Diosmin improved cognitive deficit and amplified brain electrical activity in the rat model of traumatic brain injury

Diosmin ameliorates LPS-induced depression-like behaviors in mice: Inhibition of inflammation and oxidative stress in the prefrontal cortex

Diosmin is a flavone glycoside with a confirmed therapeutic effectiveness on the chronic venous disorders. In this paper, the classical mouse depression model induced by LPS was established to explore the effect of Diosmin on depression. Firstly, we found that Diosmin could inhibit the inflammation and neuronal damage in the prefrontal cortex (PFC) of mice, and thus alleviating the LPS-induced depressive-like behaviors. Specifically, Diosmin treatment significantly suppressed the secretion of pro-inflammatory cytokines (TNF-α, IL-6 and IL-1β), reduced the activation of microglia, and inhibited the expression of NLRP3 inflammasome and its downstream effector caspase-1 in both PFC of mice and BV2 microglial cells exposed to LPS. Then, we demonstrated that pretreatment with Diosmin dramatically suppressed the LPS-induced oxidative stress in the PFC of mice, manifested in the decrease of reactive oxygen species and malondialdehyde while increase of catalase activity. Consistently, Diosmin also alleviated the oxidative stress in BV2 cells exposed to LPS. Finally, we confirmed that Diosmin effectively suppressed the activation of NF-κB signaling pathway in the PFC of LPS-treated mice. Further in vitro experiments also verified that Diosmin could prevent the p65 transposition to nucleus in LPS-treated BV2 cells, suggesting that the antidepressant effects of Diosmin are partially mediated by blocking of NF-κB signaling. Taken together, this study proposes the potential antidepressant effect of Diosmin, which provides useful support to the development of new therapies for depression.

Possible mechanisms involved in the neuroprotective effects of chrysin against mild traumatic brain injury-induced spatial cognitive decline: An in vivo study in a rat model

Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is recognized as an important risk factor for cognitive deficits. The present study was designed to determine the potential neuroprotective effects of chrysin, a natural flavonoid compound, against TBI-induced spatial cognitive decline and the possible mechanisms involved. Oral administration of chrysin (25, 50, or 100 mg/kg/day) was initiated in rats immediately following the induction of the diffuse TBI model using the weight-dropping Marmarou model. Spatial cognitive ability, hippocampal synaptic plasticity, blood-brain barrier (BBB) permeability, brain water content, and histological changes were assessed at scheduled time points. The animals subjected to TBI exhibited spatial cognitive decline in the Morris water maze (MWM) test, which was accompanied by inhibition of hippocampal long-term potentiation (LTP) induction at the perforant path-dentate gyrus (PP-DG) synapses. Additionally, TBI caused BBB disruption, brain edema, and neuronal loss. Interestingly, treatment with chrysin (especially in the dose of 100 mg/kg) alleviated all the above-mentioned neuropathological changes related to TBI. The results provide evidence that chrysin improves TBI-induced spatial cognitive decline, which may be partly related to the amelioration of hippocampal synaptic dysfunction, alleviation of BBB disruption, reduction of brain edema, and prevention of neuronal loss.

EFFECTS OF DIOSMIN ADMINISTRATION ON CISPLATIN-INDUCED PREMATURE OVARIAN FAILURE IN A RAT MODEL

m We aimed to examine the potential beneficial effects of diosmin administration on cisplatin - induced premature ovarian failure (POF) in a rat model Material and Methods Twenty-eight rats were divided into four groups. Group A rats (n:7) were determined as the sham group. The remaining rats received an intraperitoneal injection of 1.5 mg/kg/day cisplatin for 10 days to create a POF model. Then, they were randomly divided into 3 subgroups. Group B was determined as POF group. Group C rats were given 100mg/kg/day diosmin for 10 days simultaneously while creating POF model. Group D rats were given 100mg/kg/day diosmin for 10 days after POF model was created. Twentieth day blood samples were taken and left ovaries were resected for examination. Results CIS-induced rats showed reduced levels of SOD, AMH and E2 compared to sham group rats (p0.05) between the sham group, group C and D. No significant (p>0.05) difference in FSH value was observed between group C, D and sham groups. There was no significant (p>0.05) difference in the number of secondary and antral follicles between group C and D compared to the sham group. Primordial follicle count was significantly higher in group C than group B (p

Diosmin mitigates high glucose-induced endoplasmic reticulum stress through PI3K/AKT pathway in HK-2 cells

BACKGROUND

Diosmin has been reported to treat diabetes, but its role in diabetic nephropathy (DN) remains unclear. This research investigated the mechanism by which diosmin alleviated high glucose (HG)-induced HK-2 cell injury.

METHODS

First, we used CCK-8 to detect the effect of 0.1, 1, or 10 μg/mL diosmin on the viability of HK-2 cells treated with normal glucose or HG. Next, we used flow cytometry, automatic biochemical analyzer, ELISA, immunofluorescence, and colorimetric assay kit to examine the apoptosis, oxidative stress, inflammatory factors, and Caspase-3 expression in HK-2 cells. Thereafter, we used the western blot and qRT-PCR to examine the expression of the endoplasmic reticulum stress-, oxidative stress-, inflammation-, apoptosis-, and autophagy, and PI3K/AKT pathway-related factors.

RESULTS

Diosmin was non-cytotoxic to normal HK-2 cells and enhanced the HK-2 cell viability suppressed by HG. Meanwhile, diosmin restrained apoptosis, the contents of MDA, pro-inflammatory factors, and Caspase-3 but intensified the contents of SOD and CAT induced by HG. We further confirmed that diosmin blunted oxidative stress-, inflammation-, apoptosis-, and autophagy-related factors expression induced by HG via restraining the CHOP and GRP78 expressions. Further, we also discovered that PTEN level was restrained and the ratios of p-PI3K/PI3K and p-AKT/AKT were enhanced in HK-2 cells induced by HG, which was reversed by co-treatment of HG and diosmin.

CONCLUSIONS

Our study manifested that diosmin alleviated the HG-mediated endoplasmic reticulum stress injury in HK-2 cells via restraining the PI3K/AKT pathway.

Mechanistic Insight into Diosmin-Induced Neuroprotection and Memory Improvement in Intracerebroventricular-Quinolinic Acid Rat Model: Resurrection of Mitochondrial Functions and Antioxidants

Neurodegeneration is the final event after a cascade of pathogenic mechanisms in several brain disorders that lead to cognitive and neurological loss. Quinolinic acid (QA) is an excitotoxin derived from the tryptophan metabolism pathway and is implicated in several ailments, such as Alzheimer's, Parkinson's, Huntington's, and psychosis disease. Diosmin (DSM) is a natural flavonoid possessing such properties that may halt the course of neurodegenerative progression. In past studies, free radical scavenging, along with properties, such as antihyperglycemic, anti-inflammatory, and vasoactive properties, of DSM were pragmatic. Hence, in the current experimentations, the neuroprotective activity of DSM was investigated in the QA rat prototype. QA was administered through the intracerebroventricular route (QA-ICV) in rats on day one, and DSM (50 and 100 mg/kg, intraperitoneal route) was given from day 1 to 21. Memory, gait, sensorimotor functions, and biomarkers of oxidative mutilation and mitochondrial functions were evaluated in the whole brain. Results showed significant deterioration of sensorimotor performance, gait, and working- and long-term memory in rats by QA-ICV. These behavioral anomalies were significantly attenuated by DSM (50 and 100 mg/kg) and donepezil (standard drug). QA-ICV-induced decrease in body mass (g), diet, and water ingestion were also attenuated by DSM or donepezil treatments. QA-ICV inhibited mitochondrial complex I and II activities that caused an increase in oxidative and nitrosative stress along with a reduction in endogenous antioxidants in the brain. DSM dose-dependently ameliorated mitochondrial functions and decreased oxidative stress in QA-ICV-treated rats. DSM can be a possible alternative in treating neurodegenerative disorders with underlying mitochondrial dysfunction pathology.

The potential neuroprotective effect of diosmin in rotenone-induced model of Parkinson's disease in rats

Most treatments for Parkinson's disease (PD) focus on improving the symptoms and the dopaminergic effects; nevertheless, they cannot delay the disease progression. Diosmin (DM), a naturally occurring flavone that is obtained from citrus fruits, has demonstrated anti-apoptotic, anti-inflammatory and antioxidative properties in many diseases. This study aimed to assess the neuroprotective effects of diosmin in rotenone-induced rat model of PD and investigate its potential underlying mechanisms. A preliminary dose-response study was conducted where rats were treated with DM (50,100 and 200 mg/kg, p.o.) concomitantly with rotenone (2 mg/kg, s.c.) for 4 weeks. Catalepsy, motor impairment, spontaneous locomotion, body weight, histological examination and tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) immunoreactivity were evaluated in both the midbrains and striata of rats. Treatment with DM (200 mg/kg) showed the most promising outcome therefore, it was selected for further evaluation of α-synuclein, Bax, Bcl2, nuclear factor kappa B (NF-кB), nuclear factor erythroid 2- related factor 2 (Nrf2), and heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1), in addition to biochemical analysis of tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α). Results showed that DM (200 mg/kg, p.o.) prevented rotenone-induced motor impairment, weight reduction and histological damage. Furthermore, it significantly inhibited rotenone-induced decrease in TH expression. These results were correlated with reduction in α-synuclein immunoreactivity, together with improvement of Bax/Bcl2 ratio compared to rotenone group. DM also attenuated rotenone-induced increase in NF-кB expression as well as TNF- α levels. Moreover, DM inhibited rotenone-induced upregulation of Nrf2/HO-1 pathway. Thus, the current study suggests that DM might be a promising candidate for managing the neuropathological course of PD.

The effects of green tea on cognitive impairments in the rat model of Alzheimer's disease: protection against inflammatory and oxidative damage

INTRODUCTION

Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a progressive neurodegenerative disorder characterized by a decrement in the number of synapses, an increment in the production of oxygen free radicals and inflammatory cytokines. Green tea (GT) plays a defensive performance in different neurodegenerative conditions, such as cognition deficit. This study investigated the neuroprotective effect of green tea (GT) on cognitive disorder, inflammation, and oxidative stress in the streptozotocin (STZ)- induced AD model.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

The rats were divided into four groups: (1) Control, (2) GT, (3) Alz, and (4) GT + Alz. AD was induced by the injection of STZ (3 mg/kg, bilaterally, ICV). Morris water maze and passive avoidance tests were done to evaluate the memory and learning of rats. Biochemical parameters were measured with specialized ELISA kits.

RESULTS

Briefly, data analysis revealed that GT administration for 21 days improved memory impairment induced by the injection of STZ. Pretreatment with GT enhanced time spent in the goal quarter and reduced latency time and path length. Furthermore, pretreatment with GT prevented the increment of malondialdehyde (MDA) concentration in STZ-treated rats. As a pro-inflammatory cytokine, tumor necrosis factor- α (TNF-α) concentration was suppressed with the GT pretreatment. Total antioxidant capacity was increased after GT administration in rats treated compared with AD rats.

CONCLUSIONS

GT pretreatment attenuated STZ-induced learning and memory impairment through the suppression of TNF-α and MDA concentrations. The beneficial effects of GT on memory could be attributed to its protective effects on oxidative defenses.

Evaluation of the effects of metformin as adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase activator on spatial learning and memory in a rat model of multiple sclerosis disease

In patients with multiple sclerosis (MS) disease, cognitive deficits have been detected because of destruction of hippocampus. Cognitive impairment is one of the common signs in MS. Recent studies showed that metformin (Met) has wide-ranging effects in the treatment of diseases. Here, we have tried to study the preservative effects of Met as adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase (AMPK) activator on the hippocampus dentate gyrus (DG) neuronal firing pattern, motor coordination, and learning & memory loss following MS induction. The MS induction was done by local ethidium bromide (EB) injection into the rat hippocampus. Then, rats were treated with Met (200 mg/kg) for two weeks. Spatial memory and learning status were assessed using Morris water maze. A neuronal single-unit recording was measured from hippocampus DG. After decapitation, the bilateral hippocampi separated to measure malondialdehyde (MDA). Treatment with Met ameliorated latency times and path lengths (P < 0.05, P < 0.01, P < 0.001 in 1th, 2th, 3th and 4th days) in the Met + MS group respectively. The percent of total time spent in goal quarter and the average number of spikes/bin were decreased significantly in MS rats compared with the sham group (p < 0.001) but significantly increased in the metformin-treated MS group (Met + MS), (p < 0.01, p < 0.001). Met treatment in rats with MS significantly reduced the concentration of MDA, which is an indicator of lipid peroxidation compared to untreated groups. These observations show that increase of neuronal activity, sensory-motor coordination, and improvement of spatial memory in MS rats treated with Met appears via an increment of AMPK.

Determination of Diosmin in Pharmaceutical Products with Chemically Modified Voltammetric Sensors

In this paper, the electrochemical behavior of two types of sensors based on modified screen-printed electrodes (one screen-printed electrode based on carbon (SPCE) and another screen-printed electrode modified with Prussian Blue (PB/SPCE)) was studied with the aim of sensitive detection of diosmin, an active pharmaceutical compound from the class of flavonoids. The scan electron microscopy technique was used for the morphological characterization of PB/SPCE. The preliminary analysis assessed the electrochemical behavior of SPCE and PB/SPCE in KCl solution and in a double solution of potassium ferrocyanide-potassium chloride. It was shown that the active area of PB/SPCE is superior to the one of SPCE, the greater sensitivity being related with the presence of the electroactive modifier. Similarly, in the case of diosmin detection, the PB/SPCE sensor detect more sensitivity the diosmin due to the electrocatalytic effect of PB. From the study of the influence of reaction rate on the sensor's electrochemical response, it was shown that the detection process is controlled by the adsorption process, the degree of surface coverage with electroactive molecules being higher in the case of PB/SPCE. From the PB/SPCE calibration curve, it wasdetermined that it has high sensitivity and low detection and quantification limit values (limit of detection 5.22 × 10^-8 M). The applicability of the PB/SPCE sensor was confirmed by sensitive analysis of diosmin in pharmaceutical products. The voltammetric method is suitable for the detection and quantification of diosmin in pharmaceutical products. The method is simple, accurate, and quick and can be used in routine analysis in the examination of the quality of pharmaceutical products and other types of samples.

Thymoquinone improves cognitive and hippocampal long-term potentiation deficits due to hepatic encephalopathy in rats

OBJECTIVES

Hepatic encephalopathy (HE) is a neuropsychiatric syndrome that causes brain disturbances. Thymoquinone (TQ) has a wide spectrum of activities such as antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and anticancer. This study aimed to evaluate the effects of TQ on spatial memory and hippocampal long-term potentiation (LTP) in rats with thioacetamide (TAA)-induced liver injury and hepatic encephalopathy.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

Adult male Wistar rats were divided into six groups randomly: 1) Control; 2) HE, received TAA (200 mg/kg); 3-5) Treated groups (HE+TQ5, HE+TQ10, and HE+TQ20). TQ (5, 10, and 20 mg/kg) was injected intraperitoneally (IP) for 12 consecutive days from day 18 to 29. Subsequently, spatial memory performance was evaluated by the Morris water maze paradigm and hippocampal LTP was recorded from the dentate gyrus (DG) region. Activity levels of Malondialdehyde (MDA) and superoxide dismutase (SOD) were measured in the hippocampal tissue.

RESULTS

Data showed that the hippocampal content of MDA was increased while SOD activities were decreased in TAA-induced HE. TQ treatment significantly improved spatial memory and LTP. Moreover, TQ restored the levels of MDA and SOD activities in the hippocampal tissue in HE rats.

CONCLUSION

Our data confirm that TQ could attenuate cognitive impairment and improve LTP deficit by modulating the oxidative stress parameters in this model of HE, which leads to impairment of spatial cognition and LTP deficit. Thus, these results suggest that TQ may be a promising agent with positive therapeutic effects against liver failure and HE defects.

Disposable Pencil Graphite Electrode for Diosmin Voltammetric Analysis

Diosmin (DIO) is a naturally occurring flavonoid with multiple beneficial effects on human health. The presence of different hydroxyl groups in diosmin structure enables its electrochemical investigation and quantification. This work presents, for the first time, diosmin voltammetric behavior and quantification on the cost-effective, disposable pencil graphite electrode (PGE). Diosmin oxidation on PGE involves two irreversible steps, generating products with reversible redox behaviors. All electrode processes are pH-dependent and predominantly adsorption-controlled. Differential pulse (DPV) and adsorptive stripping differential pulse (AdSDPV) voltammetric methods have been optimized for diosmin quantification o an H-type PGE, in 0.100 mol/L H₂SO₄. The linear ranges and limits of detection were for DPV 1.00 × 10^-6-1.00 × 10^-5 mol/L and 2.76 × 10^-7 mol/L DIO for DPV and 1.00 × 10^-7-2.50 × 10^-6 mol/L and 7.42 × 10^-8 mol/L DIO for AdSDPV, respectively. The DPV method was successfully applied for diosmin quantification in dietary supplement tablets. The percentage recovery was 99.87 ± 4.88%.

Diosmetin Mitigates Cognitive and Memory Impairment Provoked by Chronic Unpredictable Mild Stress in Mice

Materials and Methods

In the present experimental study, male NMRI mice were exposed to chronic unpredictable mild stress (CUMS) paradigm for 35 days. Diosmetin (at doses of 10, 20, and 40 mg/kg. i.p.) or diosmetin solvent (normal saline + DMSO, 1 ml/kg; i.p.) was administered 30 min before stress induction. After 28 days, memory and cognitive performance were assessed by shuttle box and novel object recognition tests. Finally, antioxidant capacity (FRAP) and malondialdehyde (MDA) level of serum and brain, and serum corticosterone level were evaluated.

Results

Behavioral tests showed that CUMS significantly reduced the secondary latency in passive avoidance memory test and diagnosis index in novel object recognition test compared to the control group (P < 0.001), whereas treatment with diosmetin (20 and 40 mg/kg) significantly improved memory performance in the two tests (P < 0.001). In addition, diosmetin (40 mg/kg) could pronouncedly suppress increase in serum corticosterone levels, reduction in antioxidant capacity, and production of excess MDA caused by CUMS compared to the control group (P < 0.01, P < 0.001, and P < 0.001, respectively).

Conclusion

Chronic stress can impair memory and cognition and treatment with diosmetin can partly improve this disorder in male mice by increasing the antioxidant capacity of brain tissue and serum and improving serum corticosterone levels.

Antioxidant Therapies in Traumatic Brain Injury

Due to a multiplicity of causes provoking traumatic brain injury (TBI), TBI is a highly heterogeneous pathology, characterized by high mortality and disability rates. TBI is an acute neurodegenerative event, potentially and unpredictably evolving into sub-chronic and chronic neurodegenerative events, with transient or permanent neurologic, cognitive, and motor deficits, for which no valid standardized therapies are available. A vast body of literature demonstrates that TBI-induced oxidative/nitrosative stress is involved in the development of both acute and chronic neurodegenerative disorders. Cellular defenses against this phenomenon are largely dependent on low molecular weight antioxidants, most of which are consumed with diet or as nutraceutical supplements. A large number of studies have evaluated the efficacy of antioxidant administration to decrease TBI-associated damage in various animal TBI models and in a limited number of clinical trials. Points of weakness of preclinical studies are represented by the large variability in the TBI model adopted, in the antioxidant tested, in the timing, dosages, and routes of administration used, and in the variety of molecular and/or neurocognitive parameters evaluated. The analysis of the very few clinical studies does not allow strong conclusions to be drawn on the real effectiveness of antioxidant administration to TBI patients. Standardizing TBI models and different experimental conditions, as well as testing the efficacy of administration of a cocktail of antioxidants rather than only one, should be mandatory. According to some promising clinical results, it appears that sports-related concussion is probably the best type of TBI to test the benefits of antioxidant administration.

Metabolism and pharmacological activities of the natural health-benefiting compound diosmin

Diosmin is a famous natural flavonoid for treating chronic venous insufficiency and varicose veins.

The effect of diosmin against lead exposure in rats‡

In this study, the effect of diosmin against the adverse effects of lead exposure in rats was investigated. Wistar Albino race 40 male rats weighing 150-200 g 2-3 months were used. A total of 4 groups were assigned, one of which was control and the other 3 were trial groups. The rats in the control group were treated with dimethyl sulfoxide, which was used only as a vehicle in diosmin administration. Groups 2, 3, and 4 from the experimental group were given diosmin at a dose of 50 mg/kg.bw, lead acetate at the dose of 1000 ppm, lead acetate at the dose of 1000 ppm, and diosmin at a dose of 50 mg/kg.bw for 6 weeks, respectively. Application of lead acetate with drinking water and also diosmin was performed by oral catheter. At the end of the experimental period, blood was taken to dry and with heparin by puncture to the heart under light ether anesthesia. Following the blood samples, some organs of the rats (the liver, kidney, brain, heart, and testis) were removed. Some biochemical parameters (glucose, triglyceride, cholesterol, BUN, creatinine, uric acid, LDH, AST, ALT, ALP, total protein, albumin) were measured in serum. Some oxidative stress parameters in tissue samples and blood (MDA, NO, SOD, CAT, GSH-Px, GSH) were evaluated. Body and organ (the liver, kidney, brain, heart, and testis) weights were also evaluated at the end of the study. No significant change was observed in the parameters examined in the diosmin alone-treated group by comparison to control group. On the other hand, significant changes were found in the values ​​of lead acetate-treated group comparing control group. It was observed that the values approached the values of the control group in the combination of lead and diosmin. Exposure to lead acetate at a dose of 1000 ppm for 6 weeks causes organ damage; however the diosmin application at a dose of 50 mg/kg.bw had a positive effect on the regression of tissue damage.