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Della-Morte D, Pacifici F, Simonetto M, Dong C, Dueker N, Blanton SH, Wang L, Rundek T. The role of sirtuins and uncoupling proteins on vascular aging: The Northern Manhattan Study experience. Free Radic Biol Med 2024; 220:262-270. [PMID: 38729451 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2024.05.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2024] [Revised: 05/04/2024] [Accepted: 05/07/2024] [Indexed: 05/12/2024]
Abstract
Aging affects all organs. Arteries, in particular, are among the most affected. Vascular aging (VA) is defined as age-associated changes in function and structure of vessels. Classical VA phenotypes are carotid intima-media thickness (IMT), carotid plaque (CP), and arterial stiffness (STIFF). Individuals have different predisposition to these VA phenotypes and their associated risk of cardiovascular events. Some develop an early vascular aging (EVA), and others are protected and identified as having supernormal vascular aging (SUPERNOVA). The mechanisms leading to these phenotypes are not well understood. In the Northern Manhattan Study (NOMAS), we found genetic variants in the 7 Sirtuins (SIRT) and 5 Uncoupling Proteins (UCP) to be differently associated with risk to developing VA phenotypes. In this article, we review the results of genetic-epidemiology studies to better understand which of the single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in SIRT and UCP are responsible for both EVA and SUPERNOVA.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Della-Morte
- Department of Systems Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Rome Tor Vergata, 00133, Rome, Italy; Department of Neurology, The Evelyn McKnight Brain Institute, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, FL, 33136, USA; Department of Human Sciences and Quality of Life Promotion, San Raffaele Roma Open University, 00166, Rome, Italy.
| | - Francesca Pacifici
- Department of Systems Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Rome Tor Vergata, 00133, Rome, Italy; Department of Human Sciences and Quality of Life Promotion, San Raffaele Roma Open University, 00166, Rome, Italy
| | - Marialaura Simonetto
- Department of Neurology, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York Presbyterian Hospital, New York, NY, 10021, USA
| | - Chuanhui Dong
- Department of Neurology, The Evelyn McKnight Brain Institute, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, FL, 33136, USA
| | - Nicole Dueker
- John P. Hussman Institute for Human Genomics, University of Miami, Miami, FL, USA; Dr. John T. Macdonald, Department of Human Genetics, University of Miami, Miami, FL, 33136, USA
| | - Susan H Blanton
- John P. Hussman Institute for Human Genomics, University of Miami, Miami, FL, USA; Dr. John T. Macdonald, Department of Human Genetics, University of Miami, Miami, FL, 33136, USA
| | - Liyong Wang
- John P. Hussman Institute for Human Genomics, University of Miami, Miami, FL, USA; Dr. John T. Macdonald, Department of Human Genetics, University of Miami, Miami, FL, 33136, USA
| | - Tatjana Rundek
- Department of Neurology, The Evelyn McKnight Brain Institute, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, FL, 33136, USA
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2
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Yu W, Zhao Y, Ilyas I, Wang L, Little PJ, Xu S. The natural polyphenol fisetin in atherosclerosis prevention: a mechanistic review. J Pharm Pharmacol 2024:rgae053. [PMID: 38733634 DOI: 10.1093/jpp/rgae053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2023] [Accepted: 04/22/2024] [Indexed: 05/13/2024]
Abstract
The incidence and mortality rate of atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (ASCVD) is increasing yearly worldwide. Recently, a growing body of evidence has unveiled the anti-atherosclerotic properties of fisetin, a natural polyphenol compound. In this article, we reviewed the pharmacologic actions of fisetin on experimental atherosclerosis and its protective effects on disease-relevant cell types such as endothelial cells, macrophages, vascular smooth muscle cells, and platelets. Based on its profound cardiovascular actions, fisetin holds potential for clinical translation and could be developed as a potential therapeutic option for atherosclerosis and its related complications. Large-scale randomized clinical trials are warranted to ascertain the safety and efficacy of fisetin in patients with or high risk for ASCVD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Yu
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei, Anhui, 230009, China
- Anhui Renovo Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd, Hefei, Anhui, 230001, China
- Anhui Guozheng Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd, Hefei, Anhui, 230041, China
| | - Yaping Zhao
- Department of Endocrinology, The First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230001, China
| | - Iqra Ilyas
- Department of Endocrinology, The First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230001, China
| | - Li Wang
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China
| | - Peter J Little
- Department of Pharmacy, Guangzhou Xinhua University, No. 721, Guangshan Road 1, Tianhe District, Guangzhou, 510520, China
| | - Suowen Xu
- Department of Endocrinology, The First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230001, China
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Zhou G, Liu Y, Wu H, Zhang D, Yang Q, Li Y. Research Progress on Histone Deacetylases Regulating Programmed Cell Death in Atherosclerosis. J Cardiovasc Transl Res 2024; 17:308-321. [PMID: 37821683 DOI: 10.1007/s12265-023-10444-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2023] [Accepted: 09/28/2023] [Indexed: 10/13/2023]
Abstract
Histone deacetylases (HDACs) are epigenetic modifying enzyme that is closely related to chromatin structure and gene transcription, and numerous studies have found that HDACs play an important regulatory role in atherosclerosis disease. Apoptosis, autophagy and programmed necrosis as the three typical programmed cell death modalities that can lead to cell loss and are closely related to the developmental process of atherosclerosis. In recent years, accumulating evidence has shown that the programmed cell death mediated by HDACs is increasingly important in the pathophysiology of atherosclerosis. This paper first gives a brief overview of HDACs, the mechanism of programmed cell death, and their role in atherosclerosis, and then further elaborates on the role and mechanism of HDACs in regulating apoptosis, autophagy, and programmed necrosis in atherosclerosis, respectively, to provide new effective measures and theoretical basis for the prevention and treatment of atherosclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gang Zhou
- Institute of Cardiovascular Disease, China Three Gorges University, Yichang, 443003, China
- Department of Central Experimental Laboratory, Yichang Central People's Hospital, Yichang, 443003, China
- HuBei Clinical Research Center for Ischemic Cardiovascular Disease, Yichang, 443003, China
| | - Yanfang Liu
- Institute of Cardiovascular Disease, China Three Gorges University, Yichang, 443003, China
- Department of Central Experimental Laboratory, Yichang Central People's Hospital, Yichang, 443003, China
- HuBei Clinical Research Center for Ischemic Cardiovascular Disease, Yichang, 443003, China
| | - Hui Wu
- Institute of Cardiovascular Disease, China Three Gorges University, Yichang, 443003, China.
- HuBei Clinical Research Center for Ischemic Cardiovascular Disease, Yichang, 443003, China.
- Department of Cardiology, Yichang Central People's Hospital, Yiling Road 183, Yichang, 443003, Hubei, China.
| | - Dong Zhang
- Institute of Cardiovascular Disease, China Three Gorges University, Yichang, 443003, China
- Department of Central Experimental Laboratory, Yichang Central People's Hospital, Yichang, 443003, China
- HuBei Clinical Research Center for Ischemic Cardiovascular Disease, Yichang, 443003, China
| | - Qingzhuo Yang
- Institute of Cardiovascular Disease, China Three Gorges University, Yichang, 443003, China
- Department of Central Experimental Laboratory, Yichang Central People's Hospital, Yichang, 443003, China
- HuBei Clinical Research Center for Ischemic Cardiovascular Disease, Yichang, 443003, China
| | - Yi Li
- Institute of Cardiovascular Disease, China Three Gorges University, Yichang, 443003, China
- Department of Central Experimental Laboratory, Yichang Central People's Hospital, Yichang, 443003, China
- HuBei Clinical Research Center for Ischemic Cardiovascular Disease, Yichang, 443003, China
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4
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Xu CQ, Li J, Liang ZQ, Zhong YL, Zhang ZH, Hu XQ, Cao YB, Chen J. Sirtuins in macrophage immune metabolism: A novel target for cardiovascular disorders. Int J Biol Macromol 2024; 256:128270. [PMID: 38000586 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2023.128270] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2023] [Revised: 10/17/2023] [Accepted: 11/17/2023] [Indexed: 11/26/2023]
Abstract
Sirtuins (SIRT1-SIRT7), as a family of NAD+-dependent protein modifying enzymes, have various catalytic functions, such as deacetylases, dealkalylases, and deribonucleases. The Sirtuins family is directly or indirectly involved in pathophysiological processes such as glucolipid metabolism, oxidative stress, DNA repair and inflammatory response through various pathways and assumes an important role in several cardiovascular diseases such as atherosclerosis, myocardial infarction, hypertension and heart failure. A growing number of studies supports that metabolic and bioenergetic reprogramming directs the sequential process of inflammation. Failure of homeostatic restoration leads to many inflammatory diseases, and that macrophages are the central cells involving the inflammatory response and are the main source of inflammatory cytokines. Regulation of cellular metabolism has emerged as a fundamental process controlling macrophage function, but its exact signaling mechanisms remain to be revealed. Understanding the precise molecular basis of metabolic control of macrophage inflammatory processes may provide new approaches for targeting immune metabolism and inflammation. Here, we provide an update of studies in cardiovascular disease on the function and role of sirtuins in macrophage inflammation and metabolism, as well as drug candidates that may interfere with sirtuins, pointing to future prospects in this field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chen-Qin Xu
- Institute of Vascular Anomalies, Shanghai TCM-Integrated Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 200082, China
| | - Ji Li
- Department of Vascular Disease, Shanghai TCM-Integrated Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 200082, China
| | - Zhi-Qiang Liang
- Department of Vascular Disease, Shanghai TCM-Integrated Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 200082, China
| | - Yi-Lang Zhong
- Institute of Vascular Anomalies, Shanghai TCM-Integrated Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 200082, China
| | - Zhi-Hui Zhang
- Institute of Vascular Anomalies, Shanghai TCM-Integrated Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 200082, China
| | - Xue-Qing Hu
- Department of Medical Oncology, Shuguang Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China; Peggy and Charles Stephenson Cancer Center, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK 73104, United States of America
| | - Yong-Bing Cao
- Institute of Vascular Anomalies, Shanghai TCM-Integrated Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 200082, China.
| | - Jian Chen
- Institute of Vascular Anomalies, Shanghai TCM-Integrated Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 200082, China.
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5
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Velpuri P, Rai V, Agrawal DK. Role of sirtuins in attenuating plaque vulnerability in atherosclerosis. Mol Cell Biochem 2024; 479:51-62. [PMID: 36952068 PMCID: PMC10034899 DOI: 10.1007/s11010-023-04714-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2023] [Accepted: 03/15/2023] [Indexed: 03/24/2023]
Abstract
Atherosclerosis is characterized by the development of intimal plaque, thrombosis, and stenosis of the vessel lumen causing decreased blood flow and hypoxia precipitating angina. Chronic inflammation in the stable plaque renders it unstable and rupture of unstable plaques results in the formation of emboli leading to hypoxia/ischemia to the organs by occluding the terminal branches and precipitate myocardial infarction and stroke. Such delibitating events could be controlled by the strategies that prevent plaque development or plaque stabilization. Despite the use of statins to stabilize plaques, there is a need for novel targets due to continuously increasing cases of cardiovascular events. Sirtuins (SIRTs), a family of signaling proteins, are involved in sustaining genome integrity, DNA damage response and repair, modulating oxidative stress, aging, inflammation, and energy metabolism. SIRTs play a critical role in modulating inflammation and involves in the development and progression of atherosclerosis. The role of SIRTs in relation to atherosclerosis and plaque vulnerability is scarcely discussed in the literature. Since SIRTs regulate oxidative stress, inflammation, and aging, they may also regulate plaque progression and vulnerability as these molecular mechanisms underlie the pathogenesis of plaque development, progression, and vulnerability. This review critically discusses the role of SIRTs in plaque progression and vulnerability and the possibility of targeting SIRTs to attenuate plaque rupture, focusing on the highlights in genomics, molecular pathways, and cell types involved in the underlying pathophysiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prathosh Velpuri
- Department of Translational Research, Western University of Health Sciences, 309 E. Second Street, Pomona, CA, 91766-1854, USA
| | - Vikrant Rai
- Department of Translational Research, Western University of Health Sciences, 309 E. Second Street, Pomona, CA, 91766-1854, USA
| | - Devendra K Agrawal
- Department of Translational Research, Western University of Health Sciences, 309 E. Second Street, Pomona, CA, 91766-1854, USA.
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6
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Liu YP, Wen R, Liu CF, Zhang TN, Yang N. Cellular and molecular biology of sirtuins in cardiovascular disease. Biomed Pharmacother 2023; 164:114931. [PMID: 37263163 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2023.114931] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2023] [Revised: 05/15/2023] [Accepted: 05/22/2023] [Indexed: 06/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Sirtuins (SIRTs) are a nicotinic adenine dinucleotide (+) -dependent histone deacetylase that regulates critical signaling pathways in prokaryotes and eukaryotes. Studies have identified seven mammalian homologs of the yeast SIRT silencing message regulator 2, namely, SIRT1-SIRT7. Recent in vivo and in vitro studies have successfully demonstrated the involvement of SIRTs in key pathways for cell biological function in physiological and pathological processes of the cardiovascular system, including processes including cellular senescence, oxidative stress, apoptosis, DNA damage, and cellular metabolism. Emerging evidence has stimulated a significant evolution in preventing and treating cardiovascular disease (CVD). Here, we review the important roles of SIRTs for the regulatory pathways involved in the pathogenesis of cardiovascular diseases and their molecular targets, including novel protein post-translational modifications of succinylation. In addition, we summarize the agonists and inhibitors currently identified to target novel specific small molecules of SIRTs. A better understanding of the role of SIRTs in the biology of CVD opens new avenues for therapeutic intervention with great potential for preventing and treating CVD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong-Ping Liu
- Department of Pediatric, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, No. 36, San Hao Street, Shenyang, Liaoning 110004, China
| | - Ri Wen
- Department of Pediatric, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, No. 36, San Hao Street, Shenyang, Liaoning 110004, China
| | - Chun-Feng Liu
- Department of Pediatric, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, No. 36, San Hao Street, Shenyang, Liaoning 110004, China
| | - Tie-Ning Zhang
- Department of Pediatric, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, No. 36, San Hao Street, Shenyang, Liaoning 110004, China.
| | - Ni Yang
- Department of Pediatric, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, No. 36, San Hao Street, Shenyang, Liaoning 110004, China.
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7
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Wu QJ, Zhang TN, Chen HH, Yu XF, Lv JL, Liu YY, Liu YS, Zheng G, Zhao JQ, Wei YF, Guo JY, Liu FH, Chang Q, Zhang YX, Liu CG, Zhao YH. The sirtuin family in health and disease. Signal Transduct Target Ther 2022; 7:402. [PMID: 36581622 PMCID: PMC9797940 DOI: 10.1038/s41392-022-01257-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 154] [Impact Index Per Article: 77.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2022] [Revised: 11/10/2022] [Accepted: 11/18/2022] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Sirtuins (SIRTs) are nicotine adenine dinucleotide(+)-dependent histone deacetylases regulating critical signaling pathways in prokaryotes and eukaryotes, and are involved in numerous biological processes. Currently, seven mammalian homologs of yeast Sir2 named SIRT1 to SIRT7 have been identified. Increasing evidence has suggested the vital roles of seven members of the SIRT family in health and disease conditions. Notably, this protein family plays a variety of important roles in cellular biology such as inflammation, metabolism, oxidative stress, and apoptosis, etc., thus, it is considered a potential therapeutic target for different kinds of pathologies including cancer, cardiovascular disease, respiratory disease, and other conditions. Moreover, identification of SIRT modulators and exploring the functions of these different modulators have prompted increased efforts to discover new small molecules, which can modify SIRT activity. Furthermore, several randomized controlled trials have indicated that different interventions might affect the expression of SIRT protein in human samples, and supplementation of SIRT modulators might have diverse impact on physiological function in different participants. In this review, we introduce the history and structure of the SIRT protein family, discuss the molecular mechanisms and biological functions of seven members of the SIRT protein family, elaborate on the regulatory roles of SIRTs in human disease, summarize SIRT inhibitors and activators, and review related clinical studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qi-Jun Wu
- grid.412467.20000 0004 1806 3501Liaoning Key Laboratory of Precision Medical Research on Major Chronic Disease, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China ,grid.412467.20000 0004 1806 3501Department of Clinical Epidemiology, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China ,grid.412467.20000 0004 1806 3501Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China ,grid.412467.20000 0004 1806 3501Clinical Research Center, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Tie-Ning Zhang
- grid.412467.20000 0004 1806 3501Department of Pediatrics, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Huan-Huan Chen
- grid.412467.20000 0004 1806 3501Department of Oncology, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Xue-Fei Yu
- grid.412467.20000 0004 1806 3501Department of Clinical Epidemiology, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China ,grid.412467.20000 0004 1806 3501Department of Pediatrics, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Jia-Le Lv
- grid.412467.20000 0004 1806 3501Liaoning Key Laboratory of Precision Medical Research on Major Chronic Disease, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China ,grid.412467.20000 0004 1806 3501Department of Clinical Epidemiology, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China ,grid.412467.20000 0004 1806 3501Clinical Research Center, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Yu-Yang Liu
- grid.412467.20000 0004 1806 3501Liaoning Key Laboratory of Precision Medical Research on Major Chronic Disease, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China ,grid.412467.20000 0004 1806 3501Department of Clinical Epidemiology, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China ,grid.412467.20000 0004 1806 3501Clinical Research Center, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Ya-Shu Liu
- grid.412467.20000 0004 1806 3501Liaoning Key Laboratory of Precision Medical Research on Major Chronic Disease, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China ,grid.412467.20000 0004 1806 3501Department of Clinical Epidemiology, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China ,grid.412467.20000 0004 1806 3501Clinical Research Center, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Gang Zheng
- grid.412467.20000 0004 1806 3501Liaoning Key Laboratory of Precision Medical Research on Major Chronic Disease, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China ,grid.412467.20000 0004 1806 3501Department of Clinical Epidemiology, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China ,grid.412467.20000 0004 1806 3501Clinical Research Center, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Jun-Qi Zhao
- grid.412467.20000 0004 1806 3501Liaoning Key Laboratory of Precision Medical Research on Major Chronic Disease, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China ,grid.412467.20000 0004 1806 3501Department of Clinical Epidemiology, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China ,grid.412467.20000 0004 1806 3501Clinical Research Center, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Yi-Fan Wei
- grid.412467.20000 0004 1806 3501Liaoning Key Laboratory of Precision Medical Research on Major Chronic Disease, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China ,grid.412467.20000 0004 1806 3501Department of Clinical Epidemiology, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China ,grid.412467.20000 0004 1806 3501Clinical Research Center, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Jing-Yi Guo
- grid.412467.20000 0004 1806 3501Liaoning Key Laboratory of Precision Medical Research on Major Chronic Disease, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China ,grid.412467.20000 0004 1806 3501Department of Clinical Epidemiology, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China ,grid.412467.20000 0004 1806 3501Clinical Research Center, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Fang-Hua Liu
- grid.412467.20000 0004 1806 3501Liaoning Key Laboratory of Precision Medical Research on Major Chronic Disease, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China ,grid.412467.20000 0004 1806 3501Department of Clinical Epidemiology, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China ,grid.412467.20000 0004 1806 3501Clinical Research Center, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Qing Chang
- grid.412467.20000 0004 1806 3501Liaoning Key Laboratory of Precision Medical Research on Major Chronic Disease, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China ,grid.412467.20000 0004 1806 3501Department of Clinical Epidemiology, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China ,grid.412467.20000 0004 1806 3501Clinical Research Center, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Yi-Xiao Zhang
- grid.412467.20000 0004 1806 3501Department of Urology, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Cai-Gang Liu
- grid.412467.20000 0004 1806 3501Department of Cancer, Breast Cancer Center, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Yu-Hong Zhao
- grid.412467.20000 0004 1806 3501Liaoning Key Laboratory of Precision Medical Research on Major Chronic Disease, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China ,grid.412467.20000 0004 1806 3501Department of Clinical Epidemiology, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China ,grid.412467.20000 0004 1806 3501Clinical Research Center, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
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Abstract
Sirtuins are NAD+-dependent deacetylase and deacylase enzymes that control important cellular processes, including DNA damage repair, cellular metabolism, mitochondrial function and inflammation. Consequently, mammalian sirtuins are regarded as crucial regulators of cellular function and organism healthspan. Sirtuin activity and NAD+ levels decrease with age in many tissues, and reduced sirtuin expression is associated with several cardiovascular diseases. By contrast, increased sirtuin expression and activity slows disease progression and improves cardiovascular function in preclinical models and delays various features of cellular ageing. The potential cardiometabolic benefits of sirtuins have resulted in clinical trials with sirtuin-modulating agents; although expectations are high, these drugs have not yet been proven to improve healthspan. In this Review, we examine the role of sirtuins in atherosclerosis, summarize advances in the development of compounds that activate or inhibit sirtuin activity and critically evaluate the therapeutic potential of these agents.
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Multiple Roles of SIRT2 in Regulating Physiological and Pathological Signal Transduction. Genet Res (Camb) 2022; 2022:9282484. [PMID: 36101744 PMCID: PMC9444453 DOI: 10.1155/2022/9282484] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2022] [Revised: 07/01/2022] [Accepted: 07/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Sirtuin 2 (SIRT2), as a member of the sirtuin family, has representative features of evolutionarily highly conserved nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD+)-dependent deacetylase activity. In addition, SIRT2, as the only sirtuin protein colocalized with tubulin in the cytoplasm, has its own functions and characteristics. In recent years, studies have increasingly shown that SIRT2 can participate in the regulation of gene expression and regulate signal transduction in the metabolic pathway mainly through its post-translational modification of target genes; thus, SIRT2 has become a key centre in the metabolic pathway and participates in the pathological process of metabolic disorder-related diseases. In this paper, it is discussed that SIRT2 can regulate all aspects of gene expression, including epigenetic modification, replication, transcription and translation, and post-translational modification, which enables SIRT2 to participate in energy metabolism in life activities, and it is clarified that SIRT2 is involved in metabolic process-specific signal transduction mechanisms. Therefore, SIRT2 can be involved in metabolic disorder-related inflammation and oxidative stress, thereby triggering the occurrence of metabolic disorder-related diseases, such as neurodegenerative diseases, tumours, diabetes, and cardiovascular diseases. Currently, although the role of SIRT2 in some diseases is still controversial, given the multiple roles of SIRT2 in regulating physiological and pathological signal transduction, SIRT2 has become a key target for disease treatment. It is believed that with increasing research, the clinical application of SIRT2 will be promoted.
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Yu W, Ilyas I, Aktar N, Xu S. A review on therapeutical potential of paeonol in atherosclerosis. Front Pharmacol 2022; 13:950337. [PMID: 35991897 PMCID: PMC9385965 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2022.950337] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2022] [Accepted: 07/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The morbidity and mortality of atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (ASCVD) is increasing year by year. Cortex Moutan is a traditional Chinese medicinal herb that has been widely used for thousands of years to treat a wide variety of diseases in Eastern countries due to its heat-clearing and detoxifying effects. Paeonol is a bioactive monomer extracted from Cortex Moutan, which has anti-atherosclerotic effects. In this article, we reviewed the pharmacological effects of paeonol against experimental atherosclerosis, as well as its protective effects on vascular endothelial cells, smooth muscle cells, macrophages, platelets, and other important cell types. The pleiotropic effects of paeonol in atherosclerosis suggest that it can be a promising therapeutic agent for atherosclerosis and its complications. Large-scale randomized clinical trials are warranted to elucidate whether paeonol are effective in patients with ASCVD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Yu
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei, Anhui, China
- Anhui Renovo Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Hefei, Anhui, China
- *Correspondence: Wei Yu, ; Suowen Xu,
| | - Iqra Ilyas
- Department of Endocrinology, The First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Nasrin Aktar
- Department of Endocrinology, The First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Suowen Xu
- Department of Endocrinology, The First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, China
- *Correspondence: Wei Yu, ; Suowen Xu,
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11
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Pan X, Pi C, Ruan X, Zheng H, Zhang D, Liu X. Mammalian Sirtuins and Their Relevance in Vascular Calcification. Front Pharmacol 2022; 13:907835. [PMID: 35677446 PMCID: PMC9168231 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2022.907835] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2022] [Accepted: 05/09/2022] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Cardiovascular diseases are a group of diseases with high morbidity and mortality that affect millions of people each year. Vascular calcification (VC) is an active process that involves the mineral deposition of calcium-phosphate complexes. VC is closely related to cardiovascular diseases, such as hypertension, heart failure, and calcific aortic stenosis, and is a type of ectopic calcification that occurs in the vessel walls. The sirtuins (silent mating-type information regulation 2; SIRTs), are a family of histone deacetylases whose function relies on nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD+). They have non-negligible functions in the regulation of energy metabolism, senescence, apoptosis, and other biological processes. Sirtuins have important effects on bone homeostasis and VC processes that share many similarities with bone formation. Sirtuins have been confirmed to deacetylate a variety of target proteins related to the occurrence and development of VC, thereby affecting the process of VC and providing new possibilities for the prevention and treatment of cardiovascular diseases. To facilitate the understanding of vascular calcification and accelerate the development of cardiovascular drugs, we reviewed and summarized recent research progress on the relationship between different types of sirtuins and VC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinyue Pan
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Caixia Pi
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Xianchun Ruan
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
- West China School of Basic Medical Sciences and Forensic Medicine, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Hanhua Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
- West China School of Basic Medical Sciences and Forensic Medicine, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Demao Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
- West China School of Basic Medical Sciences and Forensic Medicine, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
- *Correspondence: Demao Zhang, ; Xiaoheng Liu,
| | - Xiaoheng Liu
- West China School of Basic Medical Sciences and Forensic Medicine, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
- *Correspondence: Demao Zhang, ; Xiaoheng Liu,
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12
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Abstract
Coronary atherosclerosis is a chronic inflammatory disease that can lead to varying degrees of blood flow obstruction and a common pathophysiological basis of cardiovascular disease. Inflammatory factors run through the whole process of atherosclerotic lesions. Macrophages, T cells, and neutrophils play important roles in the process of atherosclerotic inflammation. Considering the evolutionary characteristics, atherosclerosis can be divided into different stages as early atherosclerotic plaque, plaque formation stage, and plaque rupture stage. In this paper, the changes in inflammatory cells at different stages of lesions and their related mechanisms are discussed, which can provide new insights from a clinical to bench perspective for atherosclerosis me chanism.
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13
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Association of Sirtuin Gene Polymorphisms with Susceptibility to Coronary Artery Disease in a North Chinese Population. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2022; 2022:4294008. [PMID: 35224092 PMCID: PMC8881115 DOI: 10.1155/2022/4294008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2021] [Revised: 12/31/2021] [Accepted: 01/15/2022] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Aims Coronary artery disease (CAD) represents the leading cause of death worldwide. Accumulating evidence also suggests that sirtuins (SIRTS) have been associated with CAD. The present study was aimed at investigating the association between 12 gene polymorphisms for SIRTs and the development of CAD in a Chinese population. Materials and Methods 12 SNPs (rs12778366 (T > C), rs3758391 (T > C), rs3740051 (A > G), rs4746720 (C > T), rs7895833 (G > A), rs932658 (A > C) for SIRT1, rs2015 (G > T) for SIRT2, rs28365927 (G > A), rs11246020 (C > T) for SIRT3, rs350844 (G > A), rs350846 (G > C), and rs107251 (C > T) for SIRT6) were selected and assessed in a cohort of 509 CAD patients and 552 matched healthy controls for this study. Genomic DNA from whole blood was extracted, and the SNPs were assessed using MassARRAY method. Results TT genotype for rs3758391 and GG genotype for rs7895833 of SIRT1 were at higher risk of CAD, whereas the CC genotype for rs4746720 of SIRT1 was associated with a significantly decreased risk of CAD. The A allele of the rs28365927 of SIRT3 showed a significant decreased risk association with CAD patient group (P = 0.014). Significant difference in genotypes rs350844 (G > A) (P = 0.004), rs350846 (G > C) (P = 0.002), and rs107251 (C > T) (P ≤ 0.01) for SIRT6 was also found between the CAD patients and the healthy controls. Haplotype CTA significantly increased the risk of CAD (P = 0.000118, OR = 1.497, 95%CI = 1.218–1.840), while haplotype GCG significantly decreases the risk of CAD (P = 0.000414, OR = 1.131, 95%CI = 0.791–1.619). Conclusions The SNP rs28365927 in the SIRT3 gene and SNP rs350844, rs350846, and rs107251 in the SIRT6 gene present significant associations with CAD in a north Chinese population. Haplotype CTA and GCG generated by rs350846/rs107251/rs350844 in the SIRT6 might also increase and decrease the risk of CAD, respectively.
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14
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Yang H, Li H, Chen W, Mei Z, Yuan Y, Wang X, Chu L, Xu Y, Sun Y, Li D, Gao H, Zhan B, Li H, Yang X. Therapeutic Effect of Schistosoma japonicum Cystatin on Atherosclerotic Renal Damage. Front Cell Dev Biol 2021; 9:760980. [PMID: 34901005 PMCID: PMC8656285 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2021.760980] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2021] [Accepted: 10/11/2021] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Atherosclerosis is a chronic inflammation of the arterial vessel wall driven by lipid metabolism disorders. Although helminthic infection and their derivatives have been identified to attenuate the chronic inflammatory diseases, the immunomodulatory effect of recombinant Schistosoma japonicum cystatin (rSj-Cys) on metabolic diseases and atherosclerosis has not been reported. In this study, we investigated the therapeutic efficacy of rSj-Cys on atherosclerotic renal damage and explored the related immunological mechanism. The results demonstrated that treatment with rSj-Cys significantly reduced body weight gain, hyperlipidemia, and atherosclerosis induced by the high-fat diet in apoE–/– mice. The treatment of rSj-Cys also significantly improved kidney functions through promoting macrophage polarization from M1 to M2, therefore inhibiting M1 macrophage–induced inflammation. The possible mechanism underlying the regulatory effect of rSj-Cys on reducing atherosclerosis and atherosclerotic renal damage is that rSj-Cys stimulates regulatory T cell and M2 macrophage polarization that produce regulatory cytokines, such as interleukin 10 and transforming growth factor β. The therapeutic effect of rSj-Cys on atherosclerotic renal damage is possibly through inhibiting the activation of TLR2/Myd88 signaling pathway. The results in this study provide evidence for the first time that Schistosoma-derived cystatin could be developed as a therapeutic agent to treat lipid metabolism disorder and atherosclerosis that threats million lives around the world.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huijuan Yang
- Department of Nephrology, First Affiliated Hospital of Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu, China.,Anhui Key Laboratory of Infection and Immunity of Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu, China
| | - Hongqi Li
- Department of Gerontology, Anhui Provincial Hospital, First Affiliated Hospital of University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China
| | - Weidong Chen
- Department of Nephrology, First Affiliated Hospital of Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu, China
| | - Zhijie Mei
- Department of Urology, First Affiliated Hospital of Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu, China
| | - Yuan Yuan
- Anhui Key Laboratory of Infection and Immunity of Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu, China.,Basic Medical College of Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu, China
| | - Xiaoli Wang
- Anhui Key Laboratory of Infection and Immunity of Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu, China.,Basic Medical College of Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu, China
| | - Liang Chu
- Second Affiliated Hospital of Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu, China
| | - Yu Xu
- Anhui Key Laboratory of Infection and Immunity of Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu, China.,Basic Medical College of Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu, China
| | - Yan Sun
- Anhui Key Laboratory of Infection and Immunity of Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu, China.,Basic Medical College of Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu, China
| | - Dingru Li
- Anhui Key Laboratory of Infection and Immunity of Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu, China.,Basic Medical College of Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu, China
| | - Hongyu Gao
- Anhui Key Laboratory of Infection and Immunity of Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu, China.,Basic Medical College of Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu, China
| | - Bin Zhan
- National School of Tropical Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Huihui Li
- Anhui Key Laboratory of Infection and Immunity of Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu, China.,Basic Medical College of Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu, China
| | - Xiaodi Yang
- Anhui Key Laboratory of Infection and Immunity of Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu, China.,Basic Medical College of Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu, China
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15
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Taneja A, Ravi V, Hong JY, Lin H, Sundaresan NR. Emerging roles of Sirtuin 2 in cardiovascular diseases. FASEB J 2021; 35:e21841. [PMID: 34582046 DOI: 10.1096/fj.202100490r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2021] [Revised: 07/07/2021] [Accepted: 07/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Sirtuins are a family of NAD+ -dependent deacetylases implicated in a wide variety of age-associated pathologies, including cardiovascular disorders. Among the seven mammalian sirtuins, SIRT2 modulates various cellular processes through the deacetylation or deacylation of their target proteins. Notably, the levels of SIRT2 in the heart decline with age and other pathological conditions, leading to cardiovascular dysfunction. In the present review, we discuss the emerging roles of SIRT2 in cardiovascular dysfunction and heart failure associated with factors like age, hypertension, oxidative stress, and diabetes. We also discuss the potential of using inhibitors to study the unexplored role of SIRT2 in the heart. While SIRT2 undoubtedly plays a crucial role in the cardiovascular system, its functions are only beginning to be understood, making it an attractive candidate for further research in the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arushi Taneja
- Department of Microbiology and Cell Biology, Cardiovascular and Muscle Research Laboratory, Indian Institute of Science, Bengaluru, India
| | - Venkatraman Ravi
- Department of Microbiology and Cell Biology, Cardiovascular and Muscle Research Laboratory, Indian Institute of Science, Bengaluru, India
| | - Jun Young Hong
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
| | - Hening Lin
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA.,Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
| | - Nagalingam Ravi Sundaresan
- Department of Microbiology and Cell Biology, Cardiovascular and Muscle Research Laboratory, Indian Institute of Science, Bengaluru, India
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16
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Wu B, You S, Qian H, Wu S, Lu S, Zhang Y, Sun Y, Zhang N. The role of SIRT2 in vascular-related and heart-related diseases: A review. J Cell Mol Med 2021; 25:6470-6478. [PMID: 34028177 PMCID: PMC8278089 DOI: 10.1111/jcmm.16618] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2021] [Revised: 04/01/2021] [Accepted: 04/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
At present, cardiovascular disease is one of the important factors of human death, and there are many kinds of proteins involved. Sirtuins family proteins are involved in various physiological and pathological activities of the human body. Among them, there are more and more studies on the relationship between sirtuin2 (SIRT2) protein and cardiovascular diseases. SIRT2 can effectively inhibit pathological cardiac hypertrophy. The effect of SIRT2 on ischaemia‐reperfusion injury has different effects under different conditions. SIRT2 can reduce the level of reactive oxygen species (ROS), which may help to reduce the severity of diabetic cardiomyopathy. SIRT2 can affect a variety of cardiovascular diseases, energy metabolism and the ageing of cardiomyocytes, thereby affecting heart failure. SIRT2 also plays an important role in vascular disease. For endothelial cell damage used by oxidative stress, the role of SIRT2 is bidirectional, which is related to the degree of oxidative stress stimulation. When the degree of stimulation is small, SIRT2 plays a protective role, and when the degree of stimulation increases to a certain level, SIRT2 plays a negative role. In addition, SIRT2 is also involved in the remodelling of blood vessels and the repair of skin damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Boquan Wu
- Department of Cardiology, The First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Shilong You
- Department of Cardiology, The First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Hao Qian
- Department of Cardiology, The First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Shaojun Wu
- Department of Cardiology, The First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Saien Lu
- Department of Cardiology, The First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Ying Zhang
- Department of Cardiology, The First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Yingxian Sun
- Department of Cardiology, The First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Naijin Zhang
- Department of Cardiology, The First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
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17
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Kowara M, Cudnoch-Jedrzejewska A. Different Approaches in Therapy Aiming to Stabilize an Unstable Atherosclerotic Plaque. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22094354. [PMID: 33919446 PMCID: PMC8122261 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22094354] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2021] [Revised: 04/09/2021] [Accepted: 04/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Atherosclerotic plaque vulnerability is a vital clinical problem as vulnerable plaques tend to rupture, which results in atherosclerosis complications—myocardial infarctions and subsequent cardiovascular deaths. Therefore, methods aiming to stabilize such plaques are in great demand. In this brief review, the idea of atherosclerotic plaque stabilization and five main approaches—towards the regulation of metabolism, macrophages and cellular death, inflammation, reactive oxygen species, and extracellular matrix remodeling have been presented. Moreover, apart from classical approaches (targeted at the general mechanisms of plaque destabilization), there are also alternative approaches targeted either at certain plaques which have just become vulnerable or targeted at the minimization of the consequences of atherosclerotic plaque erosion or rupture. These alternative approaches have also been briefly mentioned in this review.
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18
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Soni SK, Basu P, Singaravel M, Sharma R, Pandi-Perumal SR, Cardinali DP, Reiter RJ. Sirtuins and the circadian clock interplay in cardioprotection: focus on sirtuin 1. Cell Mol Life Sci 2021; 78:2503-2515. [PMID: 33388853 PMCID: PMC11073088 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-020-03713-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2020] [Revised: 10/09/2020] [Accepted: 11/16/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Chronic disruption of circadian rhythms which include intricate molecular transcription-translation feedback loops of evolutionarily conserved clock genes has serious health consequences and negatively affects cardiovascular physiology. Sirtuins (SIRTs) are nuclear, cytoplasmic and mitochondrial histone deacetylases that influence the circadian clock with clock-controlled oscillatory protein, NAMPT, and its metabolite NAD+. Sirtuins are linked to the multi-organ protective role of melatonin, particularly in acute kidney injury and in cardiovascular diseases, where melatonin, via upregulation of SIRT1 expression, inhibits the apoptotic pathway. This review focuses on SIRT1, an NAD+-dependent class III histone deacetylase which counterbalances the intrinsic histone acetyltransferase activity of one of the clock genes, CLOCK. SIRT1 is involved in the development of cardiomyocytes, regulation of voltage-gated cardiac sodium ion channels via deacetylation, prevention of atherosclerotic plaque formation in the cardiovascular system, protection against oxidative damage and anti-thrombotic actions. Overall, SIRT1 has a see-saw effect on cardioprotection, with low levels being cardioprotective and higher levels leading to cardiac hypertrophy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sanjeev Kumar Soni
- Chronobiology Laboratory, Department of Zoology, Institute of Sciences, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, 221005, India
| | - Priyoneel Basu
- Chronobiology Laboratory, Department of Zoology, Institute of Sciences, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, 221005, India
| | - Muniyandi Singaravel
- Chronobiology Laboratory, Department of Zoology, Institute of Sciences, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, 221005, India
| | - Ramaswamy Sharma
- Department of Cell Systems and Anatomy, UT Health San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, USA
| | | | - Daniel P Cardinali
- Faculty of Medical Sciences, Pontificia Universidad Católica Argentina, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Russel J Reiter
- Department of Cell Systems and Anatomy, UT Health San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, USA.
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19
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Sandstedt J, Vargmar K, Björkman K, Ruetschi U, Bergström G, Hultén LM, Skiöldebrand E. COMP (Cartilage Oligomeric Matrix Protein) Neoepitope: A Novel Biomarker to Identify Symptomatic Carotid Stenosis. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2021; 41:1218-1228. [PMID: 33472398 PMCID: PMC7901532 DOI: 10.1161/atvbaha.120.314720] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE COMP (cartilage oligomeric matrix protein) is abundantly expressed in the cardiovascular system, cartilage, and atherosclerotic plaques. We investigated if the total COMP (COMPtotal) and COMP neoepitope (COMPneo) with other cardiovascular markers and clinical parameters could identify symptomatic carotid stenosis. Approach and Results: Blood samples were collected from patients with symptomatic carotid stenosis (stenosis, n=50), patients with stroke without carotid stenosis but small plaques (plaque, n=50), and control subjects (n=50). COMPtotal and COMPneo were measured using an ELISA. Ninety-two cardiovascular disease markers were measured by the Olink CVD kit. The presence of native COMP and COMPneo was determined by immunohistochemistry. The concentration of COMPneo was higher and COMPtotal was lower in the stenosis group. When the concentration was compared between the stenosis and control groups, IL-1ra (interleukin-1 receptor antagonist protein), IL6 (interleukin-6), REN (Renin), MMP1 (matrix metalloproteinase-1), TRAIL-R2 (tumor necrosis factor-related apoptosis-inducing ligand receptor 2), ITGB1BP2 (integrin beta 1 binding protein 2), and COMPneo were predictive of stenosis. Conversely, KLK6 (kallikrein-6), COMPtotal, NEMO (nuclear factor-kappa-B essential modulator), SRC (Proto-oncogene tyrosine-protein kinase Src), SIRT2 (SIR2-like protein), CD40 (cluster of differentiation 40), TF (tissue factor), MP (myoglobin), and RAGE (receptor for advanced glycation end-products) were predictive of the control group. Model reproducibility was good with the receiver operating characteristic plot area under the curve being 0.86. When comparing the plaque group and stenosis group, COMPneo, GAL (galanin), and PTX3 (pentraxin-related protein PTX3) were predictive of stenosis. Model reproducibility was excellent (receiver operating characteristic plot area under the curve 0.92). COMPneo was detected in smooth muscle-, endothelial-, and foam-cells in carotid stenosis. CONCLUSIONS Degradation of COMP may be associated with atherosclerosis progression and generation of a specific COMP fragment-COMPneo. This may represent a novel biomarker that together with COMPtotal and other risk-markers could be used to identify symptomatic carotid stenosis. Graphic Abstract: A graphic abstract is available for this article.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joakim Sandstedt
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Institute of Biomedicine (J.S., U.R.), Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Sweden
- Region Västra Götaland, Department of Clinical Chemistry, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Gothenburg, Sweden (J.S., U.R., L.M.H.)
| | - Karin Vargmar
- Department of Molecular and Clinical Medicine, Institute of Medicine (K.B., G.B., L.M.H.), Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Sweden
- Section of Pathology, Department of Biomedical Sciences and Veterinary Public Health, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden (K.V., E.S.)
| | | | - Ulla Ruetschi
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Institute of Biomedicine (J.S., U.R.), Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Sweden
- Region Västra Götaland, Department of Clinical Chemistry, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Gothenburg, Sweden (J.S., U.R., L.M.H.)
| | - Göran Bergström
- Department of Molecular and Clinical Medicine, Institute of Medicine (K.B., G.B., L.M.H.), Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Lillemor Mattsson Hultén
- Department of Molecular and Clinical Medicine, Institute of Medicine (K.B., G.B., L.M.H.), Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Sweden
- Region Västra Götaland, Department of Clinical Chemistry, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Gothenburg, Sweden (J.S., U.R., L.M.H.)
| | - Eva Skiöldebrand
- Section of Pathology, Department of Biomedical Sciences and Veterinary Public Health, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden (K.V., E.S.)
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20
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Toulassi IA, Al Saedi UA, Gutlapalli SD, Poudel S, Kondapaneni V, Zeb M, Cancarevic I. A Paradigm Shift in the Management of Atherosclerosis: Protective Role of Sirtuins in Atherosclerosis. Cureus 2021; 13:e12735. [PMID: 33614337 PMCID: PMC7883534 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.12735] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Facing the rise of an aging population and age-related pathologies such as atherosclerosis will continue to be some of the biggest challenges encountering health care. Regardless of considerable advancements in management and prevention to deal with atherosclerosis and other related pathologies. The current guidelines for preventing and managing atherosclerotic diseases are lifestyle changes, blood pressure control, blood glucose control, and lipid control. There has been an increase in pre-clinical studies regarding the effects of sirtuins on atherosclerosis and this review aims to highlight the benefits of sirtuins in atherosclerosis. We did an extensive search using the PubMed database with the medical subject headings (MeSH) keywords “sirtuin'' and “atherosclerosis.” The reviewed literature reported that sirtuins prevent and ameliorate atherosclerosis by halting inflammation, apoptosis, oxidative stress, and regulating low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol. Sirtuin 1 (SIRT1) and sirtuin 6 (SIRT6) inhibit the RELA component of NF-kB, thus suppressing inflammation, SIRT1 inhibits p53 by deacetylation, and the latter stabilize telomeres thus preventing apoptosis and cell death. Sirtuin 3 (SIRT3) inhibits oxidative stress by driving the production of reduced glutathione. Sirtuin 2 (SIRT2) regulates LDL cholesterol by inhibiting pcsk9, increasing LDL receptors on the cell surface of hepatocytes. A combination of these effects of sirtuins in the endothelial cells suggests sirtuins are anti-atherogenic and could revolutionize the standards for the management of atherosclerosis. This article also emphasizes the need for future research on human cells or subjects rather than animal subjects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ijeoma A Toulassi
- Pathology, California Institute of Behavioral Neurosciences & Psychology, Fairfield, USA
| | - Usama A Al Saedi
- Dentistry, California Institute of Behavioral Neurosciences & Psychology, Fairfield, USA
| | - Sai Dheeraj Gutlapalli
- Internal Medicine, California Institute of Behavioral Neurosciences & Psychology, Fairfield, USA
| | - Sujan Poudel
- Family Medicine, California Institute of Behavioral Neurosciences & Psychology, Fairfiled, USA.,Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, California Institute of Behavioral Neurosciences & Psychology, Fairfiled, USA.,Internal Medicine, California Institute of Behavioral Neurosciences & Psychology, Fairfiled, USA
| | - Varshitha Kondapaneni
- Internal Medicine, California Institute of Behavioral Neurosciences & Psychology, Fairfield, USA
| | - Mehwish Zeb
- Internal Medicine/Pediatrics, California Institute of Behavioral Neurosciences & Psychology, Fairfield, USA.,Pediatrics, Khyber Teaching Hospital, Peshawar, PAK
| | - Ivan Cancarevic
- Internal Medicine, California Institute of Behavioral Neurosciences & Psychology, Fairfield, USA
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21
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Bhaskar A, Kumar S, Khan MZ, Singh A, Dwivedi VP, Nandicoori VK. Host sirtuin 2 as an immunotherapeutic target against tuberculosis. eLife 2020; 9:55415. [PMID: 32697192 PMCID: PMC7398663 DOI: 10.7554/elife.55415] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2020] [Accepted: 07/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) employs plethora of mechanisms to hijack the host defence machinery for its successful survival, proliferation and persistence. Here, we show that Mtb upregulates one of the key epigenetic modulators, NAD+ dependent histone deacetylase Sirtuin 2 (SIRT2), which upon infection translocate to the nucleus and deacetylates histone H3K18, thus modulating the host transcriptome leading to enhanced macrophage activation. Furthermore, in Mtb specific T cells, SIRT2 deacetylates NFκB-p65 at K310 to modulate T helper cell differentiation. Pharmacological inhibition of SIRT2 restricts the intracellular growth of both drug-sensitive and resistant strains of Mtb and enhances the efficacy of front line anti-TB drug Isoniazid in the murine model of infection. SIRT2 inhibitor-treated mice display reduced bacillary load, decreased disease pathology and increased Mtb-specific protective immune responses. Overall, this study provides a link between Mtb infection, epigenetics and host immune response, which can be exploited to achieve therapeutic benefits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashima Bhaskar
- Signal Transduction Laboratory 1, National Institute of Immunology, Aruna Asaf Ali Marg, New Delhi, India
| | - Santosh Kumar
- Immunobiology Group, International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, Aruna Asaf Ali Marg, New Delhi, India
| | - Mehak Zahoor Khan
- Signal Transduction Laboratory 1, National Institute of Immunology, Aruna Asaf Ali Marg, New Delhi, India
| | - Amit Singh
- Department of Microbiology and Cell Biology, Centre for Infectious Disease Research, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, India
| | - Ved Prakash Dwivedi
- Immunobiology Group, International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, Aruna Asaf Ali Marg, New Delhi, India
| | - Vinay Kumar Nandicoori
- Signal Transduction Laboratory 1, National Institute of Immunology, Aruna Asaf Ali Marg, New Delhi, India
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22
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Tao Y, Yu S, Chao M, Wang Y, Xiong J, Lai H. SIRT4 suppresses the PI3K/Akt/NF‑κB signaling pathway and attenuates HUVEC injury induced by oxLDL. Mol Med Rep 2019; 19:4973-4979. [PMID: 31059091 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2019.10161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2018] [Accepted: 03/27/2019] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Yu Tao
- Department of Cardiology, Jiangxi Provincial People's Hospital, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330006, P.R. China
| | - Songping Yu
- Department of Cardiology, Jiangxi Provincial People's Hospital, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330006, P.R. China
| | - Min Chao
- Department of Internal Medicine, Shanggao Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Yichun, Jiangxi 336400, P.R. China
| | - Yang Wang
- Dexing Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Dexing, Jiangxi 334200, P.R. China
| | - Jianhua Xiong
- Department of Geriatrics, Fuzhou First People's Hospital, Fuzhou, Jiangxi 344000, P.R. China
| | - Hengli Lai
- Department of Cardiology, Jiangxi Provincial People's Hospital, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330006, P.R. China
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Xu S, Kamato D, Little PJ, Nakagawa S, Pelisek J, Jin ZG. Targeting epigenetics and non-coding RNAs in atherosclerosis: from mechanisms to therapeutics. Pharmacol Ther 2019; 196:15-43. [PMID: 30439455 PMCID: PMC6450782 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2018.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Atherosclerosis, the principal cause of cardiovascular death worldwide, is a pathological disease characterized by fibro-proliferation, chronic inflammation, lipid accumulation, and immune disorder in the vessel wall. As the atheromatous plaques develop into advanced stage, the vulnerable plaques are prone to rupture, which causes acute cardiovascular events, including ischemic stroke and myocardial infarction. Emerging evidence has suggested that atherosclerosis is also an epigenetic disease with the interplay of multiple epigenetic mechanisms. The epigenetic basis of atherosclerosis has transformed our knowledge of epigenetics from an important biological phenomenon to a burgeoning field in cardiovascular research. Here, we provide a systematic and up-to-date overview of the current knowledge of three distinct but interrelated epigenetic processes (including DNA methylation, histone methylation/acetylation, and non-coding RNAs), in atherosclerotic plaque development and instability. Mechanistic and conceptual advances in understanding the biological roles of various epigenetic modifiers in regulating gene expression and functions of endothelial cells (vascular homeostasis, leukocyte adhesion, endothelial-mesenchymal transition, angiogenesis, and mechanotransduction), smooth muscle cells (proliferation, migration, inflammation, hypertrophy, and phenotypic switch), and macrophages (differentiation, inflammation, foam cell formation, and polarization) are discussed. The inherently dynamic nature and reversibility of epigenetic regulation, enables the possibility of epigenetic therapy by targeting epigenetic "writers", "readers", and "erasers". Several Food Drug Administration-approved small-molecule epigenetic drugs show promise in pre-clinical studies for the treatment of atherosclerosis. Finally, we discuss potential therapeutic implications and challenges for future research involving cardiovascular epigenetics, with an aim to provide a translational perspective for identifying novel biomarkers of atherosclerosis, and transforming precision cardiovascular research and disease therapy in modern era of epigenetics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suowen Xu
- Aab Cardiovascular Research Institute, Department of Medicine, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, NY, USA.
| | - Danielle Kamato
- School of Pharmacy, The University of Queensland, Wooloongabba, QLD 4102, Australia; Department of Pharmacy, Xinhua College of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510520, China
| | - Peter J Little
- School of Pharmacy, The University of Queensland, Wooloongabba, QLD 4102, Australia; Department of Pharmacy, Xinhua College of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510520, China
| | - Shinichi Nakagawa
- RNA Biology Laboratory, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hokkaido University, Kita 12-jo Nishi 6-chome, Kita-ku, Sapporo 060-0812, Japan
| | - Jaroslav Pelisek
- Department of Vascular and Endovascular Surgery, Klinikum rechts der Isar der Technischen Universitaet Muenchen, Germany
| | - Zheng Gen Jin
- Aab Cardiovascular Research Institute, Department of Medicine, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, NY, USA.
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Bink DI, Lozano-Vidal N, Boon RA. Long Non-Coding RNA in Vascular Disease and Aging. Noncoding RNA 2019; 5:ncrna5010026. [PMID: 30893946 PMCID: PMC6468806 DOI: 10.3390/ncrna5010026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2019] [Revised: 03/13/2019] [Accepted: 03/14/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Cardiovascular diseases are the most prominent cause of death in Western society, especially in the elderly. With the increasing life expectancy, the number of patients with cardiovascular diseases will rise in the near future, leading to an increased healthcare burden. There is a need for new therapies to treat this growing number of patients. The discovery of long non-coding RNAs has led to a novel group of molecules that could be considered for their potential as therapeutic targets. This review presents an overview of long non-coding RNAs that are regulated in vascular disease and aging and which might therefore give insight into new pathways that could be targeted to diagnose, prevent, and/or treat vascular diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diewertje I Bink
- Department of Physiology, Amsterdam Cardiovascular Sciences, Amsterdam UMC, VU University, 1081HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
| | - Noelia Lozano-Vidal
- Department of Physiology, Amsterdam Cardiovascular Sciences, Amsterdam UMC, VU University, 1081HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
| | - Reinier A Boon
- Department of Physiology, Amsterdam Cardiovascular Sciences, Amsterdam UMC, VU University, 1081HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
- Institute of Cardiovascular Regeneration, Goethe University, 60596 Frankfurt am Main, Germany.
- German Center for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), Partner Site Rhein-Main, 13347 Berlin, Germany.
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25
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Mancini A, Vitucci D, Randers MB, Schmidt JF, Hagman M, Andersen TR, Imperlini E, Mandola A, Orrù S, Krustrup P, Buono P. Lifelong Football Training: Effects on Autophagy and Healthy Longevity Promotion. Front Physiol 2019; 10:132. [PMID: 30837897 PMCID: PMC6390296 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2019.00132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2018] [Accepted: 02/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Aging is a physiological process characterized by a progressive decline of biological functions and an increase in destructive processes in cells and organs. Physical activity and exercise positively affects the expression of skeletal muscle markers involved in longevity pathways. Recently, a new mechanism, autophagy, was introduced to the adaptations induced by acute and chronic exercise as responsible of positive metabolic modification and health-longevity promotion. However, the molecular mechanisms regulating autophagy in response to physical activity and exercise are sparsely described. We investigated the long-term adaptations resulting from lifelong recreational football training on the expression of skeletal muscle markers involved in autophagy signaling. We demonstrated that lifelong football training increased the expression of messengers: RAD23A, HSPB6, RAB1B, TRAP1, SIRT2, and HSBPB1, involved in the auto-lysosomal and proteasome-mediated protein degradation machinery; of RPL1, RPL4, RPL36, MRLP37, involved in cellular growth and differentiation processes; of the Bcl-2, HSP70, HSP90, PSMD13, and of the ATG5-ATG12 protein complex, involved in proteasome promotion and autophagy processes in muscle samples from lifelong trained subjects compared to age-matched untrained controls. In conclusion, our results indicated that lifelong football training positively influence exercise-induced autophagy processes and protein quality control in skeletal muscle, thus promoting healthy aging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annamaria Mancini
- Dipartimento di Scienze Motorie e del Benessere, Università degli Studi di Napoli Parthenope, Naples, Italy.,CEINGE-Biotecnologie Avanzate, Naples, Italy
| | | | - Morten Bredsgaard Randers
- Department of Sports and Clinical Biomechanics, Sport and Health Sciences Cluster, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | - Jakob Friis Schmidt
- Copenhagen Centre for Team Sport and Health, Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Marie Hagman
- Department of Sports and Clinical Biomechanics, Sport and Health Sciences Cluster, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | - Thomas Rostgaard Andersen
- Department of Sports and Clinical Biomechanics, Sport and Health Sciences Cluster, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | | | - Annalisa Mandola
- Dipartimento di Scienze Motorie e del Benessere, Università degli Studi di Napoli Parthenope, Naples, Italy.,CEINGE-Biotecnologie Avanzate, Naples, Italy
| | - Stefania Orrù
- Dipartimento di Scienze Motorie e del Benessere, Università degli Studi di Napoli Parthenope, Naples, Italy.,IRCCS SDN, Naples, Italy
| | - Peter Krustrup
- Department of Sports and Clinical Biomechanics, Sport and Health Sciences Cluster, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark.,Health Sciences, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, St. Luke's Campus, University of Exeter, Exeter, United Kingdom
| | - Pasqualina Buono
- Dipartimento di Scienze Motorie e del Benessere, Università degli Studi di Napoli Parthenope, Naples, Italy.,CEINGE-Biotecnologie Avanzate, Naples, Italy.,IRCCS SDN, Naples, Italy
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26
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Gogoi M, Chandra K, Sarikhani M, Ramani R, Sundaresan NR, Chakravortty D. Salmonella escapes adaptive immune response via SIRT2 mediated modulation of innate immune response in dendritic cells. PLoS Pathog 2018; 14:e1007437. [PMID: 30452468 PMCID: PMC6277114 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1007437] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2018] [Revised: 12/03/2018] [Accepted: 10/25/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Salmonella being a successful pathogen, employs a plethora of immune evasion mechanisms. This contributes to pathogenesis, persistence and also limits the efficacy of available treatment. All these contributing factors call upon for new drug targets against Salmonella. For the first time, we have demonstrated that Salmonella upregulates sirtuin 2 (SIRT2), an NAD+ dependent deacetylase in dendritic cells (DC). SIRT2 upregulation results in translocation of NFκB p65 to the nucleus. This further upregulates NOS2 transcription and nitric oxide (NO) production. NO subsequently shows antibacterial activity and suppresses T cell proliferation. NOS2 mediated effect of SIRT2 is further validated by the absence of effect of SIRT2 inhibition in NOS2-/- mice. Inhibition of SIRT2 increases intracellular survival of the pathogen and enhances antigen presentation in vitro. However, in vivo SIRT2 inhibition shows lower bacterial organ burden and reduced tissue damage. SIRT2 knockout mice also demonstrate reduced bacterial organ burden compared to wild-type mice. Collectively, our results prove the role of SIRT2 in Salmonella pathogenesis and the mechanism of action. This can aid in designing of host-targeted therapeutics directed towards inhibition of SIRT2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mayuri Gogoi
- Department of Microbiology and Cell Biology, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, India
- Division of Biological Sciences, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, India
| | - Kasturi Chandra
- Department of Microbiology and Cell Biology, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, India
| | - Mohsen Sarikhani
- Department of Microbiology and Cell Biology, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, India
| | - Ramya Ramani
- Department of Microbiology and Cell Biology, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, India
| | - Nagalingam Ravi Sundaresan
- Department of Microbiology and Cell Biology, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, India
- Division of Biological Sciences, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, India
- Centre for Biosystems Science and Engineering, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, India
| | - Dipshikha Chakravortty
- Department of Microbiology and Cell Biology, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, India
- Division of Biological Sciences, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, India
- Centre for Biosystems Science and Engineering, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, India
- * E-mail:
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