effects of the SMO inhibitors GDC-0449, LDE225, HhA, and cyclopamine in two ERMS (RD, RUCH-2) and two ARMS (RMS-13, Rh41) cell lines. Our data show that the antitumoral effects of these SMO inhibitors are highly divers and do not necessarily correlate with inhibition of HH signaling. In addition, the responsiveness of the RMS cell lines to the drugs is highly heterogeneous. Whereas some SMO inhibitors (i.e., LDE225 and HhA) induce strong proapoptotic and antiproliferative effects in some RMS cell lines, others paradoxically induce cellular proliferation at certain concentrations (e.g., 10 μM GDC-0449 or 5 μM cyclopamine in RUCH-2 and Rh41 cells) or can increase HH signaling activity as judged by GLI1 expression (i.e., LDE225, HhA, and cyclopamine). Similarly, some drugs (e.g., HhA) inhibit PI3K/AKT signaling or induce autophagy (e.g., LDE225) in some cell lines, whereas others cannot (e.g., GDC-0449). In addition, the effects of SMO inhibitors are concentration-dependent (e.g., 1 and 10 μM GDC-0449 decrease GLI1 expression in RD cells whereas 30 μM GDC-0449 does not). Together these data show that some SMO inhibitors can induce strong antitumoral effects in some, but not all, RMS cell lines. Due to the highly heterogeneous response, we propose to conduct thorough pretesting of SMO inhibitors in patient-derived short-term RMS cultures or patient-derived xenograft mouse models before applying these drugs to RMS patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rosalie Ridzewski
- Institute of Human Genetics, University Medical Center Goettingen , Goettingen , Germany
| | - Diana Rettberg
- Institute of Human Genetics, University Medical Center Goettingen , Goettingen , Germany
| | - Kai Dittmann
- Institute for Cellular and Molecular Immunology, University Medical Center Goettingen , Goettingen , Germany
| | - Nicole Cuvelier
- Institute of Human Genetics, University Medical Center Goettingen , Goettingen , Germany
| | - Simone Fulda
- Institute for Experimental Cancer Research in Pediatrics, Goethe-University Frankfurt , Frankfurt , Germany
| | - Heidi Hahn
- Institute of Human Genetics, University Medical Center Goettingen , Goettingen , Germany
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44
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Augustin MM, Ruzicka DR, Shukla AK, Augustin JM, Starks CM, O’Neil-Johnson M, McKain MR, Evans BS, Barrett MD, Smithson A, Wong GKS, Deyholos MK, Edger PP, Pires JC, Leebens-Mack JH, Mann DA, Kutchan TM. Elucidating steroid alkaloid biosynthesis in Veratrum californicum: production of verazine in Sf9 cells. Plant J 2015; 82:991-1003. [PMID: 25939370 PMCID: PMC4464957 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.12871] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2014] [Revised: 04/15/2015] [Accepted: 04/24/2015] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Steroid alkaloids have been shown to elicit a wide range of pharmacological effects that include anticancer and antifungal activities. Understanding the biosynthesis of these molecules is essential to bioengineering for sustainable production. Herein, we investigate the biosynthetic pathway to cyclopamine, a steroid alkaloid that shows promising antineoplastic activities. Supply of cyclopamine is limited, as the current source is solely derived from wild collection of the plant Veratrum californicum. To elucidate the early stages of the pathway to cyclopamine, we interrogated a V. californicum RNA-seq dataset using the cyclopamine accumulation profile as a predefined model for gene expression with the pattern-matching algorithm Haystack. Refactoring candidate genes in Sf9 insect cells led to discovery of four enzymes that catalyze the first six steps in steroid alkaloid biosynthesis to produce verazine, a predicted precursor to cyclopamine. Three of the enzymes are cytochromes P450 while the fourth is a γ-aminobutyrate transaminase; together they produce verazine from cholesterol.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Dan R. Ruzicka
- Donald Danforth Plant Science Center, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
- Monsanto Company, 700 Chesterfield Parkway West, St Louis, MO 63017
| | - Ashutosh K. Shukla
- Donald Danforth Plant Science Center, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
- CSIR-Central Institute of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants, P.O. CIMAP, Lucknow 226015, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Matt D. Barrett
- Botanic Gardens and Parks Authority Kings Park and Botanic Garden, West Perth, Australia
- School of Plant Biology, University of Western Australia, Perth, Australia
| | - Ann Smithson
- Botanic Gardens and Parks Authority Kings Park and Botanic Garden, West Perth, Australia
- School of Plant Biology, University of Western Australia, Perth, Australia
| | - Gane Ka-Shu Wong
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton AB, Canada
- Department of Medicine, University of Alberta, Edmonton AB, Canada
- BGI-Shenzhen, Beishan Industrial Zone, Yantian District, Shenzhen, China
| | | | - Patrick P. Edger
- Bond Life Sciences Center, Division of Biological Sciences, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri, USA
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, University of California, Berkeley, California, USA
| | - J. Chris Pires
- Bond Life Sciences Center, Division of Biological Sciences, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri, USA
| | | | - David A. Mann
- Infinity Pharmaceuticals, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
- Cellular Dynamics International, 525 Science Drive, Madison, WI 53711
| | - Toni M. Kutchan
- Donald Danforth Plant Science Center, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
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45
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Zhao J, Wu C, Abbruzzese J, Hwang RF, Li C. Cyclopamine-loaded core-cross-linked polymeric micelles enhance radiation response in pancreatic cancer and pancreatic stellate cells. Mol Pharm 2015; 12:2093-100. [PMID: 25936695 DOI: 10.1021/mp500875f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) is one of the most lethal cancers. Cyclopamine (CPA), a potent inhibitor for sonic hedgehog pathway (SHH), shows great promises in PDAC treatment, including the disruption of tumor-associated stroma, and enhancement of radiation therapy. However, CPA is insoluble in water and therefore requires a nanometric delivery platform to achieve satisfactory performance. We herein encapsulated CPA in a core-cross-linked polymeric micelle system (M-CPA). M-CPA was combined with Cs-137 radiation and evaluated in vitro in PDAC cell lines and a human pancreatic stellate cell line. The results showed that M-CPA had higher cytotoxicity than CPA, abolished Gli-1 expression (a key component of SHH), and enhanced the radiation therapy of Cs-137. M-CPA radiosensitization correlated with its ability to disrupt the repair of radiation-induced DNA damage. These findings indicate that the combination therapy of M-CPA and radiation is an effective strategy to simultaneously treat pancreatic tumors and tumor-associated stroma.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Chunhui Wu
- ‡Department of Biophysics, School of Life Science and Technology, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, Sichuan 610054, China
| | - James Abbruzzese
- ∥Division of Medical Oncology, Duke School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina 27710, United States
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46
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Yu JC, Fox ZD, Crimp JL, Littleford HE, Jowdry AL, Jackman WR. Hedgehog signaling regulates dental papilla formation and tooth size during zebrafish odontogenesis. Dev Dyn 2015; 244:577-90. [PMID: 25645398 DOI: 10.1002/dvdy.24258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2014] [Revised: 01/26/2015] [Accepted: 01/26/2015] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Intercellular communication by the hedgehog cell signaling pathway is necessary for tooth development throughout the vertebrates, but it remains unclear which specific developmental signals control cell behavior at different stages of odontogenesis. To address this issue, we have manipulated hedgehog activity during zebrafish tooth development and visualized the results using confocal microscopy. RESULTS We first established that reporter lines for dlx2b, fli1, NF-κB, and prdm1a are markers for specific subsets of tooth germ tissues. We then blocked hedgehog signaling with cyclopamine and observed a reduction or elimination of the cranial neural crest derived dental papilla, which normally contains the cells that later give rise to dentin-producing odontoblasts. Upon further investigation, we observed that the dental papilla begins to form and then regresses in the absence of hedgehog signaling, through a mechanism unrelated to cell proliferation or apoptosis. We also found evidence of an isometric reduction in tooth size that correlates with the time of earliest hedgehog inhibition. CONCLUSIONS We hypothesize that these results reveal a previously uncharacterized function of hedgehog signaling during tooth morphogenesis, regulating the number of cells in the dental papilla and thereby controlling tooth size.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey C Yu
- Biology Department, Bowdoin College, Brunswick, Maine
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47
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Jiang WG, Ye L, Ruge F, Sun PH, Sanders AJ, Ji K, Lane J, Zhang L, Satherley L, Weeks HP, Zhi X, Gao Y, Wei C, Wu Y, Mason MD. Expression of Sonic Hedgehog (SHH) in human lung cancer and the impact of YangZheng XiaoJi on SHH-mediated biological function of lung cancer cells and tumor growth. Anticancer Res 2015; 35:1321-1331. [PMID: 25750281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Sonic Hedgehog (SHH) is a protein that is aberrantly expressed in various human tumors. SHH and its signaling molecules have been indicated as potential therapeutic targets. In the present study, we evaluated the expression of SHH transcript in human non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) tissues and investigated the impact of inhibiting SHH together with a traditional Chinese medicine formula, YangZheng XiaoJi (YZXJ), on the function and growth of lung cancer cells. Human NSCLC tissues had significantly higher levels of the SHH transcript compared matched normal lung tissues (n=83). TNM2 tumors and tumors with pleural invasion had higher levels than TNM1 and non-invasive tumors. High SHH levels were associated with a shorter overall survival (OS) of the patients. A SHH inhibitor, cyclopamine, and YZXJ alone or in combination had a marked inhibitory effect on cellular invasion and cellular migration of human lung cancer cells, A549 and SKMES1. YangZheng XiaoJi and its combination with cyclopamine also significantly reduced the growth of lung tumors in vivo together with a reduction of SHH and smoothened (Smo) proteins in the lung tumors. The present study provides evidence that blocking SHH by way of small inhibitor and by YangZheng XiaoJi has a profound influence on lung cancer cells as seen by in vitro invasion and cell migration and in vivo tumor growth. Together with the aberrant expression of SHH in NSCLC tumors in the patients, it is suggested that SHH is a potential target for therapies for NSCLC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen G Jiang
- Cardiff University-Peking University Cancer Institute, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Cardiff, UK
| | - Lin Ye
- Cardiff University-Peking University Cancer Institute, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Cardiff, UK
| | - Fiona Ruge
- Cardiff University-Peking University Cancer Institute, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Cardiff, UK
| | - Ping-Hui Sun
- Cardiff University-Peking University Cancer Institute, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Cardiff, UK
| | - Andrew J Sanders
- Cardiff University-Peking University Cancer Institute, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Cardiff, UK
| | - Ki Ji
- Cardiff University-Peking University Cancer Institute, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Cardiff, UK
| | - Jane Lane
- Cardiff University-Peking University Cancer Institute, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Cardiff, UK
| | - Lijian Zhang
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Peking University Cancer Hospital, Haidian, Beijing, P.R. China
| | - Lucy Satherley
- Cardiff University-Peking University Cancer Institute, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Cardiff, UK
| | - Hoi P Weeks
- Cardiff University-Peking University Cancer Institute, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Cardiff, UK
| | - Xiuyi Zhi
- Cancer Institute of Capital Medical University and Department of Thoracic Surgery, XuanWu Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, P.R. China
| | - Yong Gao
- Yiling Medical Research Institute, Shijiazhuang, Hebei Province, P.R. China
| | - Cong Wei
- Yiling Medical Research Institute, Shijiazhuang, Hebei Province, P.R. China
| | - Yiling Wu
- Yiling Medical Research Institute, Shijiazhuang, Hebei Province, P.R. China
| | - Malcolm D Mason
- Cardiff University-Peking University Cancer Institute, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Cardiff, UK
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Gao Q, Yuan Y, Gan HZ, Peng Q. Resveratrol inhibits the hedgehog signaling pathway and epithelial-mesenchymal transition and suppresses gastric cancer invasion and metastasis. Oncol Lett 2015; 9:2381-2387. [PMID: 26137075 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2015.2988] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2014] [Accepted: 01/22/2015] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The hedgehog (Hh) signaling pathway is vital to vertebrate development, the homeostatic process and tumorigenesis. Epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) is a cellular process during which epithelial cells become mesenchymal-appearing cells, which in turn promotes cancer metastasis and invasion. Resveratrol is a natural polyphenolic compound found in grapes, a variety of berries, peanuts and other plants. Numerous studies have demonstrated that the Hh signaling pathway is able to regulate the EMT, and that resveratrol can suppress carcinoma invasion and metastasis. In addition, certain studies have indicated that resveratrol can inhibit the Hh signaling pathway and EMT in cancers other than gastric cancer. The purpose of the present study was to investigate the inhibitory effect of resveratrol on the Hh signaling pathway and EMT in gastric cancer in vitro. Gastric cancer SGC-7901 cells were treated with resveratrol or cyclopamine at different concentrations. The viability of the cells was assessed using an MTT assay. The expression of Gli-1, a key component of the Hh signaling pathway, and Snail, E-cadherin and N-cadherin, key components of EMT, was detected by reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) and western blotting. The invasion and metastasis of the cells were observed by performing a cell scratch test. The RT-PCR and western blotting showed a decrease in Gli-1, Snail and N-cadherin expression, and an increase in E-cadherin expression in the resveratrol and cyclopamine group compared with the control group, suggesting that resveratrol inhibited the Hh pathway and EMT, as did cyclopamine. The MTT assay indicated that the viability of the SGC-7901 cells was significantly decreased in a concentration-dependent manner following resveratrol and cyclopamine treatment. The cell scratch test showed slower cell invasion and metastasis in the resveratrol and cyclopamine groups. These findings indicated that resveratrol was able to inhibit the Hh signaling pathway and EMT, and suppress invasion and metastasis in gastric cancer in vitro.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qian Gao
- Department of Gastroenterology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui 230061, P.R. China
| | - Yuan Yuan
- Central Laboratory of Binhu Hospital, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui 230601, P.R. China
| | - Hui-Zhong Gan
- Department of Gastroenterology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui 230061, P.R. China
| | - Qiong Peng
- Department of Gastroenterology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui 230061, P.R. China
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49
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Li R, Cai L, Ding J, Hu CM, Wu TN, Hu XY. Inhibition of hedgehog signal pathway by cyclopamine attenuates inflammation and articular cartilage damage in rats with adjuvant-induced arthritis. J Pharm Pharmacol 2015; 67:963-71. [PMID: 25645065 DOI: 10.1111/jphp.12379] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2014] [Accepted: 11/23/2014] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES We investigated whether inhibition of hedgehog (Hh) signal by cyclopamine attenuated inflammation and cartilage damage in adjuvant-induced arthritis (AIA) rats. METHODS Cyclopamine (2.5, 5, 10 mg/kg) was given by intraperitoneal injection once daily from day 12 to 21 after AIA induction. Paw swelling (volume changes), serum pro-inflammatory cytokines levels (ELISA), histological analysis of joint damage (H&E staining), proteoglycans expression (Alcian blue staining), mRNA levels of sonic Hh (Shh), glioma-associated oncogene homologue 1 (Gli1), type II collagen (COII) and aggrecan in cartilage (real-time PCR) and articular chondrocyte apoptosis (terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase-mediated dUTP nick end labelling) were measured respectively. KEY FINDINGS Cyclopamine effectively attenuated inflammation and cartilage damage of AIA rats, as evidenced by reduced paw swelling, serum levels of tumor necrosis factors (TNF)-α, IL-1β, IL-6 and histological scores of joint damage, increased proteoglycans expression and mRNA levels of COII and aggrecan in articular cartilage. Shh or Gli1 mRNA level was correlated negatively with COII and aggrecan mRNA levels, suggesting Hh signal inhibition was associated with promotion of cartilage extracellular matrix production. Furthermore, cyclopamine decreased the number of apoptotic articular chondrocytes of AIA rats, which might be partly related to its mechanisms on relieving cartilage damage. CONCLUSIONS Our findings present some experimental evidence that Hh signal inhibition might be of potential clinical interest in rheumatoid arthritis treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rong Li
- School of Pharmacy, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Li Cai
- Department of Pathology, School of Basic Medicine, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Jing Ding
- Department of Pathology, School of Basic Medicine, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Cheng-Mu Hu
- School of Pharmacy, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Ting-Ni Wu
- School of Pharmacy, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Xiang-Yang Hu
- Department of Pathology, School of Basic Medicine, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
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50
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Arnold CR, Lamont RE, Walker JT, Spice PJ, Chan CK, Ho CY, Childs SJ. Comparative analysis of genes regulated by Dzip1/iguana and hedgehog in zebrafish. Dev Dyn 2015; 244:211-23. [PMID: 25476803 DOI: 10.1002/dvdy.24237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2014] [Revised: 11/04/2014] [Accepted: 11/30/2014] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The zebrafish genetic mutant iguana (igu) has defects in the ciliary basal body protein Dzip1, causing improper cilia formation. Dzip1 also interacts with the downstream transcriptional activators of Hedgehog (Hh), the Gli proteins, and Hh signaling is disrupted in igu mutants. Hh governs a wide range of developmental processes, including stabilizing developing blood vessels to prevent hemorrhage. Using igu mutant embryos and embryos treated with the Hh pathway antagonist cyclopamine, we conducted a microarray to determine genes involved in Hh signaling mediating vascular stability. RESULTS We identified 40 genes with significantly altered expression in both igu mutants and cyclopamine-treated embryos. For a subset of these, we used in situ hybridization to determine localization during embryonic development and confirm the expression changes seen on the array. CONCLUSIONS Through comparing gene expression changes in a genetic model of vascular instability with a chemical inhibition of Hh signaling, we identified a set of 40 differentially expressed genes with potential roles in vascular stabilization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Corey R Arnold
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology and Alberta Children's Hospital Research Institute, University of Calgary, Canada
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