IGF2BP2 and IGFBP3 Genotypes, Haplotypes, and Genetic Models Studies in Polycystic Ovary Syndrome

BACKGROUND

Insulin resistance has been correlated with the genetic diversity within the insulin-like binding proteins genes. Moreover, insulin resistance is one of the key characteristics of the widespread reproductive endocrine condition known as polycystic ovarian syndrome (PCOS). Hence, this study is aimed to determine the association between IGFBP3 and IGF2BP2 gene variants and PCOS risk.

METHODS

A total of 300 subjects (150 PCOS cases diagnosed based on Rotterdam ESHRE/ASRM consensus criteria and 150 healthy subjects) were recruited in this case-control cross-sectional study. Tetra-primer amplification refractory mutation system polymerase chain reaction (ARMS-PCR) was used for genotyping rs11705701, whereas genotyping of rs1470579 and rs2854744 was done employing PCR-restriction fragment length polymorphism (PCR-RFLP) technique.

RESULTS

The CC and AA+AC genotypes of rs1470579 conferred an increased risk of PCOS in our population. Regarding the rs2854744, an increased risk of PCOS was observed under the codominant homozygous (TT vs. GG) model by 2.54 fold. The C allele of rs1470579 and T allele of rs2854744 enhanced PCOS risk by 1.97 and 1.46 folds, respectively. Haplotype analysis showed that the Ars1470579Ars11705701 haplotype conferred a decreased risk of PCOS (odds ratio = 0.53, 95% confidence interval = 0.34-0.83, p = 0.006). The AC/GG/GT, AA/GA/GT, AC/GA/GG, and AC/GA/GT genotype combinations of rs1470579/rs11705701/rs2854744 were associated with a decreased risk of the disease.

CONCLUSIONS

IGF2BP2 rs1470579 and IGFBP3 rs2854744 enhanced PCOS susceptibility in a Southeastern Iranian population. Further investigation involving larger cohorts representing diverse ethnic backgrounds is needed to confirm the current findings.

Effect of type 1 diabetes during pregnancy and lactation on neonatal hypoxia-ischemia injury and apoptotic gene expression

OBJECTIVE

Hypoxia-ischemia (HI) is one of the major disorders that causes a variety of abnormalities and infant mortality. Type 1 diabetes is one of the most common worldwide metabolic disorders, and its prevalence has become one of the public health concerns of the 21st century. This study aims to evaluate the effect of type 1 diabetes during pregnancy and lactation on vulnerability to neonatal HI in rats.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

Female Wistar rats (weighing 200 ± 220 g) were randomly assigned into two groups: Group 1 (rats that received 0.5 mL/day of normal saline solution) and Group 2 (type 1 diabetes was induced in rats on the second day of pregnancy with a single dose of intraperitoneal injection of alloxan monohydrate [150 mg/kg]). After delivery, offspring were divided into four groups: (a) Control (Co), (b) Diabetic (DI), (c) Hypoxia-ischemia (HI), (d) HI + Diabetic (HI + DI). Seven days after HI induction, neurobehavioral tests were performed, and then cerebral edema, infarct volume, inflammatory factors, Bax-Bcl2 expression, and oxidative stress were measured.

RESULTS

The BAX level in the DI + HI (p = 0.0355) group was significantly higher than the HI group. The Bcl-2 expression levels in the HI (p = 0.0027) and DI + HI (p < 0.0001) groups were significantly lower than the DI group. Total antioxidant capacity (TAC) levels in the DI + HI (p < 0.0001) group were significantly lower than HI and CO groups. TNF-α, CRP, and total oxidant status (TOS) levels in the DI + HI (p < 0.0001) group were significantly higher than the HI group. Infarct volume and cerebral edema in the DI + HI (p < 0.0001) group were significantly higher than the HI group.

CONCLUSION

According to the results, type 1 diabetes during pregnancy and lactation increased the destructive effects of HI injury in pups. It also decreased the expression of the anti-apoptotic Bcl-2 and increased the expression BAX apoptosis factor gene in pups.

The Effect of Hydroalcoholic Extract of Senna (Cassia Angustifolia Vahl.) on Lipid Profiles in Hyperlipidemic Rats

Background: Abnormality in metabolism of lipids and hyperlipidemia is a risk factor for atherosclerosis which is the major cause of cardiovascular diseases (CVDs). Several herbal drugs are used for the treatment of dyslipidemia. The present study investigates the effects of hydroalcoholic extracts of Senna extract on serum lipid profile among hyperlipidemic rats. Methods: Forty eight male Wistar rats were randomly divided into 6 groups of 8 animals, including group 1) normal pellet diet (control), group 2) high fat diet (HFD), group, 3) HFD with 100 mg/kg Senna extract treatment, group 4) HFD with 200 mg/kg Senna extract treatment, group 5) 100 mg/kg pure Senna extract, and group 6) 200 mg/kg pure Senna extract. All the dietary regimens and Senna extract treatments were continued for 30 days. At the end of the experiment, blood samples collected from heart of rats and the lipid profile levels were measured. Results: The results indicated that short-term treatment by hydroalcoholic of Senna extract produced a significant reduction in the level of cholesterol, triglyceride, and LDL-C (P < 0.05), as well as an increase in HDL-C. The body weight in the HFD group was significantly higher than the other groups (P < 0.05). Conclusion: Prescription of hydroalcoholic extracts of Senna is effective in the treatment of hyperlipidemia, and can inhibit the weight gain induced by HFD in rats. Some of these effects could be attributed to antioxidants activities, biological and pharmaceutical properties and other protective properties of the Senna extract requiring further investigations.

Association between Body Mass Index, Abdominal Obesity, and Body Size with Hip and Femoral Fractures in the Elderly

Background: The risk of bone fractures, particularly hip fractures is increasing in the elderly. One of the known factors for predicting fractures is body mass index (BMI) and abdominal obesity. Thus, this study aimed to determine the association between obesity (general and abdominal) with femoral and hip fractures according to gender and age. Methods: In this descriptive cross-sectional study, 100 patients with femoral or hip fractures admitted to the orthopedic ward of Khatam Al-Anbia Hospital in Zahedan were selected between March 2018 and May 2019.  Waist circumference (WC), wrist circumference, BMI, and body size were measured. A P-value of <0.05 was considered as statistical significant. All the analyses were performed by SPSS software version 21. Results: The highest rate of hip fracture was observed in people aged over 70 years (61.9%, P < 0.01). The highest rate of hip and femoral fractures were observed in individuals with BMI < 23 kg/m2 (P < 0.001) and taller people (>167 cm) (P < 0.0001). The risk of fractures decreased with increasing WC (P < 0.01). Approximately half of those with hip fractures (52.4%) and femoral fractures (51.9%) had small size. Conclusion: On the basis of our findings, taller height, lower BMI and smaller body size have been suggested as potential contributions to the risk of femoral and hip fractures. It is suggested that abdominal fat may be protective against the risk of hip and femoral fractures at older ages, which requires further research.

The Relationship between Serum Levels of Irisin with Cardiometabolic Biomarkers in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes

Background: Diabetes and obesity are associated with an increased risk of cardiovascular disease. Irisin is a newly recognized peptidic myokine with anti-obesity and anti-diabetic properties. This study aims to investigate the relationship between serum irisin levels with cardiometabolic biomarkers in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). Methods: In this comparative cross- sectional study, 80 T2DM patients and 80 control participants (adjusted by age, body mass index (BMI), and physical activity) referring to Bou Ali Hospital in Zahedan, Iran, were enrolled. Serum irisin concentrations, anthropometric, and biochemical parameters were assessed. Results: Serum irisin level was significantly lower in T2DM patients compared to control group. Multiple linear regression analysis revealed that after adjustment for age, irisin was negatively associated with waist circumference (WC, P < 0.01) and waist to height ratio (WHtR, P < 0.01), homeostasis model assessment insulin resistance (HOMA-IR, P = 0.009), triglycerides (TG, P = 0.016), and positively associated with high density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-c, P = 0.03) in diabetic patients. Conclusion: The findings suggest that irisin can be used as a marker for predicting of obesity-related cardiometabolic biomarkers, insulin resistance, and incidentT2DM.

The impact of zinc supplementation on galectin-3 and metabolic markers in diabetic patients on hemodialysis: A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial

Purpose

There is little information about the association between zinc sulfate (ZnSO4) supplementation and metabolic profiles in zinc-deficient diabetic patients on hemodialysis (DHPs). Therefore, we aimed to investigate the association between ZnSO4 supplementation and serum levels of galectin-3 (Gal-3) and cardiometabolic parameters in zinc-deficient DHPs.

Methods

In the present randomized double-blind placebo-controlled clinical trial, 46 zinc-deficient DHPs (35-62 years) were included and assigned to receive either 220 mg/d ZnSO4 or placebo for 8 weeks. Serum levels of Gal-3, lipid profile, and blood pressure (BP) were assessed at baseline and the end of trial.

Results

We found a significant effect of ZnSO4 intake on the reduction of serum Gal-3 (P =  < 0.001), triglycerides (P =  < 0.001), total cholesterol (P =  < 0.001), low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (P =  < 0.001) and increased high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (P =  < 0.001) as compared to the control group. Additionally, systolic blood pressure (SBP) (P = 0.006) and diastolic blood pressure (DBP) (P = 0.01) were significantly reduced following 8 weeks of ZnSO4 supplementation.

Conclusion

Taken together, 220 mg ZnSO4 supplementation per day for 8 weeks among zinc-deficient DHPs had beneficial effects on Gal-3 and metabolic profiles.

Iranian Registry of Clinical Trials Identifier

IRCT20191217045765N1, date of registration: 2020-02-09.

Correlation between adiponectin rs2241766 and rs266729 polymorphisms and risk of papillary thyroid cancer

About 60-80% of thyroid cancer (TC) cases are papillary thyroid cancer (PTC). Studies have shown that serum adiponectin levels are inversely related to the risk of TC and PTC. Aim of the present study was to evaluate the association between adiponectin rs2241766 and rs266729 polymorphisms and risk of PTC. 122 PTC patients and 128 healthy subjects were enrolled in the study. PCR-RFLP and ARMS-PCR methods were used for genotype analysis. The rs266729 polymorphism did not correlate with risk of PTC. As regard rs2241766 polymorphism, the frequency of the GG genotype did not have a significant difference between the two groups, although, PTC cases showed higher frequency of GT genotype compared to controls (OR=2.87, 95% CI=1.56-5.28, P=0.001). We observed a significant association between adiponectin rs2241766 polymorphism and PTC, however, our result showed no significant relationship between adiponectin rs266729 polymorphism and risk of PTC.

The Effects of Zinc Sulfate Supplementation on Serum Copeptin, C-Reactive Protein and Metabolic Markers in Zinc-Deficient Diabetic Patients on Hemodialysis: A Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Trial

We aimed to investigate the association between zinc (Zn) supplementation and serum levels of copeptin, high-sensitive C-reactive protein (hs-CRP), glycemic control, anthropometric parameters and renal function in Zn -deficient diabetic hemodialysis patients (DHPs). This randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial (RCT) was conducted on 46 DHPs with Zn-deficiency. The Zn supplement group (n = 21) received a 220-mg/day Zn sulfate capsule (containing 50 mg Zn), and the control group (n = 25) received a placebo capsule (220 mg corn starch), for 8 weeks. Fasting, predialysis blood samples were taken at baseline and after 8 weeks to assess fasting blood glucose (FBG), serum insulin, copeptin, high-sensitive C-reactive protein (hs-CRP), blood urea nitrogen (BUN), creatinine (Cr) concentrations, and homoeostatic model assessment (HOMA-IR) and quantitative insulin-sensitivity check index (QUICKI). Compared to controls, serum copeptin (P < 0.001), hs-CRP (P < 0.001), BUN (P < 0.001), Cr (P < 0.001), Zn (P < 0.001), FBG (P < 0.001) levels, BMI (P < 0.001), and body weight (P < 0.001) were significantly affected following ZnSO4 supplementation for 8 weeks. In contrast, QUICKI (P = 0.57), HOMA-IR (P = 0.60), and serum insulin (P = 0.55) were not affected following Zn supplementation in comparison with patients receiving placebo. Zn sulfate supplementation appears to have favorable effects on serum copeptin and hs-CRP, FBG, and renal function in Zn-deficient DHPs. Iranian Registry of Clinical Trials Identifier: IRCT20190806044461N1.

The effects of green tea on cognitive impairments in the rat model of Alzheimer's disease: protection against inflammatory and oxidative damage

INTRODUCTION

Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a progressive neurodegenerative disorder characterized by a decrement in the number of synapses, an increment in the production of oxygen free radicals and inflammatory cytokines. Green tea (GT) plays a defensive performance in different neurodegenerative conditions, such as cognition deficit. This study investigated the neuroprotective effect of green tea (GT) on cognitive disorder, inflammation, and oxidative stress in the streptozotocin (STZ)- induced AD model.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

The rats were divided into four groups: (1) Control, (2) GT, (3) Alz, and (4) GT + Alz. AD was induced by the injection of STZ (3 mg/kg, bilaterally, ICV). Morris water maze and passive avoidance tests were done to evaluate the memory and learning of rats. Biochemical parameters were measured with specialized ELISA kits.

RESULTS

Briefly, data analysis revealed that GT administration for 21 days improved memory impairment induced by the injection of STZ. Pretreatment with GT enhanced time spent in the goal quarter and reduced latency time and path length. Furthermore, pretreatment with GT prevented the increment of malondialdehyde (MDA) concentration in STZ-treated rats. As a pro-inflammatory cytokine, tumor necrosis factor- α (TNF-α) concentration was suppressed with the GT pretreatment. Total antioxidant capacity was increased after GT administration in rats treated compared with AD rats.

CONCLUSIONS

GT pretreatment attenuated STZ-induced learning and memory impairment through the suppression of TNF-α and MDA concentrations. The beneficial effects of GT on memory could be attributed to its protective effects on oxidative defenses.

Effects of quercetin on spatial memory, hippocampal antioxidant defense and BDNF concentration in a rat model of Parkinson's disease: An electrophysiological study

OBJECTIVE

Quercetin is one of the most popular flavonoid with protective effects against neural damages in Parkinson's disease (PD). We assessed the effect of quercetin administration on memory and motor function, hippocampal ‎ oxidative stress and brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) level in a 6-OHDA-induced Parkinson's rat model.

MATERIAL AND METHODS

The animals were divided into the following five groups (n=8): control, sham-surgery (sham), lesion (PD), and lesion animals treated with quercetin at doses of 10 (Q10) and 25 (Q25) mg/kg. For induction of a model of PD, 6-OHDA was injected into the striatum of rats. The effects of quercetin were investigated on spatial memory, hippocampal BDNF and malondialdehyde (MDA) levels, and total antioxidant capacity (TAC). Spatial memory was assessed by Morris water maze test, and the neuronal firing frequency in hippocampal dentate gyrus (HDG) was evaluated by single-unit recordings.

RESULTS

Mean path length and latency time, rotational behavior and hippocampal MDA concentration were significantly increased, while time spent in the goal quadrant, swimming speed, spike rate, and hippocampal levels of TAC and BDNF were significantly decreased in the PD group compared to the sham group (p<0.01 to p<0.001). Quercetin treatment significantly enhanced time spent in goal quadrant (p<0.05), swimming speed (p<0.001) and spike rate (p<0.01), improved hippocampal TAC (p<0.05 to p<0.001) and BDNF (p<0.01 to p<0.001) level, and decreased mean path length (p<0.001), latency time (p<0.05 to p<0.001), rotational behavior and hippocampal MDA concentration (p<0.05).

CONCLUSION

The cognitive-enhancing effect of quercetin might be due to its antioxidant effects in the hippocampus.

Effect of synbiotic supplementation on asprosin level in high fat diet-induced metabolic disorder in pregnant rats

Synbiotic supplementation can improve metabolic disorders. The aim of this study was to assess the impact of synbiotic supplementation on the levels of asprosin, lipid profile, glucose, and insulin resistance in pregnant rats fed a high-fat diet (HFD). Rats were divided into three groups: control group (fed base chow), HFD group, and HFD + synbiotic group. Levels of blood glucose, total cholesterol, triglyceride (TG), low-density lipoprotein (LDL), high-density lipoprotein (HDL), insulin, and asprosin levels were measured. Birth weight of offspring in the HFD + synbiotic group was significantly lower than in the HFD group. Similarly, serum asprosin, insulin, insulin resistance, TG and total cholesterol levels in the HFD + symbiotic group were significantly lower than in the HFD group. Asprosin levels had a significant and positive correlation between food intake in the first ten days of the experiment and gestation period, fasting blood sugar (FBS), TG, and homeostatic model assessment (HOMA) index. Moreover, asprosin levels had a significant and negative correlation with HDL and insulin levels. Results showed, synbiotic supplementation has beneficial effects on obese animals and improves weight gain during pregnancy, pup birth weight, FBS, insulin resistance and lipid profile. These advantages of synbiotic supplementation could be mediated by reducing serum asprosin levels.

Effect of pre-meal water intake on the serum levels of Copeptin, glycemic control, lipid profile and anthropometric indices in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus: a randomized, controlled trial

Background

Water pre-load affects insulin secretion by altering the level of copeptin (C-terminal component of the arginine vasopressin hormone (AVP)) and preventing obesity by reducing food intake.

Aims

The present randomized controlled trial (RCT) aimed to investigate the effects of pre-meal water intake on type 2 diabetes Mellitus (T2DM).

Materials and methods

In this study, 40 patients with T2DM were randomly assigned to two intervention groups for 8 weeks; a) drinking 1 liter of water per day before each main meal (PW group)., and b) no water consumption before any meal (NPW group). At the beginning and at the end of the study, blood samples were taken to assess glycemic indices, lipid profile, copeptin and anthropometric indices.

Results

Pre-meal water intake was associated with lower energy intake, BMI, waist circumference (WC) and greater weight loss, in compared with the controls (P < 0.0001) after 8 weeks. At the end of the trial, the concentrations of fasting blood sugar (FBS) (P < 0.0001), triglyceride (TG) (P < 0.05), low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) (P < 0.05) and copeptin (P < 0.05) were significantly reduced following water drinking before meals.

Conclusion

To sum up, the present study revealed that pre-meal water intake is associated with lower BMI, body weight, WC, FBS, TG, LDL-C and copeptin levels in patients with T2DM.

Blood Lead Levels, Hemoglobin, and Liver Enzymes in Opium-Dependent Addicts

Background

Opium addiction, as a major health problem, has been reported in Middle East countries. Recently, contaminated opium has been reported as a probable source of lead poisoning. Thus, the aim of this study is to evaluate blood lead levels (BLL), liver enzymes, and hemoglobin (Hb) concentrations in opium-dependent addicts with healthy controls.

Methods

In a cross-sectional study, 75 opium-addicted men (case group) referred to Zahedan Baharan Hospital were evaluated. A group of 75 nonaddicted men were selected as a control group. BLL, Hb, and liver enzymes levels were measured. Body mass index (BMI) was also calculated.

Results

The case group had elevated BLL compared to the controls (19.1 ± 1.6 vs. 9.1 ± 0.4; P < 0.0001). Hb concentrations were significantly lower in the patients compared to the controls (13.3 ± 1.6 vs. 15.1 ± 1.3; P < 0.0001). A positive correlation was found between BLL and opium addict duration in the case group (r = 0.52, P < 0.0001).

Conclusions

Due to the contamination of opium to lead, it seems that opiate addicts are at risk of lead poisoning. Thus, it is recommended that the blood lead level is frequently monitored to control the adverse effects of poisoning and prevent lead accumulation.

Prevalence of Obesity and Hypertension and Related Factors among Bank Employees in Zahedan, 2017

Background and aims: Obesity and hypertension are the major threats to health in a sedentary lifestyle and stressful jobs. The bank employees have sedentary jobs with high mental stress. The aim of this study was to determine the prevalence of hypertension and obesity and related factors among bank employees in Zahedan, located in Sistan and Baluchistan province, Iran. Methods: In this cross-sectional study, 350 employees aged 23 to 57 years were randomly selected out of 15 bank branches from December 2016 to February 2017. An information form including demographic data (i.e., age, education levels, experience years in the banking profession, and physical activity) was completed for each participant. Body mass index (BMI) was assessed for the determination of general obesity. In addition, waist circumference (WC) and waist-to-height ratio (WHtR) were measured for the evaluation of abdominal obesity. Two recordings of blood pressure (BP) were obtained in a sitting position. Finally, a multivariate logistic regression analysis was used to examine the independent predictors of hypertension. Results: The prevalence of pre-hypertension and hypertension were 33.1% and 61.1%, respectively. Further, the rates of overweight and obesity were 49.1% and 10.3%, respectively. Furthermore, elevated WC and high WHtR were 20.9% and 59.4%, respectively. Based on the results, the prevalence of obesity and hypertension increased significantly by aging. Conclusion: In general, the results of the study showed that the prevalence of overweight and hypertension among bank employees was high compared to the general population. Thus, periodic screening is recommended for an early determination of hypertension.

Anthropometric Indices in Primary School Children of Iranshahr City, Iran

Background: Malnutrition, as a serious health problem in children, has an increasing prevalence in the developing countries. This study aimed to evaluate the anthropometric indices of primary school children in Iranshahr, a city in central region of Sistan and Baluchestan province, Iran. Methods: This cross-sectional study was conducted on a sample of 1000 6-14 year-old primary school children studying in 16 public and 5 private schools in Iranshahr city from May to June 2017. The sampling was done using multistage cluster random method. The school records were used to determine the students' ages. Their weight, height, and body mass index (BMI) were measured. Anthropometric indices including weight-for-age, height-for-age, and BMI-for-age were assessed using the National Center for Health Statistics/World Health Organization international growth reference and Center for Disease Control and Prevention (2000). Results: The rate of thinness was significantly higher in public than private schools (18.1% vs 1%; P < 0.0001). Overweight/obesity was lower in public schools’ children compared to students of the private schools (0.1% vs 9.3%; P = 0.007). The rates of stunting and underweight in public and private schools’ children were 50.2% vs. 53.3% (P = 0.11) and 46.6% vs 35% (P < 0.0001), respectively. Conclusion: Findings showed that although nutritional status was better in private schools than public schools, malnutrition is still a potential public health problem in this area. Therefore, the nutrition interventions are suggested at national and regional levels to increase the parents' awareness.

The Effect of Endurance Exercise Training on Vaspin, Lipid Profile, and Anthropometric Indices in Young People

Background: Exercise training affects the adipose tissue, which may lead to the secretion of adipokines. This study aimed to evaluate the effect of endurance exercise training on vaspin, lipid profiles, and some anthropometric indices among young people. Methods: The participants included 26 young men selected and categorized into the intervention and control groups randomly. The intervention group underwent the endurance activity (aerobic), while the control group had no exercises during the study. Anthropometric indices and dietary intakes were determined by standard and 48-hr recall methods, respectively. Before and after implementation of the exercise training, the participants' fasting blood samples were collected. Lipid profile (including cholesterol, triglyceride, LDL, and HDL) and vaspin levels were determined. Results: A significant difference was observed in body fat percentage of the intervention group after exercise training (P = 0.009). However, no significant differences were observed based on the means of anthropometric indices, lipid profile, and daily energy intake between two groups. With regard to the vaspin levels, a significant difference was observed between the participants' scores before (P = 0.001) and after (P = 0.04) the exercise training in intervention compared to the control group. Conclusion: Endurance exercise program can lead to appropriate changes in some anthropometric indices, lipid profile, and vaspin adipokine in young people. So, exercise training can affect health promotion of people.

The Effect of Nutritional Education on Knowledge and Practice at the Household Level in Zahedan

Background: The present study was carried out to enable, motivate, persuade, and assist the households to use their nutritional knowledge for the promotion of their nutritional status. Methods: In this descriptive- analytical study, 188 households were randomly selected from four regions, which were selected as the population lab in Zahedan city in south-east of Iran. In the studied households, mothers were selected as the target group since they were the main caregivers in families. In the educational intervention, nutrition experts educated the participants individually. Pre- and post-tests were administered before and after the intervention. The educational program included three sessions with regard to every region of population lab. The questionnaire investigated the participants' knowledge (15 items) and practice (10 items). The total scores of knowledge and practice were calculated and participants were classified to be in weak, medium, and good status in this regard. P < 0.05 was considered as significant. Results: The mean scores of knowledge were 6.5 ± 2.7 and 8.6 ± 3.0 for before and after the intervention, respectively (P = 0.0001). A significant difference was observed between the two groups regarding the association of mothers' knowledge with their age and family size of households (P < 0.01). The results showed that the knowledge of participants was weak (55% vs. 21.5%), medium (43% vs. 51%), and good (12% vs. 27.5%) before and after the intervention, respectively. Conclusion: According to the findings, implementation of supplementary, participatory, and advisory programs are suggested for the improvement of household's nutritional practice.

Serum omentin-1, vaspin, and apelin levels and central obesity in patients with nonalcoholic fatty liver disease

Background:

Omentin-1, vaspin, and apelin are novel adipokines which closely associate with obesity, nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), and inflammation. The aim of this study was to investigate the circulating levels of omentin-1, vaspin, and apelin in NAFLD patients and to clarify their relationship with biochemical parameters, abdominal obesity, and high sensitive C-reactive protein.

Materials and Methods:

In a case–control study, serum levels of omentin-1, vaspin, and apelin were measured in 41 NAFLD patients and 41 healthy volunteers. The study was performed in the outpatients’ clinic of Imam-Ali Hospital in Zahedan, Iran, during February to July 2015. Fatty liver was confirmed by ultrasonography. The association of the adipokines with lipid profile and anthropometric parameters was assessed using multivariable linear regression models. In this model, those variables that showed P < 0.05 were included in the study.

Results:

NAFLD patients presented a significantly higher apelin levels compared to the controls (P < 0.01), whereas serum omentin-1 and vaspin levels did not differ between two groups (both P > 0.05). Multiple regression analysis showed that the serum levels of apelin and vaspin correlated positively with waist circumference (WC) (P < 0.01 and P < 0.05, respectively) and low-density lipoprotein (P < 0.05 and P < 0.01, respectively) while serum omentin-1 was inversely correlated with WC (P < 0.01) and positively corrected with high-density lipoprotein (P < 0.05).

Conclusion:

The findings showed that among the analyzed adipokines only apelin was different in patients with NAFLD when compared to controls. Considering the multivariate regression analysis, apelin seems be more suitable diagnostic marker in predicting of NAFLD and omentin might be considered as a protective factor in occurrence of NAFLD, particularly in those with central obesity.

The Prevalence of Metabolic Syndrome in Coronary Artery Disease Patients

BACKGROUND

Metabolic syndrome (MetS) is a worldwide health problem, which is growing in Iranian adults. MetS is associated with risk of type 2 diabetes and coronary artery disease (CAD). In this study, we aimed to investigate the prevalence of MetS and its individual components in CAD patients.

METHODS

This cross-sectional study was performed on 200 CAD patients who had undergone elective coronary angiography at the cardiology department. Anthropometric indices including waist circumference (WC) and body mass index were measured. Blood samples were obtained to determine glucose and lipid profile. MetS components were defined according to the modified Adult Treatment Panel III (ATP III) criteria.

RESULTS

The prevalence of MetS among patients was 49.5% (women: 55.9%; men: 40.2%; P < 0.05). The prevalence increased with age. The low high-density lipoprotein-cholesterol (low HDL-C) (84.8%), high fasting blood glucose (high FBG) (77.8%) and high WC (75.8%) were the most prevalent risk factors in CAD patients with MetS.

CONCLUSIONS

Recent data indicate that the dyslipidemia, hyperglycemia and abdominal obesity are crucial predictors of MetS in CAD patients. Further prospective studies are recommended for more clarification.

Obesity, Serum Resistin and Leptin Levels Linked to Coronary Artery Disease

Background

Clinical studies have demonstrated that adipocytokines play an important role in developing atherosclerotic cardiovascular diseases.

Objective

The aim of study was to evaluate the relationship between serum resistin and leptin levels with obesity and coronary artery disease (CAD).

Methods

In a cross-sectional study, we assessed the levels of serum resistin and leptin, C-reactive protein (CRP), lipid profile and cardiac enzyme tests (AST, CPK, LDH, CK-MB) in 40 CAD patients compared to 40 healthy controls. Anthropometric measurements including weight and height for calculating of body mass index (BMI), and waist circumference (WC) were performed for evaluation of obesity.

Results

CAD patients had increased levels of leptin and CRP, (p < 0.001), cholesterol (p < 0.05), triglyceride (p < 0.01), and WC (p < 0.05) compared to healthy controls. There was no statistical difference between CAD and control subjects for resistin (p = 0.058). In a multiple regression analysis, only an association between serum leptin with BMI (β = 0.480, p < 0.05) and WC (β = 1.386, p < 0.05) was found.

Conclusions

The findings suggest that leptin is a better marker of fat mass value than resistin and may be considered an independent risk factor for cardiac disorders that is largely dependent on obesity. However, further prospective studies are needed to confirm these results.

Study of Serum Levels of Leptin, C-Reactive Protein and Nutritional Status in Hemodialysis Patients

Background:

Leptin is secreted by adipose tissue and decreases appetite. However, the role of leptin in the pathogenesis of hemodialysis (HD)-related malnutrition has not been fully evaluated.

Objectives:

The aim of study was to investigate the association between the serum leptin levels, serum C-reactive protein (CRP) levels, and nutritional status in hemodialysis patients.

Patients and Methods:

This analytical descriptive study included 45 hemodialysis patients and 40 healthy subjects. Biochemical parameters and serum leptin levels were measured. The nutritional status was evaluated using a food frequency questionnaire (FFQ) and the calculation of the body mass index (BMI).

Results:

Serum leptin (P < 0.05) and albumin (P < 0.0001) levels and BMI (P < 0.001) of HD patients were significantly lower, while CRP levels were significantly higher than those of controls (P < 0.0001). HD patients consumed the lower daily servings of the food groups compared to the control subjects (P < 0.0001). A significant positive correlation between serum levels of leptin and albumin and BMI was demonstrated. No significant correlations were identified between leptin level, CRP level, and other variables.

Conclusions:

The findings suggest that low levels of leptin may be a contributory factor for malnutrition in HD patients. Further studies are required to ascertain the significance of leptin levels in relation to nutritional factors in hemodialysis patients.

Effectiveness of Educational Programs on Nutritional Behavior in Addicts Referring to Baharan Hospital, Zahedan (Eastern of IR Iran)

Background:

There are many factors which affect nutritional status of addicted such as lack o f knowledge, incorrect attitude toward modification of food pattern, and careless to food intake.

Objectives:

The aim of this study was to determine the effectiveness of educational program on nutritional behavior in addicts referring to Baharan hospital in Zahedan.

Patients and Methods:

Thirty-six addict patients were selected randomly. After recording general demographic data of patients, nutritional behaviors were determined. To determine the effectiveness of nutritional educational program, pre and post-tests were performed. Evaluation of nutritional behavior was determined as poor, fair and satisfactory levels. Statically analysis was performed by SPSS software.

Results:

Most addict patients had a medium level of education. Improvement in knowledge, attitude and practice (KAP) of patients after intervention was observed as follows; decreasing KAP in poor level (2.8% vs. 30.6%), (3% vs. 50%), (25% vs. 80.6%), respectively; also, increasing KAP in fair level (7% vs. 55.6 %), (15% vs. 15%), (19% vs. 7%), respectively and increasing KAP in satisfactory levels (77.8% vs. 13.8%), (50% vs. 8.3%), and (22.2% vs. 0%), respectively (P < 0.0001). There was a significant difference regarding the grade of KAP in patients based on gender, marital status, and education level after education (P < 0.0001).

Conclusions:

This study showed that nutritional KAP was improved in addicts. After intervention, there was a significant difference in the score of knowledge, attitude, and practice scores in patients in the current study. KAP was improved in patients after intervention including; decreased KAP in poor level and increased KAP in fair and satisfactory levels. This finding indicates that addict patients would like to modify their life style.

Evaluation of serum adiponectin concentrations among drug abusers on methadone maintenance treatment

BACKGROUND

Adiponectin, an adipocyte-derived protein, modulates a number of metabolic processes. Methadone maintenance treatment (MMT) changes the level of hormones produced by adipose tissue in addicts. However, current data remains contradictory.

OBJECTIVES

The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of MMT on serum adiponectin levels in drug addicts.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

Twenty-five drug abusers with a mean age of 37.4 ± 8.7 years were referred to the Baharan Hospital, Zahedan, and 22 healthy age-matched control subjects with a mean age of 35 ± 9.5 years were enrolled in the study. Addicts were treated with methadone at (40 to 120 mg/d) for six months. Measurement of anthropometric parameters, serum adiponectin, and biochemical parameter levels, were assessed in the addicts, before and after six months of MMT, but only once in the healthy controls.

RESULTS

The mean basal serum adiponectin level was not significantly lower in the drug abuser group compared to the healthy subjects (P > 0.05). After six months of MMT, the mean serum adiponectin level of the drug addicts was not significantly different from their mean baseline level or that of the healthy subjects (P > 0.05). However, the mean baseline serum adiponectin level was significantly lower in overweight/obese addicts when compared to underweight patients and healthy individuals (P < 0.001). After six months of MMT, the mean level of serum adiponectin increased significantly in the underweight subjects compared to the normal weight and overweight/obese subjects (P < 0.0001) and the control group (P < 0.001). Adiponectin concentration was correlated inversely with body mass index and positively correlated with waist circumference and serum high-density lipoprotein levels.

CONCLUSIONS

This study showed that MMT did not markedly alter the concentration of serum adiponectin in drug abusers. However, in regard to the variations in the serum lipid profiles and anthropometric parameters, the findings indicated that low concentrations of serum adiponectin might play a role in the pathogenesis of obesity and other metabolic abnormalities. Thus, more long-term studies with larger sample sizes are recommended.

Effect of methadone maintenance therapy on anthropometric indices in opioid dependent patients

Background

Opium abuse significantly affects the nutritional status of users and frequently leads to undernourishment. Methadone maintenance therapy has been used as one of the possible ways to prevent of infection diseases such as HIV and hepatitis B and C and improve the quality of life in opioid-dependent patients.

Objectives

The aim of this study was to assess the anthropometric and socio-demographic characteristics of opium addicted persons before and after 8 weeks of methadone maintenance therapy (MMT).

Patients and Methods

A clinical cross-sectional study was carried out on 55 opium users (15 women and 40 men; mean aged 31.6 ± 10 years), dependent on opium and its derivatives at the Addiction Treatment Clinic of the Baharan psychiatric Hospital, Zahedan, Sistan and Baluchistan Province, Iran, in 2011. The patients were examined before and after 8 weeks MMT. Weight and height of participants were taken and the body mass index (BMI) was calculated.

Results

Body weight increased significantly from 61.4 ± 14.4 to 65.3 ± 14.2 kg and BMI from 21.4 ± 4.2 to 23 ± 5.6 (kg/m²) after 8 weeks of methadone maintenance therapy in opium users (P < 0.01). The percentages of underweight, overweight and obese patients were; 27.3%, 18.2% and 3.6%, respectively pre-MMT, and 12.7%, 18.2% and 7.2%, respectively after MMT.

Conclusions

The study shows that methadone Maintenance Therapy led to improvements in nutritional status.

Evaluation of dietary Intake and Food Patterns of Adolescent Girls in Sistan and Baluchistan Province, Iran

Background: The evidence suggests a relationship between lifestyle and diet-related risk factors.Objective: This study assessed the dietary intake and habits of high school girls in Sistan and Bluchistan province, in southeastern Iran.Methods: In a cross-sectional, descriptive study, 753 high school girls aged 14-18 years old wereenrolled by a clustered random sampling method. Dietary intake and food habits were evaluated by a two-day, 24-hour dietary recall, and a food frequency questionnaire (FFQ).Results: The analysis of dietary intakes showed that energy, calcium, zinc, vitamin C and folate intake, compared to the Dietary Reference Intake (DRI), were found to be lower. The, infrequent intake of milk and dairy products, fruits and vegetables, and a high consumption of empty calorie foods e.g. salty snacks, sweets, soft drinks and junk foods were seen among adolescents.Conclusions: The adolescent girls had an improper dietary intake and food habits. Thus, the implementation of nutrition education programs in schools and the designing of proper patterns towards healthier food choices could help improve eating behaviors, the health maintenance of adolescents, and also prevent diet- related diseases in adulthood.Key words: Adolescent girls, Dietary intake, Food habits

Evaluation of lipid peroxidation and erythrocyte glutathione peroxidase and superoxide dismutase in hemodialysis patients

Oxidative stress often occurs in chronic hemodialysis (HD). The aim of the present study was to determine plasma malondialdehyde (MDA) level for lipid peroxidation product and erythrocyte superoxide dismutase (SOD) and glutathione peroxidase (GPx) activities as enzymatic antioxidants. Thirty-one HD patients (aged 50.3 ± 14.9 years) who were dialyzed three times per week and 31 healthy subjects (aged 47.8 ± 13.9 years) were enrolled. The results showed lower enzymatic antioxidants activity (GPx, SOD) and higher MDA levels in comparison with control subjects. In addition, SOD and GPx activities significantly decreased and MDA increased after HD. We also found that there was a significantly negative correlation between SOD and GPx with MDA. The results suggest that elevated level of plasma MDA and reduced activities of SOD and GPx can be caused oxidative stress, which may play a critical role in HD complications.

Effect of vitamin E and C supplements on antioxidant defense system in cardiovascular disease patients in Zahedan, southeast Iran

Oxidative stress plays an important role in the pathogenesis of cardiovascular disease (CVD). Growing evidence suggest that antioxidant vitamins might reduce the risk of disease outcomes by their ability to scavenge free radicals. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the supplementation of vitamins E and C on oxidant and antioxidant status in CVD patients. We conducted a case-control study with vitamin E (400 IU/d) and vitamin C (500 mg/d) supplementation in 40 CVD patients for 2 mo. Antioxidant (enzymatic and non-enzymatic) and oxidant status were analyzed pre and post supplementation. In the initial stage the activity of both enzymatic and non-enzymatic antioxidants were lower, while the malondialdehyde (MDA) level was elevated (p<0.0001). After intervention, a significant increase in superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity (61.7%), glutathione peroxidase (GPx) activity (59.3%), the levels of vitamin E (83.7%), C (145.3%), total antioxidant capacity (TAC) (62.8%) and a significant decrease in MDA (40%) value were observed (p<0.0001). There was a significant negative correlation between MDA and TAC. The results suggest that supplementation with a combination of vitamins E and C reduced lipid peroxidation and strengthened the antioxidant defense system. Hence, there will be beneficial effects on the heart by reducing oxidative stress in CVD patients.

Hemodialysis alters lipid profiles, total antioxidant capacity, and vitamins A, E, and C concentrations in humans

Although hemodialysis (HD) is essential for end-stage renal disease patients, at the same time it causes oxidative stress and long-term pro-atherosclerotic effects. This study aimed to determine lipid profile as well as the total antioxidant capacity (TAC) and vitamins A, E, and C in HD patients. The study enrolled 31 patients (50.3 ± 14.9 years old) undergoing maintenance 4-hour HD three times per week with a polysulfone membrane dialyzer for a mean of 76.1 months (range, 7-120 months) and 31 healthy individuals (47.8 ± 13.9 years old). Lipid profiles were determined spectrophotometrically using commercially available kits. Total antioxidant capacity was determined by ferric reducing/antioxidant power assay, levels of vitamins A and E were assayed using high-pressure liquid chromatography, and the level of vitamin C was measured by a photometric method. Our results showed that before HD, the levels of TAC and vitamin A were significantly higher than in normal subjects, whereas the levels of high-density lipoprotein (HDL) and vitamin C were lower than in control subjects (P < .001). There was no significant difference between normal subjects and patients before dialysis regarding low-density lipoprotein (LDL) and vitamin E levels (P > .05). After HD, the levels of HDL-cholesterol, vitamins E and C, and TAC decreased significantly (P < .001), but the decreased level of vitamin A still remained higher than controls (P < .05), whereas the levels of LDL were significantly higher than controls (P < .001). In conclusion, alterations in the lipoprotein profiles and antioxidant markers following HD suggest an increased risk of atherosclerosis in these patients.

Antioxidant Status before and after Dietary Intervention in Cardiovascular Disease (CVD) Patients

There is some evidence showing an inverse correlation between dietary sources including natural antioxidant vitamins and the risk of cardiovascular disease (CVD). The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of dietary antioxidants on oxidative stress in CVD patients. This study was carried out on 31 CVD patients and 63 healthy individuals. Nutritional status and dietary antioxidant vitamins were assessed by 48-hour recall. Superoxide dismutase (SOD) and glutathione peroxidase (GPx) activities as well as the levels of vitamins A, E, C, total antioxidant capacity (TAC) and malondialdehyde (MDA) were determined before and after serving fresh fruits and vegetables for 3 months. Before intervention intake, levels of vitamins A, E and C were significantly lower in patients than in normal individuals (P<0.001). The serum levels of vitamins A, E and C were significantly lower in the cases than in the control subjects. After intervention, the serum levels of vitamins A, E and C were increased significantly (P<0.0001). Similarly, the levels of TAC as well as the activities of SOD and GPx were found to increase by end of 3 months. In addition, a significant increase of TAC and a decrease in MDA levels were observed. In conclusion, the findings show that dietary supplementation improves the antioxidant defense system in CVD patients.

Prevalence of underweight, overweight and obesity among high-school girls in Sistan va Baluchistan

This descriptive study determined the prevalence of underweight, overweight and obesity among 752 high-school girls aged 14-18 years in Sistan va Baluchistan province, Islamic Republic of Iran. Using the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention body mass index percentiles, the prevalences of underweight, overweight and obesity were 16.2%, 8.6% and 1.5% respectively. These rates were similar to the ones obtained using World Health Organization, First National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, and International Obesity Task Force criteria. The frequency of underweight in high-school girls in this province is higher than most countries and other parts of the Islamic Republic of Iran.

Serum trypsin inhibitory capacity in hemodialysis patients

It has been established that overproduction of reactive oxygen species (ROS) occurs during hemodialysis causing oxidation of proteins. Alpha-1-antitrypsin is the major circulating anti-protease which contains methionine in the active site. The aim of the present study was to measure the level of serum trypsin inhibitory capacity (sTIC) in hemodialysis patients. This case-control study was performed in 52 hemodialysis patients and 49 healthy controls. sTIC was measured by enzymatic assay. The sTIC was significantly (P< 0.001) lower in hemodialysis patients (1.87 +/- 0.67 micromol/min/mL) than healthy controls (2.83 +/- 0.44 micromol/min/L). Reduction of sTIC may be due to the oxidation of methionine residue in the reactive site of alpha-1 antitrypsin.