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Zolfaghari Baghbadorani P, Rayati Damavandi A, Moradi S, Ahmadi M, Bemani P, Aria H, Mottedayyen H, Rayati Damavandi A, Eskandari N, Fathi F. Current advances in stem cell therapy in the treatment of multiple sclerosis. Rev Neurosci 2023; 34:613-633. [PMID: 36496351 DOI: 10.1515/revneuro-2022-0102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2022] [Accepted: 11/18/2022] [Indexed: 08/04/2023]
Abstract
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is an inflammatory disease related to the central nervous system (CNS) with a significant global burden. In this illness, the immune system plays an essential role in its pathophysiology and progression. The currently available treatments are not recognized as curable options and, at best, might slow the progression of MS injuries to the CNS. However, stem cell treatment has provided a new avenue for treating MS. Stem cells may enhance CNS healing and regulate immunological responses. Likewise, stem cells can come from various sources, including adipose, neuronal, bone marrow, and embryonic tissues. Choosing the optimal cell source for stem cell therapy is still a difficult verdict. A type of stem cell known as mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) is obtainable from different sources and has a strong immunomodulatory impact on the immune system. According to mounting data, the umbilical cord and adipose tissue may serve as appropriate sources for the isolation of MSCs. Human amniotic epithelial cells (hAECs), as novel stem cell sources with immune-regulatory effects, regenerative properties, and decreased antigenicity, can also be thought of as a new upcoming contender for MS treatment. Overall, the administration of stem cells in different sets of animal and clinical trials has shown immunomodulatory and neuroprotective results. Therefore, this review aims to discuss the different types of stem cells by focusing on MSCs and their mechanisms, which can be used to treat and improve the outcomes of MS disease.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Amirmasoud Rayati Damavandi
- Students' Scientific Research Center, Exceptional Talents Development Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Keshavarz Blvrd, Vesal Shirazi St., Tehran 1417613151, Iran
| | - Samira Moradi
- School of Medicine, Hormozgan University of Medical Sciences Chamran Blvrd., Hormozgan 7919693116, Bandar Abbass, Iran
| | - Meysam Ahmadi
- School of Medicine, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Fars, Zand St., Shiraz 7134814336, Iran
| | - Peyman Bemani
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Hezar Jerib St., Isfahan 8174673461, Iran
| | - Hamid Aria
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Hezar Jerib St., Isfahan 8174673461, Iran
- Noncommunicable Diseases Research Center, Fasa University of Medical Sciences, Fars, Ibn Sina Sq., Fasa 7461686688, Iran
| | - Hossein Mottedayyen
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Kashan University of Medical Sciences, Ravandi Blvrd, Isfahan, Kashan 8715988141, Iran
| | - Amirhossein Rayati Damavandi
- Student's Research Committee, Pharmaceutical Sciences Branch, Islamic Azad University, Yakhchal St., Tehran 193951498, Iran
| | - Nahid Eskandari
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Hezar Jerib St., Isfahan 8174673461, Iran
| | - Farshid Fathi
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Hezar Jerib St., Isfahan 8174673461, Iran
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Damavandi AR, Mirmosayyeb O, Ebrahimi N, Zalpoor H, khalilian P, Yahiazadeh S, Eskandari N, Rahdar A, Kumar PS, Pandey S. Advances in nanotechnology versus stem cell therapy for the theranostics of multiple sclerosis disease. APPLIED NANOSCIENCE 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s13204-022-02698-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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3
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Zhou L, Wang J, Huang J, Song X, Wu Y, Chen X, Tan Y, Yang Q. The role of mesenchymal stem cell transplantation for ischemic stroke and recent research developments. Front Neurol 2022; 13:1000777. [PMID: 36468067 PMCID: PMC9708730 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2022.1000777] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2022] [Accepted: 10/03/2022] [Indexed: 09/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Ischemic stroke is a common cerebrovascular disease that seriously affects human health. However, most patients do not practice self-care and cannot rely on the current clinical treatment for guaranteed functional recovery. Stem cell transplantation is an emerging treatment studied in various central nervous system diseases. More importantly, animal studies show that transplantation of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) can alleviate neurological deficits and bring hope to patients suffering from ischemic stroke. This paper reviews the biological characteristics of MSCs and discusses the mechanism and progression of MSC transplantation to provide new therapeutic directions for ischemic stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Qin Yang
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
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4
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Alberti G, Russo E, Corrao S, Anzalone R, Kruzliak P, Miceli V, Conaldi PG, Di Gaudio F, La Rocca G. Current Perspectives on Adult Mesenchymal Stromal Cell-Derived Extracellular Vesicles: Biological Features and Clinical Indications. Biomedicines 2022; 10:2822. [PMID: 36359342 PMCID: PMC9687875 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines10112822] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2022] [Revised: 10/19/2022] [Accepted: 10/28/2022] [Indexed: 08/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) constitute one of the main mechanisms by which cells communicate with the surrounding tissue or at distance. Vesicle secretion is featured by most cell types, and adult mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs) of different tissue origins have shown the ability to produce them. In recent years, several reports disclosed the molecular composition and suggested clinical indications for EVs derived from adult MSCs. The parental cells were already known for their roles in different disease settings in regulating inflammation, immune modulation, or transdifferentiation to promote cell repopulation. Interestingly, most reports also suggested that part of the properties of parental cells were maintained by isolated EV populations. This review analyzes the recent development in the field of cell-free therapies, focusing on several adult tissues as a source of MSC-derived EVs and the available clinical data from in vivo models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giusi Alberti
- Department of Biomedicine, Neurosciences and Advanced Diagnostics (BiND), University of Palermo, 90127 Palermo, Italy
| | - Eleonora Russo
- Department of Biomedicine, Neurosciences and Advanced Diagnostics (BiND), University of Palermo, 90127 Palermo, Italy
| | - Simona Corrao
- Department of Biomedicine, Neurosciences and Advanced Diagnostics (BiND), University of Palermo, 90127 Palermo, Italy
| | - Rita Anzalone
- Department of Surgical, Oncological and Stomatological Sciences (DICHIRONS), University of Palermo, 90127 Palermo, Italy
| | - Peter Kruzliak
- Department of Medical Biology, Jessenius Faculty of Medicine, Comenius University in Bratislava, 03601 Martin, Slovakia
| | - Vitale Miceli
- Research Department, IRCCS ISMETT (Istituto Mediterraneo per i Trapianti e Terapie ad Alta Specializzazione), 90127 Palermo, Italy
| | - Pier Giulio Conaldi
- Research Department, IRCCS ISMETT (Istituto Mediterraneo per i Trapianti e Terapie ad Alta Specializzazione), 90127 Palermo, Italy
| | | | - Giampiero La Rocca
- Department of Biomedicine, Neurosciences and Advanced Diagnostics (BiND), University of Palermo, 90127 Palermo, Italy
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5
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Gindraux F, Hofmann N, Agudo-Barriuso M, Antica M, Couto PS, Dubus M, Forostyak S, Girandon L, Gramignoli R, Jurga M, Liarte S, Navakauskiene R, Shablii V, Lafarge X, Nicolás FJ. Perinatal derivatives application: Identifying possibilities for clinical use. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2022; 10:977590. [PMID: 36304904 PMCID: PMC9595339 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2022.977590] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2022] [Accepted: 08/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Perinatal derivatives are drawing growing interest among the scientific community as an unrestricted source of multipotent stromal cells, stem cells, cellular soluble mediators, and biological matrices. They are useful for the treatment of diseases that currently have limited or no effective therapeutic options by means of developing regenerative approaches. In this paper, to generate a complete view of the state of the art, a comprehensive 10-years compilation of clinical-trial data with the common denominator of PnD usage has been discussed, including commercialized products. A set of criteria was delineated to challenge the 10-years compilation of clinical trials data. We focused our attention on several aspects including, but not limited to, treated disorders, minimal or substantial manipulation, route of administration, dosage, and frequency of application. Interestingly, a clear correlation of PnD products was observed within conditions, way of administration or dosage, suggesting there is a consolidated clinical practice approach for the use of PnD in medicine. No regulatory aspects could be read from the database since this information is not mandatory for registration. The database will be publicly available for consultation. In summary, the main aims of this position paper are to show possibilities for clinical application of PnD and propose an approach for clinical trial preparation and registration in a uniform and standardized way. For this purpose, a questionnaire was created compiling different sections that are relevant when starting a new clinical trial using PnD. More importantly, we want to bring the attention of the medical community to the perinatal products as a consolidated and efficient alternative for their use as a new standard of care in the clinical practice.
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Abdi S, Javanmehr N, Ghasemi-Kasman M, Bali HY, Pirzadeh M. Stem Cell-based Therapeutic and Diagnostic Approaches in Alzheimer's Disease. Curr Neuropharmacol 2022; 20:1093-1115. [PMID: 34970956 PMCID: PMC9886816 DOI: 10.2174/1570159x20666211231090659] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2021] [Revised: 07/24/2021] [Accepted: 09/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a neurodegenerative impairment mainly recognized by memory loss and cognitive deficits. However, the current therapies against AD are mostly limited to palliative medications, prompting researchers to investigate more efficient therapeutic approaches for AD, such as stem cell therapy. Recent evidence has proposed that extensive neuronal and synaptic loss and altered adult neurogenesis, which is perceived pivotal in terms of plasticity and network maintenance, occurs early in the course of AD, which exacerbates neuronal vulnerability to AD. Thus, regeneration and replenishing the depleted neuronal networks by strengthening the endogenous repair mechanisms or exogenous stem cells and their cargoes is a rational therapeutic approach. Currently, several stem cell-based therapies as well as stem cell products like exosomes, have shown promising results in the early diagnosis of AD. OBJECTIVE This review begins with a comparison between AD and normal aging pathophysiology and a discussion on open questions in the field. Next, summarizing the current stem cell-based therapeutic and diagnostic approaches, we declare the advantages and disadvantages of each method. Also, we comprehensively evaluate the human clinical trials of stem cell therapies for AD. METHODOLOGY Peer-reviewed reports were extracted through Embase, PubMed, and Google Scholar until 2021. RESULTS With several ongoing clinical trials, stem cells and their derivatives (e.g., exosomes) are an emerging and encouraging field in diagnosing and treating neurodegenerative diseases. Although stem cell therapies have been successful in animal models, numerous clinical trials in AD patients have yielded unpromising results, which we will further discuss.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sadaf Abdi
- Student Research Committee, Babol University of Medical Sciences, Babol, Iran
| | - Nima Javanmehr
- Student Research Committee, Babol University of Medical Sciences, Babol, Iran
| | - Maryam Ghasemi-Kasman
- Cellular and Molecular Biology Research Center, Health Research Institute, Babol University of Medical Sciences, Babol, Iran;,Neuroscience Research Center, Health Research Institute, Babol University of Medical Sciences, Babol, Iran,Address correspondence to this author at the Cellular and Molecular Biology Research Center, Health Research Institute, Babol University of Medical Sciences, P.O. Box 4136747176, Babol, Iran; Tel/Fax: +98-11-32190557; E-mail:
| | | | - Marzieh Pirzadeh
- Student Research Committee, Babol University of Medical Sciences, Babol, Iran
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7
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Zhou J, Ni W, Ling Y, Lv X, Niu D, Zeng Y, Qiu Y, Si Y, Wang Z, Hu J. Human neural stem cells secretome inhibits lipopolysaccharide-induced neuroinflammation through modulating microglia polarization by activating PPAR-γ. Stem Cells Dev 2022; 31:369-382. [PMID: 35481777 DOI: 10.1089/scd.2022.0081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Neuroinflammation is one of the typical events in multiple neurodegenerative diseases, whereas microglia are the critical participants in the pathogenesis of neuroinflammation. Several studies suggest that neural stem cells (NSCs) present immunomodulatory benefits due to their paracrine products, which contain mounting trophic factors. In the current study, the anti-inflammatory effects of neural stem cells secretome (NSC-S) on lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced neuroinflammatory models were evaluated in vivo and the underlying mechanism was further investigated in vitro. It was revealed that NSC-S significantly attenuated the severity of LPS-induced behaviour disorders and inflammatory response in mice. In vitro studies found that NSC-S significantly promoted the polarization of microglia from proinflammatory M1 to anti-inflammatory M2 phenotype, and reduced the production of proinflammatory cytokines while elevated anti-inflammatory cytokines in BV2 cells. NSC-S promoted peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPAR-γ) pathway activation. However, these effects of NSC-S were abrogated by PPAR-γ inhibitor GW9662. Notably, the fatty acid binding protein 5 (FABP5) in NSC-S may mediate PPAR-γ activation and inflammation remission. In summary, NSC-S promotes the regression of LPS-induced microglia-mediated inflammation through the PPAR-γ pathway. This function might be achieved via FABP5.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiqin Zhou
- Jinagsu Key Laboratory of Medical Science and Laboratory Medicine, School of Medicine, , Jiangsu, China;
| | - Wei Ni
- Jinagsu Key Laboratory of Medical Science and Laboratory Medicine, School of Medicine, , Jiangsu, China;
| | - Yating Ling
- Jinagsu Key Laboratory of Medical Science and Laboratory Medicine, School of Medicine, , Jiangsu, China;
| | - Xiaorui Lv
- Jinagsu Key Laboratory of Medical Science and Laboratory Medicine, School of Medicine, , Jiangsu, China;
| | - Dongdong Niu
- Jinagsu Key Laboratory of Medical Science and Laboratory Medicine, School of Medicine, , Jiangsu, China;
| | - Yu Zeng
- Jinagsu Key Laboratory of Medical Science and Laboratory Medicine, School of Medicine, , Jiangsu, China;
| | - Yun Qiu
- Jinagsu Key Laboratory of Medical Science and Laboratory Medicine, School of Medicine, , Jiangsu, China;
| | - Yu Si
- Jinagsu Key Laboratory of Medical Science and Laboratory Medicine, School of Medicine, , Jiangsu, China;
| | - Ziyu Wang
- Health Clinical Laboratories, Health BioMed Co.,Ltd, Ningbo, Zhejiang, China;
| | - Jiabo Hu
- Jinagsu Key Laboratory of Medical Science and Laboratory Medicine, School of Medicine, 301, , Jiangsu, China, 212013;
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8
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Kim IK, Park JH, Kim B, Hwang KC, Song BW. Recent advances in stem cell therapy for neurodegenerative disease: Three dimensional tracing and its emerging use. World J Stem Cells 2021; 13:1215-1230. [PMID: 34630859 PMCID: PMC8474717 DOI: 10.4252/wjsc.v13.i9.1215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2021] [Revised: 05/20/2021] [Accepted: 08/30/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Neurodegenerative disease is a brain disorder caused by the loss of structure and function of neurons that lowers the quality of human life. Apart from the limited potential for endogenous regeneration, stem cell-based therapies hold considerable promise for maintaining homeostatic tissue regeneration and enhancing plasticity. Despite many studies, there remains insufficient evidence for stem cell tracing and its correlation with endogenous neural cells in brain tissue with three-dimensional structures. Recent advancements in tissue optical clearing techniques have been developed to overcome the existing shortcomings of cross-sectional tissue analysis in thick and complex tissues. This review focuses on recent progress of stem cell treatments to improve neurodegenerative disease, and introduces tissue optical clearing techniques that can implement a three-dimensional image as a proof of concept. This review provides a more comprehensive understanding of stem cell tracing that will play an important role in evaluating therapeutic efficacy and cellular interrelationship for regeneration in neurodegenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Il-Kwon Kim
- Institute for Bio-Medical Convergence, Catholic Kwandong University International St. Mary’s Hospital, Incheon Metropolitan City 22711, South Korea
- Institute for Bio-Medical Convergence, College of Medicine, Catholic Kwandong University, Gangwon-do 25601, South Korea
| | - Jun-Hee Park
- Institute for Bio-Medical Convergence, Catholic Kwandong University International St. Mary’s Hospital, Incheon Metropolitan City 22711, South Korea
| | - Bomi Kim
- Institute for Bio-Medical Convergence, Catholic Kwandong University International St. Mary’s Hospital, Incheon Metropolitan City 22711, South Korea
| | - Ki-Chul Hwang
- Institute for Bio-Medical Convergence, Catholic Kwandong University International St. Mary’s Hospital, Incheon Metropolitan City 22711, South Korea
- Institute for Bio-Medical Convergence, College of Medicine, Catholic Kwandong University, Gangwon-do 25601, South Korea
| | - Byeong-Wook Song
- Institute for Bio-Medical Convergence, Catholic Kwandong University International St. Mary’s Hospital, Incheon Metropolitan City 22711, South Korea
- Institute for Bio-Medical Convergence, College of Medicine, Catholic Kwandong University, Gangwon-do 25601, South Korea.
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9
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Hao M, Zhang Z, Liu C, Tian Y, Duan J, He J, Sun Z, Xia H, Zhang S, Wang S, Sang Y, Xing G, Liu H. Hydroxyapatite Nanorods Function as Safe and Effective Growth Factors Regulating Neural Differentiation and Neuron Development. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2021; 33:e2100895. [PMID: 34247433 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202100895] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2021] [Revised: 04/20/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Neural stem cell (NSC) transplantation is one of the most promising therapeutic strategies for neurodegenerative diseases. However, the slow spontaneous differentiation of NSCs often hampers their application in neural repair. Although some biological growth factors accelerate the differentiation of NSCs, their high cost, short half-life, and unpredictable behavior in vivo, as well as the complexity of the operation, hinder their clinical use. In this study, it is demonstrated that hydroxyapatite (HAp), the main component of bone, in the form of nanorods, can regulate the neural differentiation of NSCs and maturation of the newly differentiated cells. Culturing NSCs with HAp nanorods leads to the differentiation of NSCs into mature neurons that exhibit well-defined electrophysiological behavior within 5 days. The state of these neurons is much better than when culturing the cells without HAp nanorods, which undergo a 2-week differentiation process. Furthermore, RNA-sequencing data reveal that the neuroactive ligand-receptor interaction pathway is dominant in the enriched differentiated neuronal population. Hence, inorganic growth factors like HAp act as a feasible, effective, safe, and practical tool for regulating the differentiation of NSCs and can potentially be used in the treatment of neurodegenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Hao
- State Key Laboratory of Crystal Materials, Shandong University, Jinan, 250100, P. R. China
| | - Zixian Zhang
- Neuroscience Research Institute, Peking University, Beijing, 100191, P. R. China
| | - Chao Liu
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, 250012, P. R. China
| | - Yue Tian
- Neuroscience Research Institute, Peking University, Beijing, 100191, P. R. China
| | - Jiazhi Duan
- State Key Laboratory of Crystal Materials, Shandong University, Jinan, 250100, P. R. China
| | - Jianlong He
- State Key Laboratory of Crystal Materials, Shandong University, Jinan, 250100, P. R. China
| | - Zhaoyang Sun
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, 250012, P. R. China
| | - He Xia
- State Key Laboratory of Crystal Materials, Shandong University, Jinan, 250100, P. R. China
| | - Shan Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Crystal Materials, Shandong University, Jinan, 250100, P. R. China
| | - Shuhua Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Crystal Materials, Shandong University, Jinan, 250100, P. R. China
- Advanced Medical Research Institute, Shandong University, Jinan, 250100, P. R. China
| | - Yuanhua Sang
- State Key Laboratory of Crystal Materials, Shandong University, Jinan, 250100, P. R. China
- Advanced Medical Research Institute, Shandong University, Jinan, 250100, P. R. China
| | - Guogang Xing
- Neuroscience Research Institute, Peking University, Beijing, 100191, P. R. China
| | - Hong Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Crystal Materials, Shandong University, Jinan, 250100, P. R. China
- Institute for Advanced Interdisciplinary Research (IAIR), University of Jinan, Jinan, 250022, P. R. China
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10
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Russo E, Lee JY, Nguyen H, Corrao S, Anzalone R, La Rocca G, Borlongan CV. Energy Metabolism Analysis of Three Different Mesenchymal Stem Cell Populations of Umbilical Cord Under Normal and Pathologic Conditions. Stem Cell Rev Rep 2021; 16:585-595. [PMID: 32185666 PMCID: PMC7253397 DOI: 10.1007/s12015-020-09967-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Human umbilical cord mesenchymal stem cells (hUC-MSCs) are a pivotal source of therapeutically active cells for regenerative medicine due to their multipotent differentiation potential, immunomodulatory and anti-inflammatory proprieties, as well as logistical collection advantages without ethical concerns. However, it remains poorly understood whether MSCs from different compartments of the human umbilical cord are therapeutically superior than others. In this study, MSCs were isolated from Wharton’s jelly (WJ-MSCs), perivascular region (PV-MSCs) and cord lining (CL-MSCs) of hUC. These cells expressed the mesenchymal markers (CD90, CD73), stemness marker (OCT4), endothelial cell adhesion molecular marker (CD146), and the monocyte/macrophage marker (CD14) found within the MSC population implicated as a key regulator of inflammatory responses to hypoxia, was displayed by WJ-, PV-, and CL-MSCs respectively. A direct consequence of oxygen and glucose deprivation during stroke and reperfusion is impaired mitochondrial function that contributes to cellular death. Emerging findings of mitochondria transfer provide the basis for the replenishment of healthy mitochondria as a strategy for the treatment of stroke. Cell Energy Phenotype and Mito Stress tests were performed the energy metabolic profile of the three MSC populations and their mitochondrial function in both ambient and OGD cell culture conditions. PV-MSCs showed the highest mitochondrial activity. CL-MSCs were the least affected by OGD/R condition, suggesting their robust survival in ischemic environment. In this study, MSC populations in UC possess comparable metabolic capacities and good survival under normal and hypoxic conditions suggesting their potential as transplantable cells for mitochondrial-based stem cell therapy in stroke and other ischemic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eleonora Russo
- Department of Neurosurgery and Brain Repair, University of South Florida Morsani College of Medicine, Tampa, Florida, USA.,Section of Histology and Embryology, Department of Biomedicine, Neurosciences and Advanced Diagnostics (BIND), University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy
| | - Jea-Young Lee
- Department of Neurosurgery and Brain Repair, University of South Florida Morsani College of Medicine, Tampa, Florida, USA
| | - Hung Nguyen
- Department of Neurosurgery and Brain Repair, University of South Florida Morsani College of Medicine, Tampa, Florida, USA
| | - Simona Corrao
- Section of Histology and Embryology, Department of Biomedicine, Neurosciences and Advanced Diagnostics (BIND), University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy
| | - Rita Anzalone
- Department of Surgical, Oncological and Stomatological Sciences, University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy
| | - Giampiero La Rocca
- Section of Histology and Embryology, Department of Biomedicine, Neurosciences and Advanced Diagnostics (BIND), University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy.
| | - Cesar V Borlongan
- Department of Neurosurgery and Brain Repair, University of South Florida Morsani College of Medicine, Tampa, Florida, USA.
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11
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Ludikhuize MC, Rodríguez Colman MJ. Metabolic Regulation of Stem Cells and Differentiation: A Forkhead Box O Transcription Factor Perspective. Antioxid Redox Signal 2021; 34:1004-1024. [PMID: 32847377 DOI: 10.1089/ars.2020.8126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Significance: Stem cell activation and differentiation occur along changes in cellular metabolism. Metabolic transitions translate into changes in redox balance, cell signaling, and epigenetics, thereby regulating these processes. Metabolic transitions are key regulators of cell fate and exemplify the moonlighting nature of many metabolic enzymes and their associated metabolites. Recent Advances: Forkhead box O transcription factors (FOXOs) are bona fide regulators of cellular homeostasis. FOXOs are multitasking proteins able to regulate cell cycle, cellular metabolism, and redox state. Recent and ongoing research poses FOXOs as key factors in stem cell maintenance and differentiation in several tissues. Critical Issues: The multitasking nature of FOXOs and their tissue-specific expression patterns hinders to disclose a possible conserved mechanism of regulation of stem cell maintenance and differentiation. Moreover, cellular metabolism, cell signaling, and epigenetics establish complex regulatory interactions, which challenge the establishment of the causal/temporal nature of metabolic changes and stem cell activation and differentiation. Future Directions: The development of single-cell technologies and in vitro models able to reproduce the dynamics of stem cell differentiation are actively contributing to define the role of metabolism in this process. This knowledge is key to understanding and designing therapies for those pathologies where the balance between proliferation and differentiation is lost. Importantly, metabolic interventions could be applied to optimize stem cell cultures meant for therapeutical applications, such as transplantations, to treat autoimmune and degenerative disorders. Antioxid. Redox Signal. 34, 1004-1024.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marlies Corine Ludikhuize
- Molecular Cancer Research, Center for Molecular Medicine, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - María José Rodríguez Colman
- Molecular Cancer Research, Center for Molecular Medicine, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
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12
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Cozene BM, Russo E, Anzalone R, Rocca GL, Borlongan CV. Mitochondrial activity of human umbilical cord mesenchymal stem cells. Brain Circ 2021; 7:33-36. [PMID: 34084975 PMCID: PMC8057105 DOI: 10.4103/bc.bc_15_21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2020] [Revised: 12/03/2020] [Accepted: 12/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Human umbilical cord mesenchymal stem cells (hUC-MSCs) serve as a potential cell-based therapy for degenerative disease. They provide immunomodulatory and anti-inflammatory properties, multipotent differentiation potential and are harvested with no ethical concern. It is unknown whether MSCs collected from different areas of the human umbilical cord elicit more favorable effects than others. Three MSC populations were harvested from various regions of the human umbilical cord: cord lining (CL-MSCs), perivascular region (PV-MSCs), and Wharton's jelly (WJ-MSCs). Mesenchymal markers (CD90 and CD73) were expressed by all three cell populations. Stemness marker (OCT4), endothelial cell adhesion molecular marker (CD146), and monocyte-macrophage marker (CD14) were expressed by WJ-MSCs, PV-MSCs, and CL-MSCs, respectively. Stroke presents with oxygen and glucose deprivation and leads to dysfunctional mitochondria and consequently cell death. Targeting the restoration of mitochondrial function in the stroke brain through mitochondrial transfer may be effective in treating stroke. In vitro exposure to ambient and OGD conditions resulted in CL-MSCs number decreasing the least post-OGD/R exposure, and PV-MSCs exhibiting the greatest mitochondrial activity. All three hUC-MSC populations presented similar metabolic activity and survival in normal and pathologic environments. These characteristics indicate hUC-MSCs potential as a potent therapeutic in regenerative medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Blaise M Cozene
- School of Science and Engineering, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA, USA
| | - Eleonora Russo
- Department of Biomedicine, Neurosciences and Advanced Diagnostics, University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy
| | - Rita Anzalone
- Department of Surgical, Oncological and Stomatological Sciences, University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy
| | - Giampiero La Rocca
- Department of Biomedicine, Neurosciences and Advanced Diagnostics, University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy
| | - Cesario V Borlongan
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, USA
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Curci C, Picerno A, Chaoul N, Stasi A, De Palma G, Franzin R, Pontrelli P, Castellano G, Pertosa GB, Macchia L, Di Lorenzo VF, Sabbà C, Gallone A, Gesualdo L, Sallustio F. Adult Renal Stem/Progenitor Cells Can Modulate T Regulatory Cells and Double Negative T Cells. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 22:ijms22010274. [PMID: 33383950 PMCID: PMC7795073 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22010274] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2020] [Revised: 12/22/2020] [Accepted: 12/25/2020] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Adult Renal Stem/Progenitor Cells (ARPCs) have been recently identified in the human kidney and several studies show their active role in kidney repair processes during acute or chronic injury. However, little is known about their immunomodulatory properties and their capacity to regulate specific T cell subpopulations. We co-cultured ARPCs activated by triggering Toll-Like Receptor 2 (TLR2) with human peripheral blood mononuclear cells for 5 days and 15 days and studied their immunomodulatory capacity on T cell subpopulations. We found that activated-ARPCs were able to decrease T cell proliferation but did not affect CD8+ and CD4+ T cells. Instead, Tregs and CD3+ CD4- CD8- double-negative (DN) T cells decreased after 5 days and increased after 15 days of co-culture. In addition, we found that PAI1, MCP1, GM-CSF, and CXCL1 were significantly expressed by TLR2-activated ARPCs alone and were up-regulated in T cells co-cultured with activated ARPCs. The exogenous cocktail of cytokines was able to reproduce the immunomodulatory effects of the co-culture with activated ARPCs. These data showed that ARPCs can regulate immune response by inducing Tregs and DN T cells cell modulation, which are involved in the balance between immune tolerance and autoimmunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia Curci
- Nephrology, Dialysis and Transplantation Unit, DETO, University of Bari “Aldo Moro”, 70124 Bari, Italy; (C.C.); (A.P.); (A.S.); (R.F.); (P.P.); (G.B.P.); (L.G.)
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Neuroscience and Sense Organs, University of Bari “Aldo Moro”, 70124 Bari, Italy;
| | - Angela Picerno
- Nephrology, Dialysis and Transplantation Unit, DETO, University of Bari “Aldo Moro”, 70124 Bari, Italy; (C.C.); (A.P.); (A.S.); (R.F.); (P.P.); (G.B.P.); (L.G.)
| | - Nada Chaoul
- Allergology Unit, DETO, University of Bari “Aldo Moro”, 70124 Bari, Italy; (N.C.); (L.M.)
| | - Alessandra Stasi
- Nephrology, Dialysis and Transplantation Unit, DETO, University of Bari “Aldo Moro”, 70124 Bari, Italy; (C.C.); (A.P.); (A.S.); (R.F.); (P.P.); (G.B.P.); (L.G.)
| | - Giuseppe De Palma
- Institutional BioBank, Experimental Oncology and Biobank Management Unit, IRCCS Istituto Tumori “Giovanni Paolo II”, 70124 Bari, Italy;
| | - Rossana Franzin
- Nephrology, Dialysis and Transplantation Unit, DETO, University of Bari “Aldo Moro”, 70124 Bari, Italy; (C.C.); (A.P.); (A.S.); (R.F.); (P.P.); (G.B.P.); (L.G.)
| | - Paola Pontrelli
- Nephrology, Dialysis and Transplantation Unit, DETO, University of Bari “Aldo Moro”, 70124 Bari, Italy; (C.C.); (A.P.); (A.S.); (R.F.); (P.P.); (G.B.P.); (L.G.)
| | - Giuseppe Castellano
- Nephrology, Dialysis and Transplantation Unit, Department of Medical and Surgical Science, University of Foggia, 71122 Foggia, Italy;
| | - Giovanni B. Pertosa
- Nephrology, Dialysis and Transplantation Unit, DETO, University of Bari “Aldo Moro”, 70124 Bari, Italy; (C.C.); (A.P.); (A.S.); (R.F.); (P.P.); (G.B.P.); (L.G.)
| | - Luigi Macchia
- Allergology Unit, DETO, University of Bari “Aldo Moro”, 70124 Bari, Italy; (N.C.); (L.M.)
| | | | - Carlo Sabbà
- Department of Interdisciplinary Medicine, University of Bari “Aldo Moro”, 70124 Bari, Italy;
| | - Anna Gallone
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Neuroscience and Sense Organs, University of Bari “Aldo Moro”, 70124 Bari, Italy;
| | - Loreto Gesualdo
- Nephrology, Dialysis and Transplantation Unit, DETO, University of Bari “Aldo Moro”, 70124 Bari, Italy; (C.C.); (A.P.); (A.S.); (R.F.); (P.P.); (G.B.P.); (L.G.)
| | - Fabio Sallustio
- Department of Interdisciplinary Medicine, University of Bari “Aldo Moro”, 70124 Bari, Italy;
- Correspondence:
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Angeloni C, Gatti M, Prata C, Hrelia S, Maraldi T. Role of Mesenchymal Stem Cells in Counteracting Oxidative Stress-Related Neurodegeneration. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21093299. [PMID: 32392722 PMCID: PMC7246730 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21093299] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2020] [Revised: 04/30/2020] [Accepted: 05/04/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Neurodegenerative diseases include a variety of pathologies such as Alzheimer’s disease, Parkinson’s disease, Huntington’s disease, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, and so forth, which share many common characteristics such as oxidative stress, glycation, abnormal protein deposition, inflammation, and progressive neuronal loss. The last century has witnessed significant research to identify mechanisms and risk factors contributing to the complex etiopathogenesis of neurodegenerative diseases, such as genetic, vascular/metabolic, and lifestyle-related factors, which often co-occur and interact with each other. Apart from several environmental or genetic factors, in recent years, much evidence hints that impairment in redox homeostasis is a common mechanism in different neurological diseases. However, from a pharmacological perspective, oxidative stress is a difficult target, and antioxidants, the only strategy used so far, have been ineffective or even provoked side effects. In this review, we report an analysis of the recent literature on the role of oxidative stress in Alzheimer’s and Parkinson’s diseases as well as in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, retinal ganglion cells, and ataxia. Moreover, the contribution of stem cells has been widely explored, looking at their potential in neuronal differentiation and reporting findings on their application in fighting oxidative stress in different neurodegenerative diseases. In particular, the exposure to mesenchymal stem cells or their secretome can be considered as a promising therapeutic strategy to enhance antioxidant capacity and neurotrophin expression while inhibiting pro-inflammatory cytokine secretion, which are common aspects of neurodegenerative pathologies. Further studies are needed to identify a tailored approach for each neurodegenerative disease in order to design more effective stem cell therapeutic strategies to prevent a broad range of neurodegenerative disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristina Angeloni
- School of Pharmacy, University of Camerino, Via Gentile III da Varano, 62032 Camerino, Italy;
| | - Martina Gatti
- Department of Surgery, Medicine, Dentistry and Morphological Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Via del Pozzo 71, 41124 Modena, Italy; (M.G.); (T.M.)
| | - Cecilia Prata
- Department of Pharmacy and Biotechnology, Alma Mater Studiorum—University of Bologna, Via Irnerio 48, 40126 Bologna, Italy
- Correspondence:
| | - Silvana Hrelia
- Department for Life Quality Studies, Alma Mater Studiorum—University of Bologna, Corso d’Augusto 237, 47921 Rimini, Italy;
| | - Tullia Maraldi
- Department of Surgery, Medicine, Dentistry and Morphological Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Via del Pozzo 71, 41124 Modena, Italy; (M.G.); (T.M.)
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Scopetti M, Santurro A, Gatto V, La Russa R, Manetti F, D’Errico S, Frati P, Fineschi V. Mesenchymal stem cells in neurodegenerative diseases: Opinion review on ethical dilemmas. World J Stem Cells 2020; 12:168-177. [PMID: 32266049 PMCID: PMC7118285 DOI: 10.4252/wjsc.v12.i3.168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2019] [Revised: 02/13/2020] [Accepted: 03/01/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The treatment of neurodegenerative diseases presents a growing need for innovation in relation to recent evidence in the field of reconstructive therapy using stem cells. Understanding the molecular mechanisms underlying neurodegenerative disorders, and the advent of methods able to induce neuronal stem cell differentiation allowed to develop innovative therapeutic approaches offering the prospect of healthy and perfectly functional cell transplants, able to replace the sick ones. Hence the importance of deepening the state of the art regarding the clinical applications of advanced cell therapy products for the regeneration of nerve tissue. Besides representing a promising area of tissue transplant surgery and a great achievement in the field of neurodegenerative disease, stem cell research presents certain critical issues that need to be carefully examined from the ethical perspective. In fact, a subject so complex and not entirely explored requires a detailed scientific and ethical evaluation aimed at avoiding improper and ineffective use, rather than incorrect indications, technical inadequacies, and incongruous expectations. In fact, the clinical usefulness of stem cells will only be certain if able to provide the patient with safe, long-term and substantially more effective strategies than any other treatment available. The present paper provides an ethical assessment of tissue regeneration through mesenchymal stem cells in neurodegenerative diseases with the aim to rule out the fundamental issues related to research and clinical translation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matteo Scopetti
- Department of Anatomical, Histological, Forensic and Orthopaedic Sciences, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome 00185, Italy
| | - Alessandro Santurro
- Department of Anatomical, Histological, Forensic and Orthopaedic Sciences, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome 00185, Italy
| | - Vittorio Gatto
- Department of Anatomical, Histological, Forensic and Orthopaedic Sciences, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome 00185, Italy
| | - Raffaele La Russa
- Department of Anatomical, Histological, Forensic and Orthopaedic Sciences, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome 00185, Italy
- Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico (IRCCS) Neuromed, Sapienza University of Roma, Pozzilli 86077, Italy
| | - Federico Manetti
- Department of Anatomical, Histological, Forensic and Orthopaedic Sciences, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome 00185, Italy
| | - Stefano D’Errico
- UOC Risk Management, Quality and Accreditation, Sant'Andrea University Hospital of Rome, Rome 00189, Italy
| | - Paola Frati
- Department of Anatomical, Histological, Forensic and Orthopaedic Sciences, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome 00185, Italy
- Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico (IRCCS) Neuromed, Sapienza University of Roma, Pozzilli 86077, Italy
| | - Vittorio Fineschi
- Department of Anatomical, Histological, Forensic and Orthopaedic Sciences, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome 00185, Italy
- Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico (IRCCS) Neuromed, Sapienza University of Roma, Pozzilli 86077, Italy
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Siniscalco D, Antonucci N. Cellular therapy for autism spectrum disorder: a step forward to the optimal treatments. ANNALS OF TRANSLATIONAL MEDICINE 2019; 7:S110. [PMID: 31576317 DOI: 10.21037/atm.2019.05.12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Dario Siniscalco
- Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Campania "L. Vanvitelli", Naples, Italy
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Tatebayashi K, Takagi T, Fujita M, Doe N, Nakagomi T, Matsuyama T, Yoshimura S. Adipose-derived stem cell therapy inhibits the deterioration of cerebral infarction by altering macrophage kinetics. Brain Res 2019; 1712:139-150. [PMID: 30721668 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2019.01.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2018] [Revised: 01/27/2019] [Accepted: 01/29/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION We previously established a method to isolate and culture human adipose-derived stem cells (hADSCs) using fetal bovine serum and showed the therapeutic impact on cerebral infarction. Recently, we modified the culture method with the use of serum-free media for future clinical applications. This study aims to evaluate whether intravenous administration of hADSCs induced by the serum-free culture method would improve neurobehavioral deficits in mice with cerebral infarction. RESULTS Induced hADSCs possessed the characteristics of mesenchymal stem cells and withstood a freeze-thaw process. hADSC administration improved neurobehavioral deficits in MCAO-treated mice and suppressed brain atrophy at the chronic phase. Although hADSC administration did not affect serum cytokine profiles, it decreased the number of CD11b+ monocytes in the spleen. Concomitantly, hADSC administration increased the local accumulation of CD11b+CD163+ M2 macrophages into the border zone of the cerebral infarction at 4 days post-MCAO (the acute phase). DISCUSSION Our data indicate that the systemic administration of hADSCs can improve the neurobehavioral deficits that occur after cerebral infarction by modulating the acute immune response mediated by CD11b+CD163+ M2 macrophages in infarcted lesions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kotaro Tatebayashi
- Department of Neurosurgery, Hyogo College of Medicine, Nishinomiya, Hyogo, Japan
| | - Toshinori Takagi
- Department of Neurosurgery, Hyogo College of Medicine, Nishinomiya, Hyogo, Japan
| | - Mitsugu Fujita
- Department of Neurosurgery, Hyogo College of Medicine, Nishinomiya, Hyogo, Japan; Department of Microbiology, Kindai University, Faculty of Medicine, Osaka-Sayama, Osaka, Japan.
| | - Nobutaka Doe
- Laboratory of Neurogenesis and CNS Repair, Hyōgo College of Medicine, Nishinomiya, Hyogo, Japan; General Education Center, Hyogo University of Health Sciences, Kobe, Hyogo, Japan
| | - Takayuki Nakagomi
- Institute for Advanced Medical Sciences, Hyogo College of Medicine, Nishinomiya, Hyogo, Japan
| | - Tomohiro Matsuyama
- Institute for Advanced Medical Sciences, Hyogo College of Medicine, Nishinomiya, Hyogo, Japan
| | - Shinichi Yoshimura
- Department of Neurosurgery, Hyogo College of Medicine, Nishinomiya, Hyogo, Japan.
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Siniscalco D, Kannan S, Semprún-Hernández N, Eshraghi AA, Brigida AL, Antonucci N. Stem cell therapy in autism: recent insights. STEM CELLS AND CLONING-ADVANCES AND APPLICATIONS 2018; 11:55-67. [PMID: 30425534 PMCID: PMC6204871 DOI: 10.2147/sccaa.s155410] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Autism spectrum disorders (ASDs) are characterized by core domains: persistent deficits in social communication and interaction; restricted, repetitive patterns of behavior, interests, or activities. ASDs comprise heterogeneous and complex neurodevelopmental pathologies with well-defined inflammatory conditions and immune system dysfunction. Due to neurobiologic changes underlying ASD development, cell-based therapies have been proposed and applied to ASDs. Indeed, stem cells show specific immunologic properties, which make them promising candidates in ASD treatment. This comprehensive up-to-date review focuses on ASD cellular/molecular abnormalities, potentially useful stem cell types, animal models, and current clinical trials on the use of stem cells in treating autism. Limitations are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dario Siniscalco
- Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Campania, Napoli, Italy,
| | - Suresh Kannan
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Sri Ramachandra Institute of Higher Education and Research, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Neomar Semprún-Hernández
- Research Division, Autism Immunology Unit of Maracaibo, Catedra libre de Autismo, Universidad del Zulia, Maracaibo, Venezuela
| | - Adrien A Eshraghi
- Department of Otolaryngology, Hearing Research and Cochlear Implant Laboratory, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, USA
| | | | - Nicola Antonucci
- Biomedical Centre for Autism Research and Treatment, Bari, Italy
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Gładysz D, Krzywdzińska A, Hozyasz KK. Immune Abnormalities in Autism Spectrum Disorder-Could They Hold Promise for Causative Treatment? Mol Neurobiol 2018; 55:6387-6435. [PMID: 29307081 PMCID: PMC6061181 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-017-0822-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2017] [Accepted: 11/05/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Autism spectrum disorders (ASD) are characterized by impairments in language and communication development, social behavior, and the occurrence of stereotypic patterns of behavior and interests. Despite substantial speculation about causes of ASD, its exact etiology remains unknown. Recent studies highlight a link between immune dysfunction and behavioral traits. Various immune anomalies, including humoral and cellular immunity along with abnormalities at the molecular level, have been reported. There is evidence of altered immune function both in cerebrospinal fluid and peripheral blood. Several studies hypothesize a role for neuroinflammation in ASD and are supported by brain tissue and cerebrospinal fluid analysis, as well as evidence of microglial activation. It has been shown that immune abnormalities occur in a substantial number of individuals with ASD. Identifying subgroups with immune system dysregulation and linking specific cellular immunophenotypes to different symptoms would be key to defining a group of patients with immune abnormalities as a major etiology underlying behavioral symptoms. These determinations would provide the opportunity to investigate causative treatments for a defined patient group that may specifically benefit from such an approach. This review summarizes recent insights into immune system dysfunction in individuals with ASD and discusses the potential implications for future therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dominika Gładysz
- Department of Pediatrics, Institute of Mother and Child, Warsaw, Poland
| | | | - Kamil K Hozyasz
- Department of Pediatrics, Institute of Mother and Child, Warsaw, Poland.
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Allogeneic mesenchymal stem cell transplantation in healthy equine superficial digital flexor tendon: A study of the local inflammatory response. Res Vet Sci 2018; 118:423-430. [DOI: 10.1016/j.rvsc.2018.03.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2017] [Revised: 03/13/2018] [Accepted: 03/18/2018] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
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