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Martynov A, Farber B, Bomko T, Beckles DL, Kleyn I. Molecular Modeling, Synthesis, and Antihyperglycemic Activity of the New Benzimidazole Derivatives - Imidazoline Receptor Agonists. Drug Des Devel Ther 2024; 18:1035-1052. [PMID: 38585255 PMCID: PMC10999201 DOI: 10.2147/dddt.s447289] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2023] [Accepted: 02/28/2024] [Indexed: 04/09/2024] Open
Abstract
Introduction The paper presents the results of a study on the first synthesized benzimidazole derivatives obtained from labile nature carboxylic acids. The synthesis conditions of these substances were studied, their structure was proved, and some components were found to have sugar-reducing activity on the model of alloxan diabetes in rats. Methods The study used molecular modeling methods such as docking based on the evolutionary model (igemdock), RP_HPLC method to monitor the synthesis reaction, and 1H NMR and 13C NMR, and other methods of organic chemistry to confirm the structures of synthesized substances. Results & Discussion The docking showed that the ursodeoxycholic acid benzimidazole derivatives have high tropics to all imidazoline receptor carriers (PDB ID: 2XCG, 2bk3, 3p0c, 1QH4). The ursodeoxycholic acid benzimidazole derivative and arginine and histidine benzimidazole derivatives showed the highest sugar-lowering activity in the experiment on alloxan-diabetic rats. For these derivatives, the difference in glucose levels of treated rats was significant against untreated control. Therefore, the new derivatives of benzimidazole and labile natural organic acids can be used to create new classes of imidazoline receptor inhibitors for the treatment of diabetes mellitus and hypertension.
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Affiliation(s)
- Artur Martynov
- Laboratory and Clinical department of Molecular Immunopharmacology, SI “ I. Mechnikov Institute of Microbiology and Immunology of National Academy of Medical Sciences of Ukraine, Kharkiv, Ukraine
| | | | - Tatyana Bomko
- Laboratory and Clinical department of Molecular Immunopharmacology, SI “ I. Mechnikov Institute of Microbiology and Immunology of National Academy of Medical Sciences of Ukraine, Kharkiv, Ukraine
| | | | - Ilya Kleyn
- SUNY Downstate Medical Center / University Hospital of Brooklyn, New York, NY, USA
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Mohagheghzadeh A, Badr P, Mohagheghzadeh A, Hemmati S. Hypericum perforatum L. and the Underlying Molecular Mechanisms for Its Choleretic, Cholagogue, and Regenerative Properties. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2023; 16:887. [PMID: 37375834 PMCID: PMC10300974 DOI: 10.3390/ph16060887] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2023] [Revised: 06/09/2023] [Accepted: 06/13/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Any defects in bile formation, secretion, or flow may give rise to cholestasis, liver fibrosis, cirrhosis, and hepatocellular carcinoma. As the pathogenesis of hepatic disorders is multifactorial, targeting parallel pathways potentially increases the outcome of therapy. Hypericum perforatum has been famed for its anti-depressive effects. However, according to traditional Persian medicine, it helps with jaundice and acts as a choleretic medication. Here, we will discuss the underlying molecular mechanisms of Hypericum for its use in hepatobiliary disorders. Differentially expressed genes retrieved from microarray data analysis upon treatment with safe doses of Hypericum extract and intersection with the genes involved in cholestasis are identified. Target genes are located mainly at the endomembrane system with integrin-binding ability. Activation of α5β1 integrins, as osmo-sensors in the liver, activates a non-receptor tyrosine kinase, c-SRC, which leads to the insertion of bile acid transporters into the canalicular membrane to trigger choleresis. Hypericum upregulates CDK6 that controls cell proliferation, compensating for the bile acid damage to hepatocytes. It induces ICAM1 to stimulate liver regeneration and regulates nischarin, a hepatoprotective receptor. The extract targets the expression of conserved oligomeric Golgi (COG) and facilitates the movement of bile acids toward the canalicular membrane via Golgi-derived vesicles. In addition, Hypericum induces SCP2, an intracellular cholesterol transporter, to maintain cholesterol homeostasis. We have also provided a comprehensive view of the target genes affected by Hypericum's main metabolites, such as hypericin, hyperforin, quercitrin, isoquercitrin, quercetin, kaempferol, rutin, and p-coumaric acid to enlighten a new scope in the management of chronic liver disorders. Altogether, standard trials using Hypericum as a neo-adjuvant or second-line therapy in ursodeoxycholic-acid-non-responder patients define the future trajectories of cholestasis treatment with this product.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ala Mohagheghzadeh
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, School of Pharmacy, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz 71468-64685, Iran;
| | - Parmis Badr
- Pharmaceutical Sciences Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz 71468-64685, Iran; (P.B.); (A.M.)
| | - Abdolali Mohagheghzadeh
- Pharmaceutical Sciences Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz 71468-64685, Iran; (P.B.); (A.M.)
- Department of Phytopharmaceuticals (Traditional Pharmacy), School of Pharmacy, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz 71468-64685, Iran
| | - Shiva Hemmati
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, School of Pharmacy, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz 71468-64685, Iran;
- Biotechnology Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz 71468-64685, Iran
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, UCSI University, Cheras, Kuala Lumpur 56000, Malaysia
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Bousquet P, Hudson A, García-Sevilla JA, Li JX. Imidazoline Receptor System: The Past, the Present, and the Future. Pharmacol Rev 2020; 72:50-79. [PMID: 31819014 DOI: 10.1124/pr.118.016311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Imidazoline receptors historically referred to a family of nonadrenergic binding sites that recognize compounds with an imidazoline moiety, although this has proven to be an oversimplification. For example, none of the proposed endogenous ligands for imidazoline receptors contain an imidazoline moiety but they are diverse in their chemical structure. Three receptor subtypes (I1, I2, and I3) have been proposed and the understanding of each has seen differing progress over the decades. I1 receptors partially mediate the central hypotensive effects of clonidine-like drugs. Moxonidine and rilmenidine have better therapeutic profiles (fewer side effects) than clonidine as antihypertensive drugs, thought to be due to their higher I1/α 2-adrenoceptor selectivity. Newer I1 receptor agonists such as LNP599 [3-chloro-2-methyl-phenyl)-(4-methyl-4,5-dihydro-3H-pyrrol-2-yl)-amine hydrochloride] have little to no activity on α 2-adrenoceptors and demonstrate promising therapeutic potential for hypertension and metabolic syndrome. I2 receptors associate with several distinct proteins, but the identities of these proteins remain elusive. I2 receptor agonists have demonstrated various centrally mediated effects including antinociception and neuroprotection. A new I2 receptor agonist, CR4056 [2-phenyl-6-(1H-imidazol-1yl) quinazoline], demonstrated clear analgesic activity in a recently completed phase II clinical trial and holds great promise as a novel I2 receptor-based first-in-class nonopioid analgesic. The understanding of I3 receptors is relatively limited. Existing data suggest that I3 receptors may represent a binding site at the Kir6.2-subtype ATP-sensitive potassium channels in pancreatic β-cells and may be involved in insulin secretion. Despite the elusive nature of their molecular identities, recent progress on drug discovery targeting imidazoline receptors (I1 and I2) demonstrates the exciting potential of these compounds to elicit neuroprotection and to treat various disorders such as hypertension, metabolic syndrome, and chronic pain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pascal Bousquet
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France (P.B.); Department of Pharmacology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada (A.H.); Laboratory of Neuropharmacology, University Research Institute on Health Sciences, University of the Balearic Islands, Palma de Malllorca, Spain (J.A.G.-S.); and Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, New York (J.-X.L.)
| | - Alan Hudson
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France (P.B.); Department of Pharmacology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada (A.H.); Laboratory of Neuropharmacology, University Research Institute on Health Sciences, University of the Balearic Islands, Palma de Malllorca, Spain (J.A.G.-S.); and Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, New York (J.-X.L.)
| | - Jesús A García-Sevilla
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France (P.B.); Department of Pharmacology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada (A.H.); Laboratory of Neuropharmacology, University Research Institute on Health Sciences, University of the Balearic Islands, Palma de Malllorca, Spain (J.A.G.-S.); and Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, New York (J.-X.L.)
| | - Jun-Xu Li
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France (P.B.); Department of Pharmacology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada (A.H.); Laboratory of Neuropharmacology, University Research Institute on Health Sciences, University of the Balearic Islands, Palma de Malllorca, Spain (J.A.G.-S.); and Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, New York (J.-X.L.)
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Perez SD, Molinaro CA, Tan L, ThyagaRajan S, Lorton D, Bellinger DL. Sympathetic neurotransmission in spleens from aging Brown-Norway rats subjected to reduced sympathetic tone. J Neuroimmunol 2018; 324:1-15. [PMID: 30195094 DOI: 10.1016/j.jneuroim.2018.08.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2018] [Revised: 08/13/2018] [Accepted: 08/14/2018] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Senescence of innate and adaptive responses and low-grade inflammation (inflammaging) hallmarks normal aging, which increases vulnerability to infectious diseases, autoimmunity and cancer. In normal aging, sympathetic dysregulation contributes to the dysregulation of innate and adaptive immunity and inflammaging. Sympathetic innervation of immune cells in secondary immune organs regulates immune responses. Previously in Fischer 344 (F344) rats, we reported an age-related increase in sympathetic tone and sympathetic dysfunction in beta-adrenergic receptor (AR) signaling of splenic lymphocytes that contributes to immune senescence, although the responsible mechanisms remains unexplored. In this study, we extend our previous findings using the much longer-lived Brown-Norway (BN) rats, whose behavior and immune response profile differ strikingly from F344 rats. Here, we investigated whether increased sympathetic nerve activity (SNA) in the aging spleen contributes to age-related sympathetic neuropathy and altered neurotransmission in splenic lymphocytes in BN rats. Fifteen-month male BN rats received 0, 0.5 or 1.5 μg/kg/day rilmenidine intraperitoneally for 90 days to lower sympathetic tone. Untreated young and age-matched rats controlled for effects of age. We found that elevated SNA in the aging BN rat spleen does not contribute significantly to sympathetic neuropathy or the aging-induced impairment of canonical β-AR signal transduction. Despite the rilmenidine-induced increase in β-AR expression, splenocyte c-AMP production was comparable with age-matched controls, thus dampening nerve activity had no effect on receptor coupling to adenylate cyclase. Understanding how aging affects neuroimmune regulation in healthy aging rodent models may eventually lead to strategies that improve health in aging populations vulnerable to immunosenescence and low-grade systemic inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samuel D Perez
- Department of Biology, Washington Adventist University, MD, Virginia 20912, USA.
| | - Christine A Molinaro
- Department of Human Anatomy and Pathology, Loma Linda University School of Medicine, Loma Linda, CA 92354, USA.
| | - Laren Tan
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care, Loma Linda University School of Medicine, Loma Linda, CA 92354, USA.
| | - Srinivasan ThyagaRajan
- Integrative Medicine Laboratory, Department of Biotechnology, SRM University, Kattankulathur 603203, India.
| | - Dianne Lorton
- College of Arts and Sciences, Kent State University, Summa Health System, Akron, OH 44304, USA..
| | - Denise L Bellinger
- Department of Human Anatomy and Pathology, Loma Linda University School of Medicine, Loma Linda, CA 92354, USA.
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Ameliorative effects of clonidine on ethanol induced kidney injury in rats: Potential role for imidazoline-1 receptor. Eur J Pharmacol 2018; 824:148-156. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2018.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2017] [Revised: 01/18/2018] [Accepted: 02/06/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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